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1,140	5.84148°E	59.10627°N	Talgje Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgje_Church	182	Norway	Church in Rogaland, Norway Talgje Church Talgje kyrkje View of the church 59°06′23″N 5°50′29″E / 59.10627°N 5.84148°E / 59.10627; 5.84148 Location Stavanger , Rogaland Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Status Parish church Founded c. 1140 Dedication Virgin Mary Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Long church Completed c. 1140 Specifications Capacity 126 Materials Stone Administration Diocese Stavanger bispedømme Deanery Tungenes prosti Parish Talgje Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 85069 Talgje Church ( Norwegian : Talgje kyrkje ) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in the large Stavanger Municipality in Rogaland county, Norway . It is located on the island of Talgje . It is one of the two churches for the Talgje parish which is part of the Tungenes prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Stavanger . The old, stone church was built in a long church design around the year 1100 using designs by an unknown architect . The church seats about 126 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The church is dedicated to the Virgin Mary . History [ edit ] The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1280, but the church was likely built around the year 1140. The church was located on the farm Garå or Gardå on the island of Talgje. The church has a rectangular nave and a narrower, rectangular chancel with a stone apse . Originally, the church probably had a tower on the west end. The church was built as part of a large estate on Talgje. The estate was owned by old Norwegian nobility throughout the Middle Ages . Gaute Erlingsson owned the estate for a time. [ 3 ] During a renovation and restoration in 1870, the south portal of the nave was moved to a newly built porch in the west and made wider. The chancel arch is the only one in Rogaland that is still intact. Before the restoration, there was a long runic inscription on the south wall that told who had the church built and that a charitable foundation had also been established, probably a hospital. Until 1840, the ruins of a rectangular stone building, possibly from the 13th century, were located just east of the church and they may have been (2nd generation of) such a hospital. [ 3 ] Media gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] List of churches in Rogaland References [ edit ]
1,141	1.6764°W	52.3340°N	Wroxall Abbey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroxall_Abbey	4,261	United Kingdom	Not to be confused with Wroxell Manor on the Isle of Wight . Wroxall Abbey at night Wroxall Abbey is a substantial Victorian mansion house situated at Wroxall, Warwickshire which was converted for use as a hotel, spa, wedding venue and conference centre. It is a Grade II listed building . History [ edit ] Built in 1141 by Sir Hugh de Hatton, the estate was occupied for some 400 years by Wroxall Priory , a Benedictine monastery of nuns , until the Dissolution of the Monasteries by Henry VIII in 1536. In 1544 the King granted the estate to Robert Burgoyne of Sutton, Bedfordshire (d 1545) who had been one of the King's Commissioners for the Dissolution. His son Robert (d 1613), High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1597, built a manor house in Elizabethan style adjacent to the priory ruins. The Burgoyne family (later Burgoyne baronets ) occupied the manor until 1713 when they sold it together with 1,850 acres (7.5 km 2 ), to Sir Christopher Wren . Wren used the house as his country retreat, and it was occupied from time to time by members of his family, including his great-great-grandson Christopher Roberts Wren, High Sheriff of Warwickshire in 1820. Later descendants sold the estate in 1861 to James Dugdale, High Sheriff of Warwickshire 1868, who demolished the old manor house and replaced it with an imposing mansion, thereafter to be known as Wroxall Abbey, in the Victorian Gothic style. The Lady Chapel adjacent to the Hall, now a church dedicated to St Leonard, and popularly known as Wren's Cathedral , is a Grade I listed building . [ 1 ] It is a cathedral of the Free Methodist Church and is used for regular services and weddings. The nearby ruins of the 12th century abbey are Grade II* listed . The house was let and was occupied as a girls' school from 1936 to 1995. In 1995 the estate was purchased by the Quinn family, who leased it to a commercial company in 2001. The lessees converted the estate into a hotel. Mansion rear Wroxall Abbey Entrance Wren's Cathedral Wren's Cathedral Stairs and stained glass References [ edit ]
1,144	19.6898128°E	52.5410813°N	Płock Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock_Cathedral	2,306	Poland	Roman Catholic cathedral in Płock, Poland Płock Cathedral Katedra Płocka Religion Affiliation Roman Catholic District Old Town Location Location Płock , Poland Architecture Style Romanesque , Renaissance Completed 1144 The original rotunda made of stone which dates back to the early 12th century Płock Cathedral ( Polish : Katedra Płocka ), or the Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Masovia , is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of Płock , in central Poland . It is an example of 12th-century Romanesque architecture and is the oldest and most important historical monument in the city, which contains the tombs of several Polish monarchs . It is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland . [ 1 ] History [ edit ] The bishopric in Płock was founded about 1075. [ 2 ] The first definite reference to the cathedral is in 1102, when Władysław I Herman was buried there. The present Romanesque cathedral was built after 1129 by prince Bolesław III and Bishop Aleksander of Malonne. [ 2 ] This was a rebuilding following a fire and took from 1136 until 1144. It was consecrated in 1144 as the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary. [ 2 ] The original bronze doors of the Romanesque cathedral (now in Velikiy Novgorod ) have figurative bas-reliefs depicting the verses of the so-called "Roman Confession of Faith", and the figure of Alexander of Malonne, bishop of Płock. [ 2 ] The doors were made in the Magdeburg workshop about 1150. In the cathedral there is now a bronze replica of the doors, made in the 1980s. In the Royal Chapel on the north side of the cathedral is a marble sarcophagus forming the tomb of two Polish rulers, Władysław I Herman and his son Bolesław III Wrymouth . Following a major fire in 1530, the building was reconstructed by Bishop Andzej Krzycki as a new Renaissance style church (1531–1535). [ 2 ] This was the first large Renaissance style cathedral in Poland, although it reused granite ashlar portions of the Romanesque basilica. The architects were Bernardino de Gianotis from Rome , Giovanni Cini da Siena and Philippo da Fiesole. [ 2 ] The layout of the new cathedral was based on the Renaissance basilicas of Rome ( Sant'Agostino , Santa Maria del Popolo ). However the external architecture remains in the style of North Italian brick churches, more similar to local late Gothic ones in Masovia , and may be the result of rebuilding work about 1560 by Giovanni Battista of Venice , who added the spacious choir and two western towers. The building was restored in 1903, when the present front elevation facing west and the towers was re-designed by the architect in charge of the restoration, Stefan Szyller. [ 2 ] Between the world wars, the interior was decorated with additional frescoes by Władysław Drapiewski and Czesław Idźkiewicz , local student of Józef Mehoffer graduating from the Academy in Kraków . [ 3 ] In 2018, due to its historical, artistic, scientific, material and landscape values , the Cathedral along with the entire Wzgórze Tumskie ("Tumskie Hill") was listed by the President of Poland as a Historic Monument of Poland. [ 1 ] Burials [ edit ] Polish monarchs [ edit ] Władysław I Herman Bolesław III Wrymouth Bolesław IV the Curly Konrad I of Masovia Bolesław II of Masovia Other [ edit ] Tadeusz Paweł Zakrzewski Henry of Masovia Michał Nowodworski Gallery [ edit ] Façade Renaissance dome of the Płock Cathedral Aerial view of the cathedral Holy Sacrament Chapel Replica of the Płock Doors (original in Velikiy Novgorod) Tomb of Władysław I Herman of Poland Interiors See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Płock Cathedral . Płock Diadem Dukes of Masovia References [ edit ]
1,144	0.2208°W	52.4294°N	Woodwalton Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwalton_Castle	343	United Kingdom	Remaining earthworks of Woodwalton Castle. Woodwalton Castle in respect to the rest of the parish of Woodwalton. Woodwalton Castle was a small motte and bailey castle at Church End, the northern end of the parish of Woodwalton , Huntingdonshire . Located on a natural hillock, the earthworks of the castle still remain, with an outer moat enclosing a circular bailey with a central motte. A large dyke, apparently ancient, runs from the outer moat in a north-easterly direction. [ 1 ] The site is a scheduled monument . It is unknown who built the castle or when it was constructed. It may have been erected by the de Bolbec family who held the manor of Woodwalton between 1086 and 1134, or by Ramsey Abbey which was granted the manor by Walter de Bolbec in 1134. [ 2 ] Alternatively, it may have been built during The Anarchy , either by the sons of Aubrey de Senlis, who seized Woodwalton in 1143–4, or by Ernald, illegitimate son of Geoffrey de Mandeville , who moved his forces from Ramsey to Woodwalton after the death of his father in 1144. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The existence of fishponds implies that the castle outlived the period of military conflict and developed as a residence controlling the northern part of the parish. [ 2 ] The main settlement of Woodwalton village lies some 2 km to the south, and St Andrew's Church stands in isolation 600m south of the castle, possibly to serve both settlements. [ 2 ] See also [ edit ] Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of castles in England References [ edit ]
1,145	13.19333°E	55.70417°N	Lund Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_Cathedral	41,827	Sweden	Swedish cathedral Church in Lund, Sweden Lund Cathedral Lunds domkyrka 55°42′15″N 13°11′36″E / 55.70417°N 13.19333°E / 55.70417; 13.19333 Location Lund Country Sweden Denomination Church of Sweden Previous denomination Church of Denmark (until 1658) Roman Catholic (until the Reformation ) Website Website of the Cathedral History Status Cathedral Founded Late 11th century Dedication Saint Lawrence [ 1 ] Consecrated 30 June 1123 (crypt) 1 September 1145 (main altar) Architecture Functional status Active Heritage designation Ecclesiastical monument in the buildings database of the Swedish National Heritage Board . [ 2 ] Architect(s) Donatus Adam van Düren Carl Georg Brunius Helgo Zettervall Style Romanesque Neo-Romanesque Specifications Length 85 m (279 ft) [ 3 ] Width 30 m (98 ft) [ 3 ] Height 55 m (180 ft) (to the top of the towers) [ 4 ] Administration Diocese Lund Clergy Bishop(s) Johan Tyrberg Lund Cathedral ( Swedish : Lunds domkyrka ) is a cathedral of the Lutheran Church of Sweden in Lund , Scania , Sweden. It is the seat of the Bishop of Lund and the main church of the Diocese of Lund . It was built as the Catholic cathedral of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries , dedicated to Saint Lawrence . It is one of the oldest stone buildings still in use in Sweden. Lund Cathedral has been called "the most powerful representative of Romanesque architecture in the Nordic countries." At the time of its construction, Lund and the cathedral belonged to Denmark. The main altar was consecrated in 1145 and the cathedral was by that time largely finished; the western towers were built somewhat later. Its architecture show clear influences from contemporary north Italian architecture, conveyed via the Rhine Valley . The earliest architect was named Donatus, though his precise role in the construction of the cathedral is difficult to determine. The new cathedral was richly decorated with stone sculpture, including two unusual statues in the crypt traditionally called " The giant Finn and his wife " about which a local legend has developed. The cathedral was severely damaged in a fire in 1234, and major restoration works were carried out in the early 16th century under the leadership of Adam van Düren . Following the Reformation , the cathedral suffered from lost income and dilapidation. In 1658, the city of Lund and the cathedral became a part of Sweden following the Treaty of Roskilde . Lund Cathedral was the site of the ceremony acknowledging the founding of Lund University in 1668. Repairs were made during the 18th century but in 1832 a complete restoration of the cathedral was recommended. Subsequently, much of the cathedral was restored and rebuilt during most of the 19th century. The work was first led by Carl Georg Brunius and later by architect Helgo Zettervall and not entirely finished until 1893. The changes implemented during the 19th century were extensive; among other things, Zettervall had the entire western part, including the towers, demolished and rebuilt to his own designs. The medieval cathedral contains several historic furnishings and works of art. Its main altarpiece was donated to the cathedral in 1398, and it also contains Gothic choir stalls, bronzes and an astronomical clock from the 15th century (although heavily restored in 1923). When it was built, Lund Cathedral was lavishly decorated with Romanesque stone sculptures. It also contains late medieval stone sculptures from the time of Adam van Düren's renovation. After the Reformation the cathedral was also equipped with a decorated pulpit . Of more recent date is the large mosaic in the apse , by Joakim Skovgaard , installed in 1927. Lund Cathedral has six church organs , one of which is the largest in Sweden, and is also used as a concert venue. Historical background [ edit ] Christian missionaries from present-day Germany and England were active in the Christianisation of Denmark , and vied for influence over the kingdom. [ 5 ] Denmark eventually became part of the Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen . Lund was at the time part of Denmark. With the consolidation of Danish monarchy during the second half of the 11th century, and with a political crisis in continental Europe, there arose an opportunity for the Danish monarchs to bypass the German influence over church policy in Denmark. [ 6 ] An episcopal see was created in Lund in 1060. [ 7 ] At the same time, another see was created in Dalby , close to Lund, where Dalby Church was built adjacent to what was possibly a royal palace. However, when the first bishop of Lund ( Henry of Lund ) died, the erstwhile bishop of Dalby, Egino , was installed in Lund and Dalby abandoned as the seat of a bishop. At the same time, in 1103, Lund was proclaimed an archiepiscopal see overseeing all Nordic countries. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The cathedral was not the first church to be built in Lund; the earliest churches (now vanished) were built in the city at the end of the 10th century. [ 10 ] Some kind of rudimentary settlement probably existed at the site of Lund Cathedral at the end of the 10th and early 11th centuries, but no remains of buildings have been found there. [ 11 ] Lund Cathedral is one of the oldest stone buildings still in use in Sweden. [ 12 ] During the Middle Ages , the cathedral was surrounded by several buildings serving the diocese, of which only Liberiet , which at one point served as a library, survives. [ 13 ] History [ edit ] Foundation and construction [ edit ] The crypt , the oldest part of Lund Cathedral. The apse is the best-preserved part of the original exterior. The earliest written mention of a church in Lund dedicated to Saint Lawrence – the patron saint of Lund Cathedral during the Middle Ages – dates from 1085. [ 14 ] Slightly later sources mention both a new and an old church dedicated to Saint Lawrence. [ 15 ] During the 1940s, archaeological excavations in the cathedral uncovered the foundations of another church inside the present building. The exact age, shape and function of this predecessor to the cathedral has been a matter of some debate. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Most scholars believe that construction of a church on the site of Lund Cathedral was begun sometime during the second half of the 11th century. [ 3 ] Some time thereafter a new church was begun in almost the same place, but to a larger design in the form of the present cathedral. Parts of the earlier church may have been incorporated in the walls of the cathedral. [ 3 ] [ 5 ] The decision to abandon Dalby as a bishopric and make Lund the sole archbishopric in Scandinavia may have prompted the change of plans. [ 18 ] Apart from the obscurity which thus surrounds the very beginning of the history of the cathedral, the construction of Lund Cathedral is probably among the most well documented among any Romanesque churches . [ 19 ] Two contemporary accounts of the building of the cathedral, in the form of the illuminated manuscripts Necrologium Lundense and Liber daticus vetustior , are still preserved in the library of Lund University . Both books contain notes, written in Latin , with dates of the progression of the construction. The oldest part of the cathedral is the large crypt . Its main altar was inaugurated on 30 June 1123, followed by the north (1126) and south (1131) side altars of the crypt. Only then did the cathedral begin to be used. [ 19 ] One of the main functions of the crypt appears to have been as a place where baptisms were conducted. [ 20 ] The main altar of the cathedral was dedicated to Saint Mary and Saint Lawrence on 1 September 1145, by the second archbishop of Lund, Eskil , in a ceremony attended by bishops from present-day Germany, Denmark and Sweden. [ 21 ] By then, the construction of the cathedral to more or less its present dimensions was complete. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] Unusually for that time, the architect of the cathedral is known by his name, Donatus. [ 3 ] [ 22 ] [ 24 ] The name appears in both the Necrologium Lundense (as "Donatus architectus") and the Liber daticus vetustior . Donatus may have been responsible for the layout of the crypt and the cathedral above ground as far west as the current north and south portals of the cathedral, although it is difficult to draw any definitive conclusions about his precise role. [ 22 ] [ 25 ] The same is true for his successor, possibly a builder named Ragnar. [ 26 ] The building erected during the time of Donatus and his successor show clear influences from Romanesque architecture in Lombardy , conveyed via the Rhine Valley . [ 27 ] Donatus himself appears to have been from, or at least educated in, Lombardy. [ 28 ] Speyer Cathedral in western Germany is stylistically closely related to Lund Cathedral (especially the crypt), and it has been proposed that Donatus came to Lund from Speyer, where construction more or less ceased in 1106 following the death of Emperor Henry IV . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Similarities have also frequently been pointed out between Lund Cathedral and Mainz Cathedral , and the design of the apse is similar to that of the Basilica of Saint Servatius in Maastricht . [ 31 ] On a more general level, the origins of the style of Lund Cathedral can be found in Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio ( Milan ), Modena Cathedral and several churches in Pavia , all in northern Italy. [ 32 ] Similar stylistic influences can be seen in other cathedrals in Denmark from the same time, for example in Ribe Cathedral . [ 25 ] The building of Lund Cathedral must have involved a large number of people and was a collective undertaking. [ 31 ] Comparable but somewhat later workshops at Cologne Cathedral and Uppsala Cathedral employed a workforce of about 100 and 60 people, respectively. [ 31 ] The project was instrumental in establishing a workshop where local craftsmen could be educated, and thus disseminating artistic influences from continental Europe to Scandinavia. The stone sculptors Carl stenmästare [ sv ] , Mårten stenmästare [ sv ] and Majestatis were probably all Scandinavians who were educated at the construction site. [ 32 ] Many early Romanesque stone churches in the countryside, particularly in Scania but also in the rest of present-day Denmark and Sweden, show direct influences from Lund Cathedral, notably Vä Church (Scania). [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Other examples are e.g. Valby Church [ da ] ( Zealand ), Lannaskede Old Church [ sv ] ( Småland ), Hogstad Church [ sv ] ( Östergötland ) and Havdhem Church ( Gotland ). [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Fire and repairs [ edit ] The plan and layout of the building consecrated in 1145 was similar to the one seen today. A noticeable difference was that the entire choir was separated from the nave by a wall and reserved for the clergy. The towers were also not built until a few decades later. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] The intention was probably to provide the cathedral with vaults , but instead a flat wooden ceiling was installed. [ 39 ] The cathedral was adorned with wall paintings and almost certainly by stained glass windows , but none of these remain. [ 27 ] In 1234, the cathedral was heavily damaged by a large fire. [ 40 ] Large donations were made to the church in the following years, to allow for repairs. [ 41 ] Even so, the need for repairs was continuous for the entire 13th century. [ 42 ] Following the fire, the burnt-out ceiling was replaced by brick vaults. [ 37 ] Changes were also made to the layout of the westernmost part of the building. [ 43 ] A conflict erupted between King Christopher I of Denmark and Archbishop Jakob Erlandsen in 1257 partially because the choir had been enlarged and the seats of the royal family moved, itself a testimony of the growing power of the Church. [ 44 ] Two chapels were added to the cathedral during the 14th and 15th centuries; one located adjacent to the two westernmost bays of the south aisle of the nave, and the other as a western extension of the south transept. [ 45 ] Buttresses were also added piecemeal to the building during the 13th and 14th centuries, to stabilise the building which was under strain from the new, heavier vaults, the added chapels and the constant ringing of the 8.5 tonne church bell . [ 46 ] Changes by Adam van Düren and later [ edit ] A drawing of the cathedral as it appeared in 1750 The German sculptor and builder Adam van Düren apparently worked intermittently at restoring and altering the cathedral between c. 1506 or 1507 and 1524. [ 47 ] Despite, and to some extent because of, the work that had been done during the preceding centuries since the great fire of 1234, the cathedral was in need of a thorough restoration. [ 48 ] Adam van Düren and his workshop made several changes and contributions. A new drainage system was installed in the crypt, and as part of that work a well , which probably replaced an earlier well in the same location, was decorated with satirical allegories . [ 49 ] [ 50 ] The workshop of van Düren also created two new windows in the choir, built a large buttress to support the southern transept (before 1513), and rebuilt the gable of the northern transept (1524) as well as its vaults. New and considerably larger windows with pointed arches were installed in both the northern wall of the north transept and in the southern wall of the south transept. [ 49 ] [ 51 ] The towers and western facade were also repaired in 1512–18 and again in 1527. [ 52 ] It has been argued that the cathedral may have collapsed, were it not for the work done by van Düren. [ 53 ] Following the Reformation in the 16th century, the diocese lost much of its revenues. [ 54 ] The building was still subjected to much stress, not least by the use of the large church bell, and suffered during the recurrent wars between Denmark and Sweden ; in 1658 Lund permanently became part of Sweden. Despite van Düren's repairs, the church was described as being "very dilapidated" in 1682. [ 55 ] During the 18th century, the chapels of the church were used for funerals, but also as an improvised morgue where corpses were occasionally left for several years. [ 56 ] Attempts at repairs were made; among them the entire apse was dismantled and then re-erected. [ 49 ] Many of the repairs were however either temporary or outright detrimental to the condition of the building. King Gustav III of Sweden visited the cathedral crypt in 1785 and expressed his displeasure at its state. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In 1812, the aforementioned chapels from the 14th and 15th centuries were demolished. [ 59 ] Changes by Carl Georg Brunius and Helgo Zettervall [ edit ] Demolition of the north tower of the cathedral during the time of Helgo Zettervall . When the congregation wanted to build a new church organ in the early 19th century, architect Axel Nyström [ sv ] was invited to examine the structure in 1832. Nyström recommended a complete renovation of the cathedral. [ 59 ] The chairman of the council in charge of administering the cathedral buildings, Carl Georg Brunius , was called to execute the plans of Nyström, and he did so while at the same time making changes according to his own convictions. He also wrote the first systematic art history of the cathedral. [ 60 ] Brunius had the organ moved, the crypt repaired, installed a set of steps connecting the choir with the nave and improved the drainage system. [ 60 ] He also removed modern furnishings, re-built some of the buttresses and changed the stone of a large part of the facade. [ 61 ] Brunius retired due to old age in 1859, but as there was still a substantial need for repairs, the young architect Helgo Zettervall was appointed to carry out the rest of the work in 1860. [ 62 ] A conflict between Brunius and Zettervall developed almost immediately, but Zettervall would keep working on restoring the cathedral until 1893 and ultimately managed to implement most of his ideas for the cathedral. [ 60 ] [ 63 ] A compromise in 1862 proposed that the Danish architect Ferdinand Meldahl would assume the main responsibility, and Zettervall would merely assist Meldahl. However, it soon became apparent that Zettervall would not accept a subordinate role and Meldahl himself showed little interest in the project. [ 64 ] In 1862, Zettervall traveled extensively through Germany and Italy to study stylistically related architecture, and also to visit the latest examples of building restoration so that he could draw upon that experience in his work at Lund. [ 65 ] In 1863, he presented a first proposal for a complete restoration of the cathedral. Zettervall himself considered it a "reasonable middle ground between reparation and reconstruction". [ 66 ] The proposal would mean the removal of all buttresses, a new roof, completely rebuilt towers, and the removal of the large Gothic windows in the transepts. Zettervall also proposed to add an octagonal dome over the crossing . Far-reaching changes would also affect the interior. In the proposal Zettervall strove to reduce and refine the building volumes of the cathedral and create a unified composition of block-like elements. [ 67 ] The proposal by Zettervall was criticised, not least by Meldahl. Zettervall re-worked the proposal and put forward a revised, less far-reaching proposal in 1864, notably without the central dome. [ 68 ] This proposal was also rejected and the plan for a complete overhaul abandoned; however it was at the same time decided that Zettervall would continue working on repairing the cathedral and every year make what changes that were deemed necessary. In this way, Zettervall could piecemeal over the next decades to rebuild the cathedral largely in line with his design from 1864. [ 60 ] [ 69 ] Between 1832 and 1893, the cathedral was radically transformed by the work of Brunius and Zettervall. All windows were replaced, several vaults and pillars were repaired or rebuilt, and both architects effected extensive changes to the transept. Just as he had suggested, Zettervall had all the buttresses removed and demolished the entire western part of the church, including the towers, and rebuilt them according to his own Neo-Romanesque designs. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] In the 20th century, archaeological excavations were carried out in and around the cathedral. The building also underwent a major restoration in 1954–1963, led by architect Eiler Græbe [ sv ] . During this time the decorative painting from the 19th century was removed. [ 71 ] The large mosaic decorating the apse was installed in 1927, and designed by Joakim Skovgaard . [ 37 ] [ 72 ] In 1990, the layout of the choir was changed and the altar placed in the crossing. [ 71 ] Pope Francis visited the cathedral on 31 October 2016 to observe the 499th anniversary of the beginning of the Reformation . [ 73 ] Architecture and decoration [ edit ] Lund Cathedral has been called "the most powerful representative of Romanesque architecture in the Nordic countries". [ 3 ] It lies at some distance from any other buildings and dominates its surroundings. [ 74 ] It consists of the two towers built by Zettervall, which flank the main entrance to the west. Behind them a nave with two aisles open up to a transept that is somewhat higher than the nave. A short flight of stairs thus connect the nave with the choir as well as with the crypt under the choir. The choir ends in an apse. Inside, the bays of the cathedral are supported by groin vaults . The number of bays in the aisles are the double of that in the nave. The arches that separate the nave from the aisles are supported by piers and pillars of alternating width . The crypt has over forty shallow groin vaults supported by pillars with cushion capitals. It is sparsely lit by low small windows and remains largely unchanged since 1123. [ 31 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Seen from outside, the different elements of the building are clearly discernible as independent volumes, "as if they could be taken apart and put together again". [ 74 ] The apse of the cathedral is a "forcefully articulated" semi-circle. [ 31 ] Compared to its predecessors in Mainz, its composition is somewhat more elaborate with three distinct storeys each divided into fields, the lower by lesenes and the middle by columns with decorated capitals . The uppermost part is a gallery of shallow barrel vaults carried by 21 smaller columns, which open towards the exterior. [ 77 ] The apse is the most well-preserved part of the Romanesque building and has been described as "the artistic high point of the exterior". [ 78 ] The southern portal of the nave is perhaps the oldest of the cathedral. Five decorated archivolts supported by small columns with variously decorated capitals , frame a tympanon depicting the Lamb of God . [ 79 ] The northern portal is slightly later and more richly decorated. Its tympanon depicts Samson wrestling with the lion. [ 80 ] Two bronze doors built by Carl Johan Dyfverman [ sv ] serve as the main entrance in the centre of the west facade. They have 24 reliefs with subjects from the Bible, particularly the Old Testament. Above the doorway, the tympanon depicts Christ , Canute IV of Denmark and Saint Lawrence. [ 71 ] The cathedral has two sacristies . [ 4 ] The building material of the cathedral is mostly sandstone quarried in the area around Höör . The main walls are constructed as shells of sandstone filled with fieldstone mixed with lime mortar . The thickness of the walls is around 2 to 3 metres (6.6 to 9.8 ft). [ 4 ] [ 81 ] Overview of Lund Cathedral Plan c. 1200. Aerial view from the south east View from the entrance towards east View from the altar towards west View towards the choir and apse Sculptures [ edit ] " The giant Finn and his wife " in the crypt, probably a depiction of the biblical hero Samson . Sculpture. Lions and seraphim. When it comes to stone sculpture, Lund Cathedral was the most lavishly decorated Romanesque building to be built in the Nordic countries, according to art historian Jan Svanberg , [ 82 ] and its sculptures are of recognised high artistic quality. [ 83 ] Perhaps the most well-known and striking of these are the sculptures of two figures traditionally called " The giant Finn and his wife " in the crypt. [ 84 ] According to a local legend, the giant helped build the cathedral, and when he was not paid for his services he tried to destroy it by shaking the pillars, but was petrified. [ 85 ] The larger of the two figures is embracing a column, while the smaller is attached to another column with a rope. These sculptures have probably been the subject of more attempts at an explanation than any other medieval artworks in Sweden, according to art historian Mereth Lindgren. [ 86 ] Most scholars today believe the larger sculpture depicts Samson , but what the smaller figure is supposed to represent is not known. The sculptures date from the construction of the crypt but have been treated poorly, especially during the 18th century, and lost much of their original detailing. [ 86 ] The fluted columns also found in the crypt are similar in style to English Norman architecture and may indicate that the very first artistic influences came from the area bordering the English Channel . [ 87 ] Apart from these columns however, the rich stone ornamentation is clearly Lombardic in style, meaning related to north Italian art of the period. [ 27 ] Among these is a baldachin now immured in the east wall of the north transept which may have been part of the original western facade; Its columns have Corinthian capitals and support a richly decorated archivolt on which traces of original paint survives. Opposite, in the south wall, is a smaller baldachin where the columns themselves are sculpted angels (one with feather tights ) standing on lions. Similar sculptures exist in Como and Modena in northern Italy. [ 88 ] In addition, the capitals of the columns in the church are all of high artisanal quality, and can be broadly divided into two groups displaying either Classical or Byzantine influences. [ 84 ] Apart from its rich Romanesque decoration, Lund Cathedral also contains several late medieval sculptures made by Adam van Düren, as mentioned above. Several of these are of animals and contain inscriptions in Low German . A relief in the south transept displaying the Woman of the Apocalypse flanked by Saint Lawrence and Saint Canute is similar to the portal relief van Düren made a couple of years earlier at Glimmingehus . [ 89 ] Altarpiece [ edit ] The main altarpiece, donated to the cathedral in 1398 by Ide Pedersdatter Falk The medieval main altarpiece was donated to the cathedral in 1398 by Ide Pedersdatter Falk . [ 90 ] The altarpiece is one of a group of stylistically similar altarpieces and made in some north Germany city, probably by Master Bertram or in his workshop. [ 91 ] Its central panel depicts the Coronation of the Virgin , surrounded by two rows of 40 saints, 26 of which are original. Twelve figures have been taken from other medieval altarpieces, while two of the added figures are from the 17th century. The altarpiece is 7.6 metres (25 ft) wide but is missing an original pair of wings. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Choir stalls [ edit ] View of the choir stalls on the north side of the chancel View of the choir stalls on the south side of the chancel, detail. The choir contains two rows of medieval choir stalls made of Scanian oak wood, containing in total 78 seats. The wooden stalls date from the end of the 14th century, probably commissioned by archbishop Nils Jönson some time between 1361 and 1379. Clearly made by several different wood carvers, they are approximately 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall without their gables and decorated with carved details. These are biblical scenes from both the Old and New Testament , but the stalls also contain misericords portraying animals and other small details. Their style is High Gothic and they are stylistically linked with contemporary art from the Rhine Valley. They are among the largest wooden Gothic sculptures to survive in the Nordic countries, and have been described as being of internationally high quality. [ 94 ] The choir stalls in Lund Cathedral also lent stylistic inspiration to the choir stalls in Roskilde Cathedral and St. Bendt's Church, Ringsted . [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Slightly older than the choir stalls is a bishop's throne which survives in a damaged state and is placed in the south transept. It is somewhat similar in construction to the choir stalls but stylistically different and more closely related to contemporary art from north Germany. [ 96 ] Currently placed next to the bishop's chair is also a Gothic tabernacle in the form of a 5 metres (16 ft) tall, decorated wooden pillar. It contains two cabinets surmounted by a statuette of a female saint and crowned by a hexagonal spire. The tabernacle was repaired by Brunius in the 19th century. The saint may be Ida of Toggenburg . [ 97 ] Astronomical clock [ edit ] Main article: Lund astronomical clock The astronomical clock The astronomical clock of Lund Cathedral, presently located at the west end of the north aisle, dates from the late Middle Ages and was installed in Lund Cathedral c. 1425. In 1837, it was dismantled. It was restored at the initiative of architect Theodor Wåhlin [ sv ] and the Danish clockmaker Julius Bertram Larsen and re-inaugurated in 1923. The upper part, which is original, is the clock, while the lower part, a reconstruction, is a calendar . Twice every day the two knights on the top clash their swords. The clock then plays the tune In dulci jubilo and a procession of figures representing the three Kings with their servants parade across the face of the clock. [ 98 ] Similar clocks from approximately the same period are known from several churches in towns in the south Baltic Sea area. Especially the clocks in Doberan Minster and St. Nicholas Church, Stralsund are very similar, and it is possible that the clockmaker Nikolaus Lilienfeld who made the clock in Stralsund also made the clock in Lund. [ 99 ] The clock was repaired 2009–2010. [ 37 ] [ 100 ] [ 101 ] A decorated conventional clock from 1623 is immured on the opposite side of the nave, in the west wall of the south aisle. [ 54 ] Bronzes [ edit ] The cathedral also owns three High Gothic bronze columns carrying statuettes, the oldest remaining furnishings in the cathedral, and a seven-branched candelabrum from the end of the Middle Ages. [ 102 ] Two of the bronze columns are crowned by angels, and the third one by a statuette of Saint Lawrence, holding a gridiron, the symbol of his martyrdom. It probably dates from the middle of the 14th century, while the two angel-bearing columns may be somewhat later. Saint Lawrence's column is approximately 3 metres (9.8 ft) tall (and the saint 70 centimetres (28 in)), while the columns with angels are slightly smaller. [ 103 ] The three columns were probably made in Lübeck or Hamburg . Presently located in the south transept is also the 3.5 metres (11 ft) tall seven-branched candelabrum or candle holder from the late 15th century, manufactured by Harmen Bonstede in Hamburg. [ 104 ] It was supplied to the cathedral in a dismantled state, and traces of its assembly instruction are still discernible on the candelabrum. Similar candelabra were installed in a number of Scandinavian cathedrals at approximately the same time; although the one in Lund is larger than those in the cathedrals of Aarhus , Ribe, Viborg and Stockholm . [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Pulpit [ edit ] The current pulpit was commissioned at the end of the 16th century and is marked with the date 1592. The artist was Johannes Ganssog from Frankfurt an der Oder in present-day Germany. It is attached with unusual technical skill to one of the pillars of the nave, and it is entered through a stair cut inside the pillar. The building material is sandstone, black limestone and black and white marble , and it is partially painted and gilded . Reliefs of alabaster on the side show scenes from the New Testament. [ 106 ] [ 37 ] Graves and funerary monuments [ edit ] The grave of Hermann of Schleswig , 12th century, the oldest grave in the crypt. Several people have been buried in the cathedral. The crypt contains the oldest grave in the cathedral, the grave of Hermann of Schleswig , who played an important role as an emissary of archbishop Ascer of Lund to the Pope and who may have written parts of the aforementioned Necrologium Lundense . The simple Romanesque sarcophagus , which has an inscription in Latin and a depiction of the titular bishop, is located in the apse of the crypt. It dates from the middle of the 12th century. [ 4 ] [ 107 ] The crypt also contains the much larger grave monument of the last archbishop, Birger Gunnersen [ sv ] , which is centrally placed in the crypt. It is of a kind which is not unusual in continental Europe but very unusual in the Nordic countries: a large stone sarcophagus decorated on all sides with sculptures in high relief and with a full-scale depiction of the bishop in full dress on the lid. It was made by Adam van Düren in 1512. