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  pretty_name: FLAIR-HUB
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  size_categories:
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  - 100K<n<1M
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- ---
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  pretty_name: FLAIR-HUB
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  size_categories:
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  - 100K<n<1M
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+ ---
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+
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+ # FLAIR-HUB : Large-scale Multimodal Dataset for Land Cover and Crop Mapping
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+
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+ FLAIR-HUB builds upon and includes the FLAIR#1 and FLAIR#2 datasets, expanding them into a unified, large-scale, multi-sensor land-cover resource with very-high-resolution
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+ annotations. Spanning over 2,500 km² of diverse French ecoclimates and landscapes, it features 63 billion hand-annotated pixels across 19 land-cover and
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+ 23 crop type classes.<br>
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+ The dataset integrates complementary data sources including aerial imagery, SPOT and Sentinel satellites, surface models, and historical aerial photos,
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+ offering rich spatial, spectral, and temporal diversity. FLAIR-HUB supports the development of semantic segmentation, multimodal fusion, and self-supervised
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+ learning methods, and will continue to grow with new modalities and annotations.
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+
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+
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+ ## 🔗 Links
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+
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+ <center>
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+ <table style="width:100%; max-width:700px; background-color:rgb(61, 60, 60); border: 2px solid green; border-radius: 12px; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0;">
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+ <tbody style="color: white; font-size: 1.05em;">
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+ <tr><td style="border: none; padding: 4px 20px;">📄 <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.12979.pdf" target="_blank" style="color: lightgreen;"><b>Data Paper</b></a> – Learn more about the dataset in the official publication</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td style="border: none; padding: 4px 20px;">💻 <a href="https://github.com/IGNF/FLAIR-HUB" target="_blank" style="color: lightgreen;"><b>Source Code (GitHub)</b></a> – Explore training, preprocessing, and benchmark scripts</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td style="border: none; padding: 4px 20px;">✉️ <a href="mailto:flair@ign.fr" style="color: lightgreen;"><b>Contact Us</b></a> – flair@ign.fr – Questions or collaboration inquiries welcome!</td></tr>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </table>
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+ </center>
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+
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+ <br>
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+
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+
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+ ## 🎯 Key Figures
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+
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+ <center>
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+ <table>
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+ <tr><td>🗺️</td><td>ROI / Area Covered</td><td>➡️ 2,822 ROIs / 2,528 km²</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>🧠</td><td>Modalities</td><td>➡️ 6 modalities</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>🏛️</td><td>Departments (France)</td><td>➡️ 74</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>🧩</td><td>AI Patches (512×512 px @ 0.2m)</td><td>➡️ 241,100</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>🖼️</td><td>Annotated Pixels</td><td>➡️ 63.2 billion</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>🛰️</td><td>Sentinel-2 Acquisitions</td><td>➡️ 256,221</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>📡</td><td>Sentinel-1 Acquisitions</td><td>➡️ 532,696</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>📁</td><td>Total Files</td><td>➡️ ~2.5 million</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>💾</td><td>Total Dataset Size</td><td>➡️ ~750 GB</td></tr>
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+ </table>
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+ </center>
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+
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+
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+
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+ ### 🗂️ Data Modalities Overview
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+
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+ <center>
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+ <table>
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+ <thead>
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+ <tr>
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+ <th>Modality</th>
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+ <th>Description</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Resolution / Format</th>
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+ <th style="text-align: center">Metadata</th>
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+ </tr>
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+ </thead>
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+ <tbody>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td><strong>BD ORTHO (AERIAL_RGBI)</strong></td>
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+ <td>Orthorectified aerial images with 4 bands (R, G, B, NIR).</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">20 cm, 8-bit unsigned</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">Radiometric stats, acquisition dates/cameras</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td><strong>BD ORTHO HISTORIQUE (AERIAL-RLT_PAN)</strong></td>
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+ <td>Historical panchromatic aerial images (1947–1965), resampled.</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">~40 cm, real: 0.4–1.2 m, 8-bit</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">Dates, original image references</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td><strong>ELEVATION (DEM_ELEV)</strong></td>