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] The cathedral's largest grave monument is that of bishop Hans Brostorp , who died in 1497 and who during his lifetime inaugurated the University of Copenhagen . The monument is made of limestone from Gotland and decorated in low relief. [ 110 ] The nave and the aisles contain several memorial plaques and epitaphs . Several commemorate bishops, such as Johan Engeström [ sv ] (1699–1777) and Nils Hesslén (1728–1811). Many others were made for professors at Lund University, e.g. Eberhard Rosenblad [ sv ] (1714–1796) and Erasmus Sack [ sv ] (1633–1697). The oldest epitaph of the cathedral commemorates the owner of Krageholm Castle Lave Brahe [ sv ] (1500–1567) and his wife Görvel Fadersdotter (Sparre) (1509 or 1517 – 1605). [ 111 ] Baptismal font [ edit ] The baptismal font of the cathedral is a sparsely decorated Early Gothic font from the 13th century made of reddish grey limestone from Gotland. It is a paradise font with its quatrefoil-shaped bowl and a round-arch frieze. [ 37 ] Flora [ edit ] Wall-rue growing on the apse Several surveys and descriptions of the flora of the cathedral, like the plants that grow on its walls, have been made. The first to describe the flora of the cathedral was Daniel Rolander , one of the apostles of Linnaeus , who made a list of the vascular plants , mosses and lichens he found growing on the building in 1771. [ 112 ] It was rediscovered in the 20th century and published in 1931. Elias Magnus Fries also made observations about the flora of the cathedral during the first half of the 19th century. A more systematic surveys of the flora of the building was published in 1922. Lichenologist Ove Almborn made a survey of the lichen of the cathedral in 1935; it was incidentally his first scientific publication. [ 112 ] The lichens of the cathedral were inventoried again in 1993. [ 112 ] Of the species observed growing on the cathedral, the minute fern wall-rue ( Asplenium ruta-muraria ) was mentioned as early as 1756 by Anders Tidström [ sv ] and is perhaps the most conspicuous member of the cathedral flora. [ 113 ] When the lichen flora was surveyed in 1993, 15 species were discovered. One of these, Lecanora perpruinosa , had not been observed in the province of Scania before. [ 114 ] Relationship with Lund University [ edit ] The founding of Lund University in 1666 was acknowledged in a ceremony in the cathedral in 1668. [ 115 ] Following the Reformation, the choir was used for a long time as a classroom, first by Lund Cathedral School and later by the university. The university also used the choir to store its library for some time. [ 116 ] The cathedral is still the place for the ceremony of the conferment of new doctor's degrees at the university. [ 117 ] Music [ edit ] The cathedral has five choirs for adults and two choirs for children. [ 118 ] The cathedral is also frequently used for concerts. [ 119 ] There are currently six church organs in Lund Cathedral, including the largest church organ in Sweden. The gallery organ was built between 1932 and 1934 by the Danish company Marcussen & Søn and renovated by the same company in 1992. It has 102 stops distributed between four manuals and a pedalboard. There are 7,074 pipes in total. The smallest organ is inside the astronomical clock, where it plays In dulci jubilo . [ 120 ] References [ edit ]
1,146	12.736451°E	42.740165°N	San Gregorio Maggiore, Spoleto	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gregorio_Maggiore,_Spoleto	443	Italy	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . Find sources: "San Gregorio Maggiore, Spoleto" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2017 ) San Gregorio Magno is a Romanesque -style, Roman Catholic basilica church located in front of the piazza Garibaldi in the town of Spoleto , in the province of Perugia , region of Umbria , Italy. Facade and bell-tower History [ edit ] The church was built atop the site of an earlier church during the end the 11th and start of the 12th century, leading to consecration in 1146. Traces of the earlier building exist in the crypt. The bell-tower, embedded with spolia , was begun in the 12th century. Because the site had a nearby cemetery, many of the tombstones were reutilized in the church. The church was refurbished during the 16th and 18th centuries. The main portal (1597) was donated by the bishop Paolo Sanvitale. To the left of the entrance portico is the Chapel of the Innocents, with frescoes that recall the founding of the church and the Life of Santa Abbondanza , supposedly buried here. It now houses the baptismal font and has a Romanesque architrave. The interior was frescoed in the 15th century. From one of the exits, one can access the Ancient Roman bridge, Ponte Sanguinario spanning the Tessino stream. [ 1 ] 42°44′25″N 12°44′11″E / 42.740165°N 12.736451°E / 42.740165; 12.736451 References [ edit ]
1,146	9.94944°E	52.14583°N	St. Nicholas' Chapel, Hildesheim	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas%27_Chapel,_Hildesheim	136	Germany	Church building in Hildesheim, Germany View from the east. St. Nicholas' Chapel ( German : Nikolaikapelle ) is a former Roman Catholic parish church in the city of Hildesheim in Lower Saxony , Germany . It is dedicated to Saint Nicholas and is located in the southern part of the old city centre, opposite St. Godehard . History [ edit ] Southern wall with stone inscription. Saint Nicolas' Chapel was built in a Romanesque style in the 12th century at the same time as the monastery of Saint Godehard was built opposite. It was consecrated by Heinrich von Minden, the bishop of Minden , in 1146. [ 1 ] Bernard of Hildesheim (1130–53), the then bishop of Hildesheim was not able to consecrate it himself as he had become blind. Saint Nicolai's Chapel was used as a catholic parish church until 1542 when Protestantism was introduced in Hildesheim. Many inhabitants of the city, however, did not become Protestants. Saint Nicolai's Chapel, one of the smallest churches in Hildesheim, was allocated to the Protestants, who actually did not need it. At first, they used it as a stable. The church was not used as such until 1557, and there were plans to demolish it and to use the stones to repair the medieval city wall. [ 2 ] As the monks living opposite the chapel in the monastery of St Godehard opposed the plans, St. Nicolai's Chapel was returned to the Catholic Church in 1557, but it was in very bad condition. It was renovated at various times. According to an engraving by Merian dating from 1653, it was an aisleless church with a hip roof and a flèche . [ 3 ] The chapel was used by the monastery until 1803. In that year, it was sold to a private owner after the monastery had been dissolved during the secularization and it was transformed into a residential building. During World War II , St. Nicolai's Chapel was slightly damaged by bombs on 22 February 1945 . [ 4 ] On 22 March 1945 , however, the chapel was hit by incendiary bombs and burnt down. Only the walls remained standing, but the neighbouring half-timbered houses remained almost undamaged. [ 5 ] St. Nicolai's Chapel was rebuilt in its original style in 1967 and is still used for residential purposes. [ 6 ] Architecture [ edit ] Saint Nicolas' Chapel, though today a residential building, is still recognizable as a former church which facaded to the west. It was a comparatively small church consisting of one nave with a vault. [ 7 ] The apse with its tented roof is in the east of the building. A part of the nave is preserved as well. The year 1714 , which possibly refers to a renovation, is carved into the sandstone of the southern wall. The building is on the corner of Hinterer Brühl and Godehardsplatz , two of the most sightworthy streets of Hildesheim, and it is surrounded by half-timbered houses which were built in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The large half-timbered house behind is a former hospital, Hospital zu den Fünf Wunden ( Hospital of the Five Wounds ), dating from 1770. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Nicholas Chapel (Hildesheim) . References [ edit ]
1,146	1.5910056°W	52.2797361°N	Lord Leycester Hospital	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Leycester_Hospital	7,491	United Kingdom	Grade I listed building in Warwick, United Kingdom Lord Leycester Hospital Chapel of St. James the Great Lord Leycester Hospital Location Warwick , Warwickshire, England Coordinates 52°16′47.05″N 1°35′27.62″W / 52.2797361°N 1.5910056°W / 52.2797361; -1.5910056 Area Warwick Founded 1571 by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester Built from 1126 to the late 15th century Built for The United Guilds of Warwick Restored Chapel restored 1860, accommodation restored 1966 Restored by Chapel restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott Architectural style(s) Medieval courtyard architecture Governing body The Lord Leycester Hospital (charity) Listed Building – Grade I location of the Lord Leycester Hospital The Lord Leycester Hospital is one of the best preserved examples of medieval courtyard architecture in England and is a charity supporting ex-servicemen. It is located in Warwick , England, next to the West Gate, on High Street. It is a Grade I listed building . [ 1 ] The hospital is a prominent feature of Warwick. For almost 900 years buildings have been erected and civic activity has taken place on the site, starting with the chapel built in 1126. The site was donated by the 12th Earl of Warwick in the 14th century to the United Guild of the Holy Trinity and St George. The Guild Hall, Great Hall and Master's House were constructed in the late 15th century. Over the centuries, the ancient buildings and 500 year old gardens have been admired by visitors such as Charles Dickens and Oscar Wilde , King George V [ 2 ] and the Queen Mother [ 3 ] and travellers from around the world. [ 2 ] History [ edit ] Medieval period [ edit ] The Lord Leycester Hospital started life as just the Chapel of St James the Great which was built over the West Gate of Warwick in 1126 by Roger de Newburgh , 2nd Norman Earl of Warwick. [ 4 ] In the late 14th century, it was rebuilt by the 12th Earl of Warwick . He granted the benefice of the Chapel in 1386 to the Guild of St George, a guild created on 20 April 1383 under licence from King Richard II . [ 4 ] The Guild of the Holy Trinity and the Guild of the Blessed Virgin Mary joined them to form the United Guilds of Warwick. [ 4 ] Living quarters and public rooms were added to the chapel including the Great Hall. [ 5 ] These form the courtyard of the Lord Leycester that we see today. [ 4 ] The Guildhall was built in 1450 by Richard Neville "The Kingmaker", the 16th Earl of Warwick . [ 6 ] It was primarily used as a private chamber where the Guilds met to discuss business. [ 5 ] The table found in the center of the Guildhall is thought to have been the original table used by the United Guilds of Warwick where they discussed matters such as trade religion and politics. [ 7 ] Early modern period [ edit ] The United Guilds were dispersed by King Henry VIII in 1546. [ 4 ] However, their property had already been transferred to the Burgesses of Warwick by Thomas Oken, Master of the Guilds. The burgesses used the property for meetings and for teaching as, what is now, Warwick School . [ 8 ] The 1st Earl of Leicester acquired the buildings in 1571, founding therein a hospital for aged or injured soldiers and their wives, under royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I , run by 12 resident "Brethren" (originally soldiers) under the charge of a "Master", and funded from the income of various estates. [ 4 ] In 1617 the Great Hall was used to entertain King James I on his visit to Warwick, an event that left the town in considerable debt. A plaque on the back wall of the Great Hall commemorating the occasion was covered over in Victorian times but uncovered during a recent renovation project. [ 5 ] In 1694, the Great Fire of Warwick started at the Friends Meeting House in Warwick, across the High Street from the Lord Leycester Hospital. The fire was driven up the High Street by a strong south-westerly wind and consumed virtually all the buildings in its path. The original medieval timber-framed houses were destroyed and later replaced by stone and brick built buildings. Of the ancient buildings, only the Lord Leycester Hospital and its near neighbours survive. [ 5 ] Modern period [ edit ] The chapel was extensively restored by Sir Gilbert Scott in 1860. The story goes that a representative of his was called from dinner by worried townspeople who thought the chapel may fall down into the High Street. This included the addition of the flying buttresses which today skirt the chapel. [ 4 ] In 1956 the Corporation of the Master and Brethren of the Hospital was abolished by Act of Parliament and replaced with a board of Governors. On 3 November 1966 a restored Hospital with modernised quarters was opened by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother . [ 9 ] Today the hospital is run by a master, a retired officer of the Armed Forces. Eight ex-servicemen and their wives are provided with flats in return for their past services: they act as guides for visitors. [ 10 ] The hospital is funded by visitor income, the original estates having been sold over the years. [ 10 ] Heidi Meyer, the first woman to hold the office, was installed as Master in November 2017. [ 10 ] The Museum of the Queen's Own Hussars based at the hospital closed in 2016. [ 11 ] Key features [ edit ] The Chapel of St. James the Great [ edit ] The carvings, notably the famous Warwick icon of the bear and ragged staff [ 12 ] (or "baculus") and the two-tailed lion from the Dudley family coat of arms, [ 13 ] illustrate the renowned craftsmanship in wood of Warwick men. The fine stained glass in the eastern window is the work of the Birmingham firm of Clayton & Bell . Above the south door is a window by William Morris who also designed the hangings around the altar. [ 5 ] Every weekday morning (except Mondays) the master and brethren gather for prayers in exactly the same wording directed by Robert Dudley almost 450 years before. [ 14 ] The Great Hall [ edit ] Apart from the floor, heating system and public restrooms at the far end, the Hall has changed very little in structure and appearance from the 1300s. It was used by the Guilds for public functions and this has been resumed today for dinners, dances, receptions, concerts and meetings. [ 5 ] The Guildhall [ edit ] The Guildhall, today, is used as display space for many of the artifacts collected throughout history. This includes a selection of weaponry, including flintlock muskets sent "by the crown" to the Brethren at the time of the Chartist Riots , [ 15 ] Napoleonic swords , thought to have come from the Battle of Waterloo and a cannonball dug up from the Battle of Edge Hill . [ 15 ] Egyptian urn [ edit ] The Master's Garden contains a Grade I listed stone urn. 2,000 years old it originally formed part of an Egyptian nilometer . [ 16 ] List of weaponry in the Guildhall [ edit ] Below is a list of weaponry that is featured in the Guildhall: [ 17 ] Name Date English Infantry Officer's Sword 1837-1845 Italian Officer's Sword 1805-1814 English Light Cavalry Sword 1854 Polish Saxon Sword c. 1720 English Rank and File Sword 1864 Heavy Cavalry Sword 1748-1778 Copy of Heavy Cavalry Sword n.d. Italian Executioner's Sword 1840-1860 Re-Hilted French Cavalry Broadsword c. 1885 English Dragoon Officer's Sword 1850s Indian Light Cavalry Officer's Sword n.d. Basket Hilted Scottish Broadsword 1600s American Cutlass 1775-1783 British Cavalry Sword 1908-1912 English Officer's Small Sword 1650s-1700s Sword from Edge Hill (Edge Hill Sword) 1642 Indian Copy Sword n.d. Halberd (2) pre 1793 Footman's Pike n.d. Commemorative WWII Sword late 20th century Nepalese Kukri c. 1919 Masters and brethren [ edit ] The soldiers living within the walls of the medieval building are known as the brethren. They conduct guided tours of the building and garden while dressed in ceremonial uniforms. [ 18 ] The public cafe based in the hospital is named The Brethren's Kitchen . [ 19 ] A list of masters of the Lord Leycester Hospital: [ 20 ] List of Masters of the Lord Leycester Hospital Name Time as Master Name Time as Master Name Time as Master Ralph Griffiths 1571-1585 William Burman 1728-1741 Henry Toovey 1901-1922 Thomas Cartwright 1585-1603 Charles Gore 1741-1743 Frederick Page 1922-1937 Symon Buttrys 1603-1605 Edward Tait 1743-1750 James Cropper 1937-1938 Edward Lord 1605-1616 Charles Scottowe 1750-1767 John Johnson 1938-1943 Samuel Burton 1616-1635 George Lillington 1767-1794 John Frankland 1943-1958 Jem Rice 1635-1650 John Kendall 1794-1844 Steuart Pears 1958-1966 Timothy White 1650-1661 Henry Berners Shelley Harris 1844-1863 Charles Terence Bethune Tibbits 1966-1968 Thomas Glover 1661-1671 Thomas Cochrane 1863-1867 Hugh Edward Lee 1968-1992 Samuel Jemmet 1671-1713 Phillip Sidney Harris 1867-1884 Dermot Ian Rhodes 1992-2004 Samuel Lydiatt 1713-1726 Herbert Hill 1884-1893 Gerald Franz Lesinski 2004-2016 James Mashbourne 1726-1728 George Morely 1893-1901 Heidi Meyer 2016–Present Television appearances [ edit ] The building has been used in many historical-set television productions including Pride and Prejudice , [ 21 ] Tom Jones , [ 21 ] Moll Flanders , [ 21 ] Shakespeare & Hathaway: Private Investigators , [ 22 ] A Christmas Carol [ 23 ] and the 2007 Doctor Who episode The Shakespeare Code . [ 24 ] Gallery [ edit ] The 1571 Leicester Hospital Act, licensing the Earl of Leicester to found a hospital in Warwick [ 25 ] Frontage of the Lord Leycester Hospital Leicester's Hospital, Warwick (period 1850-98) by Francis Frith Egyptian Urn supposedly 2,000 years old and once used as a Nilometer (A device used to measure the height of the River Nile) in Ancient Egypt Wood engraving of the walkway across the frontage at the Lord Leycester, looking towards the chapel Under the gallery in the courtyard of the hospital Courtyard of the hospital References [ edit ]
1,147	0.839559°W	51.880356°N	Bolbec Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolbec_Castle	1,085	United Kingdom	This article includes a list of general references , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Bolbec Castle Buckinghamshire , England Bolebec Castle motte Bolbec Castle Coordinates 51°52′49″N 0°50′22″W / 51.880356°N 0.839559°W / 51.880356; -0.839559 Type Castle Site information Condition Demolished Site history Materials Masonry [ citation needed ] Bolbec Castle or Bolebec Castle , [ 1 ] was a castle in the village of Whitchurch, Buckinghamshire , England. History [ edit ] The motte and bailey castle was illegally built [ 2 ] for Hugh II de Bolbec, Lord of Whitchurch [ 3 ] during the Anarchy of 1147 and its building was criticized by Pope Eugene III . It is thought [ by whom? ] to have had a masonry keep and the deep defences of the motte enhanced naturally defensive ground. The triangular bailey is now separated from its motte by Castle Lane. Oliver Cromwell was responsible for its destruction in the English Civil War (1642–51). [ citation needed ] The surviving earthworks are a scheduled monument . [ 4 ] See also [ edit ] Castles in Great Britain and Ireland English feudal barony List of castles in England References [ edit ]
1,148	11.042722°E	43.467889°N	Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta, San Gimignano	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiata_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta,_San_Gimignano	9,737	Italy	Medieval/Renaissance church with important architecture & art Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta View of the Collegiata Religion Affiliation Roman Catholic District Archdiocese of Siena-Colle di Val d'Elsa-Montalcino Ecclesiastical or organizational status Minor basilica Year consecrated 1148 Location Location San Gimignano , Tuscany , Italy Geographic coordinates 43°28′04.4″N 11°02′33.8″E / 43.467889°N 11.042722°E / 43.467889; 11.042722 Architecture Type Church Style Romanesque Groundbreaking 10th century, present church early 12th century Completed 1468 The Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta or Duomo di San Gimignano is a Roman Catholic collegiate church and minor basilica [ 1 ] in San Gimignano , in Tuscany in central Italy. It contains important cycles of Renaissance frescoes by artists including Domenico Ghirlandaio , Benozzo Gozzoli , Taddeo di Bartolo , Lippo Memmi and Bartolo di Fredi . It falls within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the "Historic Centre of San Gimignano", with its frescoes being described by UNESCO as "works of outstanding beauty". [ 2 ] History [ edit ] The first church on the site was begun in the 10th century. [ 3 ] During the early 12th century the importance of San Gimignano, and its principal church, grew steadily, owing to the town's location on the pilgrimage route to Rome, the Via Francigena . [ 3 ] The present church on this site was consecrated on 21 November 1148 and dedicated to St. Geminianus (San Gimignano) in the presence of Pope Eugenius III and 14 prelates. [ 3 ] The event is commemorated in a plaque on the facade. [ 3 ] The power and authority of the city of San Gimignano continued to grow, until it was able to win autonomy from Volterra. The church owned land and enjoyed numerous privileges that were endorsed by papal bulls and decrees. [ 4 ] It was elevated to collegiate status 20 September 1471. [ 5 ] During the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, the church was enriched by the addition of frescos and sculpture. [ 4 ] The western end of the building (liturgical east) was altered and extended by Giuliano da Maiano between 1466 and 1468, with the work including vestries, the Chapel of Conception and the Chapel of St Fina . [ 3 ] The church was damaged during World War II , and during the subsequent restoration in 1951 the triapsidal eastern end of the earlier church was discovered lying beneath the nave of the present church. [ 3 ] The church possesses the relics of St. Geminianus , the beatified Bishop of Modena and patron saint of the town, whose feast day is celebrated on 31 January. On 8 May 1300 Dante Alighieri came to San Gimignano as the Ambassador of the Guelph League in Tuscany. [ 6 ] Girolamo Savonarola preached from the pulpit of this church in 1497. [ 4 ] Architecture [ edit ] Interior, Collegiate Church The Collegiate Church stands on the west side of Piazza del Duomo, so named although the church has never been the seat of a bishop. [ 7 ] The church has an east-facing facade, and chancel to the west, as at St Peter's Basilica . The architecture is 12th and 13th century Romanesque with the exception of the two chapels in the Renaissance style. The facade, which has little ornament, is approached from the square by a wide staircase and has a door into each of the side aisles, but no central portal. The doorways are surmounted by stone lintels with recessed arches above them, unusual in incorporating the stone Gabbro . [ 8 ] There is a central ocular window at the end of the nave and a smaller one giving light to each aisle. The facade, which is stone, was raised higher in brick in 1340, when the ribbed vaulting was constructed, and the two smaller ocular windows set in. [ 7 ] Matteo di Brunisend is generally credited as the main architect of the medieval period, with his date of activity given as 1239, but in fact his contribution may have been little more than the design of the central ocular window. [ 8 ] Beneath this window is a slot which marks the place of a window which lit the chancel of the earlier church, and may be the most visible sign of the church's reorientation in the 12th century rebuilding, although this is not entirely agreed upon by scholars. [ 8 ] To the north side of the church, in the corner of the transept and chancel, stands a severely plain campanile of square plan, with a single arched opening in each face. The campanile may be that of the earlier church, as it appears to mark the extent of the original western facade, or it may have been one of the city's many tower houses, pressed into service of the church. To the south side of the church is the Loggia of the Baptistry, a 14th-century arcaded cloister with stout octagonal columns and a groin vault . [ 9 ] Internally, the building is in the shape of a Latin Cross , with central nave and an aisle on either side, divided by arcades of seven semi-circular Romanesque arches resting on columns with simplified Corinthianesque capitals. [ 10 ] The chancel is a simple rectangle with a single arched window at the terminal end. The roofs throughout are of quadripartite vaults which date from the mid 14th century. [ 7 ] Although Gothic by date and decoration, the profiles of the ribs are semi-circular in the Romanesque manner. The clerestory has small windows, inserted when the nave was vaulted, along with lancet windows in the north aisle, the aisle windows were subsequently blocked for the painting of the fresco cycle, making the interior very dark. [ 10 ] Decoration [ edit ] Further information: Santa Fina Chapel The Romanesque architectural details of the church's interior are emphasised by the decorative use of colour, with the voussoirs of the nave arcades being of alternately black and white marble , creating stripes, as seen at Orvieto Cathedral . The vault compartments are all painted with lapis lazuli dotted with gold stars, and the vaulting ribs are emphasised with bands of geometric decoration predominantly in red, white and gold. The church is most famous for its largely intact scheme of fresco decoration, the greater part of which dates from the 14th century, and represents the work of painters of the Sienese school, influenced by the Byzantine traditions of Duccio and the Early Renaissance developments of Giotto . The frescoes comprise a Poor Man's Bible of Old Testament cycle, New Testament cycle, and Last Judgement , as well as an Annunciation , a Saint Sebastian , and the stories of a local saint, St Fina , as well as several smaller works. Old Testament cycle [ edit ] The Creation of Adam by Bartolo di Fredi The wall of the left aisle had six decorated bays, of which the paintings of the first bay are in poor condition and those of the sixth have been damaged and in part destroyed by the insertion of the pipe organ. The remaining paintings, with the exception of a repainted panel in the sixth bay, are the work of Bartolo di Fredi , and, according to an inscription, were completed around 1356. [ 11 ] The paintings are in three registers and proceed from left to right chronologically in each register. [ 11 ] Upper level [ edit ] The upper register occupies the lunettes beneath the vault and depicts the story of Creation . [ 11 ] Creation of the Firmament Creation of Man Adam names the animals Creation of Eve God commands Adam and Eve not to touch the forbidden fruit The Original Sin (lost) [ 11 ] Middle level [ edit ] Pharaoh and his soldiers are drowned crossing the Red Sea, from the Old Testament cycle by Bartolo di Fredi The second register has ten remaining scenes, with two at the furthest right having been lost with the insertion of the organ. [ 11 ] The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden (very incomplete) Cain kills Abel (very incomplete) Noah and his family building the Ark Animals entering the Ark Noah and his family giving thanks after the Great Flood The Drunkenness of Noah The departure of Abraham and Lot from the land of the Chaldeans Abraham and Lot go separate ways. Joseph 's dream Joseph is put into a well by his brothers Story of Joseph in Egypt (lost) Story of Joseph in Egypt (lost) [ 11 ] Lower level [ edit ] Two scenes from the story of Job. The Devil bargains with God over Job's faith. The Devil has the men and herds of Job slaughtered. Bartolo di Fredi In the lower register, there are ten scenes. [ 11 ] Joseph, has his brothers arrested (very incomplete) Joseph makes his identity known to his family (incomplete) Moses changes the rod into a serpent The army of Pharaoh are drowned in the Red Sea . (this scene occupies two sections) Moses on Mount Sinai The devil is sent to Job by God The men and herds of Job are killed The house of Job falls, killing his sons. Job prays to God Job, plagued by boils, is visited by friends. (incomplete) (Lost scene) [ 11 ] New Testament cycle [ edit ] The six decorated bays of the right aisle, with scenes of the New Testament, pose a problem of authorship. Giorgio Vasari states that they are the work of "Barna of Siena" and relates that Barna fell to his death from the scaffolding. [ 12 ] The name "Barna" in relation to paintings at the Collegiate Church of San Gimignano appears to have originated in Lorenzo Ghiberti 's Commentaries . In 1927 the archivist Peleo Bacci made the suggestion that Barna had never existed and that the paintings are the work of Lippo Memmi . This hypothesis received no support and little comment for fifty years. [ 13 ] In 1976 discussion of Bacci's attribution was revived, with Moran suggesting that there had been a mis-transcription of "Bartolo" as "Barna", with the name "Bartolo" referring to Bartolo di Fredi, painter of the Old Testament cycle. [ 14 ] The attribution of the New Testament cycle to Lippo Memmi, perhaps assisted by his brother Federico Memmi and father Memmo di Filippucci , is now generally agreed. [ 13 ] Lippo Memmi was influenced by his more famous brother-in-law, Simone Martini . [ 7 ] Lippo Memmi also painted a large Maesta in the Town Hall of San Gimignano, in imitation of that done by Simone Martini at the Town Hall of Siena. The New Testament cycle of the right aisle appears to pre-date the Old Testament cycle and is generally accepted to date from c.1335-1345. [ 15 ] The scenes within the New Testament cycle are organised into four separate narratives, and do not follow a clear left-to-right pattern as do those of the left aisle. As with the left aisle, they are divided into three registers, the upper being the lunettes between the vaults. [ 15 ] Upper level [ edit ] The upper register shows the Birth of Christ. The series reads from right to left, in six bays. [ 15 ] The Annunciation The Nativity and adoration of the shepherds The adoration of the Magi The Presentation at the Temple The Massacre of the Innocents The Flight into Egypt [ 15 ] Middle level [ edit ] Jesus enters Jerusalem on a donkey Jesus calls Lazarus forth from the tomb The middle register shows scenes of the Life of Christ , beginning at the 4th bay, below the picture of the Presentation at the Temple, and reading left to right, with eight scenes. [ 15 ] The scenes have been skilfully juxtaposed so that narrative elements may be compared or contrasted. Within the fourth bay is shown the Presentation of the Temple, Jesus sitting among the Doctors of the Temple of Jerusalem as a twelve-year-old, and Jesus before his crucifixion, enthroned, crowned with thorns and mocked. [ 15 ] Jesus among the Doctors of the Temple of Jerusalem The Baptism of Jesus The Calling of Peter The Wedding at Cana of Galilee (damaged in WWII) The Transfiguration The Resurrection of Lazarus Jesus enters Jerusalem The people welcome Jesus to Jerusalem (the final two scenes are a single event spread over two frames) [ 15 ] Lower level [ edit ] Judas receives thirty pieces of silver to betray Jesus The Last Supper all from the New Testament cycle by Lippo Memmi The lower register, showing the Passion of Christ , continues beneath the Entry into Jerusalem, and is read from right to left in eight scenes over four bays. [ 15 ] The Last Supper Judas agrees to betray Jesus for thirty pieces of silver Jesus prays in the Garden of Gethsemane The Kiss of Judas Jesus at the Praetorium The Scourging of Jesus Jesus crowned with thorns and mocked Jesus carrying the cross to Calvary [ 15 ] Bays five and six [ edit ] Bay five, beneath the lunette of the Slaughter of the Innocents, has a single large scene of the Crucifixion . [ 15 ] Bay six, beneath the lunette of the Flight into Egypt contained four scenes (destroyed in the 15th century) of post-crucifixion events [ 15 ] which are thought to have been: The Deposition The Descent into Limbo The Resurrection Pentecost The Last Judgement [ edit ] This scene is painted in fresco on the inner wall of the facade and the adjoining walls of the nave. The work was completed in 1393 by Taddeo di Bartolo , one of the foremost Sienese painters of the 14th century. The central section shows the figure of Christ as Judge, accompanied by the Virgin Mary and St John, with the Apostles. On the right wall is the image of Paradise, in a ruined state. On the left side Hell is represented, along with various depictions of the gruesome torments to be suffered by those who commit and of the Seven Deadly Sins . [ 16 ] Chapel of Santa Fina [ edit ] Main article: Santa Fina Chapel Pope Gregory announces the death of Santa Fina The Funeral of Santa Fina Domenico Ghirlandaio This chapel off the right aisle, which has been described as "one of the jewels of Renaissance architecture, painting and sculpture", is dedicated to a young girl, Serafina, known as "Fina" and regarded locally as a saint. [ 10 ] Fina, a child renowned for her piety, was orphaned at an early age, and then suffered a disease which rendered her invalid. She lay each day on a wooden palette, and was nursed by two women. [ 17 ] According to her legend, eight days before her death at the age of fifteen, Fina had a vision of Pope Gregory who told her that death was near. [ 17 ] On the day of her death, 12 March 1253, the bells of San Gimignano rang spontaneously, and large pale mauve flowers grew around her palette. As her nurse laid out her body, her hand moved, touching the nurse and healing her of paralysis that she had suffered as the result of many hours of supporting Fina's head. On the day of her funeral, a blind choir boy had his sight restored by touching her feet. It is said that mauve flowers bloom in San Gimignano every year on the anniversary of her death. [ 17 ] A chapel dedicated to St Fina was built off the right aisle by Giuliano da Maiano , and has architectural details and a finely carved altarpiece by Benedetto da Maiano . [ 10 ] The side walls of the chapel were painted in fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio around 1475, showing, on the walls, Santa Fina's visitation by Pope Gregory and Santa Fina's Funeral , with the various miracles including the two healings and an angel rings the bells in the background. The vault and spandrels were decorated by Sebastiano Mainardi and have figures of Evangelists , Prophets and Doctors of the Church . [ 17 ] Chapel of the Conception [ edit ] The chapel was built in 1477 and modified in the 17th century. The side lunettes have frescoes by Niccolo di Lapi representing the Birth of the Virgin and St Philip Neri celebration mass. The vault shows the Coronation of the Virgin painted by Pietro Dandini . The altarpiece is the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception by Ludovico Cardi , late 16th century. [ 18 ] Other artworks [ edit ] The Martyrdom of St Sebastian by Benozzo Gozzoli (1465) honours the saint who was invoked in times of plague. St Sebastian [ edit ] On the rear wall of the nave, beneath the Last Judgement is a fresco of the Martyrdom of St Sebastian painted by Benozzo Gozzoli in 1465. The work was commissioned by the people of San Gimignano as the result of a vow that they made to honour the saint, whose intervention was believed to have brought relief from an outbreak of plague in 1464. The painting shows the figure of Christ and the Virgin Mary in Glory, while below, St Sebastian, standing on a Classical plinth and bristling with arrows, suffers martyrdom and is crowned by angels. [ 19 ] Benozzo Gozzoli received his training under Lorenzo Ghiberti while working on the Baptistry doors . [ 19 ] He fulfilled two other important commissions in San Gimignano. Both were at the Church of Sant' Agostino, a fresco cycle of the life of St Augustine of Hippo executed 1464-65, and another St Sebastian, showing the townsfolk sheltering beneath his cloak. [ 20 ] The Annunciation [ edit ] The Annunciation , by Sebastiano Mainardi is located in the Baptistry Loggia beside the church. In the Baptistery Loggia to the south of the church are several small frescoes of saints, and a major work, The Annunciation , previously attributed to Ghirlandaio but now believed to be the work of Sebastiano Mainardi and dated to 1482. [ 9 ] In front of The Annunciation stands the font, which was removed from the church and placed in this position in 1632. It is hexagonal, with a sculptured relief on the side, that to the front being the Baptism of Christ , with the two adjoining panels containing kneeling angels. It is the work of the Sienese sculptor Giovanni di Cecco and was commissioned by the Wool-workers Guild in 1379. [ 9 ] Works by Jacopo della Quercia and others [ edit ] The Annunciate angel and the Virgin Mary , two figures carved in wood by Jacopo della Quercia stand towards the end of the nave. They were created around 1421 and later decorated with polychrome by Martino di Martolomeo. [ 19 ] Pope Gregory predicts the death of St Fina , an early 14th-century fresco in a lunette of the right nave arcade, thought to be the work of Nicolo di Segna di Bonaventura . [ 17 ] The main altar of the church has a large marble ciborium and two kneeling angels with candlesticks, the work of Benedetto Maiano, created at the same time as the altarpiece and tabernacle in the Chapel of Santa Fina, 1475. [ 21 ] The crucifix of the chancel is by the Florentine sculptor, Giovanni Antonio Noferi, 1754. Noferi also designed the marble pavement of the chancel. [ 21 ] Further reading [ edit ] Schiapparelli, Luigi (1913). Le carte del monastero di S.Maria in Firenze (Badia) . Rome: Loescher. Salmi, Mario (1927). Architettura romanica in Toscana . Milan-Rome: Bestetti&Tumminelli. Franz Hofmann Der Freskenzyklus des Neuen Testaments in der Collegiata von San Gimignano München 1996 ISBN 3-89235-065-5 Aldington, Richard (1945). A Wreath for San Gemignano , with illustrations by Netta Aldington and sonnets of Folgóre da San Gimignano titled The Garland of Months and translated by Richard Aldington. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, Inc. See also [ edit ] Portals : Catholicism Italy References [ edit ]
1,148	2.45361°W	51.40528°N	Saltford Manor House	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltford_Manor_House	30,043	United Kingdom	Historic site in Saltford Saltford Manor Location Saltford Coordinates 51°24′19″N 2°27′13″W / 51.40528°N 2.45361°W / 51.40528; -2.45361 Built 12th century Listed Building – Grade II* Designated 27 February 1950 [ 1 ] Reference no. 1384672 Location of Saltford Manor in Somerset The Saltford Manor is a stone house in Saltford , Somerset, near Bath , that is thought to be the oldest continuously occupied private house in England, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] and has been designated as a Grade II* listed building . [ 1 ] The original Norman construction was by William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester , [ 1 ] and was built on an estate owned at the time of the Domesday Book by Geoffrey de Montbray the Bishop of Coutances . [ 5 ] It is contemporary with nearby Horton Court which was a prebendary house, therefore it is likely that Saltford had an association with Keynsham Abbey , and has long been associated with St Mary's Church in Saltford. [ 1 ] In 2003, Saltford Manor was the winner of a contest sponsored by Country Life to find the "oldest continuously inhabited house in Britain". There were hundreds of entrants, many eliminated because they had been built as ecclesiastical buildings and only become available in the housing market after Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries . Other very old dwellings were eliminated because they are now used as shops or museums. [ 3 ] After winning the contest, its resident at the time James Wynn , wrote a history book about the manor entitled The House That Jack Built: The Story of the Oldest Inhabited House in Britain . [ 6 ] The book described his love for the site and how he restored it to its current state in 1997. In 2008 Saltford Manor was put up for sale [ 7 ] and eventually was sold, on 27 August 2010 for £1,275,000. [ 8 ] Architecture [ edit ] Architectural historian John Goodall believes the house has details, particularly in the ornate windows, which date it to before 1150, and probably to around 1148, the completion date of Hereford Cathedral , which has some similarities, notably a Norman arch etched with diamond markings that are similar to features in the Cathedral. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Nikolaus Pevsner points to the rare survival of a fragment of a medieval painting as an important feature of the house. [ 9 ] Other historically significant details include a Norman window in the main bedroom, a 17th-century kitchen, and an "imposing" Tudor fireplace in the sitting room. [ 4 ] Architectural historian Anthony Emery believes that the house originally consisted of a large single room on each floor with a vaulted chamber on the ground floor. [ 10 ] Major remodelling was carried out in the 17th century being undertaken during the ownership of two generations of the Flower family. [ 1 ] The dovecote next to the barn in the grounds dates from this period. [ 11 ] See also [ edit ] List of oldest buildings in the United Kingdom References [ edit ]
1,150	34.4621°E	31.5033°N	Church of Saint Porphyrius	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Porphyrius	248,837	Unknown	Church in Gaza City, Palestine Church in Gaza City, State of Palestine Church of Saint Porphyrius كنيسة القديس برفيريوس Saint Porphyrius Church in 2022 31°30′12″N 34°27′44″E / 31.5033°N 34.4621°E / 31.5033; 34.4621 Location Gaza City Country State of Palestine Denomination Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem History Dedication Saint Porphyrius Consecrated 1150 Architecture Completed 1150–1160 Specifications Length 22.9 meters (75 ft) Width 8.9 meters (29 ft) Administration Archdiocese Archdiocese of Tiberias Clergy Archbishop Alexios Moschonas The Church of Saint Porphyrius ( Greek : Εκκλησία του Αγίου Πορφυρίου , romanized : Ekklisía tou Agíou Porfyríou , IPA: [e.kliˈsi.a tu aˈʝi.u por.fiˈri.u] ; Arabic : كَنِيسَة الْقِدِّيس بُرْفِيرْيُوس , romanized : Kanīsat al-Qiddīs Burfīryūs ) is a Greek Orthodox church in Gaza City , State of Palestine . It belongs to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and is the oldest active church in the city. Located in the Zaytun Quarter of the Old City of Gaza, it is named after the 5th-century bishop of Gaza, Saint Porphyrius , whose tomb is situated in the northeastern corner of the church. [ 1 ] History A church was built on the site as early as AD 425, [ 2 ] and was converted into a mosque in the 7th century. The current church was built by the Crusaders in the 1150s or 1160s; they dedicated it to St Porphyrius. [ 3 ] Records from the 15th century show that the church may have also been dedicated to the Virgin Mary . [ 4 ] The church was renovated in 1856. [ 1 ] The Patriarch of Jerusalem appointed Saint Porphyrius, when he was aged 45, as custodian of the Venerable Wood of the Cross of the Lord. [ 5 ] He was described by the Roman Christian hagiographer Mark the Deacon as the Christianizer of the "disobedient pagan people of Gaza." [ 6 ] According to the legend, there was a terrible drought in Gaza that ended only after Saint Porphyrios and a group of 280 Christians prayed to God with "fasting, vigil and procession." This led to the conversion of 25 pagans, as rain in this region was considered God's greatest gift. [ 7 ] In the 2014 Gaza War , around 2,000 Palestinians slept in the church during Israeli bombings. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The church was again used as refuge for hundreds of civilians during the 2023–24 Israel–Hamas war . [ 10 ] In October 2023, it was the site of an airstrike by the Israeli Air Force , [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] which hit two halls sheltering Gazan Palestinian Muslims and Christians, causing the collapse of at least one building, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] and killed between 16–18 civilians. [ 16 ] The church was attacked again in July 2024. [ 17 ] Architecture Church of St. Porphyrius and minaret There are some cornices and bases that date back to the Crusader period, but much of the other portions are later additions. [ 18 ] The church is rectangular in shape, with a half-domed roofed temple. [ 19 ] Its pavement 1.8 meters (5.9 ft) below ground level in its southern part, and 3 meters (9.8 ft) below ground level at the northern end, suggesting that the present building was built atop of an earlier church structure. [ 4 ] The church consists of a single aisle made up of two groin-vaulted bays, with a projecting semi-circular apse preceded by a barrel-vaulted presbytery. Internally, the building measures 22.9 meters (75 ft) by 8.9 meters (29 ft), including the apse. It has architectural and constructional similarities with the former Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist (currently the Great Mosque of Gaza ). [ 4 ] The church has three entrances. The western entrance has a portico with three marble columns supporting two pointed arches. [ 19 ] The bases of the marbles date from the Crusader era. [ 20 ] The church can also be entered from its façade or from a side door which opens onto a modern gallery, equipped with stairs for going down to the level of the pavement. [ 18 ] Its colossal walls are supported by horizontal marble and granite columns and pilasters . [ 1 ] See also Holy Family Church, Gaza , Latin Catholic church of Gaza City Gaza Baptist Church , Protestant church of Gaza City References
1,150	9.699109°E	59.1185528°N	Eidanger Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidanger_Church	196	Norway	Church in Telemark, Norway Church in Telemark, Norway Eidanger Church Eidanger kirke View of the church 59°07′07″N 9°41′57″E / 59.1185528°N 9.699109°E / 59.1185528; 9.699109 Location Porsgrunn Municipality , Telemark Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Status Parish church Founded c. 1150 Consecrated c. 1150 Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Long church Completed c. 1150 (875 years ago) ( 1150 ) Specifications Capacity 200 Materials Stone Administration Diocese Agder og Telemark Deanery Skien prosti Parish Eidanger Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 84065 Eidanger Church ( Norwegian : Eidanger kirke ) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Porsgrunn Municipality in Telemark county, Norway . It is located in the village of Eidanger . It is one of the churches for the Eidanger parish which is part of the Skien prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark . The white, stone church was built in a long church design around the year 1150 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect . The church seats about 200 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] History [ edit ] The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1398, but the church was not built that year. The Romanesque stone church was built around the year 1150. At the time of its construction, it included a 13.5-by-8.3-metre (44 ft × 27 ft) nave and on the east side of the nave was a smaller chancel that was narrower and had a lower roofline. The walls of the building were about 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) thick. In 1787, the church was enlarged. The west wall was torn down and the nave was extended westwards with the construction of a timber-framed addition. At the same time, the church got a new bell tower and church porch on the west end of the newly enlarged nave. Also during this project, the chancel's apse was removed, giving the room a rectangular shape. After this addition, the chancel area was moved into the same room as the nave and the old chancel was closed off and turned into a sacristy . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] In 1814, this church served as an election church ( Norwegian : valgkirke ). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway . This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] In 1852, most of the exterior of the church was clad in wooden siding to give the part-stone and part-wood building a more uniform appearance. In 1920–1921, the church was renovated to bring back some of the historic look of the old building using plans by Domenico Erdmann . The sacristy (the old medieval chancel) was re-opened and set up once again as a choir . The old stone altar was no longer, so a wooden altar was installed. In the 1970s, the wooden siding on the exterior stone walls was removed, and the bell tower was restored to its original appearance from 1787. In 1981, a new sacristy was built off the north side of the choir. In 1991, Terje Grøstad made a new altarpiece and pulpit as well as stained glass windows, a crucifix, and a processional cross for the church. An attempt was made to set the church on fire in 1996, but the fire extinguished itself. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Media gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] List of churches in Agder og Telemark References [ edit ]
1,150	5.35333°E	60.33917°N	Fantoft Stave Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantoft_Stave_Church	63,690	Norway	Norwegian stave church Fantoft Stave Church 1873 photo of the Fantoft Stave Church before it was moved to Bergen Fantoft Stave Church ( Norwegian : Fantoft stavkirke ; Nynorsk : Fantoft stavkyrkje ) is a reconstructed stave church in the Fana borough of the city of Bergen , Norway . [ 1 ] History [ edit ] The church was originally built around the year 1150 at Fortun in Sogn , a village near the inner or eastern end of Sognefjord . In 1879, the new Fortun Church ( Fortun kyrkje ) was constructed as a replacement for the medieval stave church. Fantoft Stave Church was threatened with demolition, as were hundreds of other stave churches in Norway. Fantoft Stave Church was bought by consul Fredrik Georg Gade and saved by moving it in pieces to Fana near Bergen in 1883. Outside the church stands a stone cross from Tjora in Sola . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] On 6 June 1992, the church was destroyed by arson ; the first in a string of church burnings by members of the early Norwegian black metal scene . At first, the fire was thought to have been caused by lightning or an electrical failure. In 1994, Varg Vikernes of the one-man band Burzum was found guilty of burning Old Åsane Church and Storetveit Church in Bergen, the burning of Skjold Church in Vindafjord , and the burning of Holmenkollen Chapel in Oslo. He was also charged with the burning of Fantoft Stave Church, although the jurors voted not guilty. The judges called this an error but did not overturn the decision. Reconstruction of the church began soon after the fire, taking six years to complete. Since 1997, the church has been surrounded by a security fence. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] A photograph of the church's burnt shell appeared on the cover of the 1993 Burzum EP Aske (Norwegian for "ashes"). [ 6 ] Gallery [ edit ] Details of church's roof Fantoft Stave Church Fantoft Stave Church chandelier Fantoft Stave Church chancel Fantoft Stave Church rafters and posts Fantoft Stave Church baptistery Fantoft Stave Church ceiling Fantoft Stave Church decorative art Stone cross outside Fantoft Stave Church Fantoft Stave Church at night See also [ edit ] Until the Light Takes Us , documentary film that includes a clip on the arson References [ edit ]
1,150	9.2812349°E	59.421808°N	Sauherad Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauherad_Church	252	Norway	Church in Telemark, Norway Church in Telemark, Norway Sauherad Church Sauherad kyrkje View of the church 59°25′19″N 9°16′52″E / 59.421808°N 9.2812349°E / 59.421808; 9.2812349 Location Midt-Telemark Municipality , Telemark Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Status Parish church Founded c. 1150 Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Long church Style Romanesque Completed 1150 (875 years ago) ( 1150 ) Specifications Capacity 260 Materials Stone Administration Diocese Agder og Telemark Deanery Øvre Telemark prosti Parish Sauherad og Nes Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 85404 Sauherad Church ( Norwegian : Sauherad kirke ) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Midt-Telemark Municipality in Telemark county, Norway . It is located in the village of Sauherad . It is one of the churches for the Nes og Sauherad parish which is part of the Øvre Telemark prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark . The white, stone church was built in a long church design around 1150 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect . The church seats about 260 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] History [ edit ] The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1398, but the church was not built that year. The church was likely built around the year 1150, making it one of the oldest existing churches in Telemark . The church has a rectangular nave and a narrower, rectangular choir that has a lower roof line. The church did not originally have a bell tower, but the current bells were made in 1441, so that could be when the bell tower on the centre of the nave roof was constructed. In 1657, the vicarage burned down. In 1711, the roof was replaced and stone was installed on top of the roof to replace the old roof tiles. In 1739, the roof trusses were replaced and iron girders were installed on the walls to help reinforce the cracking in the walls. In 1781, the west wall of the nave was torn down and the nave was enlarged to the west. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] In 1814, this church served as an election church ( Norwegian : valgkirke ). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway . This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year. [ 6 ] [ 8 ] In 1830, the interior was renovated using plans by Hans Linstow , changing much of the interior furniture. In 1849, a new wooden sacristy was built on the east end of the choir . [ 5 ] Media gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] List of churches in Agder og Telemark References [ edit ]
1,150	09.07986°E	58.76313°N	Søndeled Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ndeled_Church	199	Norway	Church in Agder, Norway Søndeled Church Søndeled kirke View of the church 58°45′47″N 9°04′47″E / 58.76313°N 09.07986°E / 58.76313; 09.07986 Location Risør Municipality , Agder Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Former name(s) Indre Søndeled Church Status Parish church Founded c. 1150 Consecrated c. 1150 Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Cruciform Completed c. 1150 (875 years ago) ( 1150 ) Specifications Capacity 450 Materials Stone/wood Administration Diocese Agder og Telemark Deanery Aust-Nedenes prosti Parish Søndeled Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 84718 Søndeled Church ( Norwegian : Søndeled kirke ) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Risør Municipality in Agder county, Norway . It is located in the village of Søndeled . It is the church for the Søndeled parish which is part of the Aust-Nedenes prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark . The white, stone and wood church was built in a cruciform design around the year 1150 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect . The church seats about 450 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] History [ edit ] The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1320, but the church was likely built during the mid- to late-1100s. The saga of Olav Trygvasson talks about a church in Søndelef in Visedal an old name for the prestegjeld of Gjerstad . The church is mentioned in several historical documents dating back to the 1200s. The churches in Søndeled , Vegårshei , and Gjerstad were all part of the same parish based in Gjerstad until 1745 when Søndeled (which included Risør was separated to form its own prestegjeld . In 1877, Søndeled and Risør were split into two parishes. The town had Risør Church and the rest remained in Søndeled. The large parish of Søndeled was split into two parts and a new church was built in Frydendal, just outside the town of Risør. The old church was renamed Indre Søndeled (meaning "inner" - further from the ocean) and the new church was named Ytre Søndeled (meaning "outer" - closer to the ocean). [ 4 ] The original Romanesque stone building had a rectangular nave with a smaller choir . In 1723, the church was purchased from the King by the people who live in the parish. The King sold the church to raise money to pay off his war debts. In 1752, a wooden tower was added on the west end of the building. In 1768, the old choir was demolished and the church was enlarged. New wings were added to the north and south and a new choir was built on the east. The result was a new cruciform design, with three of the four wings constructed in wood and the fourth wing on the west being the remaining medieval stone structure. In 1772, the tower was rebuilt. In 1775, the exterior of the church was clad with new siding. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In 1814, this church served as an election church ( Norwegian : valgkirke ). [ 7 ] Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway . This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Media gallery [ edit ] Historic painting of the church View of the exterior of the church Søndeled Church Søndeled Church Søndeled Church Søndeled Church Søndeled Churchyard See also [ edit ] List of churches in Agder og Telemark References [ edit ]
1,150	3.57389°W	54.57361°N	Moresby Hall	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moresby_Hall	1,986	United Kingdom	Grade I listed English country house in Cumbria Moresby Hall Moresby Hall from the south, with St Bridget's Church behind it. Location within Cumbria General information Location Parton, Cumbria , England Coordinates 54°34′25″N 3°34′26″W / 54.57361°N 3.57389°W / 54.57361; -3.57389 Opening 1999 Owner Jane & David Saxon Other information Number of rooms 12 Website www .moresbyhall .co .uk Moresby Hall is a former manor house and hotel in Parton, Cumbria , England, overlooking the Cumbrian Fells, and just to the north of the village of Moresby . The hall is located south of Lowca , off the A595 on the A66-595, two miles (3.2 km) north of Whitehaven and 12 miles (19 km) south-west of Cockermouth . Dating back to the 12th century, it is a Grade I listed building [ 1 ] and has been cited by English Heritage as being one of the most important buildings in Cumbria. [ 2 ] Moresby Hall adjoins St Bridget's Church, built 1822 to 1823. The chancel arch of the previous building still stands in the graveyard. [ 3 ] History [ edit ] The name derives from the original builder named Morisceby, Mawriceby or Moricebi as early as 1150, when the Rosmerta Cottage was built using a spiral stone staircase believed to be from an original stone pele tower that preceded the property. [ 2 ] The adjacent church is on the site of a Roman fort named Gabrosentum , the earth banks of which can still be seen. The graveyard of the church contains many of the people who lived and died at Moresby Hall and the hamlet of Low Moresby. Moresby Hall The wealthy Moresby family owned the estate for centuries during medieval times and had contacts with English royalty. Christopher de Moresby fought in the Battle of Agincourt and was knighted by King Henry V , and Anne, his great-granddaughter who was sole heiress of the estate, saw her fiancé Sir Francis Weston executed by King Henry VIII along with Queen Anne Boleyn . [ 2 ] Later the Fletcher family (from Cockermouth) owned Moresby Hall for a 250-year period. [ 4 ] [ 2 ] During this period it underwent some changes by architect Inigo Jones around 1620 and later between 1670 and 1690, by either William Thackery or Edward Addison . [ 2 ] During the 18th century, the house was owned by several different people after Thomas Fletcher died childless. It fell into disrepair and was used as a farmhouse for some years, [ 2 ] before it was restored in 1910 and became a small manor house again until 1955. [ 2 ] Until the late 1990s it was owned by High Duty Alloys as a business venue. [ 2 ] Moresby Hall is now a hotel and was purchased by new owners in 2023. See also [ edit ] Cumbria portal Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria Listed buildings in Parton, Cumbria References [ edit ]
1,154	13.3625°E	38.1148°N	Church of San Cataldo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_San_Cataldo	6,978	Unknown	Church of San Cataldo San Cataldo, Palermo, with its typical red domes Religion Affiliation Catholic Church Province Knights of the Holy Sepulchre [ 1 ] Location Location Piazza Bellini 3, Kalsa, Palermo, 90133 Geographic coordinates 38°06′53″N 13°21′45″E / 38.1148°N 13.3625°E / 38.1148; 13.3625 Architecture Type Church Style Romanesque [ 1 ] Completed 1154 [ 1 ] UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name: Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale Type Cultural Criteria ii, iv Designated 2015 (39th session ) Reference no. 1487 State Party Italy Region Europe and North America The Church of San Cataldo is a Catholic church located at Piazza Bellini , in central Palermo , Sicily , Italy . Erected in 1154 as a notable example of the Arab-Norman architecture which flourished in Sicily under Norman rule on the island, the church is annexed to that of Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio . Since the 1930s, it belongs to the Order of the Holy Sepulchre . In 2015, it received status as a World Heritage Site . History and overview [ edit ] Interior view Founded around 1160 by admiral Majone di Bari , in the 18th century the church was used as a post office. In the 19th century it was restored and brought back to a form more similar to the original Mediaeval edifice. It has a rectangular plan with blind arches, partially occupied by windows. The ceiling has three characteristics red, bulge domes ( cubole ) and Arab-style merlons . The church provides a typical example of the Arab-Norman architecture, which is unique to Sicily. The plan of the church shows the predilection of the Normans for simple and severe forms, derived from their military formation. Moreover, the building shows how international the language of Norman architecture was at the time, as the vocabulary which marks parts of the church, like the bell tower, can be tracked down in coeval buildings like the cathedral of Laon and the Abbaye aux Dames in Caen , both in Northern France, or the cathedral of Durham in England. At the same time, the church shows features shared by Islamic and Byzantine architecture, such as the preference for cubic forms, the blind arches which articulate the external walls of the church, and the typical spherical red domes on the roof. The interior has a nave with two aisles. The naked walls are faced by spolia columns with Byzantine style arcades. The pavement is the original one and has a splendid mosaic decoration. Also original is the main altar. The old City Wall can be seen running underneath the Church. See also [ edit ] Catald , Irish monk and saint Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes References [ edit ]
1,154	41.203833°E	38.15361°N	Malabadi Bridge	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabadi_Bridge	4,448	Turkey	Bridge in Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey Malabadi Bridge The historic Malabadi bridge with the newer deck-arch bridge in the background. Coordinates 38°09′13″N 41°12′13.8″E / 38.15361°N 41.203833°E / 38.15361; 41.203833 Crosses Batman River Locale Near Silvan , Diyarbakır Province , Eastern Anatolia Region , Turkey Characteristics Design Pointed arch bridge Material Stone Total length 150 m (160 yd) Width 7 m (23 ft) Height 19 m (62 ft) Longest span 38.6 m (127 ft) No. of spans 1 History Construction start AH 541 (1146/1147) Construction end AH 548 (1153/1154) Location The Malabadi Bridge or Karaman Bridge [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ( Turkish : Malabadi Köprüsü , Kurdish : Pira Malabadê ) is an arch bridge spanning the Batman River near Malabadi village in Silvan in southeastern Turkey . Construction began in the year AD 1146/47 during the Artuqid period , and appears to have been completed by about 1154 (AH 549). [ 3 ] The bridge was commissioned by Husam al-Din Timurtash of Mardin , son of Ilghazi , and grandson of Artuk Bey which one of the important commander of the Oghuz Turks . According to the local 12th-century historian Ibn al-Azraq al-Farīqī , the contemporary bridge replaced one built in 668/69 (AH 48) that had collapsed in 1144 (AH 539). [ 4 ] Inconsistencies between the two surviving manuscript copies of Ibn al-Azraq's account make it difficult to definitively identify the Malabadi bridge as the one he refers to as the Qaramān or Aqramān bridge. [ 5 ] Nevertheless, many aspects of his geographical description and historical account support this identification. [ 5 ] Ibn al-Azraq says that construction of the current bridge was initiated by the Artuqid ruler of Mayafaraqin and Mardin al-Saʿīd Ḥusām al-Dīn Temür-Tash in 1146/47 (AH 541), under the supervision of al-Zāhid bin al-Ṭawīl. [ 6 ] After al-Zāhid had built the bridge's eastern footing it was destroyed by floods. [ 6 ] Al-Zāhid was fined for "defective craftsmanship" and replaced by Amir Saif al-Dīn Shīrbārīk Maudūd bin ʿAlī (bin Alp-Yaruq) bin Artuq. [ 7 ] Shīrbārīk restarted the work under the supervision of Abuʾl-Khair bin al-Ḥakīm al-Fāsūl, who used massive timbers in the construction. [ 6 ] By 1153 the bridge was nearly finished. [ 8 ] However, at the time of the death of Ḥusām al-Dīn Temür-Tash on 18 January 1154, the arch was not yet complete. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] His successor, Najm al-Dīn Alpī, set about completing the bridge, and, although work was again interrupted by flooding, "[h]e built and repaired it and completed the joining of the arch." [ 3 ] The French architectural historian Albert Gabriel and epigraphist Jean Sauvaget visited the bridge in 1932 and Sauvaget discerned an inscription in the name of Temür-Tash with the year AH 542 (1147/48), which possibly corresponds to the start of the second construction under Shīrbārīk. [ 11 ] The bridge was restored in the late twelfth century, and recently in the beginning of the 20th century. It was once the only bridge across the river in this area, and was in continuous use until the 1950s, when a new road bridge was completed upstream. The span of the bridge crosses perpendicular to the river, but the roadway is at an angle to the river, so there are angular breaks in the east and west approaches. The approaches rise from ground level to meet the central span, which is a pointed arch high over the deepest part of the river. Constructed from coloured solid masonry , the approaches have small arches built into them to let flood -waters through. Two of the piers of the bridge sit in the river; the western support is decorated with two carved figures, one standing and one sitting. The bridge is 150 m (160 yd) long and 7 m (23 ft) wide, 19 m (62 ft) in height and a main span of 38.6 m (127 ft). [ 12 ] The roadway has two toll-booths, one either side of the main span. The spandrels of the main arch incorporate small rooms for weary travelers. The Malabadi Bridge in Silvan, Diyarbakır takes its name from Bad, ( Badh ibn Dustak ), the founder of the Marwanids . Malabadi means "house of Bad" in Kurdish . [ 13 ] In 2016 it was inscribed in the Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey . [ 14 ] References [ edit ]
1,157	3.226722°E	51.208167°N	Basilica of the Holy Blood	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_Blood	88,721	Belgium	Roman Catholic basilica Basilica of the Holy Blood Dutch : Heilig-Bloedbasiliek Religion Affiliation Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical or organizational status Minor basilica Leadership Canon Libert Bruneel [ 1 ] Location Location Bruges , Belgium Geographic coordinates 51°12′29.4″N 3°13′36.2″E / 51.208167°N 3.226722°E / 51.208167; 3.226722 Architecture Type Church Style Romanesque , Gothic Revival Groundbreaking 1134 [ 2 ] Completed 1157 [ 2 ] Direction of façade NE Website Official Website The Basilica of the Holy Blood ( Dutch : Heilig-Bloedbasiliek ) is a Roman Catholic basilica in Bruges , Belgium . The church houses a relic of the Holy Blood allegedly collected by Joseph of Arimathea and brought from the Holy Land by Thierry of Alsace , Count of Flanders . Built between 1134 and 1157 as the chapel of the Count of Flanders , it was promoted to a minor basilica in 1923. The basilica in Burg square consists of a lower and upper chapel. The lower chapel, dedicated to St. Basil the Great , is a dark Romanesque structure that remains virtually unchanged. The venerated Passion relic is in the upper chapel, which was rebuilt in the Gothic style in the 16th century and renovated in the 19th century in Gothic Revival style. History [ edit ] In 1134, Thierry of Alsace decided to build a private double chapel next to the Oud Steen , the first residence of the Counts of Flanders, transformed today into the town hall of Bruges. Thierry went on crusade a second time in 1147 during the Second Crusade . According to the tradition, Thierry of Alsace returned to his capital Bruges on April 7, 1150, with the relic of the Precious Blood . During the first half of the 13th century, the name of the upper chapel was changed to the Chapel of the Holy Blood. [ 2 ] St Basil chapel [ edit ] Romanesque St Basil chapel The chapel of Saint Basil is one of the best preserved churches in Romanesque style of West Flanders . [ 2 ] Built from 1134 to 1149, the chapel is dedicated to St. Basil the Great of whom a relic was brought back by Count Robert II from Caesarea Mazaca in Cappadocia , Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey ). The chapel consists of two side naves and a central nave continued by the choir, which in turn is ended by a semi-circular apse . In the tympanum above the entrance linking the chapel and the annex is a 12th-century representation of the baptism of Saint Basil. In the right nave, the seated Madonna and Child ( Sedes Sapientiae ) is a wooden polychrome sculpture of the early 14th century. Carried each year during the procession, two venerated wooden statues, made around 1900 and representing Jesus on the Cold Stone and the Pieta are displayed. At the left of the choir, the chapel of Saint Yves was added in 1504 and houses the relics of Saint Basil and of Blessed Charles the Good , Count of Flanders. The black marble retable is allegedly executed from designs by Lancelot Blondeel . [ citation needed ] Chapel of the Holy Blood [ edit ] Originally built in Romanesque style like the St Basil chapel, the upper chapel was transformed in Gothic Style at the end of the 15th century and again in 1823. Only the curved arches giving access to the side chapel of the Holy Cross remain from the original Romanesque chapel. Main altar of the Basilica of the Holy Blood. The monumental staircase, commonly named De Steegheere , which leads to the upper chapel, was built in from 1529 to 1533 in late Gothic and Renaissance style according to the drawings of Flemish painter and architect William Aerts , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ornamented on the outside with sculpted statues. The aftermath of the French Revolution left the staircase badly damaged and it was decided in 1832 to move it 4 metres (13 ft) backwards and to rebuild it after removing the remaining ruins of the Oud Steen . [ 2 ] [ 4 ] The gilded bronze statues represent Archduchess Isabelle of Burgundy , Mary of Burgundy , Thierry of Alsace and Philip of Alsace and, in the medallions, the Archdukes of Austria Albert VII and Maximilian III , Margaret of York and Sibylla of Anjou , wife of Thierry and daughter of King Fulk of Jerusalem . During the 19th century, successive renovation campaigns gave to the chapel its final Gothic Revival aspect, with its characteristic mural decorations. The stained-glass windows in the choir date from 1845 [ 5 ] and represent the sovereigns who reigned over the County of Flanders from Philip the Bold , duke of Burgundy , till Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria , Holy Roman empress . The following architects and artists took part in these neo-Gothic renovations of the Chapel of the Holy Blood: [ 2 ] Jean-Baptiste Bethune Louis Delacenserie Thomas Harper King William Curtis Brangwyn , father of Frank Brangwyn Charles De Wulf , architect of the city of Bruges and winner of the Prix de Rome in 1887 [ 6 ] The pulpit in the form of a globe was made in 1728 by Henry Pulinckx , inspired by its evangelical purpose : " Go into all the world and preach the gospel " Mark 16:15 . The large wall-painting behind the high altar was realized in 1905. In the upper part, the Mystery of the Cross depicts Christ shedding his blood, with, in the background, the towns of Bethlehem, where Christ was born, and Jerusalem where he died. The lower part depicts the transport of the relic from Jerusalem to Bruges: on the left, Thierry of Alsace receives the relic from Baldwin III of Jerusalem , King of Jerusalem ; on the right, kneeling besides Countess Sibylla of Anjou , he hands over the relic to the chaplain. The high altar used today for the Eucharist is decorated with a relief in alabaster from the beginning of the 17th century depicting the Last Supper. Typical attributes of a basilica, the tintinnabulum , the small processional bell, and the Umbraculum , the sunscreen in the form of a parasol in yellow and red silk, are displayed next to the high altar. Laurent Delvaux completed in 1751 the white marble altar in Baroque style for the relic side chapel. The two adoring angels were made by Peter Pepers . The relic is kept in a magnificent silver tabernacle made by local silversmith François Ryelandt (1709–1774), representing the " Lamb of Christ ". To the right of the altar, the painting of Jacob van Oost depicts the descent from the Cross. The relic is shown to the public every Friday and every day two weeks before Ascension Day. Relic of the Precious Blood [ edit ] Relic of the Holy Blood , Bruges . The basilica is best known as the repository of a venerated phial said to contain a cloth with blood of Jesus Christ , brought to the city by Thierry of Alsace after the 12th century Second Crusade . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Although the Bible never mentions Christ's blood being preserved, Acts of Pilate - one of the apocryphal gospels - relates that Joseph of Arimathea preserved the Precious Blood after he had washed the dead body of Christ; legends of Joseph were popular in the early thirteenth century, connected also with the emerging mythology of the Holy Grail . [ 9 ] Popular legend claims that the phial was taken to Bruges during the Second Crusade of CE 1147–1149, by Thierry of Alsace, who returned from Jerusalem with the relic of the Holy Blood presented to him by his brother-in-law Baldwin III of Jerusalem , as the reward of his great services. [ 7 ] Recent research found no evidence of the presence of the relic in Bruges before the 1250s. [ 8 ] In all likelihood, the relic originated from the 1204 sack of Constantinople by the army of the Count of Flanders Baldwin IX , during the Fourth Crusade . [ 8 ] Ever since, the phial has played a big part in the religious life of the city. [ 10 ] Pope Clement V issued a papal bull in 1310 granting indulgences to pilgrims who visited the chapel to view the relic; the blood was supposed to liquefy weekly at noon on Fridays; the miracle apparently ceased the same year, though a recurrence was alleged in 1388. [ 7 ] There is no definitive evidence for or against the authenticity of the relic. [ 7 ] Modern examination has shown that the phial, made of rock crystal and dating back to the 11th or 12th century, was a Byzantine perfume bottle made in the area of Constantinople . Its neck is wound with gold thread and its stopper is sealed with red wax. [ 7 ] The phial is encased in a glass-fronted gold cylinder closed at each end by coronets decorated with angels. The date " MCCCLXXXVIII die III maii " (May 3, 1388) is engraved on the frame. [ 7 ] Procession of the Holy Blood [ edit ] Main article: Procession of the Holy Blood The reliquary used during the procession is displayed in the Basilica Museum. The shrine was made in 1617 in Bruges by goldsmith Jan Crabbe from some 30 kilograms (66 lb) of gold and silver and more than 100 precious stones. It consists of a gem-encrusted hexagonal case topped by golden statues representing Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary , St. Donatian and St. Basil the Great . Jeu du Saint Sang [ edit ] Jeu du Saint Sang is a Belgian passion play , performed in Bruges . [ 11 ] It was first published in 1938, and translated into French by Émile Schwartz . [ 12 ] In popular culture [ edit ] In the 2008 movie In Bruges , [ citation needed ] Brendan Gleeson as Ken pays a visit to the relic of the Holy Blood. However, the privately owned Church of Jerusalem ( Dutch : Jerusalemkerk )—built in the 15th century according to the plans of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem—was used instead of the Basilica. Gallery [ edit ] Detail of the entrance of the Basilica Guilded statue of Mary of Burgundy on the façade Detail of the main nave with stained glass windows Chapel of the Holy Cross where the relic of the Precious Blood is presented to the worshippers Relic of the Holy Blood, carried during the Procession of the Holy Blood Basilica of the Holy Blood staircase Large stained glass window in the Chapel of the Holy Blood Chapel of the Holy Blood small stained glass window See also [ edit ] Saint Longinus History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes History of Italian Renaissance domes History of early modern period domes List of Catholic churches in Belgium Notes [ edit ]