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+ <td>Elevation data with DSM (surface) and DTM (terrain) channels.</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">DSM: 20 cm, DTM: 1 m, Float32</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">Object heights via DSM–DTM difference</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td><strong>SPOT (SPOT_RGBI)</strong></td>
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+ <td>SPOT 6-7 satellite images, 4 bands, calibrated reflectance.</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">1.6 m (resampled)</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">Acquisition dates, radiometric stats</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td><strong>SENTINEL-2 (SENTINEL2_TS)</strong></td>
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+ <td>Annual time series with 10 spectral bands, calibrated reflectance.</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">10.24 m (resampled)</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">Dates, radiometric stats, cloud/snow masks</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td><strong>SENTINEL-1 ASC/DESC (SENTINEL1-XXX_TS)</strong></td>
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+ <td>Radar time series (VV, VH), SAR backscatter (σ0).</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">10.24 m (resampled)</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">Stats per ascending/descending series</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td><strong>LABELS CoSIA (AERIAL_LABEL-COSIA)</strong></td>
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+ <td>Land cover labels from aerial RGBI photo-interpretation.</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">20 cm, 15–19 classes</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">Aligned with BD ORTHO, patch statistics</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td><strong>LABELS LPIS (ALL_LABEL-LPIS)</strong></td>
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+ <td>Crop type data from CAP declarations, hierarchical class structure.</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">20 cm</td>
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+ <td style="text-align: center">Aligned with BD ORTHO, may differ from CoSIA</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </tbody>
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+ </table>
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+ </center>
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+
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+
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+ <br><p align="center"><img src="img/FLAIR-INC_patches_1_VERTICAL.png" alt="" style="width:100%;max-width:1300px;" /></p>
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+
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+ <br><hr><br><a id="SUPERVISION"></a>
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+
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+ ### 🏷️ Supervision
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+
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+ FLAIR-HUB includes two complementary supervision sources: AERIAL_LABEL-COSIA, a high-resolution land cover annotation derived from expert photo-interpretation
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+ of RGBI imagery, offering pixel-level precision across 19 classes; and AERIAL_LABEL-LPIS, a crop-type annotation based on farmer-declared parcels
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+ from the European Common Agricultural Policy, structured into a three-level taxonomy of up to 46 crop classes. While COSIA reflects actual land cover,
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+ LPIS captures declared land use, and the two differ in purpose, precision, and spatial alignment.
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+
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+ <center>
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+ <table style="width:100%; max-width:1100px;">
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+ <tr>
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+ <td style="text-align:center;">
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+ <img src="img/NOM_cosia_en.png" alt="Figure 1" width="80%">
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+ <div><small>Land-cover supervision</small></div>
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+ </td>
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+ <td style="text-align:center;">
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+ <img src="img/NOM_lpis_en.png" alt="Figure 2" width="87%">
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+ <div><small>Crop-type supervision</small></div>
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+ </td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table>
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+ </center>
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+ ### 📚 How to Cite
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+
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+ If you use FLAIR-HUB in your research, please cite:
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+
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+ ```
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+ Anatol Garioud, Sébastien Giordano, Nicolas David, Nicolas Gonthier.
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+ FLAIR-HUB: semantic segmentation and domain adaptation dataset. (2025).
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+ DOI: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.30183.73128/1
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+ ```
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+
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+ ```bibtex
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+ @article{ign2025flairhub,
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+ doi = {10.13140/RG.2.2.30183.73128/1},
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+ url = {https://arxiv.org/pdf/2211.12979.pdf},
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+ author = {Garioud, Anatol and Giordano, Sébastien and David, Nicolas and Gonthier, Nicolas},
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+ title = {FLAIR #1: semantic segmentation and domain adaptation dataset},
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+ publisher = {arXiv},
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+ year = {2025}
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+ }
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+ ```