1,160	0.540667°W	53.228528°N	High Bridge, Lincoln	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Bridge,_Lincoln	14,957	United Kingdom	Bridge in Lincolnshire, England High Bridge Coordinates 53°13′42.7″N 0°32′26.4″W / 53.228528°N 0.540667°W / 53.228528; -0.540667 Carries High Street Crosses River Witham Locale Lincoln , Lincolnshire , England Heritage status Grade I listed building Characteristics Material Stone History Opened 1160 Location High Bridge , also known as the Glory Hole , carries the High Street across the River Witham in the city of Lincoln in Lincolnshire , England. [ 1 ] It is the oldest bridge in the United Kingdom on which buildings still stand. [ 2 ] History [ edit ] The bridge was built around 1160. [ 3 ] The ribs of the original bridge survive, making it possibly the second-oldest masonry arch bridge in Britain and certainly the oldest with intact buildings on it. Churches and other ecclesiastical buildings were not uncommon on or near medieval bridges but High Bridge is unusual in carrying a secular building. [ 4 ] The current row of timber framed shops on the west side of the bridge date from about 1550. Stokes Tea & Coffee have been custodians of the building since 1937. [ 5 ] The two upper storeys of the shops are jettied forward and at the corners there are carved figures of angels. The shops were partly dismantled and re-erected in 1901–02 under the supervision of the Lincoln architect William Watkins . [ 6 ] Bridges like this were common in the Middle Ages, the best known being London Bridge , but most have long since been demolished because of their obstruction to the river flow and to shipping. The 'Glory Hole' The Glory Hole is the name given by generations of boaters to the High Bridge in Lincoln . [ 7 ] Locally, the term extends to the pedestrian walkways leading up to the bridge, some of which sit on original wooden structures. [ 8 ] The structure has a narrow and crooked arch which sets a limit on the size of boats using the Witham and going from Brayford Pool , at the start of Foss Dyke , to Boston and the sea. [ 9 ] Since the 14th century, the bridge has contributed to floods in Lincoln and after any heavy rain the bridge is virtually unnavigable to boats, which may be why it got its name. [ clarification needed ] A design by William Jessop in the 19th century to reroute the waters of the Witham through the south of the town was never implemented. The bridge is both a grade I listed building [ 10 ] and a scheduled monument . [ 11 ] For centuries the main thoroughfare through Lincoln was the High Street and all traffic had to cross High Bridge. A bypass was built in 1971, taking traffic away from the city centre, and the High Street, including the bridge, was pedestrianised. [ 4 ] Design [ edit ] The bridge has a single ashlar arch with a span of about 22 feet (6.7 metres). The oldest part is the centre, which was originally about 33 feet (10 m) long. It was made from five barrel vaulted ribs, of which the three inner ribs were 3 ft (0.91 m) wide and the two on the outside were 4 ft (1.2 m) wide. The bridge was extended by 28 ft (8.5 m) in the downstream direction in about 1235 to accommodate a bridge chapel . The extension was supported by quadripartite vaulting . At some point after this, two of the middle ribs under the original bridge and some of the vaulting connecting the original part to the extension was removed and replaced with brickwork, apparently to make the arch shallower at road level. A further extension of 20 ft (6.1 m) was added to the upstream upstream in the 1540s. This was a flatter arch with no vaulting, and was designed to support timber-framed buildings. In 1762, a further small extension was added to the downstream side, giving the bridge a total length of 87 ft (27 m). [ 4 ] The bridge chapel, built on the bridge in 1235, fell into disuse in 1549 as a result of the English Reformation . It was demolished in 1762 and a stone obelisk was built on its site as a conduit. The obelisk was removed in 1939 as it impeded traffic across the bridge. [ 4 ] See also [ edit ] Alte Nahebrücke Krämerbrücke Pont des Marchands Pulteney Bridge Wikimedia Commons has media related to High Bridge, Lincoln . References [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Barton, Barry (2016). Civil Engineering Heritage: East Midlands . Lincoln: Ruddock's. ISBN 9780904327243 . Footnotes [ edit ]
1,160	6.72200739383°E	60.37626845604°N	Kinsarvik Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinsarvik_Church	665	Norway	Church in Vestland, Norway Kinsarvik Church Kinsarvik kyrkje View of the church 60°22′35″N 6°43′19″E / 60.37626845604°N 6.72200739383°E / 60.37626845604; 6.72200739383 Location Ullensvang , Vestland Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Status Parish church Founded c. 1050 Consecrated c. 1160 Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Long church Style Romanesque Completed c. 1160 (865 years ago) ( 1160 ) Specifications Capacity 240 Materials Stone Administration Diocese Bjørgvin bispedømme Deanery Hardanger og Voss prosti Parish Kinsarvik Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 84775 Kinsarvik Church ( Norwegian : Kinsarvik kyrkje ) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, Norway . It is located in the village of Kinsarvik . It is the church for the Kinsarvik parish which is part of the Hardanger og Voss prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin . The gray stone church was built in a long church design around the year 1160 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect . The church seats about 240 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is the oldest stone church in the whole Hardanger region, and at one time, it was one of the four main churches for all of the old Hordafylke county. History [ edit ] The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1298, but the church was not new that year. The first church in Kinsarvik was a wooden post church that was built on this site around the year 1050. It was the first wooden church to be built in all of the Hardanger region. The church had a nave that measured about 8 by 5.8 metres (26 ft × 19 ft) and a smaller choir with unknown dimensions. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Around the year 1160, the wooden church was torn down and a new stone church was built on the same site (an alternate theory is that the stone church was built around the wooden church, which was removed after the stone church enclosed it). Remains of the previous wooden church have been found under the present church. The new church was built in a Romanesque style. The church has a rectangular nave and a narrower, almost square chancel . The foundation walls of the new stone church were built about 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) wide. Archaeological investigations have found that there was a fire in the church, likely around the year 1180. This was around the time when the Birkebeiners ravaged Hordaland county as they were fighting for power. The church was originally built without a choir . After the fire, the church was repaired and a new choir was built, probably in the early 13th century. High up on the west gable is a window opening leading into the church attic. It is here that they used to hoist the local ship sails and masts to store during the winters. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The church underwent an extensive restoration in 1880 under the direction of architect Christian Christie . Much of the newer furniture was then taken away, and the building was given a medieval feel. The nave measures 17 by 11.7 metres (56 ft × 38 ft) and the choir measures 8.1 by 7 metres (27 ft × 23 ft). In 1960, a wooden church porch measuring 2.8 by 4.1 metres (9 ft 2 in × 13 ft 5 in) was built on the west end of the nave. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Media gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] List of churches in Bjørgvin References [ edit ]
1,160	35.19583°E	32.27667°N	Nabi Yahya Mosque	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Yahya_Mosque	14,090	Palestine	Mosque in the West Bank Nabi Yahya Mosque جامع النبي يحيى Religion Affiliation Islam Location Location Nablus , West Bank , Palestine Shown within the West Bank Geographic coordinates 32°16′36″N 35°11′45″E / 32.27667°N 35.19583°E / 32.27667; 35.19583 Architecture Type mosque Completed 1261 Specifications Dome (s) 1 Minaret (s) 1 Minaret height 30 meters (98 ft) The Nabi Yahya Mosque ( Arabic : جامع النبي يحيى , romanized : Jama'a Nabi Yahya ), literally the Mosque of the Prophet John , is a mosque containing the traditional tomb of John the Baptist , in Sebastia , Palestine . The mosque also contains the tombs of Elisha and Obadiah , prophets who were buried next to John the Baptist. This mosque was originally a church. It is the main mosque in the Palestinian village of Sebastia , near Nablus . It is located in the central square of the village. It is constructed of large buttressed walls. Within its courtyard, a stairway in the small domed building leads down into a cave. History [ edit ] Byzantine church [ edit ] The Nabi Yahya Mosque stands on the site identified since Byzantine times as the place where John the Baptist's body was buried by his followers. Matthew 14:12 [ 1 ] records that "his disciples came and took away [John's] body and buried it". A church was erected on the spot of the tomb during the Byzantine era. Crusader cathedral [ edit ] The ruins of the crusader cathedral in the 1840s, from The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia . The church erected above John the Baptist's tomb was superseded by a Crusader -built church in 1160. [ 2 ] It was transformed into a mosque by Saladin in 1187, although some sources say it was converted by the Mamluks in 1261. Nabi Yahya refers to John the Baptist in the Arabic language of Muslims, while Christians and Jews call him yūḥannā. In 1870, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place, and noted: At the western extremity of the monument rises a Musulman sanctuary crowned by a little cupola pierced with narrow windows, which admit a feeble light into the crypt which it covers. This crypt probably belongs to the ancient basilica , which was replaced by the edifice now itself in ruins. Descent is managed by a staircase of fifteen steps; then, after crossing a landing once closed by a monolithic door, you go down two steps, and find yourself in a crypt formerly paved with small slabs of marble in different colours, forming a sort of mosaic. Here lies the door of which I have just spoken: mouldings divide it into compartments; it is provided with hinges worked in the thickness of the block which composes the stone. This crypt, of small extent, contains a sepulchral chamber divided into three parallel arched loculi , with cut stones regularly worked between them. They are only seen by introducing a light across three small openings in the wall of the chamber. According to an ancient tradition, one of these compartments is the tomb of St. John the Baptist, and the others those of the prophets Obadiah and Elisha. — Guérin, 1875 [ 3 ] Later, in the 1870s, the Palestine Exploration Fund excavated the place, which it described in its Survey of Western Palestine as "a mere shell, the greater part of the roof and aisle piers gone, and over the crypt a modern kubbeh has been built. The interior length is 158 feet, the breadth 74 feet; the west wall is 10 feet thick, the north wall 8 feet, the south wall 4 feet. There were six bays , of which the second from the east is larger, probably once supporting a dome. On the east are three apses to nave and aisles, the central apse is 30 feet in diameter, equal to the width of the nave. The piers had four columns attached, one each side; on the west was a doorway and two windows; on the south four windows remain, and on the north three." [ 4 ] Ottoman rebuilding [ edit ] A sign in the mosque, 2018 In 1892, Abdul Hamid II ordered the rebuilding of part of the site. The mosque was restored and mostly rebuilt during the 19th century while Palestine was under Ottoman rule. [ 2 ] Prison of John the Baptist [ edit ] Local tradition in both the Christian and Muslim communities of the area notes that Sebastia also contained the site of the prison of John the Baptist and is the place where he was beheaded; however this was a separate church in the old city and is a claim refuted by the account of the first century historian Josephus , which recorded the site of the beheading as Machaerus , across the Jordan , some 80–90 miles (130–140 km) away. [ 5 ] References [ edit ]
1,160	8.081500°E	50.047694°N	Scharfenstein Castle (Kiedrich)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scharfenstein_Castle_(Kiedrich)	265	Germany	Scharfenstein Castle Burg Scharfenstein Kiedrich Castle Scharfenstein (east side) Coordinates 50°2′51.7″N 8°4′53.4″E / 50.047694°N 8.081500°E / 50.047694; 8.081500 Type Medieval castle Site history Built 1160 ; 865 years ago ( 1160 ) Scharfenstein Castle ( German : Burg Scharfenstein ), a ruined castle near the town of Kiedrich in Hesse , Germany , was part of the Bishopric of Mainz's border fortifications. It was erected in 1160 under Christian I (Archbishop of Mainz) . Notes and references [ edit ]
1,160	140.83722°E	37.03639°N	Shiramizu Amidadō	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiramizu_Amidad%C5%8D	767	Japan	Buddhist temple in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan Shiramizu Amida-dō 白水阿弥陀堂 Amida-dō (1160), a National Treasure Religion Affiliation Buddhist Deity Amida Nyorai Rite Shingon-shū Chizan-ha Status functional Location Location 219 Hirobatake, Uchigo Shiramizu-chō, Iwaki-shi, Fukushima-ken Country Japan Shown within Fukushima Prefecture Show map of Fukushima Prefecture Shiramizu Amidadō (Japan) Show map of Japan Geographic coordinates 37°02′11″N 140°50′14″E / 37.03639°N 140.83722°E / 37.03639; 140.83722 Architecture Founder Tokuhime Completed 1160 Website Official website National Treasures of Japan National Historic Site of Japan Shiramizu Amida-dō ( 白水阿弥陀堂 ) , is a chapel located within the Buddhist temple of Ganjō-ji ( 願成寺 ) in the city of Iwaki , Fukushima Prefecture , Japan. The Amida-dō is a National Treasure and the temple, with its paradise garden , has been designated an National Historic Site . [ 1 ] History [ edit ] The temple of Ganjō-ji was built in 1160 by Princess Tokuhime, daughter of Fujiwara no Kiyohira of the Hiraizumi Fujiwara clan , as a memorial temple for her husband, Iwaki Norimichi. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The temple was granted imperial status by Emperor Go-Toba , and was protected and patronized by successive daimyo of Iwakitaira Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate in the Edo period . The temple converted at some point from the Pure Land to the Shingon denomination and remains an active temple; however, the Pure Land Garden, including the pond, is now owned and managed by Iwaki City. The temple was closed to the public due to the damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake , but restoration was completed in July 2012 and the temple reopened. Buildings [ edit ] Amida-dō ( National Treasure ); built in 1160. The building is a square structure with a thatched tented roof consisting of very thin layers of wood shingles. Inside, the walls were once covered with mural paintings, of which only a fragment remains. Along with Mōtsū-ji in Hiraizumi and a structure of Kōzō-ji in Kakuda, Miyagi , it is one of only three surviving structures of the Heian period in the Tōhoku region of Japan. The Amida-do is surrounded by ponds on all three sides: east, west, and south, and there is a worship path from the south. Treasures [ edit ] Inside the Amidadō are five statues : [ 3 ] Wooden Amida Nyōrai triad ( Heian period ) ( Important Cultural Properties ) [ 5 ] Wooden statue of Jikokuten (Heian period) (ICP) [ 6 ] Wooden statue of Tamonten (Heian period) (ICP) [ 7 ] Gardens [ edit ] Between 1972 and 1982 archaeological investigations were conducted into the pond, pebble beach, ornamental stones, peninsula, central island, and bridges of the twelfth-century paradise garden. [ 8 ] Gallery [ edit ] Shiramizu Amida-do Hall Garden Aerial photograph See also [ edit ] Pure Land Buddhism List of National Treasures of Japan (temples) List of Historic Sites of Japan (Fukushima) Mōtsū-ji References [ edit ]
1,164	135.77167°E	34.98778°N	Sanjūsangen-dō	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanj%C5%ABsangen-d%C5%8D	29,012	Japan	Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese . Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at [[:ja:三十三間堂]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ja\|三十三間堂}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Sanjūsangen-dō Sanjusangen-dō in 2022 Religion Affiliation Tendai Deity Thousand Armed Kannon ( Sahasrabhuja-arya-avalokiteśvara ) Location Location 605-0941, Sanjusangendomawari, Higashiyama-ku , Kyoto , Kyoto Prefecture 675 Country Japan Architecture Founder Taira no Kiyomori Completed 1164 Sanjūsangen-dō ( 三十三間堂 , Temple of thirty-three bays ) is a Buddhist temple of the Tendai sect in the Higashiyama district of Kyoto , Japan . The temple was founded in 1164 by Taira no Kiyomori for the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa . It is officially known as Rengeō-in ( 蓮華王院 , hall of the Lotus King ) and belongs to the Myōhō-in temple complex. Sanjūsangen-dō is most famous for its massively long hondō (main hall) dating from 1266 ( Kamakura period ) and designated a National Treasure of Japan , and the collection of sculptures it houses, including 1001 standing Thousand-armed Kannon , 28 standing attendants, a statue of Fūjin and a statue of Raijin , and the principal image of the temple, a big seated statue of Thousand-armed Kannon, all of them designated National Treasures in the category of sculptures , most of them dating to the Heian to Kamakura periods . 34°59′16″N 135°46′18″E / 34.98778°N 135.77167°E / 34.98778; 135.77167 History [ edit ] Taira no Kiyomori and Emperor Go-Shirakawa Sanjūsangen-dō was founded by the famous samurai and politician Taira no Kiyomori (1118-1181) in 1164 for the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] He built the temple in the emperor's own compound Hōjūji-dono in order to gain a noble title, that of Chancellor of the Realm, becoming the first samurai to do so. Go-Shirakawa's compound was around 1100 square meters in size, divided into Minamidono (the southern estate) and Kitadono (the northern estate). When Go-Shirakawa died in 1192, he was buried in the temple's east Hokkedō (hall of the Lotus Sutra ). [ 3 ] The temple complex originally included several buildings other than the hondō ( main hall ), including a gojūnotō (five-storied pagoda ), a Kannondō (a hall of Kannon ) and a Fudodō (a hall of the Four Heavenly Kings ). [ 3 ] All of these buildings were completely destroyed in 1249 by a fire that broke out in the city. [ 1 ] The Emperor Go-Saga (1220–1272) ordered the reconstruction of the hondō , which began in 1251. The building was completed in 1266 and survives to the present day. From the original 1000 standing Thousand-armed Kannon dating from the temple's construction in the late Heian period , only 124 were saved from the fire. The Emperor also ordered 876 new Kannon statues to replace the lost ones. These were created by three groups of Buddhist sculptors, Kei school (Keiha), En school (Enpa) and In school (Inpa), during the course of 16 years. [ 3 ] A popular kyūjutsu (archery) tournament known as Tōshiya ("passing arrow") was held at the west veranda of the temple for 255 years during the Edo period . The contest originated in the late 16th century [ 4 ] dating back to 1606 when a samurai named Asaoka Heibei is said to have shot 51 arrows in rapid succession down the length of the veranda. [ 5 ] In the beginning, archers shot arrows from the southern end of the veranda to the northern end where a curtain -like ornament was erected as a target . The contest gained popularity during the Edo period and by the late 17th century competitions between participants from the Owari and Kishū provinces were drawing big crowds. [ 3 ] The duel between the famous warrior Miyamoto Musashi and Yoshioka Denshichirō, leader of the Yoshioka-ryū , is popularly believed to have been fought just outside Sanjūsangen-dō in 1604. [ 3 ] In the second Sunday of January, the temple has an event known as the Rite of the Willow , where worshippers are touched on the head with a sacred willow branch to cure and prevent headaches, and a modern version of the Tōshiya , the Festival of the Great Target , is held on the west veranda, drawing roughly 2,000 participants from throughout Japan. Archers shoot arrows into targets approximately 50 - 100 centimeters in diameter and 60 meters (198 feet) away at the opposite end of the veranda. The festival was initially male-dominated, but in recent times it has shifted to being mainly women dressed in traditional kimonos , with the target being 120 meters (394 feet) away. [ 6 ] [ 3 ] [ 2 ] Important features [ edit ] The main deity of the temple is Sahasrabhuja-arya-avalokiteśvara or the Thousand Armed Kannon . The statue of the main deity was created by the Kamakura sculptor Tankei and is a National Treasure of Japan . The temple also contains one thousand life-size statues of the Thousand Armed Kannon which stand on both the right and left sides of the main statue in 10 rows and 50 columns. Of these, 124 statues are from the original temple, rescued from the fire of 1249, while the remaining 876 statues were constructed in the 13th century. The statues are made of Japanese cypress clad in gold leaf. The temple is 120 - meter long. [ 7 ] Around the 1000 Kannon statues stand 28 statues of guardian deities. There are also two famous statues of Fūjin and Raijin . Guardian deities and Hinduism [ edit ] The 28 guardian deities stand in front of the Buddhist Kannon have their origins in Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. These ideas came to Japan through China, and the presence of both Hindu and Buddhist deities at Sanjūsangen-dō temple in Kyoto suggest various theories of the origin and spread of the spiritual and cultural ideas from India to east Asia. [ 8 ] Life-size statues of these deities are housed at Sanjūsangen-dō where they guard the principal statue of the 11 feet tall seated Senju Kannon. The temple also features 1,000 standing statues of the Senju Kannon. The deities at Sanjūsangen-dō include Naraenkengo-ou, Misshaku-kongorikishi, Touhou-ten, Birurokusha-tennou, Birubakusha-tennou, Bishamonten, Daibon-tennou, Taishaku-ten, Daibenkudoku-ten, Mawara-ou, Jinmo-ten, Konpira-ou, Manzensha-ou, Hippakara-ou, Gobujyogo-ten, Konjikikujyaku-ou, Sanshitai-sho, Nandaryu-ou, Sakararyu-ou, Karura-ou, Kondai-ou, Mansen-ou, Magoraka-ou, Makeishura-ou, Kendabba-ou, Ashura-ou, Kinnara-ou and Basusennin. These deities trace their origins to Indian Dharmic mythology covering Hindu, Jain and Buddhist, and correspond to Varuna , Vishnu , Lakshmi , Brahma , Shiva , Garuda , Vayu , Narayana , Indra and others. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Visitor Experience [ edit ] Sanjūsangen-dō offers guided tours to visitors year-round. Visitors will get an in-depth look at the history of the temple as they explore its grand halls. Visitors can also come during the annual archery contest known as Tōshiya , which showcases traditional archery skills. Visitors can get to the temple by taking a train ride to Kyoto's station then after a short bus ride on buses 206 and 208, followed by a 20-minute walk they will be at the temple. [ 10 ] The temple is close to many other attractions, such as the Kyoto National Museum so visitors are encouraged to visit the other sights while at the temple. Cameras are not allowed inside the temple, but a photo book will be offered at the end of the guided tour that you can purchase. Gallery [ edit ] Senju Kannon, the main statue of veneration in Sanjusangen-dō　(by Tankei ) Senju Kannon No.20 (by Tankei) Senju Kannon No.40 (by Tankei) One of the 28 Sanjusangen-do temple deities, Kendatsuba (乾闥婆) One of the 28 Sanjusangen-do temple deities, Basu Sennin (婆藪仙人) One of the 28 Sanjusangen-do temple deities, Taishakuten (帝釈天) [ 11 ] Fūjin , the Japanese kami of wind Raijin , the Japanese kami of thunder The arrangement of Buddha statues in the past. The 28 attendants that once surrounded the central principal image are now relocated to the front of the 1000 statues of Senju Kannon. The arrangement of Buddha statues in the past. Notes [ edit ]
1,166	18.7719°E	42.4241°N	Kotor Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor_Cathedral	12,438	Montenegro	Church in Montenegro Cathedral of Saint Tryphon Roman Catholic Cathedral of Saint Tryphon Saint Tryphon cathedral in 2018. Country Montenegro Denomination Roman Catholic Website Kotorska biskupija Architecture Style Romanesque The Cathedral of Saint Tryphon ( Serbo-Croatian : Katedrala Svetog Tripuna / Катедрала Светог Трипуна ) in Kotor , Montenegro , is one of two Roman Catholic cathedrals in Montenegro . It is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kotor , which covers the entire Bay of Kotor and Municipality of Budva . [ 1 ] Location and name [ edit ] It is located in the city of Kotor, one of the best preserved and most beautiful medieval fortified towns in the Mediterranean . It was built in honor of Saint Tryphon (local name Sveti Tripun), the patron and protector of the city, on the same site where an older church had already existed long ago. That earlier church was built in 809 by Andrija (Andreaccio) Saracenis, a citizen of Kotor, where the remains of the saint were kept after being brought from Constantinople (now also known as Istanbul ). [ 2 ] History [ edit ] This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Kotor Cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( September 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The cathedral was consecrated on 19 June 1166. [ 3 ] Compared to other buildings, the Kotor Cathedral is one of the largest and most ornate buildings in Kotor . The cathedral was seriously damaged and rebuilt after the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake , but there were not enough funds for its complete reconstruction. [ citation needed ] The April 1979 Montenegro earthquake , which completely devastated the Montenegro coast, also greatly damaged the cathedral. It has been salvaged and the careful restoration of parts of its interior has not been completed until a few years ago. [ when? ] The Romanesque architecture , contains a rich collection of artifacts. Older than many famous churches and cathedrals in Europe , the cathedral has a treasury of immense value. In its interior there are frescoes from the 14th century, a stone ornament above the main altar in which the life of St Tryphon is depicted, as well as a relief of saints in gold and silver. The collection of art objects includes a silver hand and a cross, decorated with ornaments and figures in relief. It is only a part of the valuable objects of the Treasury of this unique sacral building which was the City Hall in the past. Today, it is the best known tourist attraction in Kotor and a symbol of the city: the Saint is depicted in the city's coat of arms, along with a lion and the Mount of San Giovanni. Gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] Our Lady of the Rocks Saint Tryphon Catholic Church in Montenegro References [ edit ]
1,167	10.0250722°E	45.1331139°N	Cremona Baptistery	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona_Baptistery	478	Italy	Religious edifice in Cremona, northern Italy This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources: "Cremona Baptistery" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The baptistery; on the left side, the cathedral The Cremona Baptistery (Italian: Battistero di Cremona ) is a religious edifice in Cremona , northern Italy . It is annexed to the city's Cathedral . Photo by Paolo Monti Built in 1167, it is characterized by an octagonal plan, a reference to the cult of St. Ambrose of Milan , symbolizing the Eight Day of Resurrection and, thenceforth, the Baptism. The edifice mixes Romanesque and Lombard- Gothic styles, the latter evident in the preference for bare brickwork walls. To the 16th century restorations belong the marble cover of some walls, the pavement and the baptismal font (1531) and the narthex (1588) of the entrance, in Romanesque style, work by Angelo Nani . The interior has a 14th-century Crucifix, over the St. John altar, and two wooden statues portraying "St. Philip Neri" and "St. John the Baptist" by Giovanni Bertesi. Over the ceiling is a 12th-century statue of the Archangel Gabriel. See also [ edit ] History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes Notes [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baptistry (Cremona) .
1,167	9.01028°E	60.16444°N	Nore Stave Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nore_Stave_Church	1,241	Norway	Church in Buskerud county, Norway Nore Stave Church Nore Stave Church in 1931 Nore Stave Church ( Norwegian : Nore stavkyrkje ) is a stave church located at Nore in Nore og Uvdal kommune in Buskerud county , Norway . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Description [ edit ] Dendrochronological dating of wood samples indicate that Nore stave church was built after 1167. [ 3 ] The church was built with galleries, a chancel and cross naves – an architectural style that was unique in Europe during the Middle Ages . This style has come to be known as Nummedals-type. Decorations are from different periods. Nore is decorated with tendril and animal carvings. Animal characters featured include dragons and lions. The church has a central mast that was originally the support for a tower, mostly likely containing church bells. The walls and ceiling of the interior are decorated with murals, among them scenes from the Bible presented as riddles . The church has been remodeled several times, with many original parts preserved. The church was partly rebuilt in the 1600s and 1700s. The chancel was replaced in 1683, and the spokes of the nave in the first half of the 18th century. The church received a new roof in 1730. Comprehensive repair was carried out in 1927. In 1888, art historian, professor of art history, and author Lorentz Dietrichson (1834–1917) became the owner of the church. Professor Dietrichson, who played a major role in founding the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments ( Fortidsminneforeningen ), donated the property to the society in 1890. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Gallery [ edit ] References [ edit ]
1,169	49.8363°E	40.3657°N	Ashur Mosque	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur_Mosque	409	Azerbaijan	Mosque in Baku, Azerbaijan Ashur Mosque Azerbaijani : Aşur Məscidi Arabic : مسجد عاشور The mosque in 2014, prior to its forced closure Religion Affiliation Sunni Islam (former) Ecclesiastical or organisational status Mosque Status Closed (since 2016) Location Location Asaf Zeynalli Street, Baku Country Azerbaijan Location of the former mosque in the Baku Old City Geographic coordinates 40°21′57″N 49°50′11″E / 40.3657°N 49.8363°E / 40.3657; 49.8363 Architecture Type Mosque architecture Date established 1169 Specifications Length 14 m (46 ft) Width 11 m (36 ft) Materials Stone The Ashur Mosque ( Azerbaijani : Aşur Məscidi ), also known as the Lezgi Mosque ( Arabic : مسجد عاشور ), is a Sunni Islam mosque in the Old City of Baku , Azerbaijan . It was founded in 1169 by the master Najaf Ashur son of Ibrahim. It is located in Asaf Zeynalli Street. The mosque was closed for repairs in 2016 and as of December 2024 [update] , the mosque remains closed. Overview [ edit ] The mosque is frequently called the ‘Lezgin Mosque’. The second name of the mosque is connected with the oil boom of the 19th century. As a result of this event, a large inflow of labour was observed in Baku, including from Dagestan . This mosque was used by Lezgin workers during religious ceremonies. [ 1 ] The shape of the Ashura Mosque is parallelepiped . There are two small windows on the southern face of the building. The entrance of the mosque is small and arch-shaped, which leads to the single chamber prayer room. The two-storey structure measures 14 m × 11 m (46 ft × 36 ft). The construction highlights its antiquity and restructuring from the ancient fire temple. Overlapping is vaulted. The entrance is arranged in the north-eastern part in the form of a pointed arch and leads to a wide, singlechamber prayer hall. There are two openings with a semicircular arch facing outwards. Among the distinctive features – there are two mihrabs in the mosque: one is arranged along the axis of the hall and is divided into two sections by an arched belt, another one is a dome-shaped stalactite mihrab in a corner. Both are richly decorated. [ 2 ] : 12 In 1970, the mosque underwent restoration works and after reconstruction archaeological excavations discovered two semicircular arches belong to the Sassanids period in Azerbaijan . These findings are in the southern part of the mosque building. [ 3 ] In the lead up to the Baku 2015 European Games , there was significant pressure from Government authorities for the mosque to close, including arresting the imam . [ 4 ] In July 2016, the mosque was ordered to close for repairs, [ 5 ] and as of December 2024 [update] , the mosque remains closed. See also [ edit ] Islam portal Azerbaijan portal Islam in Azerbaijan List of mosques in Azerbaijan List of mosques in Baku References [ edit ]
1,169	40.2398629°E	37.9148967°N	Hazreti Süleyman Mosque	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazreti_S%C3%BCleyman_Mosque	911	Turkey	Mosque in Sur, Diyarbakır, Turkey 37°54′54″N 40°14′24″E / 37.9148967°N 40.2398629°E / 37.9148967; 40.2398629 Hazreti Süleyman Mosque Hazreti Süleyman Camii Mizgefta Hezretî Silêman Religion Affiliation Islam Location Location Diyarbakır , Turkey Architecture Architect(s) Hibetullah Gürgani Type Mosque Groundbreaking 1155 Completed 1169 ; 856 years ago ( 1169 ) Hazreti Süleyman Mosque ( Turkish : Hazreti Süleyman Camii , Kurdish : Mizgefta Hezretî Silêman ) is a mosque in Diyarbakır , Turkey. The mostly ashlar structure was built between 1155 and 1169 by Nisanoğlu Ebul Kasim. The mosque is divided into three sections and has a square-based minaret, which has an inscription dated to 555 AH (1160 CE) according to the Islamic calendar . It contains the tombs of Süleyman, son of Khalid ibn al-Walid of the Bekir clan and his followers. The mosque was brought to its current state in 1631 by Silahdar Murtaza Pasha . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Diyarbakır Hazreti Süleyman Mosque Courtyard Diyarbakır Hazreti Süleyman Mosque Interior Diyarbakır Hazreti Süleyman Mosque Graves References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hazreti Süleyman Mosque .
1,169	7.86806°W	52.63917°N	Holy Cross Abbey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Cross_Abbey	6,557	Ireland	For other uses, see Holy Cross Abbey (disambiguation) . Church in County Tipperary, Ireland Holy Cross Abbey Mainistir na Croise Naofa Holy Cross Abbey on the River Suir Holy Cross Abbey Location within Ireland 52°38′21″N 07°52′05″W / 52.63917°N 7.86806°W / 52.63917; -7.86806 Location Holycross , County Tipperary , Ireland Denomination Roman Catholic Religious institute Cistercians Website holycrossabbey .ie History Status Active as parochial church Founded 1169 (856 years ago) ( 1169 ) Founder(s) Domnall Mór Ua Briain Architecture Heritage designation National Monument Style Cistercian Administration Diocese Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly View from 1841 The ruined interior, 1841 Holy Cross Abbey (Mainistir na Croise Naofa) was a Cistercian monastery in Holycross near Thurles , County Tipperary , Ireland , situated on the River Suir . It takes its name from a relic of the True Cross or Holy Rood . History [ edit ] A supposed fragment of the True Cross was brought to Ireland by the Plantagenet Queen Isabella of Angoulême , [ 1 ] around 1233 . She was the widow of King John and bestowed the relic on the original Cistercian Monastery in Thurles founded in 1169 by King Donal O'Brien of Thomond , which she then rebuilt. [ citation needed ] With time, Holy Cross Abbey and the sacred relic of the True Cross became a place of medieval pilgrimage , and with the Protestant Reformation , also a rallying-point for victims of religious persecution . As a symbol and inspiration of the Catholic Church in Ireland , resistance, and allegedly of the struggle for Irish independence , it drew a complaint by Sir Henry Sidney , Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , to Queen Elizabeth I in 1567 . [ citation needed ] Furthermore, one of the most celebrated of the 24 officially recognized Irish Catholic Martyrs , Blessed Dermot O'Hurley , the fugitive Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cashel , went on pilgrimage to Holy Cross Abbey in September 1583 , [ 2 ] shortly before his arrest by the priest hunters and 1584 execution by hanging outside the city walls of Dublin. The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland records a 1601 pilgrimage to Holy Cross Abbey by Irish clan chief Hugh Roe O'Donnell , Lord of Tyrconnell . True to his clan's coat of arms and the Constantinian motto of the House of O'Donnell ( In Hoc Signo Vinces ) and, in anticipation of the coming Battle of Kinsale , O'Donnell venerated the relic of the True Cross at Holy Cross Abbey on St. Andrew's Day , 30 November 1601 . By that period, the Abbey had become a rallying point for resistance to the religious persecution of the Catholic Church in Ireland and for the rising of the Irish clans as part of the ongoing Nine Years War . From there, O'Donnell sent an expedition to Ardfert , to win a quick victory and successfully recover the territory of his ally, Thomas Fitzmaurice, 18th Baron Kerry , who had lost it and his 9-year-old son to Sir Charles Wilmot . It was to be O'Donnell's last victory before the defeat at Kinsale. [ 3 ] The Holy Rood was last exposed for public veneration in 1632 and following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland , Holy Cross Abbey fell into ruins. Local people used the roofless ruins as a burial place after 1740 . It became a scheduled national monument in 1880 , with orders that the ruins were, " to be preserved and not used as a place of worship ". Special legislation in the Dáil for the founding's 500th anniversary, 21 January 1969 , enabled Holy Cross Abbey to be restored as a place of Catholic worship, exceptionally for a national monument. The Sacristan of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican provided an authenticated relic of the Holy Cross, and the emblem of the Jerusalem Cross , or Crusader Cross , has been restored for the Abbey. [ 4 ] Two crosses were stolen, including the cross containing the relics of the true cross, in a robbery on the Abbey on 11 October 2011. A portable angle grinder , hammer, and screwdriver were used by the masked raiders to remove the relics. [ 5 ] In January 2012, it was announced that the relics had been recovered by An Garda Siochana , relatively undamaged, and returned to the Abbey. [ 6 ] Gallery [ edit ] 1832 1834 Transport [ edit ] The Thurles to Clonmel via Cashel bus route serves Holycross. [ 7 ] The nearest railway station is Thurles railway station approximately 6 km distant. See also [ edit ] List of abbeys and priories in Ireland References [ edit ]
1,170	3.5725°W	50.3484°N	Church of St Thomas of Canterbury, Kingswear	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Thomas_of_Canterbury,_Kingswear	393	United Kingdom	Church in Devon, England The Church of St Thomas of Canterbury is situated in the village of Kingswear in the English county of Devon , it stands in a slightly elevated position at the junction of Higher Street and Church Hill close to the railway station and the Dartmouth Lower Ferry and overlooks the River Dart . The church is a grade II listed building . History [ edit ] A church [ 1 ] has stood on the present site since about 1170 on land owned by the de Vasci family since the Norman Conquest . Hugh Watkins in his article The foundation and early history of Dartmouth and Kingswear Church [ 2 ] stated that the earliest deeds relating to the church were drawn up about 1173 and are in Totnes Priory: Willelmus de Vasci and his wife Juliana for the souls of their fathers and mothers and for the soul of Willelmus Buzun, give half the land of Kingeswere to Ricardus the deacon and to others succeeding him or serving the true God, Jesus Christ, and Saint Thomas there. By the license of lord Rogerus de Nunant whose fief the aforesaid land is and by the sanction of Wido de Nunant Renricus and Baldewinus. Ratified by the seal of lord Rogerus de Nunant and witnessed by Ricardus the chaplain, Johel de Waytord, Jordan de Hode, Robertus the serving man of Wido and the brothers of Martin. An abstract of another accompanying deed states: I, Willelmus de Vasci, for the safety of my soul and of my ancestors and of the soul of Willelmus Buzun my lord, have conceded and confirmed to God and to the Church of the Blessed Mary of Totonia and to the monks serving God there, half of the whole of my land which I have in Kingeswere, just as it can be reasonably divided by just men of our mutual friends, that is to say for the increase of the maintenance of the chaplain who for the time being serves the chapel founded in honour of the Blessed Thomas the Martyr at the said Kingeswere. Confirmed by the impression of my seal and witnessed by Michael de Spichewiche, Garinus de Morcell, Willelmus de Linguire, Osmundus de Colatun, Willelmus Daggevile, Willelmus de Winestone, Robertus le Bastard, Godefridus de Austine and many others. The church was dedicated to St Thomas of Canterbury and this is thought to have originated because of the wave of piety which followed Thomas’ death in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. Thomas Becket was canonized in 1173 so the naming of the church must date from after 1173. In its early days the church came under the sphere of influence of Totnes Priory and the church's priests were monks from the priory. In 1196 Willelmus Willelnusrywera formed Torre Abbey and Walterus de Vasci, son of Willelmus, gave the remaining part of the lands at Kingswear to the Abbey and Totnes Priory's holding was also transferred. A deed in the Cartulary dated 1253 shows that Torre Abbey then owned eight manors and churches: Aveton-cum- Townstal , Ffloade (in or near Ashton), Hopyrigge, Ducconbe, Wadeton, Achelglit, Kingswear and Blakawton. Records of the church's early history are few. On 6 April 1267 Bishop Walterus de Bronescombe held a convocation in the chapel of Saint Thomas the Martyr at Kynggeswere, at which the first person recorded as being present is the Abbot of Torre, but not the Prior of Totnes. The object of the convocation, according to the Register, had no local significance, but was to receive a petition of five parishioners from Okehampton that an interdict might be removed from their parish church. In 1280 Brother Philip, believed to be Philip Fitzurse, a descendant of Reginald Fitzurse one of the knights who murdered St Thomas, is a witness to a deed with several local landowners which include Willelmus de Fissacre. In the church there survives an ancient stone coffin lid, presumed to be part of his tomb. It is fortunate that Jeremiah Milles [ 3 ] in his Parochial Collections of 1755 visited the church, made a drawing and recorded the inscription and lettering of the words on the stone, while it was still possible to read the inscription round the edge of the stone, now scarcely visible. You who pray here for the soul of Philip shall have thirty days pardon as a reward . During the rebuilding of the Church 1845 to 1847 the stone was turned out into the churchyard where it lay among the weeds and the rubbish at the east end of the building and become more weathered and injured every year. By 1939 concern was expressed at its position and condition, but it was not until the Rev F H Keyworth (vicar 1935–55) that the ancient tombstone was brought back into the church where it lies on the left of the Lady Chapel. When Henry VIII fell out with Rome, the 1534 Act of Supremacy was passed which gave him the authority to disband the monasteries and confiscate their property. This included the land in Kingswear owned by the Torre Monastery. The following is a résumé of a parchment belonging to the Feoffees of Crediton, dated 22 February 1544: [ 4 ] Grant by Henry VIIIth under the Great Seal of England to Thomas Gale, for service and the sum of £93 and 20 pence paid to “the Treasury of our Court of the Augmentation of Revenues.” all that our manor of Kyngeswere in the county of Devon formerly held by the monastery of Torre now dissolved as fully as the last Abbot of Torre held to the full value of £5 3s. 5½d. with the tithe not deducted to hold for the service of X/60th part of a Knight’s fee while paying annually 10s. 4½d. to the Court of Augmentation of Revenues on the festival of St. Michael in the name of ferry tithe (decime pontis) for all services further we grant for the above consideration to the said Thomas Gale all rights of Court, assize of bread wine and beer tolls from fairs liberty of warren which the aforesaid Abbot had, and we acquit and exonerate etc, etc: and we wish that this be granted under the Great Seal of England. Witnessed on the 22nd February 35 Henry VIII. Vivian Thomas Gale lived in Dartmouth and died in 1557. His nephew, George, inherited his uncle's property, but lived in Crediton which may explain why the parchment was found in that town. Torre Abbey was dissolved in 1539 and Kingswear Church placed under the care of the Parish of Brixham. From the time of Brother Philip, very little is known of the history of the Church although there are record books and registers going back to 1601. It certainly continued to be a chapel of ease for the parish of Brixham under whose care it came at the Reformation and the Vicar of that Parish was responsible for providing the priest to serve Kingswear. The plague virtually decimated the village in 1604 when 145 people died from the disease, as marked in the parish register with the letter P. An account in Jeremiah Milles’ Parochial Collections [ 3 ] states: The church seems to be an ancient building, but is in a very indifferent and ruinous condition. It contains a nave and a south aisle and a gallery at the west end. Also a Pope’s Bowl, with the beads fastened to it dated 1309 and now in the parish chest. Services were held only once a month. It is believed by some that throughout the following centuries the church was much utilised by continental pilgrims who used Kingswear as a landing place on the pilgrimage to Canterbury to see the tomb of St Thomas. However, there appears little evidence to support this. In 1847, with the village of Kingswear expanding, funds were granted to rebuild the church with the work being overseen by Exeter architect J. Hayward . The church was demolished except for the original 12th-century tower with the rest of the church reconstructed in local limestone with freestone dressing. Hayward used the same Decorated style and the same design as the old church, but on a slightly reduced scale. [ 5 ] The interior Church features [ edit ] The church has a ring of three bells within the tower, there was formerly four but one was sold off in 1767 to pay for a clock for the church. The treble and second were cast c1599 by Thomas Birdall of Exeter and the tenor was re-cast in 1939 by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough. When the tenor was re-cast in 1939 the treble and second were fitted with canon retaining headstocks and the three bells were fitted into a six bell frame, with the intention of adding three further bells at a later date. This is yet to happen though. The present day clock dates from 1897, it cost £124 and was purchased by subscription from Kingswear village to mark the sixtieth anniversary of Queen Victoria ’s accession to the throne. It is thought by some that the octagonal font is Norman although Cresswell states that it is 15th-century, [ 6 ] the cover is mid-20th-century and is the work of a local craftsman. The carved wooden pulpit dates from 1921 and was a gift from the late Bishop William Boyd Carpenter while the oak choir stalls and seating come from the same year and were donated by Sir Thomas Leonard. [ 7 ] The organ dates from 1916, it was restored in 1950 at a cost of £500, it now stands in a chamber on the north side of the chancel . The most noteworthy stained glass window is located near the organ, it depicts St Michael and is a memorial to Commander Valentine Gibbs who took part in the Zeebrugge Raid during World War I and is buried in the church cemetery. The church also contains a memorial and citation to Lieutenant-Colonel H. Jones VC who was killed in the Falklands War . The nave has some 18th-century tomb slabs on the floor while the porch contains a framed drawing of the church from 1841 and shows the building before the 1847 rebuild. [ 8 ] The Tower [ edit ] Although the church was rebuilt in 1847 the old tower was retained and dates from about 1173. In those days it was not normal for there to be settlements on the water's edge for fear of raids by Vikings, French and the Irish. Kingswear is not listed in the Domesday Book but that of Coleton to the east is. Similarly Dartmouth, on the opposite side of the river Dart to Kingswear is not listed either but Townstal to the west is. Both on the tops of hills relatively safe from unexpected raids. According to Charles Cox [ 9 ] [ 10 ] church towers dating from the Norman period sometimes had an additional defensive purpose. This is especially true in the counties which suffered from border raids, such as Northumberland, but similar towers are found elsewhere. In these towers access was by a winding staircase around a central newel and protected by a portcullis. The towers had upper chambers with a fireplace with a flue to the roof to provide living accommodation. Much of this could easily apply to Kingswear's church tower although there is no evidence of a portcullis. The de Vasci family had extensive holdings in Northumberland dating from 1093 including the barony of Alnwick and so would have known about the dual use of church towers in that county. There is a history of raids from the sea in south Devon and these probably continued after the Conquest so there could have been a similar defence role to be met at the entrance to the river Dart. The Kingswear tower has a circular stone staircase to the first floor, taking two full turns to get to the higher level. Earlier accounts report a fireplace on the first floor with a flue to the roof. The flue still exists and stretches from the ground floor to the top of the tower. References [ edit ]
1,170	0.22694°E	49.14667°N	Lisieux Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisieux_Cathedral	4,369	France	This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Lisieux Cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( November 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French . (November 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Lisieux]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Lisieux}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Lisieux Cathedral Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Lisieux Lisieux Cathedral from the northwest Religion Affiliation Catholic Province Bishop of Lisieux Region Calvados Ecclesiastical or organizational status Cathedral Status Active Location Location Lisieux , France Geographic coordinates 49°8′48″N 0°13′37″E / 49.14667°N 0.22694°E / 49.14667; 0.22694 Architecture Type church Groundbreaking 12th century Completed 18th century Lisieux Cathedral ( French : Cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Lisieux ) is a Catholic church located in Lisieux , France . The cathedral was the seat of the Bishop of Lisieux until the diocese of Lisieux was abolished under the Concordat of 1801 and merged into the Diocese of Bayeux . History [ edit ] An earlier cathedral is presumed to have existed since the 6th century, as there was a Bishop of Lisieux from that time, but not much is known of the earlier edifice. A previous cathedral build in the Romanesque style was burned by Geoffrey of Anjou in 1136. [ 1 ] Bishop Arnulf was at first only able to do essential repairs before he started the requisite full rebuilding in 1160. [ 2 ] Busy with the reconstructions, he missed a papal summon to Rome in 1144 and struggled later to finance the reconstruction. [ 3 ] It is wrongly claimed [ 1 ] that Henry Plantagenet , Count of Anjou , Duke of Normandy and future king of England, married Eleanor of Aquitaine at the cathedral in 1152. In fact they married in Poitiers Cathedral . In 1226, a fire damaged the cathedral and bishop Guillaume Du Pont-de-L'Arche added to the repairs three ambulatory chapels. [ 4 ] Having been involved in the trial of Joan of Arc , Pierre Cauchon was named as Bishop of Lisieux in 1432 and is buried there. A new south-west tower with a pre-gothic design was built in 1553 when the previous had fallen. [ 4 ] Description [ edit ] The edifice is 110 meters and is a national monument . [ 5 ] The west front of the building consists of three portals surmounted by two towers. The south tower was built in the 16th century and at the top bears a 17th-century flèche . Buttresses were added to the south face in the 15th century. The cathedral survived World War II wholly intact, although the town suffered Allied bombing in 1944. From the outset, the architect designed quadripartite rib vaults and flying buttresses, making it one of Normandy’s first Gothic buildings. The nave is fairly austere and is inspired by the Gothic architectural style of the Île de France , whereas the most recent parts of the building were constructed in the 18th century (the chevet , the lantern tower and the western façade) in Norman style. Gallery [ edit ] Interior Apse See also [ edit ] List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse, Lisieux References [ edit ]
1,170	11.787°E	55.446°N	St. Bendt's Church, Ringsted	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bendt%27s_Church,_Ringsted	1,576	Denmark	Church building in Ringsted Municipality, Denmark Church in Ringsted, Denmark Saint Bendt's Church Sankt Bendts Kirke Location Ringsted , Denmark Denomination Church of Denmark Website www.ringstedsogn.dk Architecture Architectural type Romanesque style Completed c. 1170 Administration Diocese Diocese of Roskilde Parish Ringsted Sogn St. Bendt's Church (Danish: Sankt Bendts Kirke ) is a church in Ringsted , Denmark , which was originally part of a Benedictine monastery that burnt down in the 18th century. Built in the Romanesque style , it is the oldest brick church in Scandinavia , [ 1 ] dating back to about 1170 when it replaced a travertine church from about 1080. It is considered to be one of Denmark's architecturally finest churches. [ 1 ] Furthermore, it is of special historical interest as it is the first Royal church in Denmark [ 1 ] and it houses the tombs of many of Denmark's earlier monarchs and noblemen. History [ edit ] Constantin Hansen : Scene from the interior of Ringsted Church: In the foreground Constantin Hansen and Jørgen Roed , 1829, During comprehensive restoration work at the beginning of the 20th century, the foundations of the former travertine church (1080) were revealed, indicating that the older nave was approximately the same length as today's. [ 2 ] The church was originally dedicated to St. Mary. In 1157, Saint Canute Lavard 's bones were moved into a new chapel in the church with the approval of St. Canute's son, Valdemar the Great . Many miracles were said to have occurred there and the church immediately became a popular site for pilgrimages. With the funds raised from the pilgrims and thanks to Valdemar's royal patronage, the abbey church was expanded and, in 1170, was dedicated with great ceremony to Benedict of Nursia . [ 3 ] Valdemar had from the beginning designed the church for the Danish monarchy. He took advantage of the inaugural celebrations not only to have the relics of his father, St. Canute, enshrined but, also a devil statue erected in his honor and above all, to have his seven-year-old son Canute crowned and appointed by the archbishop in order to ensure the succession. [ 4 ] St. Bendt's: the nave The church formed the north wing of a large monastery, probably built at the same time as the church. The architectural style indicates Lombard influence, possibly because the Benedictines brought Lombard builders to Denmark. [ 2 ] The structure is cross-shaped with a central tower, typical of Romanesque architecture. There were, however, some later modifications in the Gothic style such as the vaults, replacing the original flat ceiling, and the pointed arches in the tower. [ 2 ] For centuries, the church served as the monastery church; it was only after the Reformation that in 1571 it became a normal parish church. [ 5 ] A fire in 1806 destroyed the monastery and damaged the church. As a result, the western wall was pulled down and replaced with an Empire style facade. The brickwork of the church's outer walls was covered with cement and limewashed. [ 2 ] Large-scale restoration work was carried out between 1899 and 1910 by the Danish architect H.B. Storck who set out to restore the church to its former Romanesque style. It was the first time such extensive restoration work had been carried out in Denmark. The church took on its old appearance with new Romanesque windows in the nave. A pyramid-shaped spire was added to the tower. The cement was removed from the outer walls revealing the church's original red brickwork. [ 2 ] Royal burial site [ edit ] Plaque listing royal tombs Gravestone of the exiled King and Queen of Sweden As the church houses the tomb of Valdemar the Great, it is of great historical significance to Denmark. Since St. Canute's relics were enshrined in a chapel behind the high altar, the monarchs of Valdemar's line were buried in front of it. Indeed, from 1182 to 1341 all the Danish kings and queens were buried in St. Bendt's. Apart from Valdemar the Great, they included Canute VI , Valdemar II , Eric VI and Eric IV . It is second only to Roskilde Cathedral for the number of royal Danish tombs it contains. [ 2 ] As indicated on the plaque (pictured), the most important (with the year of death) are: Duke Canute Lavard (1130) King Valdemar I . The Great. (1182) His Queen Sophia (1198) His son, Duke Christopher (1166) King Canute VI (1202) His sister, Queen Rikissa of Sweden (1220) King Valdemar II . The Victorious (1241) His Queen Dagmar (1213) His Queen Berengaria (1220) King Valdemar III . (1231) Lady Eleonora (1231) Canute, Duke of Reval (1260) His son Erik, Duke of Halland (1304) Prince Valdemar, the son of King Christopher I . King Erik IV (1250) King Birger of Sweden (1321) His wife Queen Margarethe of Sweden (1341) King Erik VI (1319) His mother, Queen Agnes (1304) His Queen Ingeborg (1319) Erik , son of King Christopher II (1331) Decoration and furnishings [ edit ] St. Bendt's: murals The rather poorly restored wall paintings or kalkmalerier are significant in that they provide an idea of the violent struggles that once took place. Jacob Kornerup uncovered murals in the chancel in 1868. In 1889, he restored them, or possibly repainted them, as they are indeed in very poor condition. Others were uncovered during the 1900–09 repairs and restored by Mads Henriksen. They depict various monarchs, some with Latin inscriptions. There are also images of the Virgin Mary and of Christ. [ 2 ] Of particular note are the frescos of Erik IV , also known as Erik Ploughpenny for the unpopular taxes he imposed on ploughs. They were painted around 1300 in an unsuccessful attempt to have the assassinated king canonized. To the left of a painting of Queen Agnes sitting on her throne is a picture of the king's murderers stabbing him with a spear while, on the right, we see fishermen retrieving the corpse from the sea. [ 6 ] The oak choir stalls from 1420 are similar to those in Roskilde Cathedral. The sandstone font ( c. 1150 ) is of Gothlandic design and believed to be one of Sighraf's earlier works. [ 2 ] The altarpiece (1699) presents a painting of the Last Supper flanked by panels with cherubim, John the Baptist and Moses. The pulpit (1609) presents the four elements: earth, fire, air and water. [ 2 ] Cultural references [ edit ] The church was used as a location in the 2004 comedy film Oh Happy Day . It was also used as a location in episode 25 of the DR television series Rejseholdet (at 00:32) and in the DR Christmas calendar Absalons hemmelighed . [ 7 ] Gallery [ edit ] Fresco: King Birger of Sweden St. Bendt's: Murals Tomb of Queen Ingeborg Queen Dagmar: commemorative tablet Altarpiece Pulpit Font Tomb of Valdemar II and Dagmar Mural painting inside the church See also [ edit ] Ringsted Abbey Architecture of Denmark Church frescos in Denmark Brick Romanesque References [ edit ]
1,170	116.6505°E	23.6632°N	Guangji Bridge (Chaozhou)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangji_Bridge_(Chaozhou)	4,344	China	Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangdong Guangji Bridge a view of Guangji Bridge from the ancient city wall on the west bank Coordinates 23°39′48″N 116°39′02″E / 23.6632°N 116.6505°E / 23.6632; 116.6505 Crosses Han River Locale Chaozhou , Guangdong Characteristics Design beam bridge , bateau bridge , pontoon bridge , open-close bridge Total length 517.95 metres (1,699 ft) No. of spans 18 Piers in water 24 History Construction start 1170 (Year 7 of the Qiandao era , Southern Song ) Location Guangji Bridge Traditional Chinese 廣濟橋 Simplified Chinese 广济桥 Literal meaning "Broad River Crossing Bridge" Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guǎngjì Qiáo Bopomofo ㄍㄨㄤˇㄐㄧˋㄑㄧㄠˊ Wade–Giles Kwang 3 -chi 4 Chiao 2 IPA /kɯŋ⁵².t͡si²¹³.kio⁵⁵/ Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Gwóngjaikìuh Jyutping Gwong2zai3kiu4 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Kńg-chè-kiô Tâi-lô Kńg-tsè-kiô Teochew Peng'im Geng 2 zi 3 gio 5 The bridge photographed in 1869 by John Thomson The bridge photographed in 1869 by John Thomson Guangji Bridge ( simplified Chinese : 广济桥 ; traditional Chinese : 廣濟橋 ; pinyin : Guǎngjì Qiáo ; lit. 'Great Charity Bridge'), also known as Xiangzi Bridge ( simplified Chinese : 湘子桥 ; traditional Chinese : 湘子橋 ; pinyin : Xiāngzǐ Qiáo ), is an ancient bridge that crosses the Han River east of Chaozhou , Guangdong province, China. [ 1 ] A key cultural relic under national protection , the bridge is renowned as one of China's four famous ancient bridges, the other three being Zhaozhou Bridge , Lugou Bridge , and Luoyang Bridge . [ 2 ] There is an old saying, " 到潮不到桥，枉向潮州走一遭 ", [ 1 ] that means if you go to Chaozhou without visiting the bridge, you cannot say that you have been to Chaozhou. Mao Yisheng , a famous expert on the bridge, said, "A part of Guangji Bridge is connected by boats as a pontoon bridge . When it is open, there is a channel for ships and boats to get across. It can also be closed. Since it can be open or closed, it is a special case in the history of bridges in China." [ 3 ] There are various pavilions on the bridge, so there is a popular saying, "twenty-four pavilions have twenty-four styles". The pavilions housed businesses. It was a prosperous time, so people said, "In one Li one the bridge, there is one Li of business market." [ 1 ] History [ edit ] Guangji Bridge was built by Zeng Wang , a magistrate under the Song dynasty (1170). [ 2 ] At that time, it was a floating bridge consisting of 86 large boats connected to one another. Its original name was Kangji Bridge . [ 4 ] In the year 1174 (Chunxi Year 淳熙元年间), it was broken up by flooding, so another magistrate, of Chang Wei prefecture, had workers start to reconstruct it, beginning with bridge piers on the west bank. By 1194, several magistrates of the prefecture—including Zhu Jiang, Wang Zhenggong, Ding Yinyuan, and Wang Shujin—had been involved in the construction of 10 bridge piers. Ding Yunyuan built the most piers; and for his outstanding achievements, the bridge was called Ding Gong Bridge. [ citation needed ] In 1194 (the 5th year of Zhaoxi, 绍熙五年), a magistrate ( 太守 ) of Shen Zongyu prefecture built a pavilion on the east bank and named the bridge Jichuan Bridge. Later, more magistrates became involved in its construction. By 1206 (the second year of Kaixi 开禧二年), 13 piers had been built. [ 2 ] After the construction of the east and west bridgeheads was completed, they were connected by some boats, which formed a bridge with the features of both a beam bridge and a pontoon bridge . [ citation needed ] In the years between the late Song dynasty and Yuan dynasty , the surrounding area of the bridge was sometimes prosperous and sometimes poor. In 1435 (Ming dynasty), a magistrate of a prefecture ( 知府 ) named Wang Yuan had it reconstructed. [ citation needed ] When it was finished, the west bridge had 10 piers supporting 9 spans and the east bridge had 13 piers supporting 12 spans, with 24 boats in between. There were 126 rooms in the pavilions on the bridge. [ 5 ] The bridge was named Guangji Bridge. In 1513 (the eighth year of Zhengde), another magistrate of a prefecture, Tan Lun, added a pier and removed six boats; and the Guangji Bridge then consisted of 18 boats and 24 piers. People described it as, "eighteen shuttle boats [and] twenty-four continents" ( 十八梭船二十四洲 ). [ citation needed ] In 1724 (the second year of Yongzheng ( 雍正二年 ), Zhang Ziqian, magistrate of a prefecture, repaired the bridge and had two statues of oxen cast, one for the west bridge and the one for the east, which were meant to protect the bridge. [ 2 ] In 1842, the eastern ox statue was lost to a flood. There is a folksong about it, which praises the beautiful scene of Guangji Bridge, describing 18 boats, 24 piers, 24 pavilions, and the 2 statues of oxen made of cast iron ( 潮州湘桥好风流，十八梭船，二十四洲，二十四楼台，二十四样，二只鉎牛一只溜 ). [ 6 ] After over 400 years, the pavilions are gone, and the ox statue on the east pier washed away by floods. In 1958, a beam bridge supplanted the pontoon bridge. In 1989, another bridge was built to connect the east and west banks, which makes it possible to protect the ancient bridge. [ citation needed ] In 2009, Guangji Bridge, having been recently rebuilt, was re-opened. In Chaozhou, there is a street called Paifang Street. Beside this street, there are the many archways of the bridge. One of the Chaozhou Eight Famous Scenes is of the rising river of Han River ( 湘桥春涨 ). [ 5 ] Every year, the bridge attracts a large number of visitors. The construction of the Xiamen-Shenzhen Railway enabled a greater number of people to visit the bridge and learn the culture of Chaozhou. [ citation needed ] Features [ edit ] This bridge has the features of a beam bridge, arch bridge , and pontoon bridge, which makes it unique in China. On the bridge, there were various rooms and pavilions, with ox statues on the west and east bridge. People did business on it, so it was also known as "In one Li one the bridge, there is one Li of business market". [ 1 ] Legends [ edit ] Each pier of Guangji Bridge has a history of several hundred years. From the Song dynasty when the first one was built to the year when there were 24, it lasted over 300 years. [ citation needed ] In ancient times, with their backwardness, it was unimaginable that people could build such a long bridge. Therefore, there is a legend that it was fairies who constructed the bridge. [ 2 ] When Han Yu , a famous poet in the history of China, came to Chaozhou, he always climbed the Bijia mountain (now called Han Mountain). From the top of the mountain, he saw the river and the difficulty of crossing it, so he asked his nephew Han Xiangzi and a monk Guangji to build a bridge. [ 4 ] Han Xiangzi built the east bridge. He invited eight fairies (八仙) to help him. Han Xiangzi himself climbed Fenghuang Mountain , in Chaozhou, for stones. He changed the stones into black pigs and chased them to the bridge. On the way, a woman cast a spell so the pigs changed back into the stones, which could not move. Consequently, several piers in the east were not built. In order to commemorate this, people named it Xiangzi Bridge. [ 1 ] Guangji the monk invited eighteen arhats to help him build the bridge in the west. He went on Sanpu Mountain to get stones. He changed the stones into cattle and sheep and chased them back. On the way, he met an evil landlord who tried to stop him and get his cattle and sheep. Guangji lost some cattle, so part of the bridge was not built. He Xiangu , a female fairy, dropped a lotus petal onto the river and changed it into 18 boats connecting the bridge. Guangji raised his cane and created chains to connect the boats together. See also [ edit ] List of bridges in China References [ edit ]
1,172	4.0187056°W	34.2126472°N	Great Mosque of Taza	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Taza	2,453	Morocco	Historic mosque in Taza, Morocco Great Mosque of Taza الجامع الكبير The minaret of the mosque Location Location Taza , Morocco Geographic coordinates 34°12′45.53″N 4°01′07.34″W / 34.2126472°N 4.0187056°W / 34.2126472; -4.0187056 Architecture Type Mosque Style Moorish ( Almohad , Marinid ) Founder Abd al-Mu'min Date established circa 1142 CE The Great Mosque of Taza ( Arabic : الجامع الكبير , romanized : jama'a al-kabir ) is the most important religious building in the historic medina of Taza , Morocco . Founded in the 12th century by the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min , it is the oldest surviving example of Almohad architecture . It was expanded by the Marinids in the late 13th century and renovated by the 'Alawi sultan al-Rashid in the 17th century. History [ edit ] One of the street entrances to the mosque The Great Mosque of Taza was built on the orders of the Almohad sultan Abd al-Mu'min in the period after 1142 CE, around the same time that he conquered the city. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Taza, occupying a strategic location on the main road between Morocco and Algeria, was the first major city the Almohads conquered outside their initial mountain domains and served as one of their earliest bases after Tinmel . [ 3 ] Their future capital of Marrakesh was only conquered 1147. Accordingly, the Great Mosque of Taza is the oldest surviving monument of Almohad architecture. [ 2 ] This original mosque had a nearly square floor plan measuring about 32 by 33 metres. [ 5 ] Its prayer hall was wider than it was deep: it had either seven [ 6 ] or nine [ 7 ] naves running perpendicular to the qibla (southeastern) wall between rows of arches and four transverse aisles running parallel to the qibla wall. [ 6 ] The last aisle, directly in front of the qibla wall, was distinguished by being slightly wider, as was the middle nave that led to the mihrab. This formed a "T" in the plan, which was a recurring feature in other medieval mosques in this region. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Overall, the original Almohad layout of the mosque was highly similar to the layout of the Tinmal Mosque built by the Almohads soon afterwards. [ 5 ] The mosque was enlarged under the Marinid dynasty, during the reign of Abu Yaqub Yusuf . Work started in 1292 and ended in October the next year. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] (Or in 1294 according to Jonathan Bloom . [ 5 ] ) This expansion added two more side naves (one on the western edge and another on the eastern edge), making the mosque wider, and four more aisles to the south, making the prayer hall deeper. The "T" plan was replicated by making the last southern aisle larger. [ 6 ] Abu al-Hasan , who built many madrasas across Morocco, also built a madrasa near the mosque here in Taza in 1324 (while he was still a governor during his father 's reign), though today it is mostly ruined. [ 3 ] [ 8 ] Unusually, the Marinids also added a huge second courtyard ( el-sahn el-kebir ), almost as large as the entire mosque itself, on the mosque's east flank. [ 5 ] The Marinid sultan Abu al-Rabi' was buried in this courtyard upon his death in 1310. [ 3 ] [ 9 ] The mosque was only the object of patronage again after 1665, when the 'Alawi leader Moulay Rashid briefly made Taza his main base and built the Dar al-Makhzen (royal palace) in the south side of the old city. Moulay Rashid restored the mosque and added a southern gallery to the grand courtyard to serve as a "summer" mosque. [ 3 ] Architecture [ edit ] Overview [ edit ] The mosque the oldest remaining example of Almohad architecture . It is located near Bab er-Rih ("Gate of the winds"). The present-day mosque, which includes Marinid-era expansions, is composed of a main building and of a "grand courtyard" ( el-sahn el-kebir ) on its east side. Each of these parts have rectangular floor plans measuring around 72 by 44 meters. [ 5 ] The mosque has nine exterior gates. [ 3 ] Interior (prayer hall) [ edit ] The interior of the mosque, with a view of the enormous 13th-century Marinid chandelier in the central nave, along with one of the "lambrequin"-style arches behind The main building consists mostly of an interior prayer hall as well as a smaller courtyard ( sahn ) to the north which is enclosed by extensions of the prayer hall. The prayer hall is built in a hypostyle format and is divided into nine "naves" by rows of horseshoe arches running perpendicular to the southeastern qibla wall. The arches, in turn, form eight transverse aisles (running parallel to the qibla wall) south of the courtyard, or 14 aisles if counting the arches that run through the galleries on either side of the courtyard all the way to the northwestern wall. [ 3 ] [ 7 ] [ 6 ] [ 4 ] The middle nave and the southernmost aisle are both wider than the others, forming a "T" shape in the layout of the mosque. This "T" plan is also highlighted by a series of decorative cupolas . The northern end of the central nave (at the entrance from the courtyard) is covered by a dome. In the fourth aisle of the mosque, about midway in the central nave, is a series of three vaulted cupolas which mark the spot where the former mihrab (wall niche symbolizing the qibla) of the mosque stood after its initial Almohad construction. [ 7 ] [ 6 ] This area is also marked by ornate lambrequin arches instead of the usual horseshoe arches and by some decorative engaged columns which likely once belonged to the mihrab decoration. [ 5 ] At its southern end, the central nave leads finally to the mihrab, dating from the Marinid expansion . The mihrab, as in other Moroccan mosques, is the most richly decorated part of the mosque, with its surfaces covered in carved stucco ornamentation. The space in front of the mihrab is surrounded by lambrequin arches and is covered by an especially ornate dome that is similar to other examples in the Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid and is considered to be one of the finest of its kind. [ 6 ] [ 5 ] [ 7 ] The dome is carved in stucco and is pierced to allow some external light to filter in, while its corners have four muqarnas -carved squinches . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] At both ends of the same aisle, at the southeastern and southwestern corners of the mosque, are two other vaulted cupolas. Behind the qibla wall, on the south side of the mosque, are several chambers and smaller annexes, including the imam's chamber, the minbar's storage chamber, a library, and a mida'a or ablutions chamber (Arabic: ميضأة ). [ 3 ] Courtyard and minaret [ edit ] The mosque's first courtyard occupies the center of the northern part of the building. It is flanked on its east and west sides by arcaded galleries where the two outer western and the two outer eastern naves extend as far as the northern edge of the courtyard. On the courtyard's north side are several other chambers of varying sizes which roughly correspond to the last two transversal aisles of the mosque building. [ 5 ] Near the courtyard's northeastern corner is the minaret tower, dating from the Almohad construction and thus the oldest surviving Almohad minaret. It has a square base and its height is five times greater than its width, which corresponds to the same proportions used in the more famous Almohad minarets like that of the Kutubiyya Mosque , although the secondary shaft in this minaret is slightly squatter than in the later examples. [ 5 ] [ 8 ] The minaret was decorated with blind arch motifs around its windows (which once provided light to the stairway inside), though much of this decoration is no longer evident today due to the later whitewashing of its surface. [ 5 ] Grand courtyard ( el-sahn el-kebir ) [ edit ] The mosque's "grand courtyard" ( el-sahn el-kebir ) is a feature unique to this mosque and not found in any other historic mosque in Morocco. [ 9 ] : 31 Located on the mosque's east side, it consists of an open courtyard that is almost as large as the main mosque building itself. It is planted with olive trees and has a fountain in its centre sheltered by a small domed kiosk ( qubba ). Along its western side is a narrow arcaded gallery that grants access between the courtyard and the mosque, while along its southern side is a deeper roofed gallery bordered by an arcade of pointed horseshoe arches. Behind this arcade, in the middle of the southern wall, is a mihrab , attesting to the area's use as an outdoor or "summer" mosque. The courtyard existed during the Marinid period, but the qubba fountain and the southern prayer gallery probably date from the time of Moulay Rashid (17th century) or later. [ 5 ] [ 3 ] [ 9 ] Furnishings [ edit ] Marinid chandelier [ edit ] Partial view of the Marinid chandelier in the mosque The mosque is also well-known for its enormous bronze chandelier, which dates from the Marinid era. According to the inscription carved on it, it was gifted to the mosque by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf in 1294. With a maximum diameter of 2.5 meters and weighing 3 tons, it is the largest surviving example of its kind in North Africa. [ 5 ] According to the Rawd al-Qirtas it cost 8000 dinars to make. It is composed of nine circular tiers arranged in an overall conical shape that could hold 514 glass oil lamps. Its decoration included mainly arabesque forms like floral patterns as well as a poetic inscription in cursive Arabic . This ornamentation was focused especially on the pole or shaft at the top of the cone and, especially, on the large dome-like underside which resembled the elaborate stucco dome in front of the mihrab. The decorative forms on this bronze chandelier were thus related, if not deliberately coordinated, with the decoration in other elements of the mosque during its Marinid expansion. [ 5 ] [ 3 ] The chandelier's design was probably influenced by a similar great chandelier gifted to the Qarawiyyin Mosque in Fes in the early 13th century, during the Almohad period. Other chandeliers in the same style were created for other mosques in the Maghreb after this, including one still found in the Great Mosque of Fes el-Jdid , from the Marinid period, as well as a partially-preserved example from the Great Mosque of Tlemcen , perhaps originally crafted for the Marinid mosque of al-Mansura , now in a museum. [ 10 ] Various other medieval lamps are also preserved in the Great Mosque of Taza, [ 10 ] including one that used a church bell as its core, possibly a spoil brought back from Marinid campaigns in present-day Spain. [ 5 ] Minbar [ edit ] The mosque's minbar (pulpit) is also dated to the end of the 13th century, during the Marinid expansion under Abu Yaqub Yusuf. Like other minbars, it takes the shape of a mobile staircase with an archway at the bottom of the stairs and a canopy at the top and it is composed of many pieces of wood assembled together. It is 3.25 meters high by 2.96 metres long, and 80 cm wide. [ 11 ] It has been partly spoiled by later restorations which disfigured some of its original aspect, especially its upper elements and the archway at the base of the staircase. Nonetheless, it still preserves much of its original Marinid woodwork and demonstrates a close relation with other richly-crafted wooden minbars in Morocco following the tradition established by the 12th-century Almoravid minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque . The most significant preserved elements are its two flanks, which are covered with an example of the elaborate geometric decoration found in this artisan tradition. This geometric motif is based on eight-pointed stars from which interlacing bands spread outward and repeat the motif across the whole surface. Contrary to the famous Almoravid minbar in Marrakesh, however, the empty spaces between the bands are not occupied by a mix of pieces with carved floral reliefs but are rather occupied entirely by pieces of marquetry mosaic decoration inlaid with ivory and precious woods. [ 11 ] [ 3 ] [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Anaza [ edit ] The mosque also features a historic anaza : a carved wooden screen at the entrance from the courtyard to the central nave of the prayer hall, which often acted as an "outdoor" mihrab for those performing their prayers in the courtyard. [ 5 ] Although it is not unlikely that the mosque possessed such a features since its Marinid expansion (as other Marinid mosques have the same feature), no visible evidence indicates the date at which the current anaza was crafted. Based on the style of the craftsmanship, it has been suggested that it is and no older than the 17th century. [ 3 ] Its courtyard-facing side is relatively plain and undecorated, but its interior-facing side is carved with various panels, including six blind arch motifs in its central section. A semi-circular tympanum above the middle is carved with a polygonal geometric pattern at the center of which is an Arabic inscription. [ 3 ] See also [ edit ] Moroccan architecture Medina of Taza List of mosques in Morocco History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes References [ edit ]
1,172	36.75250°E	35.13500°N	Nur al-Din Mosque	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Mosque	1,240	Syria	Mosque in Hama, Syria Nur Al-Din Mosque جَامِعُ نُورِ الدِّينِ The minaret of Nur al-Din Mosque Religion Affiliation Islam Region Levant Status Active Location Location Hama , Syria Geographic coordinates 35°8′6″N 36°45′9″E / 35.13500°N 36.75250°E / 35.13500; 36.75250 Architecture Type Mosque Style Zengid Completed 1172 Specifications Minaret (s) 1 Materials Basalt , Limestone , Tiles The Nur Al-Din Mosque ( Arabic : جَامِع نُور ٱلدِّين , romanized : Jāmiʿ Nūr ad-Dīn , transliteration: Jami Nur al-Din ) is a Zengid -era mosque in Hama , Syria. [ 1 ] It was founded by Nur al-Din in 1163-64 CE. It also contained a historic minbar from the same date, which is now held at the local Hama Museum . [ 2 ] The mosque was profoundly damaged in the 1982 shelling of the city and subsequently restored to its current state. Prior to 1982 shelling After shelling References [ edit ]
1,173	7.8271500°W	40.6161250°N	Monastery of Santa Maria de Maceira Dão	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Maria_de_Maceira_D%C3%A3o	250	Portugal	Church in Centro, Portugal Monastery of Santa Maria de Maceira Dão Royal Monastery of Santa Maria Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Maceira Dão 40°36′58.05″N 7°49′37.74″W / 40.6161250°N 7.8271500°W / 40.6161250; -7.8271500 Location Viseu , Dão-Lafões , Centro Country Portugal History Dedication Blessed Virgin Mary Architecture Style Mannerist , Baroque Specifications Length 63.44 m (208.1 ft) Width 49.82 m (163.5 ft) The Monastery of Santa Maria de Maceira Dão ( Portuguese : Mosteiro de Santa Maria de Maceira Dão ) is a monastery in the civil parish of Fornos de Maceira Dão , in the municipality of Mangualde in the Portuguese central subregion of Dão-Lafões , classifies as National Monuments ( Portuguese : Monumento Nacional ). History [ edit ] Historic photo of monastery, c. 1960-1970 King Afonso Henriques and Queen Mafalda donated, in gratitude to the clergy of Rodrigo Esomenis, land to the medic Soeiro Teodoniz, representing parcels in Echega, Godesteo, Sendino, Alvito and Taoi, in Travanca de Tavares , that included houses, vegetable gardens, plantations, water and pastureland in July 1154. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The medic abandoned his profession (in 1161) and founded a small monastery associated with the Church of Santa Maria, in Moimenta da Beira . Garcia Viegas and Godilha Moniz later sold their lands in Maceira to Soeiro. In 1162, D. Odório, bishop of Viseu, transferred the church in Moimenta de Azurara to the fledgling monastery, without imposing any tributes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] On 1 September 1165, Afonso Pais donates to the monastery a farm, following Benedictine observances, which was complimented in 1170 by Gonçalo Pais and Guterres, with the latter in donating lands in Maceira Dão, where they friars would move. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The monastery was founded in 1173 in its actual location, by abbot D. Soeiro Teodoniz, following the Benedictine tradition, and on 31 October, Afonso Henriques established and fixed the limits of the new institution, falling into regal protection. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ] A decade later, in 1188, the monastery joined the Cistercian Order , and began depending on the regional authority of Alcobaça , until their extinction. [ 2 ] Regal patronage continued in the 13th century, as both Afonso II and Afonso III supported the church with small endowments. In the meantime, between 1192 and 1208, the bishop, D. Martinho, bought several lands in the region of Trancoso . [ 1 ] Inocêncio XIII assumed the protection of the monastery, and conferred on it all the possessions that have been returned, after the monastery was converted to a Benedictine temple. Around this time (1230) the building was already well endowed financially, its sacristy included three silver chalices, and the monastery boasted 11 servants. [ 1 ] Many of the monastery's possessions continued to flow from the patronage of the nobility: in 1294, the Chapel to Santa Catarina and guard houses were supported by D. Teresa Afonso Gata; and King Denis left 200 pounds in his will. Meanwhile, annual lands rents included 300 pounds (1320), and the monastery owned 1600 properties, that included farms, vineyards, cellars, mills, fruit orchards and olive fields (485 of these were located in Mangualde, but the remaining included land in Algodres, Aveiro, Besteiros, Folgosinho, Gouveia, Manteigas, Matança, Melo, Mões, Penalva, Sátão, Seia, Senhorim, Tavares, Trancoso, Viseu and Vouzela. [ 1 ] Further, the Cistercian clergy also had five military redoubts including in the monastery, Outeiro, Granja (Fagilde), Moimenta and Figueiredo de Seia, in addition to many houses within their territory. [ 1 ] By 1526, the monastery included 12 monks, in addition to the abbot and various servants, and its personal possessions were worth 80$000 réis . [ 1 ] Yet, during the, 21–22 December 1532, visit of French abbot Bronseval, from Clairvaux, the cleric opined on the poverty of the monastery, referring to a "small and badly constructed [building] without refectory and regular kitchen" . [ 1 ] [ 5 ] These comments were received by the bishopric in Alcobaça, who sent Father António de Almoster the following year to Maceira Dão, in order to evaluate the state of the congregation. There is no indication if the building received any improvements. [ 1 ] By 1553, the rents received at the monastery were superior to 300$000 réis, and in 1560, the incorporation of female monastery of São João de Vale de Medeiros, resulted in an increase in the total income at the monastery. The number of friars reached a maximum of ten in 1564, reaching the limit for the community, at the time. In 1567 the abbots begin to be elected by triennium . [ 1 ] In 1613, a project to reconstruct the cloister and many of the convent's dependencies began. These projects would persist off-and-on until 1668-1669, with the termination of the reconstruction of the main portico. Around 1632, the number of friars surpasses 15 clerics. [ 1 ] In February 1666, the monastery contracts Sebastião da Mota to execute a silver thurible , similar to those used in the Chapel of Senhor, in the Cathedral of Viseu. [ 1 ] Some of the monastery's properties in Fornos de Algodres were sold, on 28 December 1720, to Manuel de Gouveia in order to pay the costs of public works. [ 1 ] On 2 March 1744, the abbot contracts José Ribeiro Alves and João Martins (Santiago de Encourado, Barcelos), João da Costa Coelho (Eixo, Barcelos) and João Fernandes Ribeiro (São João de Tarouca) to rebuild the church, dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Assunção ( Our Lady of the Assumption ), for 6.100$000 réis, and included all the material costs. [ 1 ] A similar project was undertaken in the second half of the 18th century, this time to the Chapel of Senhora da Cabeça ( Lady of the Head ), at a time when the monastery had 17 cells for its clergy. [ 1 ] The original project on the main church was completed by the stonemasons José Duarte (São Miguel de Fontoura, Valença) and António Barbosa da Cunha (Ferreira de Coura, Viana) in 1779. [ 1 ] Once this project was completed, the monastery contracted (on 28 Setembro 1779) José da Fonseca Ribeiro to make the chancel . Pascoal José Parente moved to the monastery in 1786 in order to complete several paintings, including specifically the "Sagrada Família" ( Sacred Family ). [ 1 ] By the time of the French invasion of Portugal in 1810, the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Cabeça was not yet completed. In 1834, under the anti-clerical reforms of the Liberal government, the convent was closed. A formal inventory of the possessions and properties owned by the monastery began on 14 June 1834, with the buildings and site sold to a businessman in Visue: António da Silva. [ 1 ] On 13 November 1835, in an ordinance, signed by Minister Silva Carvalho, the bell and clock were given to the Santa Casa da Misericórdia of Mangualde. [ 1 ] Two years later, in 1837, the redoubt was incorporated into the municipality of Mangualde. [ 1 ] The documents from the extinct convent, deposited in the seminary in Viseu were destroyed after a fire. [ 1 ] On 31 July 1845, the Irmandade das Almas ( Brotherhood of Souls ) in Mangualde, purchase two lateral altarpieces and a painting of the "Fuga para o Egipto" ( Flight into Egypt ) for 48$000 réis. [ 1 ] Republic [ edit ] After the mismanagement of various property-owners and the Rosada family from Tibaldinho, which almost left it in ruins, the monastery was bought by António Jorge Ferreira, on 22 Abril 1965, for 728.720$00 réis. [ 1 ] During a municipal council session, on 15 May 1978, a proposal to classify various properties in Mangualde, including the monastery, was debated. [ 1 ] A petition was sent to the Director General of Cultural Patrimony ( Portuguese : Director Geral do Património Cultural ) on 16 May, requesting that the monastery be classified as a property of public interest ( Portuguese : Imóvel de Interesse Público ). [ 1 ] Throughout the 20th century several minor projects were completed to stabilize the previous damage: a new door was completed for the church; a cement staircase was added to the principal facade; a partial repair, in cement, of the right, lateral facade was completed; and the opening of new access-ways were undertaken. [ 1 ] Yet, it would not be until the 10 August 1998, before the Ministry of Culture ( Portuguese : Ministro da Cultura ) re-classified the building as a National Monument ( Portuguese : Monumento Nacional ). [ 1 ] In July 2006, a risk assessment of the structure was completed by the Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (DGEMN) . [ 1 ] Architecture [ edit ] The monastery is located five kilometres from the centre of the municipal seat of Mangualde , accessed from the Estrada Nacional E.N.16 at the 105.6 kilometres marker, in the village of Vila Garcia, then by the municipal road 1441, along a dirt road towards the Moinhos do Dão. [ 1 ] Santa Maria is located in an isolated, rural landscape, situated on a fertile valley of the Dão River . It is set between the Serra de Santo António dos Cabaços and the Serra de Fagilde, relatively close to the settlement of Vila Garcia. [ 1 ] The old monastery has been transformed into the largest wine-producing vineyard in the region, and utilizes many of the principal buildings, constructed in various epochs. [ 1 ] The outside facade is distinguished by a supposedly medieval tower, but some authors opine that it is late-medieval, corroborated by the portico, beveled edges, and a frame formed by staves forming the arch. The monastery is accessible by a staircase on its left lateral façade. [ 1 ] A wall intersects the valley, orientated east to west, crossed by the Ribeira dos Frades (with the same orientation), consisting of three hills: to the east, a steep incline, is the highest point; on the northern slope, a softer topography, with terraces; and in the south, an area of cultivation. [ 1 ] Along the floodplain of the valley, is the main convent, with the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Cabeça along the eastern slope, with scattered agricultural and residential buildings, as well as the property owner's residence, that includes irrigation tanks around the religious building. The main fence is crossed by two dirt roads, north to south, in some areas sloping, as well as a partially paved road, that crosses the Ribeira dos Frades. [ 1 ] In the steepest point on the property, occupying a third of the property, is a pine forest, leading to terraced vineyards (occupying the middle third of the land), punctuated by olive trees. [ 1 ] Access to the monastery is made the western access, dotted by wayside shrines and terminated by a stone cross. [ 1 ] Monastery [ edit ] Located at the end of the dirt road, the monastery is an irregular rectangular plan, composed of various articulated bodies, that includes the convent dependencies, a church to the left entrance and a tower, with tile-covered roofs. [ 1 ] Church [ edit ] The main church has a longitudinal plan, composed of an elliptical nave, rectangular presbytery , with chamfered interior angles, forming polygons, divided in two parts: a rectangular tower and, opposite it, an addorsed sacristy . [ 1 ] The facades in limestone, are partially constructed with granite masonry and decorated with cornices and awnings. The west wall has a convex profile, with straight gable, dominated by a main portal with a decorated facade cut with ornated curves and cornices that frames a Portuguese escudo ( shield ), surmounted by a closed crown. Over the portico is a large rectangular window, with salient frame, topped by arch in brick. [ 1 ] The windows are flanked and topped by semi-circular niches, each with an arch over Tuscan pilasters with triangular gables. To the left of the entrance is a rectangular bell-tower, topped by conical spire, with facets marked by pillar wedges and topped by three-stage pinnacles defined by friezes and cornices. [ 1 ] The four-bell belfrey is composed of Roman arches presented in salient limestone. [ 1 ] References [ edit ] Notes
1,173	1.5300°E	52.0936°N	Orford Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orford_Castle	10,731	United Kingdom	Grade I listed historic house museum in Suffolk Coastal, United Kingdom Orford Castle Suffolk , England The keep of Orford Castle Orford Castle Coordinates 52°05′37″N 1°31′48″E / 52.0936°N 1.5300°E / 52.0936; 1.5300 Grid reference grid reference TM419498 Type Keep and bailey Site information Owner English Heritage Open to the public Yes Condition Keep remains Site history Materials Caen stone , mudstone , coralline , Northamptonshire limestone Orford Castle is a castle in Orford in the English county of Suffolk , 12 miles (19 km) northeast of Ipswich , with views over Orford Ness . It was built between 1165 and 1173 by Henry II of England to consolidate royal power in the region. The well-preserved keep , described by historian R. Allen Brown as "one of the most remarkable keeps in England", is of a unique design and probably based on Byzantine architecture . The keep stands within the earth-bank remains of the castle's outer fortifications. History [ edit ] 12th century [ edit ] The honour of Eye was a landholding that included Orford and at various points was under royal control. In 1156, Henry II granted the honour to Lord Chancellor Thomas Becket and confiscated it in 1162 when the then Archbishop of Canterbury came into conflict with the king and fled to France. [ 1 ] Prior to the building of Orford Castle, Suffolk was dominated by the Bigod family, who held the title of the Earl of Norfolk and owned key castles at Framlingham , Bungay , Walton and Thetford . [ 2 ] Hugh Bigod had been one of a group of dissenting barons during the Anarchy in the reign of King Stephen , and Henry II wished to re-establish royal influence across the region. [ 3 ] Henry confiscated the four castles from Hugh, but returned Framlingham and Bungay to Hugh in 1165. [ 4 ] Henry then decided to build his own royal castle at Orford, near Framlingham, and construction work began in 1165, concluding in 1173. [ 5 ] The Orford site was around 2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea, lying on flat ground with swampy terrain slowly stretching away down to the river Ore , about 1 ⁄ 2 mile (0.80 km) away. [ 6 ] The construction of Orford Castle may also have been motivated by the prospect Becket's return from exile in France with armed support. [ 7 ] External audio A tale of two castles: The Bigods, royal rebellions and Framlingham and Orford Castles , The English Heritage Podcast The design of the keep was unique, and has been termed "one of the most remarkable keeps in England" by historian R. Allen Brown. [ 8 ] The 90-foot-high (27-metre) central tower was circular in cross-section with three rectangular, clasping towers built out from the 49-foot-wide (15-metre) structure. [ 9 ] The tower was based on a precise set of proportions, its various dimensions following the one-to-the-root-of-two ratio found in many English churches of the period. [ 10 ] Much of the interior is built with high-quality ashlar stonework, with broad, 5-foot-6-inch-wide (1.7-metre) staircases. [ 11 ] The best chambers were designed to catch the early morning sun, whilst the various parts of the keep were draught-proofed with doors and carefully designed windows. [ 12 ] Originally the roof of the keep, above the upper hall, would have formed a domed effect, with a tall steeple above that. [ 13 ] The chapel above the entrance to the keep was unusually shaped; historian Stephen Brindle suggests that such a design "would not normally have been thought seemly for a room dedicated to the service of God". [ 14 ] The keep was surrounded by a curtain wall with probably four flanking towers and a fortified gatehouse protecting a relatively small bailey; these outer defences, rather than the keep, probably represented the main defences of the castle. [ 15 ] The marshes nearby were drained, turning the village of Orford into a sheltered port. The castle, including the surrounding ditch, palisade and stone bridge, cost £1,413 to build, the work possibly being conducted by the master mason Alnoth. [ 16 ] Some of the timbers were brought from as far away as Scarborough , and the detailed stonework being carved from limestone from Caen in Normandy , the remainder of the stone being variously local mudstone and coralline , as well as limestone from Northamptonshire. [ 17 ] The basement would have been used for storage in the medieval period. It contains a well and a sink, built into one of the walls. The corbels around the upper hall originally supported the domed ceiling. The chapel on the first mezzanine The design of the keep has attracted much historical interest. [ 18 ] Traditional explanations for its unusual plan argued that the castle was a transitional military design, combining both the circular features of later castles with the square angled buttresses of earlier Norman fortifications. [ 18 ] More recent scholarship has critiqued this explanation. [ 19 ] The design of the Orford keep is hard to justify in military terms, as the buttresses created additional blind spots for the defenders, whilst the chambers and staircase in the corners weakened the walls against attack. [ 19 ] Square Norman keeps continued to be built after Orford, whilst Henry II was aware of fully circular castle designs before building the keep. [ 19 ] A round keep was constructed at New Buckenham, Norfolk, in 1146, for example. [ 20 ] Historians have therefore questioned to what extent the design can be seen as legitimately transitional. [ 19 ] Instead, historians now believe that the design of Orford Castle was instead probably driven by political symbolism. Architectural historian Sandy Heslop argues that the plain, simple elegance of the architecture would, for mid-12th-century nobility, have summoned up images of King Arthur, who was then widely believed to have had Roman or Greek links. [ 21 ] The banded, angular features of the keep resembled the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople , then the idealised image of imperial power, and the keep as a whole, including the roof, may have been based on a hall that had been recently built in Constantinople by John II Komnenos . [ 22 ] Plan of the Orford Castle keep 13th to 19th centuries [ edit ] Watercolour of Orford Castle in 1600, by John Norden By the start of the 13th century, royal authority over Suffolk had been firmly established, after Henry II crushed the Bigods in the revolt of 1173–1174 , Orford being heavily garrisoned during the conflict, with 20 knights being based there. [ 23 ] Upon the collapse of the rebellion, Henry ordered the permanent confiscation of Framlingham Castle. The political importance of Orford Castle diminished after Henry's death in 1189, although the port of Orford grew in importance, however, handling more trade than the more famous port of Ipswich by the beginning of the century. [ 24 ] The castle was captured by Prince Louis of France who invaded England in 1216 at the invitation of the English barons who were disillusioned with King John. [ 4 ] John Fitz-Robert became the governor of the royal castle under the young Henry III , followed by Hubert de Burgh . [ 25 ] Under Edward I governorship of the castle was given to the de Valoines family , and it passed by marriage to Robert de Ufford , the 1st Earl of Suffolk , who was granted it in perpetuity by Edward III in 1336. [ 25 ] The Uffords modernised the castle, adding glass to the windows and installing wood panelling in various rooms. Despite these changes to make Orford more comfortable, Brindle suggests the earl and his family would only have used the castle occasionally as earl's large household would have needed more space. [ 26 ] No longer a royal castle, Orford was passed on through the Willoughby, Stanhope and Devereux families, whilst the surrounding economy of Orford went into decline. [ 25 ] The estuary of the River Ore silted up and the Orford Ness spit increased, making the harbour access more difficult, resulting in a decline in trade, reducing the importance of the castle as the centre of local government. [ 24 ] The castle descended to Michael Stanhope , who commissioned John Norden to carry out a survey of his family's estates. The earliest surviving depiction of the castle dates from this survey. Stanhope built a new home at Sudbourne in 1604 and 1605, and in doing so probably reused stone from Orford Castle. [ 27 ] Orford Castle and surrounding earthworks The castle and surrounding lands were bought by the Seymour-Conway family in 1754. [ 25 ] By the late 18th century only the north wall of the bailey survived and the roof and upper floors of the keep had badly decayed, and Francis Seymour-Conway , the 2nd Marquess of Hertford, proposed destroying the building in 1805. [ 28 ] He was prevented from doing so by the government, on the grounds that the keep formed a valuable landmark for ships approaching from Holland , wishing to avoid the nearby sandbanks. [ 29 ] Francis's son, also called Francis , undertook conservation efforts in 1831, installing a new, relatively flat, lead roof and a replacement upper floor. [ 30 ] Francis furnished the top of the keep for use as an apartment by guests. [ 29 ] By the 1840s, however, all of the surrounding bailey wall and mural towers had almost vanished, having been quarried for stone, and the foundations could only just be seen. [ 31 ] Modern period [ edit ] The Imperial War Museum has a collection of photographs titled "Invasion Village" series, showing life in Orford during WWII. 2km 1.2miles N O R T H S E A Jetty 'Pagodas' Orford Ness National Nature Reserve Orfordness Beacon transmitting station Havergate Island (RSPB) Cobra Mist R i v e r A l d e R i v e r O r e Lighthouse Castle Orford Ness, Suffolk, showing locations of main sites. [ 32 ] Sir Arthur Churchman bought Orford Castle in 1928 and gave the property to the Orford Town Trust; an appeal for money to maintain and restore it began shortly afterwards. In 1930 the castle opened to the public. [ 33 ] During the Second World War the castle was refortified with barbed wire to form what was originally intended to be an anti-aircraft emplacement , with Nissen huts erected around the keep. [ 34 ] The castle was instead used as a radar emplacement, and a concrete floor was installed in the south-east tower to support the equipment. [ 35 ] These buildings were removed at the end of the conflict. [ 34 ] The Ministry of Information took a series of propaganda photographs around Orford dubbed "Invasion Village"; as well as showing life in the village, the images contrasted the old fortification with new defences to demonstrate that heritage was under threat. [ 36 ] Orford Castle was given to the Ministry of Works in 1962, and is now maintained by English Heritage . [ 37 ] The first guidebook to the site was published two years later, written by R. Allen Brown. Later guidebooks were written by Derek Renn (1988), John Rhodes (2003), and Stephen Brindle (2018). [ 38 ] [ 39 ] The keep of the castle is the only part of the structure remaining intact, although the earthwork remains of the bailey wall are still visible. Some of the ditches visible amongst the earthworks are not medieval but results of later quarrying of the bailey walls. [ 35 ] Archaeological work to interpret the surrounding environment has continued, most recently during 2002 to 2003. [ 40 ] The castle is a scheduled monument and a Grade I listed building. [ 35 ] The finale of the 1968 film Witchfinder General was shot in the castle. The filmmakers were required to shoot at night because the Ministry of Works said that they were mandated to keep it open to the public during the day. [ 41 ] While maintained by English Heritage, the castle also houses Orford Museum. The museum moved into the castle in 2005, and is housed in the upper hall. It had been without a venue since 1998. [ 42 ] The Orford Museum Trust has created exhibits in there featuring displays of archaeological artefacts found locally. [ 43 ] In the 21st century, English Heritage began a programme of conservation to stem the decay of the mudstone, also known as septaria , used to build the castle. The stone had been weathering since at least the 16th century, and in 2008 English Heritage began trialling different means of preserving the stone. After various trials, in 2022 a £1 million project was undertaken to cover the castle in lime render . [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Wild Man of Orford [ edit ] Orford Castle is associated with the legend of the Wild Man of Orford. According to the chronicler Ralph of Coggeshall , a naked wild man , covered in hair, was caught in the nets of local fishermen around 1167. [ 46 ] The man was brought back to the castle where he was held for six months, being questioned or tortured. He said nothing and behaved in a feral fashion throughout. [ 47 ] The wild man finally escaped from the castle. [ 47 ] Later accounts described him as a merman , and the incident appears to have encouraged the growth in "wild men" carvings on local baptismal fonts —around twenty such fonts from the later medieval period exist in coastal areas of Suffolk and Norfolk, near Orford. [ 46 ] See also [ edit ] Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of castles in England Conisbrough Castle References [ edit ]
1,175	15.2264°E	44.1161°N	Church of Saint Chrysogonus, Zadar	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Chrysogonus,_Zadar	1,482	Unknown	Church in Zadar, Croatia Church of St. Chrysogonus Crkva sv. Krševana Location Zadar , Croatia Denomination Roman Catholic History Consecrated 1175 Administration Archdiocese Archdiocese of Zadar Part of a series on the Catholic Church in Croatia Baptistry of Višeslav History History of the Catholic Church in Croatia History of Croatia–Holy See relations Historical dioceses Diocese of Dubrovnik Diocese of Ston Archdiocese of Zadar Archdiocese of Split Diocese of Šibenik Diocese of Nin Historical people Gregory of Nin Markantun de Dominis Ruđer Josip Bošković Josip Juraj Strossmayer Anton Mahnič Franjo Šeper Franjo Kuharić Historical sacral architecture Church in Nin Church in Cetina Church of St Donatus Organisation Episcopal Conference of Croatia Dioceses ( list ) Archdioceses Zagreb , Split-Makarska , Rijeka , Đakovo-Osijek , Zadar Other Military Ordinariate of Croatia Apostolic Nunciature Schools Archdiocesan Gymnasium Zagreb Pontifical Croatian College Catholic University of Croatia Theology in Zagreb Political Croatian Catholic movement Media Croatian Catholic Radio IKA Laudato Ordinaries Pope Francis Archbishops Dražen Kutleša Đuro Hranić Ivan Devčić Želimir Puljić Milan Zgrablić Bishops Milan Stipić Bože Radoš Vlado Košić Vjekoslav Huzjak Antun Škvorčević Đuro Gašparović Zdenko Križić Ivica Petanjak Ivan Štironja Roko Glasnović Ranko Vidović Rrok Gjonlleshaj Tomislav Rogić Jure Bogdan Canonized people Saints St. Leopold Mandić St. Nicholas Tavelic St. Marko Krizin Beatified bl. Aloysius Stepinac bl. Marija Petković bl. Ivan Merz bl. Augustin Kažotić bl. Miroslav Bulešić Cathedrals Zagreb Đakovo Split Šibenik Zadar Trogir Churches & shrines St. Michael's Church Euphrasian Basilica Church of Saint Chrysogonus Shrines Marija Bistrica Our Lady of Sinj St. Joseph, Karlovac Orders Franciscans Province of the Most Holy Redeemer Province of St. Jerome Province of Saints Cyril and Methodius Dominicans Croatian Dominican Province Carmelites Province of Saint Joseph the Father Jesuits Province of the Society of Jesus Salesians Province of Saint Don Bosco Marian apparition Ilača apparitions Controversies Clergy in NDH Krunoslav Draganović Aloysius Stepinac Ivo Protulipac Catholicism portal v t e The Church of St. Chrysogonus ( Croatian : Crkva sv. Krševana ) is a Roman Catholic church located in Zadar , Croatia , named after Saint Chrysogonus , the patron saint of the city. The Romanesque church was consecrated by Lampridius , Archbishop of Zadar , in 1175. Built at the site of a Roman emporium, it replaced the Church of Saint Anthony the Hermit and is the only remaining part of a large medieval Benedictine abbey. In 1387, Elizabeth of Bosnia , the murdered queen dowager of Hungary and Dalmatia, was secretly buried in the church, where her body remained for three years until being moved to the Székesfehérvár Basilica . The construction of a bell tower began in 1485, but was abandoned in 1546 and never finished. Sources [ edit ] Crkva Sv. Krševana Archived 2014-04-01 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian) External links [ edit ] St Chrysogonus’ Church 44°06′58″N 15°13′35″E / 44.1161°N 15.2264°E / 44.1161; 15.2264
1,175	1.0025°W	51.272°N	St Swithun's Church, Nately Scures	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Swithun%27s_Church,_Nately_Scures	1	United Kingdom	Church Nately Scures Parish Church St Swithun’s, Nately Scures, Hampshire Denomination Church of England Churchmanship Broad church History Dedication St Swithun Architecture Style Norman Administration Province Hampshire Diocese Winchester Parish Anglican United Parish Clergy Priest(s) Reverend Jane Leese Laity Churchwarden(s) Mrs Monica Wardrop and Mrs Gillian Rendall St Swithun's Church is the smallest ancient Church of England parish church in the English county of Hampshire . Newnham and Nately Scures are part of the Anglican United Parish which includes: Greywell , Mapledurwell and Up Nately , which in turn are covenanted with a further seven churches in the area. History [ edit ] St Swithun's from the south west The Church was built of flint and rubble around 1175. It is considered to be the best largely unspoilt example of a Norman single-cell apsidal church in England. There are only four examples remaining in the UK . A gallery was installed in 1591 and rebuilt together with the roof in 1786. Binstead stone forms the door and window dressings. Services [ edit ] Services normally take place in each of the churches within the United Parish including St Swithun's twice per month. The church is never locked by day. Burials [ edit ] General The 1st Baron Dorchester Colonel Thomas Carleton Lieutenant-General Sir Christopher Wallace Violet Edith Potter External links [ edit ] St Swithun's Church Nately Scures England - Showing Memorial for Guy Carleton, Governor of Quebec, and Thomas Carleton, Governor of New Brunswick 51°16′19″N 1°00′09″W / 51.272°N 1.0025°W / 51.272; -1.0025
1,175	11.9125°E	55.0072222222°N	Vordingborg Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vordingborg_Castle	3,205	Denmark	Goose tower The Vordingborg Castle ruins ( Vordingborg Slotsruin ) are located in the town of Vordingborg, Denmark and are the town's most famous attraction. [ 1 ] History [ edit ] Gåsetårnet i Vordingborg Johan Thomas Lundbye (1842) The castle was built in 1175 by King Valdemar I of Denmark as a defensive fortress, and as a base from which to launch raids against the German coast. His half-brother built another castle in a remote location, which is now Copenhagen . King Valdemar II similarly used the castle for expansion into the Baltic, and in 1241, it was where he created the reformed legal system, the Code of Jutland . By the time of King Valdemar IV , the castle had nine towers and a defensive wall, 800 metres long. Large parts of the castle were demolished after the Swedish wars had ended, in order to construct a palace for Prince George , son of King Frederick III . The prince never took up residence, and the palace too was demolished in the 18th century. Three manors were constructed nearby, including Iselingen, which became a meeting place for many leading artists and scientists during the 19th century. [ 2 ] Current usage [ edit ] View from Castle walls Today Vordingborg Castle is a ruin, although parts of the fourteenth century ring walls remain. The only fully preserved part of the castle, the 26 meter tall Goose Tower ( Gåsetårnet ), is the symbol of the city. The name comes from the golden goose that perches on top of the tower's spire. Although legend has it that Valdemar Atterdag used the symbol to taunt the Hanseatic League , the truth is the goose was first erected in 1871. The tower was transferred into the national trust on December 24, 1808, and was thus the first, protected historic monument in Denmark. [ 3 ] Next to the castle is a botanical garden and also a museum. A larger museum is planned which will include information on all of Denmark's historical castles. Excavations of the castle ruins continue. Regular archaeological digs take place here. Many of the finds are displayed in the exhibition at the Danish Castle Centre ( Danmarks Borgcenter ). In 2004, the National Bank of Denmark issued a 20 DKK commemorative coin for the tower. [ 4 ] See also [ edit ] List of castles and palaces in Denmark Tourism in Denmark Goose Tower Spire Castle Ruins References [ edit ]
1,177	1.6105°W	54.9688°N	The Castle, Newcastle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castle,_Newcastle	32,981	United Kingdom	11th-century English castle The Castle, Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle Castle Keep , with a railway viaduct behind at left The Castle, Newcastle Shown within Tyne and Wear Coordinates 54°58′08″N 1°36′38″W / 54.9688°N 1.6105°W / 54.9688; -1.6105 Type Norman Site history Built 1177 Built by Henry II The Castle, Newcastle , or Newcastle Castle is a medieval fortification in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , built on the site of the fortress that gave the City of Newcastle its name. The most prominent remaining structures on the site are the Castle Keep (the castle's main fortified stone tower, pictured below right), and the Black Gate, its fortified gatehouse . Use of the site for defensive purposes dates from Roman times, when it housed a fort and settlement called Pons Aelius (meaning 'bridge of (Publius) Aelius (Hadrianus)' - the Roman emperor Hadrian ), guarding a bridge over the River Tyne . Robert Curthose , eldest son of William the Conqueror , in 1080 built a wooden motte and bailey style castle on the site of the Roman fort. Curthose built this 'New Castle upon Tyne' after he returned south from a campaign against Malcolm III of Scotland . Henry II built the stone Castle Keep between 1172 and 1177 on the site of Curthose's castle. Henry III added the Black Gate between 1247 and 1250. Nothing remains above ground of the Roman fort or the original motte and bailey castle. The Keep is a Grade I listed building , and a Scheduled Ancient Monument . The Castle Keep and Black Gate pre-date the construction of the Newcastle town wall , construction of which started around 1265, and did not include it. The site of the keep is in the centre of Newcastle and lies to the east of Newcastle station . The 75-foot (23 m) gap between the keep and the gatehouse is almost entirely filled by the railway viaduct that carries the East Coast Main Line from Newcastle to Scotland . The keep and Black Gate are now managed by the Old Newcastle Project under the Heart of the City Partnership as one combined visitor attraction, "Newcastle Castle". Early history [ edit ] In the mid-2nd century, the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at the place where Newcastle now stands. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of the Emperor Hadrian , who instigated the building of Hadrian's Wall along the Tyne-Solway Gap. [ 1 ] The Romans built a fort to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge. [ 2 ] Hadrian's Wall crossed from west to east just north of the Roman fort, somewhere between the two medieval stone monuments of Newcastle Castle and Newcastle Cathedral . It is thought likely that the Wall descended (or ascended) the sloping street called the Side, [ 3 ] just to the north of the Black Gate of the castle, described below. [ 4 ] At some unknown time in the Anglo-Saxon age, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester, suggesting a monastery at a location still unknown. In the late 7th century, a cemetery was established on the site of the Roman fort. [ 2 ] Norman castle [ edit ] In 1080, the Norman king, William I , sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose , north to defend the kingdom against the Scots . After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. [ 1 ] This was of the " motte-and-bailey " type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). [ 5 ] In 1095, Robert de Mowbray , Earl of Northumbria , rose up against William Rufus and Rufus sent an army north to crush the revolt and to capture the castle. [ 1 ] From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. [ 5 ] New stone castle [ edit ] The unrestored castle in 1814. A view of the ornately-carved castle chapel in 1814. Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, commissioned in 1168, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,144. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The master mason or architect, Maurice, also built Dover Castle . The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III . [ 6 ] During the civil wars at the end of King John's reign, it was under the control of Philip of Oldcoates . [ 7 ] Additional protection to the castle was provided late in the 13th century when stone walls were constructed, with towers, to enclose the town. The safety provided by the town walls led to the neglect of the fabric of the castle. In 1589, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I the castle was described as being ruinous. [ 8 ] From the early 17th century onward, this situation was made worse by the construction of shops and houses on much of the site. [ 8 ] English Civil War [ edit ] In 1643, during the English Civil War , the Royalist Mayor of Newcastle, Sir John Marley, repaired the keep and probably also refortified the castle. In 1644 the Scottish army crossed the border in support of the Parliamentarians and the Scottish troops besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison surrendered. The town walls were extensively damaged and the final forces to surrender on 19 October 1644 did so from the Castle keep. [ 9 ] During the 16th to the 18th century, the keep was used as a prison. By 1800, there were a large number of houses within the boundaries of the castle. [ 10 ] Nineteenth century [ edit ] The Black Gate and Castle Keep circa 1890–1900, showing the mid nineteenth century railway viaduct bisecting the site. The slum buildings to the rear of the Black Gate have since been demolished. In 1809, Newcastle Corporation bought the keep and provided it with a new roof and battlements. [ 11 ] In addition the private dwellings within the castle boundaries were demolished. The keep was restored in 1810, 1812 and 1848. [ 12 ] In the mid 19th century the arrival of the railway in Newcastle led to a large viaduct being constructed to the north of the keep, crossing the site of the castle. As a result, only the keep and the Black Gate now remain. [ 10 ] Twentieth century [ edit ] Newcastle Keep in 1991 The keep was restored between the 1960s and 1980s when crumbling outside stonework was replaced and the interior cleaned. [ 12 ] The Black Gate [ edit ] The Black Gate, a barbican that became the main castle entrance, seen from the west. An external lift has now been added on its north side (out of shot to the left behind the gateway) to improve access. The road at left is the Side, on the probable line of Hadrian's Wall . The "Black Gate" was added to Newcastle Castle between 1247 and 1250, forming an additional barbican in front of the earlier north gate of the castle. [ 4 ] It consisted of two towers with a passage running between them. On either side of the passage was a vaulted guardroom. There was a drawbridge at the front (facing west) and another at the rear. There was also a portcullis which could be raised and lowered to seal the entrance passage. [ 13 ] The original building would probably have had a flat roof, but in 1618 James I leased the gatehouse to a courtier, Alexander Stephenson. Stephenson substantially altered the gatehouse, rebuilding the upper floors. Stephenson then let the Black Gate out to various tenants, one of whom was a merchant, named Patrick Black. It was he who gave his name to the Black Gate. [ 14 ] Back of the Black Gate Eventually houses were built along both sides of the passageway, and one part of the building became a public house . By the early part of the nineteenth century, the Black Gate had become a slum tenement , housing up to sixty people. [ 14 ] The Black Gate was leased to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne in the 1880s, which extensively restored it between 1883 and 1885. [ 4 ] It was the Society that added the top floor and pitched roof. The Society had a museum and held regular meetings there until relatively recently; the Bagpipe Museum that was there was moved north to become the Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum in 1987. The drawbridges to the front and rear of the Black Gate have been replaced by wooden footbridges. [ 14 ] Current building [ edit ] The keep as viewed from Newcastle station's island platform. The iconic steam locomotive 60163 Tornado stands to the left. The Keep is a Grade I listed building , and a Scheduled Ancient Monument . It is a roughly square building, measuring 62 feet (19 m) by 56 feet (17 m) and 81 feet (25 m) tall. The entrance leads via flights of stairs to the second floor and into the Great Hall, the largest room in the keep, measuring 30 feet (9.1 m) by 24 feet (7.3 m). The Black Gate was approached via a drawbridge across a moat. A wooden bridge has replaced the drawbridge. The original gate had a portcullis , and the recesses where this fitted can still be seen. The keep is currently owned by Newcastle City Council and managed by the Heart of the City Partnership. [ 15 ] The Castle Keep can be visited today. The keep is also notable in having the main East Coast railway line running through the centre of the grounds. In particular, the battlements offer fine views over the River Tyne quayside, the cathedral and Newcastle station . The castle is reputedly haunted, and has been subject to many paranormal investigations. It featured in an episode of Most Haunted . [ 16 ] The Castle Keep and the Black Gate have recently been refurbished by the Heart of the City partnership, and reopened on 21 March 2015 as Newcastle Castle. In addition to improved accessibility via an external lift to the Black Gate, new additions include an education centre, reception/gift shop and museum room in the Black Gate and audio-visual installations in the Castle Keep, telling the story of the site and the people who have lived there over the centuries. [ 17 ] See also [ edit ] Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of castles in England Newcastle Castle, Bridgend References [ edit ] Notes
1,177	12.3365°E	45.4366°N	San Salvador, Venice	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador,_Venice	6,311	Italy	Church in San Marco, Venice Church of San Salvador Face of San Salvador Religion Affiliation Roman Catholic Province Venice Location Location Venice , Italy Shown within Venice Show map of Venice San Salvador, Venice (Italy) Show map of Italy Geographic coordinates 45°26′12″N 12°20′11″E / 45.4366°N 12.3365°E / 45.4366; 12.3365 Architecture Architect(s) Giuseppe Sardi (facade) Type Church Style Baroque , Renaissance Completed 1663 (facade) The Chiesa di San Salvatore (of the Holy Savior) is a church in Venice , northern Italy . Known in Venetian as San Salvador , is located on the Campo San Salvador, along the Merceria , the main shopping street of Venice. The church was first consecrated in 1177 by Pope Alexander III shortly after his reconciliation with Emperor Frederick Barbarossa at nearby San Marco . The present church, however, was begun in around 1508 by Giorgio Spavento and continued after his death the following year by Tullio Lombardo , Vincenzo Scamozzi and possibly Jacopo Sansovino . They built a large hall church, formed from three Greek crosses placed end to end. Each has a dome with a lantern to let light into the cavernous interior. The facade was added in 1663 by Giuseppe Sardi . Adjoining the church is the former monastery , now the offices of the telephone company, which still contain Sansovino's magnificent cloisters . San Salvador is the parish church of a parish in the Vicariate of San Marco-Castello. Other churches in the parish are San Bartolomeo and San Zulian . San Salvador is a small, but still-active religious, cultural and social centre. [ 1 ] Below the left column on the facade there is a cannonball embedded in the base of the column. It derived from a bombardment in 1849 by Austrian forces in the port of Marghera , of the independent republic which had been proclaimed by Daniele Manin . Embedded cannonball in Facade. Inside Polychrome marble mosaic Altarpiece and main altar Works of art [ edit ] Jacopo Sansovino (tomb of Francesco Venier on the south wall). Titian ( Annunciation on the south wall and Transfiguration , the altarpiece of the high altar). Francesco Vecellio (paintings on organ doors; frescoes in tomb in floor in front of high altar). Alessandro Vittoria (altar on north wall, with statues of St. Roch and St. Sebastian). Giulio Angolo del Moro Savior in Monument of Andrea Dolfin. Francesco Venier's monument Titian ( Annunciation Organ Resurrection by Francesco Vecellio Transfiguration by Francesco Vecellio St. Roch by Alessandro Vittoria St. Sebastian by Alessandro Vittoria Savior by Giulio del Moro Funerary monuments [ edit ] Caterina Cornaro (d.1510) (Queen of Cyprus ). Andrea Dolfin Doge Gerolamo Priuli Doge Lorenzo Priuli Doge Francesco Venier (d.1556). See also [ edit ] History of early modern period domes External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Salvador (Venice) . Satellite image from Google Maps Church of San Salvador
1,178	5.18694°E	43.92833°N	Sénanque Abbey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nanque_Abbey	12,487	France	Abbey located in Vaucluse, France Abbey with lavender fields Sénanque Abbey ( Occitan : abadiá de Senhanca , French : Abbaye Notre-Dame de Sénanque ) is a Cistercian abbey near the village of Gordes in the département of the Vaucluse in Provence , France . First foundation [ edit ] It was founded in 1148 under the patronage of Alfant , bishop of Cavaillon , and Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona , Count of Provence , by Cistercian monks who came from Mazan Abbey in the Ardèche . Temporary huts housed the first community of impoverished monks. By 1152 the community already had so many members that Sénanque was able to found Chambons Abbey , in the diocese of Viviers . Apse of the abbey church The young community found patrons in the seigneurs of Simiane , whose support enabled them to build the abbey church, consecrated in 1178. Other structures at Sénanque followed, laid out according to the rule of Cîteaux Abbey , mother house of the Cistercians. Among its existing structures, famed examples of Romanesque architecture , are the abbey church, cloister , dormitory, chapter house and the small calefactory , the one heated space in the austere surroundings, so that the monks could write, for this was their scriptorium . A refectory was added in the 17th century, when some minimal rebuilding of existing walls was undertaken, but the abbey is a remarkably untouched survival, of rare beauty and severity: the capitals of the paired columns in the cloister arcades are reduced to the simplest leaf forms, not to offer sensual distraction. The abbey church is in the form of a tau cross with an apse projecting beyond the abbey's outer walls. Somewhat unusually, its liturgical east end faces north, as the narrow and secluded valley offered no space for the conventional arrangement. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Sénanque reached its apogee, operating four mills, seven granges and possessing large estates in Provence . In 1509, when the first abbot in commendam was named, a sure sign of the decline of vocation, the community at Sénanque had shrunk to about a dozen. During the Wars of Religion the quarters for the lay brothers were destroyed and the abbey was ransacked by Huguenots . At the French Revolution the abbey's lands were nationalised , the one remaining monk was expelled and Sénanque itself was sold to a private individual. Second foundation [ edit ] The site was repurchased in 1854 for a new community of Cistercian monks of the Immaculate Conception, under a rule less stringent than that of the Trappists . The community was expelled in 1903 and departed to the Order's headquarters, Lérins Abbey on the island of St. Honorat, near Cannes . A small community returned in 1988 as a priory of Lérins. The monks who live at Sénanque grow lavender (visible in front of the abbey, illustration, right ) and tend honey bees for their livelihood. It is possible for individuals to arrange to stay at the abbey for spiritual retreat. Two other early Cistercian abbeys in Provence are Silvacane Abbey and Le Thoronet Abbey ; with Sénanque, they are sometimes referred to as the "Three Sisters of Provence" ( "les trois soeurs provençales" ). Gallery [ edit ] Global view on the site of Sénanque Abbey The dormitory of the monks. The inner cloister of the abbey. References [ edit ] Dimier, Père Anselme, 1982: L'art cistercien . Editions Zodiaque: La Pierre-qui-Vire. (in French) Fleischhauer, Carsten, 2003: Die Baukunst der Zisterzienser in der Provence: Sénanque - Le Thoronet - Silvacane. . Abteilung Architekturgeschichte des Kunsthistorischen Instituts der Universität zu Köln. Cologne University. (in German) Morin-Sauvade, Hélène & Fleischhauer, Carsten, 2002: Sénanque . Editions Zodiaque: Paris. (in French) External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sénanque Abbey . Sénanque Abbey Web site (in French) Catholic Encyclopedia : Sénanque Gallery of images and groundplan Edmond M. Obrecht: "The abbey of Sénanque", bibliography . (in Polish) Photos of Senanque Abbey 43°55′42″N 5°11′13″E / 43.92833°N 5.18694°E / 43.92833; 5.18694 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel Geographic Mérimée Structurae Other IdRef
1,179	10.92611°E	44.64639°N	Torre della Ghirlandina	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_della_Ghirlandina	4,658	Italy	For the tower in Pavia , see Torre Civica (Pavia) . For the tower in Varese , see Torre Civica (Varese) . UNESCO World Heritage Site in Emilia-Romagna, Italy Torre Civica UNESCO World Heritage Site The Ghirlandina Location Modena , Province of Modena , Emilia-Romagna , Italy Part of Cathedral , Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena Criteria Cultural: (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) Reference 827 Inscription 1997 (21st Session ) Coordinates 44°38′47″N 10°55′34″E / 44.64639°N 10.92611°E / 44.64639; 10.92611 Location of Torre della Ghirlandina in Emilia-Romagna Show map of Emilia-Romagna Torre della Ghirlandina (Italy) Show map of Italy The Torre della Ghirlandina or simply Ghirlandina is the bell tower of the Cathedral of Modena , in Emilia-Romagna , Italy . Standing at 86.12 metres, the tower is the traditional symbol of Modena , being visible from all directions outside the city. The structure was set up in 1179 on five floors, initially called Torre di San Geminiano . To compete with Bologna 's towers, the Comune added the characteristic octagonal cusp, designed by Arrigo da Campione, one of the numerous masters from Campione who took part in the cathedral's renovation in the 13th-15th centuries. The top of the tower is decorated with two ghirlande (two marble railings), whence the name. In the interior, the Sala della Secchia room (with 15th-century frescoes) is home of a copy of the depiction of the Secchia rapita , a memory of the tower's former role as treasury of the Modenese Comune. Also notable are the sculpted capitals in the Sala dei Torresani hall, in the fifth floor. The five bells are tuned in C major, cast during the Renaissance period. It also has a stand for the oaken bucket from the War of the Bucket . Restoration [ edit ] The tower underwent a restoration started in December 2007. At the beginning it was said it would be finished by the year 2010, but restoration work lasted till September 2011. During the work, the scaffolding was hidden behind an artistic screen painted by the Italian sculptor Mimmo Paladino . This choice has caused perplexity in the town, given the high cost of the operation and the very idea of it. The Torre della Ghirlandina in February 2008. Sources [ edit ] This article was originally a translation of this version of it:Ghirlandina from the Italian-language Wikipedia and the Emilian e Rumagnòl-language Wikipedia eml:Ghirlandèina . The Ghirlandina Tower: Conservation Project The Ghirlandina Tower: History and Restoration v t e World Heritage Sites in Italy Northwest Crespi d'Adda Genoa Historic center Ivrea Mantua and Sabbioneta Monte San Giorgio 1 Porto Venere , Palmaria , Tino and Tinetto , Cinque Terre Residences of the Royal House of Savoy Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes 1 Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont : Langhe - Roero and Monferrato Northeast Aquileia The Dolomites Ferrara Le Colline del Prosecco di Conegliano e Valdobbiadene Modena Cathedral , Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande, Modena Orto botanico di Padova Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles Porticoes of Bologna Ravenna Venice Verona City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto Central Assisi and Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme Florence Hadrian's Villa Medici villas Piazza del Duomo, Pisa Pienza Rome 2 San Gimignano Siena Urbino Val d'Orcia Villa d'Este South Alberobello Amalfi Coast Appian Way Castel del Monte, Apulia Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park , Paestum and Velia , Certosa di Padula Herculaneum Oplontis and Villa Poppaea Naples Historic Centre Royal Palace of Caserta , Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex Pompeii Sassi di Matera Islands Aeolian Islands Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale Archaeological Area of Agrigento Barumini nuraghes Mount Etna Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica Val di Noto Villa Romana del Casale Countrywide Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.) Brescia Cividale del Friuli Castelseprio Spoleto Temple of Clitumnus located at Campello sul Clitunno Santa Sofia located at Benevento Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo located at Monte Sant'Angelo Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps 3 Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe 4 Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries 5 Bergamo Palmanova Peschiera del Garda 1 with Switzerland 2 with the Holy See 3 with Austria , France , Germany , Slovenia , and Switzerland 4 with 17 other countries 5 with Croatia and Montenegro Authority control databases International VIAF FAST National Germany United States Spain Israel Geographic Structurae Other IdRef
1,180	10.11579975485°E	63.3558414627°N	Byneset Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byneset_Church	480	Norway	Church in Trøndelag, Norway Byneset Church Byneset kirke View of the church 63°21′21″N 10°06′57″E / 63.3558414627°N 10.11579975485°E / 63.3558414627; 10.11579975485 Location Trondheim , Trøndelag Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Former name(s) St. Michael's Church ( Sankt Michaelskirken ) Status Parish church Founded c. 1140 Dedication St. Michael Consecrated c. 1180 Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Long church Style Romanesque Groundbreaking c. 1140 Completed c. 1180 (845 years ago) ( 1180 ) Specifications Capacity 230 Materials Stone Administration Diocese Nidaros bispedømme Deanery Heimdal og Byåsen prosti Parish Byneset og Leinstrand Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 83980 Byneset Church ( Norwegian : Byneset kirke ) is a medieval parish church of the Church of Norway in Trondheim Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway . It is located in the Byneset area of the city of Trondheim . It is one of the churches for the Byneset og Leinstrand parish which is part of the Heimdal og Byåsen prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nidaros . The white, plastered stone church was built in a long church design during the 12th century using plans drawn up by an unknown architect . The church seats about 230 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] History [ edit ] The white, stone church was consecrated as St. Michaelskirken and dedicated to the Archangel Michael . The year of consecration is not exactly known, but it is assumed that it was about 1180 during the time of Eysteinn Erlendsson ( Øystein Erlendsson ), the Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Nidaros . The same mason signatures on this building are also found at the Nidaros Cathedral , indicating that the same masons were used in the construction of both churches. The church is built of stone in a Romanesque style and is a long church design. The construction likely began around the year 1140 and lasted about 40 years, with its completion around 1180. The tower was built around the year 1650. In 1656, a church porch was constructed in front of the west gate. The church was renovated in 1811. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In 1814, this church served as an election church ( Norwegian : valgkirke ). [ 9 ] Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway . This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] The baroque altarpiece dates from 1695 and is richly decorated depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus . When the church was restored in the 1960s, several late 15th century paintings were uncovered which featured the themes of the Seven deadly sins and Judgment Day . [ 11 ] Media gallery [ edit ] Church Altarpiece (1695) Exterior view Door into the church Exterior capital on a corner piller carving Mural of Judgment Day Mural of the Seven Deadly Sins Detail of altarpiece See also [ edit ] List of churches in Nidaros References [ edit ]
1,180	9.2219632°E	59.372038°N	Nes Church (Telemark)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nes_Church_(Telemark)	190	Norway	Church in Telemark, Norway Church in Telemark, Norway Nes Church Nes kyrkje View of the church 59°22′19″N 9°13′19″E / 59.372038°N 9.2219632°E / 59.372038; 9.2219632 Location Midt-Telemark Municipality , Telemark Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Status Parish church Founded 12th century Consecrated 13 September (year unknown) Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Long church Completed 1180 (845 years ago) ( 1180 ) Specifications Materials Stone Administration Diocese Agder og Telemark Deanery Øvre Telemark prosti Parish Sauherad og Nes Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 85106 Nes Church ( Norwegian : Nes kyrkje ) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Midt-Telemark Municipality in Telemark county, Norway . It is located at Nesodden, just to the southeast of the village of Gvarv . It is one of the churches for the Nes og Sauherad parish which is part of the Øvre Telemark prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Agder og Telemark . The white, stone church was built in a long church design around 1180 using plans drawn up by an unknown architect . The church seats about 170 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] History [ edit ] The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1398, but the church was built long before that time. The church at Nes was first built around the year 1180, but at that time it consisted of simply the chancel . Dendrochronological dating of the roof rafters confirm that the wood was cut around 1180. The nave was constructed in the years following the completion of the chancel since there are significant stylistic differences in the construction of the two parts of the building. The church was consecrated on 13 September, but it is unknown in what year. The building was dedicated to the apostles Peter and Paul . The church is thought to have been the main church for Sauherad until the Black Death . After the Reformation , it became an annex chapel to the main Sauherad Church . The church was without a tower for several hundred years. In 1634, the church records refer to the construction of a small tower on top of the roof and later in 1663, the records indicate there were two clocks on the tower. In 1868, the current west tower was built out of wood and the small roof tower was removed. The new tower was large enough to include a church porch underneath it. The same year a wooden sacristy was added on to the east of the choir . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Media gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] List of churches in Agder og Telemark References [ edit ]
1,180	3.1783694°W	51.4807194°N	St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Cardiff	3,286	United Kingdom	Church in Cardiff, Wales St John the Baptist Church View from Church Street Location within Cardiff General information Architectural style Perpendicular Gothic Town or city Cardiff Country Wales Coordinates 51°28′50.59″N 3°10′42.13″W / 51.4807194°N 3.1783694°W / 51.4807194; -3.1783694 Construction started c. 1460s St John the Baptist Church is a Grade I listed parish church in Cardiff , Wales. Other than Cardiff Castle , it is the only medieval building in the city centre . Description [ edit ] Black's Picturesque Guide through Wales (1851) described St John's as "an ancient and finely proportioned edifice, with a noble quadrangular tower, surmounted by pierced battlements and four open gothic pinnacles... It is justly admired, and forms a conspicuous feature in every view of the town." [ 1 ] The same remains true today, with good views of the church from Church Street, Trinity Street and Working Street in the city centre. John Newman , in his Glamorgan volume of the Pevsner Buildings of Wales series, describes the pinnacled west tower as a "magnificent marker". [ 2 ] At a height of over 40 metres [ 3 ] the tower is in four stages, faced in grey limestone ashlar with details in buff coloured Dundry stone . [ 2 ] History [ edit ] View down Church Street towards St John's Church in 1852 The church was built in 1180 as a chapel of ease for the larger St Mary's Church , itself founded by Benedictine monks from Tewkesbury Abbey . Originally constructed of blue Lias , a Jurassic stone with layers of fossilised shells, it was sourced from Aberthaw . The walls were then originally dressed with freestone - limestone sourced from Dundry . [ 4 ] St John's was sacked during a rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr in 1404. [ 5 ] The church was rebuilt in the second half of the 15th century [ 5 ] and given a perpendicular tower with a peal of ten bells. Today it still has a crown of openwork battlements, reminiscent of churches in the West Country of England, and is dated c. 1490 because of the similar Jasper Tower of Llandaff Cathedral which was built at this time. [ 2 ] After the foundations of St Mary's were destroyed by the Bristol Channel flood of 1607, the two churches were worked as a dual-location parish until all main services were moved to St John in 1620. In 1843, the 2nd Marquess of Bute paid for the construction of the Church of St Mary and St Stephen in Bute Street as a permanent replacement for St Mary's. [ 6 ] This allowed the reconstruction of St John, with extensions to the church made in 1886–1897 using carboniferous limestone quarried from Culverhouse Cross . The churchyard wall was also rebuilt, using original Lias mixed with red sandstone in the walls, topped with coping stones of Devonian sandstones from the Forest of Dean . [ 4 ] In 1851 the Cardiff firm of Messrs. Thomas & Norris were engaged for repewing of St John's with the work to be completed by Christmas that year. [ 7 ] St John's stained glass windows date from circa 1855, in the north chapel, with references to the Bute family . Those in the north inner aisle date to 1869, by Morris & Co , with a top row of apostles designed by William Morris himself. [ 2 ] The church was increased in width with outer aisles added to St John's in 1889 and 1891. The old aisle windows were re-set and all the new building was re-surfaced with Sweldon limestone. [ 2 ] The graveyard, already full, was divided by a new public pathway in the 1890s connecting Working Street with Cardiff Central Market . As part of the agreement for the new path, Cardiff Corporation agreed to take responsibility for the graveyard south of the path. This later became St John's Gardens . [ 8 ] The path is still owned by the church and is closed every Good Friday . Brass numbers on the path mark the location of graves and family tombs. [ 8 ] In 1952 St John's became a Grade I listed building, [ 9 ] of exceptional architectural and historical interest. The church serves as the priory church for Wales of the Order of Saint John . Organ [ edit ] The church's 1894 "Father Willis" organ The church's current organ was built in 1894 by "Father" Henry Willis . It was restored in 2005 by David Wells of Liverpool, funded by private donations and the Heritage Lottery Fund. [ 10 ] The completion of the restoration was marked with a concert by Thomas Trotter , attended by the Lord Lieutenant of South Glamorgan and Lord Mayor of Cardiff . [ 11 ] In 2013 the British Institute of Organ Studies awarded it a Grade I Historic Organ Certificate, as an organ of exceptional interest. [ 12 ] Gallery [ edit ] View from the east The 14th-century tower Church tower from the west Entrance Side entrance Interior Baptismal font Stained glass window Stained glass window Altar and reredos done as a memorial to Lord Kitchener Interior References [ edit ]
1,180	3.720556°E	51.057222°N	Gravensteen	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravensteen	59,618	Belgium	Medieval castle in Ghent, Belgium Gravensteen Ghent , East Flanders ( Belgium ) The Gravensteen, seen from the south-east Gravensteen Coordinates 51°03′26″N 3°43′14″E / 51.057222°N 3.720556°E / 51.057222; 3.720556 Type Castle Site information Owner City of Ghent Open to the public Yes Condition Restored Site history Built 1180 Materials Sandstone, Tournai limestone Garrison information Occupants Counts of Flanders (1180–1353) The Gravensteen ( Dutch ; lit. ' the Counts' rock ' ) is a medieval castle in the city of Ghent , East Flanders in Belgium . The current castle dates from 1180 and was the residence of the Counts of Flanders until 1353. It was subsequently re-purposed as a court, prison, mint, and even as a cotton factory. It was restored over 1893–1903 and is now a museum and a major landmark in the city. Origins [ edit ] The origins of the Gravensteen date to the reign of Arnulf I (890–965) in the County of Flanders . [ 1 ] The site, which sat between two branches of the river Lys , was first fortified around 1000, initially in wood and later in stone. This was soon transformed into a motte-and-bailey castle which was burnt down in around 1176. [ 1 ] The current castle dates to 1180 and was built by Philip of Alsace (1143–1191) on the site of the older fortification. [ 1 ] It may have been inspired by crusader castles witnessed by Philip during the Second Crusade . As well as a protective citadel , the Gravensteen was intended to intimidate the burghers of Ghent who often challenged the counts' authority. It incorporates a large central donjon , a residence and various smaller buildings. These are surrounded by a fortified, oval-shaped enceinte lined with 24 small échauguettes . It also has a sizeable moat , fed with water from the Lys. From 1180 until 1353, the Gravensteen was the residence of the Counts of Flanders . The decision to leave was taken by Louis of Male (1330–1384) who transferred the court to the nearby Hof ten Walle . [ 1 ] The foot of a wolf was once nailed to the gate and provides the last known archaeozoological evidence for the wolf in Flanders. [ 2 ] External view of the gatehouse The dedication stone, dating to 1180 View of the south side of the donjon Aerial view of the castle, c. 1970 Subsequent history [ edit ] After ceasing to be the residence of the counts of Flanders, the castle entered a decline. It was used as a court and prison until the 18th century. From 1353 to 1491, it was the site of Ghent's mint. Private buildings were constructed on or around the Medieval remains. Ghent emerged as a major centre for textile manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century and the Gravensteen was converted into a cotton mill . It was even scheduled for demolition. Parts of the castle were bought up gradually by the City of Ghent which began a major restoration in a romanticising Gothic style between 1893 and 1907 under the architect Joseph De Waele. [ 1 ] De Waele was inspired the approach of the French architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc and attempted to restore the castle to its imagined appearance in the 12th century. Many details added during this period, such as the flat roofs and the windows of the eastern outbuilding, are not thought to be historically accurate. The Gravensteen was the centrepiece of the Ghent World Fair of 1913 during which the city centre was significantly reshaped. It remains open to the public. Students from Ghent University occupied the castle on 16 November 1949 in protest against a new tax against beer. The occupation, referred to popularly as the "Battle of Gravensteen Castle" ( Slag om het Gravensteen ), involved 138 students who seized the castle buildings, lowered the portcullis , and barricaded the castle gate. A guard on duty at the time was captured and locked in a closet. After raising banners along the castle walls and pelting passing police officers with rotten fruit, they were eventually detained and removed from the castle, though a public outcry of support led to none of the students being prosecuted for their actions. Their campaign against the beer tax was unsuccessful. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Saint Catharine seated in the castle. Illumination by Simon Bening from the manuscript Hortulus Animae (1510) The Gravensteen, depicted in Flandria Illustrata (1641) View of the Gravensteen's gatehouse in 1823, prior to the restoration Photo of the castle before the restoration, c. 1880. The factory buildings are still visible. The castle, pictured in 1893 during the restoration work. The buildings around the castle have been demolished. Photochrom picture of the castle in the later stages of the restoration, c. 1900 See also [ edit ] List of castles in Belgium References [ edit ]
1,180	1.562867°W	54.783498°N	Kepier Hospital	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepier_Hospital	1,546	United Kingdom	Hospital in England Kepier Hospital Gatehouse of the Kepier Hospital Geography Location Kepier, England, United Kingdom History Opened June 1112 Closed 1539 Links Lists Hospitals in England Kepier Hospital (properly the Hospital of St Giles of Kepier ) was a medieval hospital at Kepier , Durham , England. Founding at Gilesgate [ edit ] The hospital was founded at Gilesgate , Durham , by Bishop Flambard as an almshouse "for the keeping of the poor who enter the same hospital". It was dedicated to God and St Giles , the patron saint of beggars and cripples. The first hospital chapel (now St Giles Church , Gilesgate) was dedicated in June 1112. [ 1 ] Other than the church, the original buildings were wooden or wattle-and-daub structures. Flambard endowed the hospital with a range of lands, including the manor of Caldecotes, the mill on Durham's Millburn, and corn from fifteen of his villages. [ 2 ] Godric of Finchale was a doorkeeper of the hospital church before settling at Finchale . Geoffrey Rufus was Bishop of Durham . Rufus employed as a clerk William Cumin , who after Rufus' death in 1140 conspired with King David I of Scotland to seize the see of Durham. [ 3 ] David tried to gain control of the English diocese by installing his own candidate into Durham, this being his chancellor, Cumin. [ 4 ] In March 1143, Cumin was excommunicated and deprived of his benefices by Pope Innocent II . [ 5 ] In 1144, William of St. Barbara , the rightly elected Bishop, was forced to retreat to, and fortify St Giles Church after his abortive entry into Durham was beaten back by Cumin's men. Bishop St. Barbara and his men then retired to Bishopton Castle . Cumin's men then destroyed the nearby hospital. [ 6 ] In 1144, Cumin negotiated a settlement of the dispute, in which he relinquished his claims to Durham. [ 7 ] Building at Kepier [ edit ] The hospital was refounded beside the River Wear at Kepier , c.1180, by Bishop Hugh le Puiset with an establishment of thirteen brethren, serving around thirteen (male) inmates as well as travellers and pilgrims. Puiset bestowed more lands, including the village of Clifton, a lead-mine in Weardale, a peat bog at Newton , and more rights to corn from the Bishop's villages (gillycorn). To further secure the finances of the hospital, Puiset granted a charter allowing the creation of the borough of St Giles, the nucleus of modern Gilesgate , with many burgesses probably drawn from Caldecotes and Clifton. Kepier was frequently bound up with the politics of the border country, with Edward I and Queen Isabella staying at the hospital on their journeys north. Kepier suffered from raids by the Scots, with goods seized from Durham in 1315 and the raiding of Kepiers' northern possessions. Dissolution [ edit ] Kepier Hospital was inspected in 1535 as part of Henry VIII 's Valor Ecclesiasticus survey of monasteries. It was shown to be the richest hospital in the diocese, devoting 25% of its gross annual income of £186 0s. 10d. to almsgiving. Kepier maintained four choral chaplains and 10 inmates, and distributed doles to the poor at the gates of £16 5s. a year. Henry ordered the closure of the lesser monastic houses (including Kepier), prompting the doomed Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion. The Master of the Hospital supported the Bishop of Durham in opposing the Pilgrims, but its (lay) steward Sir John Bulmer was executed for participating in the rebellion. Legislation of 1539 extended the suppression to some hospitals, which included Kepier, but spared Sherburn Hospital and Greatham Hospital . Kepier and its lands were granted to Henry's Secretary of State, Sir William Paget , although these soon reverted to the Crown and thence to a succession of lay owners including the Scotsman John Cockburn of Ormiston . Buildings and paths [ edit ] The first hospital church remains in use as the parish church of St Giles, Gilesgate. No other buildings from the first hospital survive. Lay owners of Kepier, the Heath family, made substantial alterations to the hospital site, including laying out of gardens and the erection of a mansion where the chapel and infirmary may have once stood. By 1827 this house had become a 'Kepier Inn' or the 'White Bear'. Kepier Mill survived until 1870, when it was destroyed by fire. Of the hospital site itself, the gatehouse is intact, the mansion survives as ruins, and the farmhouse is in private use. The site is now a Scheduled Monument with Grade I and Grade II* listed building status. The West Range is included on English Heritage's Buildings at Risk register. Many of the routes of travel between Kepier, Gilesgate and the hospitals lands at Caldecotes and Clifton—by now High Grange (in modern Gilesgate Moor) and Low Grange (in modern Carrville)—exist as public footpaths and bridleways. The tithe barn at High Grange, used to store Kepier's corn, survived until 1964. References [ edit ]
1,180	0.5387°W	53.2337°N	Norman House	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_House	3,586	United Kingdom	This article is about the building in Lincoln, England. For the palace in Mdina, Malta, see Palazzo Falson . For the building in York, see The Norman House (York) . Norman House – frontage on Steep Hill Norman House showing the corner of Steep Hill and Christ's Hospital Terrace Norman House on Steep Hill , Lincoln, England is a historic building and an example of Norman domestic architecture. [ 1 ] The building is at 46–47 Steep Hill and 7 Christ's Hospital Terrace. The architectural evidence suggests a date between 1170 and 1180. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The building was known for many years as "Aaron the Jew's House", and appears as such in many references, as it was thought to be the former residence of Aaron of Lincoln (c.1125–1186), [ 3 ] although this is now considered incorrect. [ 4 ] The building has been a shop for many years, and is currently home to a tea importers. It has been designated a Grade I listed building by English Heritage . [ 3 ] See also [ edit ] Jew's House Jew's Court John of Gaunt's Palace, Lincoln St Mary's Guildhall, Lincoln References [ edit ]
1,180	2.41056°E	46.08694°N	Château de Poncin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Poncin	292	France	Residence in Poncin, France View of modern Château de Poncin today The Château de Poncin is a former castle , now a stately residence, in the commune of Poncin in the Ain département of France. The present château on the site was constructed from the mid-18th century; parts of the original castle remain. [ 1 ] History [ edit ] Humbert II de Thoire built the castle at Poncin in 1180. It was one of the favourite residences of the lords of Thoire-Villars, who kept their court of accounts there. In 1290, [ 2 ] it was rebuilt by Humbert IV de Thoire. On 19 October 1308, [ 3 ] Humbert V, lord of Thoire and Villars, had it entirely remodelled and sold it, for 7,500 livres viennoises , in suzerainty to the lord de la Tour du Pin, Jean II de Viennois , dauphin of Viennois who returned it to him in fief lige . The rights passed in turn to the Counts of Savoy , recognised by acts of 16 October 1375 and 7 February 1385. [ 3 ] On 29 October 1402, [ 3 ] Humbert VII, last of the lords of Thoire-Villars, "heavy with years and troubles", sold the seigneurie of Poncin to Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy , along with all of his lands in Bresse and Bugey , keeping the use of them until his death, which came on 7 May 1423. [ 3 ] The castle stayed with the House of Savoy for a century and a half. Poncin was forsaken by the Dukes of Savoy, who seldom went there. It was, among others, included in the dowery of Anne of Cyprus , widow of Louis, Duke of Savoy , and in that of Claudine de Bretagne , Viscountess de Bridiers ( La Souterraine ), widow of the Philip II, Duke of Savoy , dowager of Annecy , Châteauneuf in Valromey ( Songieu ), Poncin and Cerdon , who made a residence of it for a time. In April 1513, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Charles III, Duke of Savoy included it, with Cerdon and some other territories in Bugey, in the dowry of Philiberte de Savoie, his sister, Marquise of Gex and Fossan ( Fossano ), wife of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours , Marquis of Suriane ( Soragna ) and Chazene. She died in 1524 [ 3 ] without children. Having made her brother her heir, Poncin reverted to Savoy. On 7 November 1531, [ 3 ] the lordship of Poncin and its castle, with that of Cerdon, was given to Charles de la Chambre, Baron of Meximieux and Sermoyer , in exchange for lands in Loyettes . On 18 September 1565, [ 3 ] Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy , took de la Chambre's lands at Poncin and Cerdon in exchange for the lordships of Pérouges and Montréal, granting them in appanage to Philip, Duke of Nemours . The Dukes of Nemour, throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, made important modifications to the castle. Their descendants retained ownership until the 18th century. [ 3 ] In 1601, the castle was entirely dismantled by Charles de Gontaut, duc de Biron , on the orders of King Henri IV . In 1717, the land was given to Artus-Joseph de la Poype-Saint-Jullin who partially reconstructed. Around 1750, it passed to the Quinson family. Gaspard Roch de Quinson, wanting to install gardens, restored the terrasses for this purpose in 1760. The Quinsons still owned it at the time of the French Revolution . [ 3 ] At the Revolution, the château was sacked and severely damaged. It remained abandoned for forty years, until a new mayor of Poncin, monsieur Jantet, bought it in 1831 to create a very beautiful English garden . The château then became the property of Joseph Savarin de Marestan who had been named conseiller de la préfecture of l' Allier . he came from an old Bugey family, ennobled at the end of the 17th century, which had provided a succession of bodyguards and musketeers to the king and had, in 1815 been given the title Baron de Marestan. The modern château is privately owned and not open to the public. It has been partially listed (façades and roof, remains of the ancient fortification, terrasses, supporting wall and gardens) since 1973 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . [ 1 ] See also [ edit ] List of castles in France References [ edit ]
1,180	4.03028°W	39.85694°N	Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Blanca	18,751	Spain	Historic former synagogue, former church, now museum, in Toledo, Spain Santa María la Blanca Spanish : Sinagoga de Santa María La Blanca Interior of the former synagogue and former church, in 2008 Religion Affiliation Judaism (former) Catholicism Rite Nusach Sefard Ecclesiastical or organizational status Synagogue ( c. 1205 –1391) Church ( c. 1410 –16th century) History museum (since YYYY) Ownership Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo Status Abandoned (as a synagogue) ; Repurposed Location Location 4 Calle Reyes Católicos, Toledo , Castilla-La Mancha Country Spain Location of the former synagogue and former church in Castilla-La Mancha Geographic coordinates 39°51′25″N 4°1′49″W / 39.85694°N 4.03028°W / 39.85694; -4.03028 Architecture Architect(s) Alonso de Covarrubias (1556) Type Synagogue architecture (12th century) Church architecture (1556) Style Mudéjar / Moorish (12th century) Renaissance (15th century) Completed c. 1205 (as a synagogue) 1556 (as a church) Materials Stone Spanish Cultural Heritage Official name Sinagoga de Santa María la Blanca Type Monumento Iglesia Designated 4 July 1930 Reference no. RI-51-0000346 [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca ( Spanish : Sinagoga de Santa María La Blanca , lit. 'Synagogue of Saint Mary the White'), also known as the Ibn Shoshan Synagogue , [ 3 ] [ 4 ] is a former Jewish congregation and synagogue , located at 4 Calle Reyes Católicos, in the historic old city of Toledo , in the province of Castilla-La Mancha , Spain . Erected in the late twelfth or early thirteenth century, it is disputably considered the oldest synagogue building in Europe still standing. [ 5 ] The building was converted to a Catholic church in the early 15th century. The synagogue is located in the former Jewish quarter of the city between the Monastery of San Juan de los Reyes and the Synagogue of El Tránsito . It is one of three preserved synagogues constructed by Jews in a Mudéjar or Moorish style under the rule of the Christian Kingdom of Castile . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In 1930, the building was added to the list of monuments of Spanish Cultural Heritage ( Spanish : Bien de Interés Cultural ). [ 2 ] History [ edit ] Interior of the building, in a collotype from 1889 Origins [ edit ] The exact origins and original specifications of the synagogue prove difficult to place. Evidence points toward a construction date sometime in the late twelfth century or early thirteenth century CE. Supporting evidence for this dating is the structure's architectural style, which is close to that of Almohad monuments of the twelfth century, such as the Tinmal Mosque (1149) and Kutubiyya mosque (1147). [ 8 ] [ 6 ] One commonly accepted opinion is that it was erected sometime around 1205, as documents from the time mention a "new", great synagogue located in Toledo. [ 8 ] [ 6 ] [ 9 ] Another theory arises from a wooden tablet found in the area that describes a new structure, saying, "Its ruins were raised up in the year 4940" [CE 1180]. [ 8 ] If this inscription indeed refers to the Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca, then the synagogue may in fact be a reconstruction of an existing building or a new building located on the same plot as a demolished one. [ 8 ] One hypothesis that has been raised to explain the synagogue's layout is that may have been taken from a preexisting mosque located on the same site. [ 8 ] [ 10 ] Another former synagogue building in Segovia (destroyed after a fire in 1899) [ 6 ] had a very similar layout, which suggests that more synagogues of this type may have once existed in the region. [ 10 ] Some historians, such as Leopoldo Torres Balbás , note similarities between the plaster work in the aisles of Santa María la Blanca and the convent Las Huelgas de Burgos , which is of a later date, around 1275. [ 8 ] According to Carol Herselle Krinsky , however, the scale and proportion of the ornamentation, the blank canvas against which the ornamentation is placed, as well as the way in which light is used in the space all correspond more closely with the twelfth-century mosques and thus with an earlier construction date. [ 8 ] It is also somewhat unclear who might be the patron of the original synagogue, although there is some evidence for Joseph ben Meir ben Shoshan, or Yusef Abenxuxen, as the original patron. Joseph was the son of a finance minister to King Alfonso VIII of Castile and, upon his death in 1205, his epitaph mentions his having built a synagogue. [ 8 ] Some theories suggest Joseph rebuilt the synagogue after a pogrom against Jews in Toledo. This may be the cause for the building's irregular floor plan and again points to a late-twelfth-century construction. [ 8 ] Conversion to church [ edit ] One of the Renaissance apses (1550–1556) As a result of the pogroms of 1391 and the anti-Jewish preaching of Vicente Ferrer , the synagogue was sacked and then appropriated by the Catholic church. [ 11 ] It was officially consecrated as a church in the early 15th century, though sources vary in stating the exact year: some cite 1401, [ 12 ] 1405, [ 13 ] [ 8 ] 1410, [ 14 ] or 1411. [ 8 ] [ 11 ] The church was given to the Order of Calatrava . [ 14 ] Its present name, Santa Maria la Blanca ('Saint Mary the White') dates from this time and comes from an effigy of Mary that was kept inside. [ 12 ] Between 1550 and 1556 three small apses were added to the back of the building to serve as chapels, still visible today. They are designed in a Renaissance style and are attributed to Alonso de Covarrubias . [ 14 ] [ 12 ] The building was later used as a military barracks , a warehouse, and a dancehall. [ 13 ] The building was eventually declared a national memorial site and restored in 1856. The government restored Santa María la Blanca to the care of the archdiocese through a local parish in 1929. [ citation needed ] Today it is a museum and tourist attraction. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Request for return to Judaism [ edit ] In 2013 the Jewish community of Toledo asked the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Toledo , Braulio Rodríguez Plaza , to transfer ownership and custodianship of the building to them. [ 15 ] The archbishop met twice with Isaac Querub, president of Spain's Federation of Jewish Communities, who said that there was, no Jewish community in Toledo today but that the federation was not looking to reclaim Santa María la Blanca as a place of worship but a "symbolic gesture". [ 16 ] There is no judicial recourse because the modern Jewish community are not direct descendants of the original owners. [ 17 ] The building, the third most visited historic monument in Toledo, is presently a museum and is not used for any religious ceremonies. Since 2013, the archdiocese has spent almost €800,000 (£685,000) on conserving the building. [ 16 ] Architecture [ edit ] Style [ edit ] The synagogue is a Mudéjar construction, created by Moorish architects for non-Islamic purposes. But it can also be considered one of the finest example of Almohad architecture because of its construction elements and style. The plain white interior walls as well as the use of brick and of pillars instead of columns are characteristics of Almohad architecture. [ 18 ] There are also nuances in its architectural classification, because although it was constructed as a synagogue, its hypostyle room and the lack of a women's gallery make it closer in character to a mosque . Though it does not have a women's gallery today, an early twentieth century architect suggested that it did at one time have one. [ 19 ] Design [ edit ] The former Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca was wholly unusual in both plan and elevation. The floor plan is an irregular quadrilateral divided into five aisles, with the central nave aisle slightly larger than the remaining four. The space runs between 26 and 28 meters long and between 19 and 23 meters wide. The interior features a series of arcades supported on a network of twenty-four octagonal piers and eight engaged piers . These octagonal supports line the central aisle of the synagogue and support the large arcade of horseshoe arches above. The arches rest on intricately detailed capitals with finely carved pinecones and other vegetal imagery. These capitals are Mudéjar in style and are derived from classical, Corinthian antecedents as well as Byzantine concepts. [ 20 ] The building is surrounded by a courtyard. This courtyard served as a place for the people to congregate before and after prayer services and also held the different communal institutions. The Rabbi's residence, a ritual bath, a study hall, and other things the community may have invested in were all built in this courtyard to give the Jewish community a central place for care of their spiritual needs. [ 21 ] Gallery [ edit ] View towards the center of the eastern wall (the direction faced during worship) Ceiling and upper walls of the arches A scallop motif in one of the Renaissance apses Floor mosaic See also [ edit ] Judaism portal Spain portal History of the Jews in Spain List of synagogues in Spain Synagogue of Tomar References [ edit ]
1,181	8.35972°E	49.63028°N	Worms Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms_Cathedral	19,776	Germany	This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Worms Cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Church in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany Worms Cathedral St. Peter's Cathedral Wormser Dom The east end of the Cathedral. 49°37′49″N 8°21′35″E / 49.63028°N 8.35972°E / 49.63028; 8.35972 Location Worms , Rhineland-Palatinate Country Germany Denomination Roman Catholic Website pg-dom-st-peter-worms .bistummainz .de /index .html History Former names Cathedral Church of St. Peter of Worms Founder(s) Berthulf of Worms Architecture Previous cathedrals 2 Architectural type Romanesque Years built 1130–1181 Specifications Nave height 26 m (85 ft) Number of spires 4 Bells 8 Tenor bell weight 2,855 kg (6,294 lb) Administration Province Freiburg Diocese Mainz Clergy Provost Tobias Schäfer Pastor(s) Max Wagner Chaplain(s) P. Jiří Landa Deacon(s) Hans-Jürgen Springer Laity Organist/Director of music Daniel Wolf Organist(s) Dan Zerfaß St Peter's Cathedral: West end St Peter's Cathedral – South façade St Peter's Cathedral (German: Wormser Dom ) is a Roman Catholic church and former cathedral in Worms , southern Germany . The cathedral is located on the highest point of the inner city of Worms and is the most important building of the Romanesque style in Worms. It is closely associated with Bishop Burchard and the high point of Worms' history in the 12th and 13th centuries. It was the seat of the Catholic Prince-Bishopric of Worms until its extinction in 1802, during German mediatisation , whose prince-bishops resided next door in the Bischofshof palace. After the extinction of the bishopric, it was reduced in status to that of a parish church ; however, it was bestowed the title of minor basilica in 1925 by Pope Pius XI . Most of the cathedral was finished by 1181, however the west choir and the vaulting were built in the 13th century, the elaborate south portal was added in the 14th century, and the central dome has been rebuilt. [ 1 ] St Peter's Cathedral before 1901 Great events associated with the cathedral include the nomination of Leo IX as Pope in 1048, the Concordat of Worms which ended the Investiture controversy in 1122, the marriage of Emperor Frederick II to Isabella of England in 1235 and the Diet of Worms in 1521, during which Martin Luther was condemned as a heretic. History [ edit ] Before the cathedral [ edit ] The current structure compared with the Roman forum The current structure compared with the Merovingian basilica The current structure compared with the cathedral of Bishop Burchard of Worms St Peter's Cathedral is located on the highest hill in the city. Since this hill was safe from flooding, it has been inhabited by people since the third millennium BC. Celtic inhabitants were succeeded by the Germanic tribe of the Vangiones , after whom the area around Worms received the name Wonnegau . They were conquered by the Romans who established a commercial centre and temple area on the hill. The decline of the Roman Empire led to the abandonment of the Roman garrison at Worms in 401. Twelve years later, the Burgundians took over Worms after they were settled within the empire by the Romans with the task of protecting the empire's borders. When they sought to shake off Roman overlordship in 435, they were defeated in battle by the Romans. A year later, the Huns crossed the Rhine and massacred many Burgundians. Church of Brunichildis [ edit ] After the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields , the Franks came into the Rhine valley and took over Worms by force. At the same time they converted to Christianity. When the Frankish realm was divided into three parts under the Merovingians , Worms belonged to Austrasia . After the rulers of Austrasia and Neustria married each other's sisters, a war broke out, which led to the death of both rulers and one of the sisters. The widow of the Austrasian ruler, Brunichildis lived at Worms around 600 AD. She and her successor, Dagobert I had a church built on top of the foundations of the Roman forum, according to medieval sources. This church was a predecessor of the current building. There is no archaeological evidence for this church. Excavations carried out at the beginning of the twentieth century suggest a larger predecessor build which (given its size) was probably Carolingian . Whether this was an expansion of a Merowingian building or not, is unclear. Cathedral of Bishop Burchard of Worms [ edit ] The Strasbourg synagogue modelled on Worms Cathedral. Berthulf was the first known Bishop of Worms in 614. A new church was laid out, with the dimensions of the current building, under Bishop Burchard of Worms at the beginning of the 11th century. He succeeded in persuading the Salians to abandon their fort in the city, on which he erected the Paulus Stift from 1002/3. The old cathedral was demolished and the construction of the new one occurred simultaneously. It was a cross-shaped basilica with two semicircular choirs, built on an east–west orientation. In 1018, the cathedral was consecrated in the presence of the Emperor, but the western part of the building collapsed only two years later and had to be rebuilt. The church had a flat wooden roof. According to Burchard's biography, the cathedral was magnificently furnished in the 1030s and 1040s. Thus there is mention of columns with golden capitals (which cannot have been the church's main columns). Most likely, Burchard's cathedral was a pier-basilica, since no remains of columns (difficult to acquire in the 11th century anyway) have been found. Only the foundations of the west towers and the treasury north of the choir, which was probably built at the end of the 11th century, survived subsequent rebuilding. In 1110, the cathedral was consecrated for the second time. More damage had probably occurred, whose removal was followed by this renewed consecration. Cathedral of Bishop Burchard II of Worms [ edit ] The rebuilding in the 12th century resulted, essentially, in the current cathedral. Around 1130, probably because of further damage to the building, Bishop Burchard II began the demolition of the church build by his predecessor Burchard I and the construction of a new church. The eastern apse, crossing with cupola and transept with its towers (except of their upper storeys) were completed by him in the period up to c.1144. The nave and the western choir and towers were erected between 1160 and 1181 by his successors, Conrad I and Conrad II. The latter consecrated it on 2 May 1181. [ 2 ] With this dating, the time of construction was identical with the first phase of Gothic style , called Primary Gothic . Pointed arch rib vaults were built in Worms Cathedral in time with the first Gothic rib vaults, but with simpler cross sections of the ribs. Besides the application of actual vaulting, the design of the church building was very conservative, even conservative in relation to Cluny III , which was more than forty years older. All gates and windows and the arcades and groined vaults of the aisles have hemicircular arches. This combination of innovative vaults of the tall room sections with Romanesque walls makes the cathedral a major example of Late Romanesque style. The western choir is lit by a condensed group of four round windows, the largest of them a veritable rose window . The footplan of the western choir is polygonal, outside and inside, the first polygonal choir of a top class church. It even influenced French Gothic; until 1181, and thus throughout Primary Gothic , all apses, ambulatories and chapels of Gothic churches had had semicircular footplans, but since 1185, with the second choir of Pontigny Abbey , most Gothic churches were built with polygonal apses, ambulatories and chapels. The top storeys of the towers were built after the consecration and show some Gothic details. Several religious buildings of the area are modelled on the cathedral's decoration, such that one can speak of a "Worms Style." Additionally, the elevation resembles the imperial cathedrals in Speyer and Mainz . The gradual progress of the rebuild can be charted with dendrochronology . Lamps were donated for the west choir in 1172 and Bishop Conrad II was buried there in 1192. Renovations of Johannes von Dalberg [ edit ] About a hundred years after the third consecration, the construction of the Chapel of St Nicholas was begun. A new south portal was built, east of which two more chapels for St Anne and St George were built in the first quarter of the fourteenth century. Northwestern tower; above and below the gallery, the walls are of brick. Bishop Burchard of Worms Tomb inscription of Burchard II, in the outer part of the Dom In 1429, the northwestern tower scrolled due to an earthquake. It was rebuilt until 1472, with all Gothic details, but strictly in the shape of scrolled tower. Thus it is an extremely early example of conserving restoration . Nevertheless, there was a change of materials, nearly half of the outer walls were built of brick, in colour not very different from the reddish sandstone of the other walls of the cathedral. The Aegidius chapel (St Giles chapel, nowadays St Mary chapel) was built adjacent to the eastern part of the north aisle, in 1480/1485. Gothic reliefs from the abandoned cloisters Towards the end of the century, under Bishop Johann von Dalberg , the original Romanesque cloisters (west of the Chapel of St Nicholas) were renovated, resulting in five monumental late Gothic reliefs on the life of Jesus which are now located in the north side-aisle of the cathedral: Tree of Jesse (1488), [ 3 ] Annunciation (1487), birth of Christ (1515), entombment (c.1490) and the resurrection (c.1490). A sixth relief depicting the crucifixion was probably lost in the destruction of 1689. In the Andreasstift (Worms) [ de ] there are four large round keystones about 88 cm (35 in) in diameter decorated with coats of arms , which derive from the cloisters and were donated by Bishop Ruprecht of Regensberg, and Canons Philipp von Flersheim, Erpho von Gemmingen and Wilhelm von Stockheim. Another cloister keystone belonging to the Archbishop of Cologne and cathedral scholaster Hermann IV of Hesse is now located above the entrance of Neuburg Abbey Church in Heidelberg . [ 4 ] The foundation stone of the cloisters from the year 1484, which had been thought lost, was found during cleaning in the Dom's lapidarium at the end of February 2014. [ 5 ] Protestant Reformation to French Revolution [ edit ] The importance of the diocese and the cathedral at Worms derives from the Diet of Worms in 1521. Shortly after the diet, some Worms congregations converted to the teachings of Martin Luther . In 1556, all parishes in the Palatinate followed suit. During the Thirty Years War , Swedish troops held the city from 1632 to 1635 and the cathedral was used for Protestant services. In the Nine Years War , Heidelberg, Mannheim , Speyer and Worms were devastated at the command of King Louis XIV . Churches were plundered and, though the attempt to blow up the cathedral failed, it was heavily damaged by fire. Bishop Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuberg had the cathedral restored in 1698. Some baroque elements date to this time, like the windows of the silver chamber and the high altar of Balthasar Neumann . St Peter's Cathedral, 1824 The renovation of the cathedral was nullified by French Revolutionary troops. At the end of 1792, Speyer, Worms, Mainz and Frankfurt were sacked by revolutionary troops. It served as a stable and a tavern. Between 1818 and 1830 the cloisters were demolished and the stones from it were auctioned off. Renovation 1886–1935 [ edit ] Dachshund statue on the south portal, 1920 South portal A full renovation of St Peter's Cathedral only began in 1886. Because of structural weaknesses and damage suffered in the fire of 1689, the west choir had to be completely rebuilt. Great importance was placed on reusing as much of the original stone as possible. In the outer wall this was taken so far that today all but a small portion of the old stones are in their original locations. On the inside wall, large flat stones had to be used and faithfully reconstructed. The sharply bent dosseret over the central rosette window was not rebuilt since it was blamed for the structural issues. Today the dosserets run perpendicular to the edge of the rosette and frame it clearly. The general renovations, which also included renovation of the chapel of St Nicholas, the reconstruction of the whole floor and the addition of an entirely new crypt for the tombs of the Salians under the high choir, were only completed in 1935. In the course of the renovation work, in 1920 the head architect, Philipp Brand, was standing on the scaffolding when a dachshund attacked, and attempted to bite him on the leg. He stepped to the side and as a result escaped from a falling stone which had broken loose above him, killing the dog. In the upper left of the south portal, at the edge of the window in the left corner is a statue of the dachshund – Philipp Brand had this installed as a small memorial. In the Allied bombing on 21 February and 18 March 1945, the cathedral was damaged by a bomb, which did not affect the interior. The roof burned but the vaults remained intact. Architecture [ edit ] The cathedral is a pier-basilica with two choirs and a transept . A central tower is located on the crossing , another over the western choir. Both choirs are flanked by two round staircase towers. The nave is vaulted in various ways: the central aisle has rib vaulting , while the side aisles have groin vaults . The apse of the west choir takes the form of an octagon and is decorated with various rosette windows Glass windows [ edit ] As a result of the Oppau explosion on 21 September 1921, nothing remains of the Medieval glass windows. [ 6 ] The contemporary glass of the cathedral is quite varied. As well as simple clear or milky glass in the transepts, are complicated pictorial windows, especially in the chapels, like the coloured glass windows of Heinz Hindorf in the Chapel of Mary, which depict scenes from Mary's life and the Fourteen Holy Helpers (1986–1988), and the Geschichtsfenster (1992) in the Chapel of St George, which depict the history of the diocese of Worms in 20 scenes, from the first known bishop, Victor, in 345 to the destruction of the city in the Second World War . An unusual political statement is found in the depiction of the Biblis Nuclear Power Plant as the Tower of Babel in a series of examples of human sinfulness. [ 7 ] Burials [ edit ] Sarcophagi in the Crypt [ edit ] Four Salian princes were buried in the altar space of the Frankish church and were then built over. Another five followed by 1046. These are the ancestors and relatives of Emperor Conrad II : Salian crypt Conrad the Red , Duke of Lorraine (Great-grandfather) † 955, Judith , Duchess of Carinthia (Grandmother) † 991, Henry , Count of Wormsgau (Father) † 990/991, Judith (Sister) † 998, Conrad I , Duke of Carinthia (Uncle) † 1011 Matilda (wife of the preceding) † 1031/32, Queen Matilda † 1034, consort of Henry I of France and daughter of Conrad II (transferred to Worms in 1046), Conrad II , Duke of Carinthia (Cousin, son of Conrad I) † 1039, Bishop Azecho , Successor of Bishop Burchard, † 1044. These sarcophagi have been located in a specially built crypt since the beginning of the 20th century. Since the floor level of the transept and the east choir is over six metres above ground level, one must assume that there was a crypt below it. Graves [ edit ] Funerary monument of Canon Eberhard of Heppenheim genannt vom Saal († 1559) There are a number of grave monuments, gravestones and grave plates in the cathedral, including: Reinbold Beyer of Boppard († 1364), brother of Bishop Dietrich Bayer of Boppard († 1384) Dietrich of Bettendorf (1518–1580), Deacon and Bishop of Worms Wilhelm of Efferen (1563–1616), Bishop of Worms Eberhard of Heppenheim († 1559), Canon , nephew of Dom-deacon of Speyer Johannes of Heppenheim († 1555) Franz Rudolph of Hettersdorf (1675–1729), Canon and donor of the Nicholas altar Johann Adam of Hoheneck († 1731), Deacon of Worms Johann Franz Jakob Anton of Hoheneck (1686–1758), Canon of Worms, Deacon of Mainz Landolf of Hoheneck († 1247), Bischop of Worms, posthumous epitaph from 1756 Franz Carl Friedrich of Hohenfeld (1696–1757), Deacon Christoph Jodok of Ketteler (1661–1735), Canon Philipp of Rodenstein (1564–1604), Bishop of Worms Georg of Schönenberg (1530–1595), Bishop of Worms, donated the George altar for his tomb (outside in the former cloisters) Burchard II, also Bucco or Buggo († 1149), Bishop of Worms and builder of the Ostwerk of the Dom. Chapel of St Nicholas [ edit ] Relicts of the cloister New Chapel of St Nicholas, exterior Stone font in the chapel of St Nicholas In the course of the third period of construction, an early romanesque chapel in honour of St Nicholas of Myra was built, which was consecrated in 1058. Its consecration inscription and the tympanon of the former entrance to the cathedral, with one of the oldest known depictions of St Nicholas, are preserved. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It was apparently used to store a relic of the Saint, which had been brought by Empress Theophanu from Byzantium, at the time of her marriage to Otto II in 972. The current chapel of St Nicholas was built on the same location between 1280 and 1315 in the Gothic style, with two aisles, immediately west of the man portal on the south side aisle of the cathedral. At this time, when St Nicholas was still buried in Myra , his cult spread through the west and he was revered as patron of various groups and helper in many matters. This could explain the unusual size and sumptuousness of the chapel. The Jesuit and Bollandist , Daniel Papebroch (1628–1714) saw the original Worms relic of St Nicholas in 1660. He described it as a "finger bone" of the saint, which at that time was stored in the cathedral sacristry, but had previously been displayed in his own chapel. He states also that the Worms relic was always immersed in oil, just as the relic of St Nicholas in Bari is to this day. [ 10 ] Papebroch also mentions a still-extant sumptuous consecration offering from Queen Constance of Sicily († 1198) to Saint Nicholas. [ 11 ] The old relic o Nicholas was lost in the destruction during the Nine Years War . At the end of the twentieth century, a new one was acquired, which is kept once more in the chapel of Nicholas, in a modern reliquary. Romanesque tympanon of St Nicholas The chapel was originally part of the cloisters which were located immediately to the west and was hidden by them for half its length. When the remains of the cloisters were finally cleared away in 1830, the structure of the chapel fell out of balance so that they finally had to completely dismantle it in 1920/27, like the west choir a few years earlier, install new foundations and rebuild it anew. On this same occasion, they also attempted to correct the proportions of the chapel which had become ungainly after the removal of the cloisters, by extending it to the west by a half vault. The current (southern) entranceway to the chapel derives from modern times, but its tympanon comes from the portal which formerly led from the cloisters into the chapel. The furnishings of the chapel of St Nicholas consist today of pieces which were all originally intended for other contexts. The gothic carved altar comes from Southern Germany and was only acquired a few decades ago. The late Gothic Baptismal font [ de ] was originally located in the Johanneskirche, which was demolished in the 19th century, the almost life size Gothic depiction of three young women was in a nearby abbey. [ 12 ] The intense blue-red windows immerse the chapel in an almost mystic twilight. In the highly elevated roof of the chapel, the collection of architectural decorations and casts of them are housed, while the cellar houses the central heating of the cathedral. The chapel now serves as the baptismal chapel of the cathedral and is used for weekday services. Thus it has appropriated the functions of the old Johanneskirche. High altar [ edit ] High altar of Johann Balthasar Neumann Franz Ludwig of Pfalz-Neuburg , Prince-elector of Mainz and Prince-Bishop of Worms, left enough money in his will to have a new high altar built. His successor, Prince-Bishop Franz Georg of Schönborn , asked his brother Friedrich , the Bishop of Würzburg to provide the builder Johann Balthasar Neumann for the project. The latter produced the new high altar made of gilt wood and multicoloured marble. Organs [ edit ] Main organ (Klais 1985) [ edit ] Swallow's nest organ by Klais Klais Orgelbau built a swallow's nest organ with three manuals and 34 registers in 1985, which was slightly reorganised and re-toned in 2007. The machine has a mechanical playing action, the tracker action is electronic. Choir organ (Oberlinger 1996) [ edit ] Choir organ by Oberlinger In addition, there is also a choir organ with mechanical playing and tracker action in the style of the choir organs of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll , which was built in 1996 by Oberlinger . The special feature of this organ's design is that it is extremely compact for its disposition and at the same time, as a result of a pipe construction specially developed by Oberlinger it can be moved about 50 cm (20 in) away from the wall. This compact structure was necessary so that view of the sumptuous high altar from the nave wouldn't be obscured by the organ. A special construction of the air intake was required to achieve this small size. The design was accomplished by organ master and architect Wolfgang Oberlinger in close partnership with the diocese's architects and conservators. The organ was arranged by Oberlinger's Windesheim workshop in collaboration with the organist Daniel Roth . The instrument was intoned by Jean-Pierre Swiderski , a noted expert on the designs of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. Bells [ edit ] Before the destruction of Worms in 1689 during the Nine Years War, six bells hung in the four towers of the church. In 1728, the cathedral received a new six part ring. In the course of the Secularisation at the end of the 18th century, these bells were confiscated. When the cathedral became a parish church, four bells were hung in the southeast tower, with the notes B , E-flat , G-flat and A-flat . [ 13 ] They were destroyed by aerial bombing at the end of the Second World War. [ 14 ] Bottom left Peter and Paul , bottom right Mary , upper right Brother Conrad . (Taken in 2015, before the installation of the new bells) Three bells were cast in 1949 by Albert Junker of Brilon to replace the lost ring, with the notes C , E and G . They were made of a special metal called "Briloner Sonderbronze" (a tin-free copper-silicon alloy). [ 15 ] These were named after Peter and Paul (the cathedral's patron saints), the Blessed Virgin Mary , and Saint Conrad of Parzham (known also as Brother Conrad). They were consecrated on Easter Sunday 1949 by the Bishop of Mainz, Albert Stohr , and were hung in the south-east tower. To commemorate the 1000th anniversary of the cathedral's consecration in 2018, five new bells were added to the ring, and the old bells received new clappers. The additions consisted of three lighter bells (with the notes of D, A and B), one middle-weight bell (in the note of D) and a large bell in the note of B. The new bells were tuned to the notes of the other church bells in the city (including Holy Trinity Church and St. Magnus' Church) [ 16 ] in order to create a larger 'City peal' when the bells of all three churches are rung together. [ 17 ] All bells were cast by the Rincker Bell Foundry, located in Sinn, Hesse . The names of the bells and their inscriptions were designed by local artist Klaus Krier, [ 18 ] and the first official ringing of all eight bells, followed by ringing of the City peal, occurred on the Saturday before Pentecost, 19 May 2018. [ 19 ] No. Name Year Founder Weight (kg) Diameter (mm) Key and Nominal Inscription (with English translation) Tower 1 Amandus und Rupert [ 20 ] 2018 Rincker, Sinn 2855 1649 B 0 −4 Heiliger Amandus – Patron der Stadt Worms und Heiliger Rupert – Großer Missionar – Heilige Bischöfe von Worms – Bittet für die Kirche und ihre Hirten Saint Amandus – Patron of the City of Worms and Saint Rupert – The Great Missionary – Holy Bishop of Worms – Pray for the Church and her Ministers North-East 2 Petrus und Paulus [ 21 ] 1949 Junker, Brilon 2218 1580 C 1 −4 Petrus und Paulus – beschützt die Stadt Worms Peter and Paul – Protect the City of Worms South-East 3 Heinrich und Kunigunde 2018 Rincker, Sinn 1789 1405 D 1 −2 Heiliger Heinrich und Heilige Kunigunde – Herrscher des römischen Reiches und Freunde Bischof Burchards – Betet für die, die uns regieren – um Frieden zwischen den Völkern St. Henry and St. Kunigunde – Ruler of the (Holy) Roman Empire and Friends of Bishop Burchard – Pray for them that govern us – for peace among the people North-East 4 Maria 1949 Junker, Brilon 1114 1260 E 1 −2 Maria – Dein Hilf wir all begehren. Mary – For thy help, we pray. South-East 5 Bruder Konrad 0 653 1060 G 1 −1 Hl. Bruder Konrad – bitte für uns. Gestiftet von Karl Kübel und Ehefrau. St. Brother Conrad – Pray for us. Donated by Karl Kübel and his wife. South-East 6 Petrus Faber SJ 2018 Rincker, Sinn 0 556 0 947 A 1 −1 Heiliger Petrus Faber SJ – Kämpfer für Versöhnung und Ökumene – „Dass alle eins seien“ – Um die Einheit der Kirche Saint Peter Faber SJ – Fight for Reconciliation and Ecumenism – "That all may be one" – For the Unity of the Church South-East 7 Heribert 0 473 0 880 B 1 −1 Heiliger Heribert – Bischof – Kanzler – Freund der Armen – Dass wir die Armen und Schwachen nicht vergessen – Bitte für uns Saint Heribert – Bishop – Chancellor – Friend of the Poor – That we may not forget the poor and the weak – Pray for us North-East 8 Hanno von Worms 0 297 0 751 D 2 +1 Heiliger Hanno von Worms – Frommer Ordensmann und weiser Bischof – Bitte für unsere Kranken und die Sterbenden Saint Hanno of Worms – Pious, Religious and wise Bishop – Pray for our Sick and the Dying North-East [ 22 ] In the Nibelungen Saga [ edit ] An episode in the Nibelungenlied takes place at the portal of the cathedral. The rival queens Brünhilde and Kriemhild disputed over which of their husbands ( Siegfried or Gunther) has the higher rank, and therefore, which of them should enter the cathedral first. This is a key episode which leads to Siegfried's death and the destruction of the Nibelungs. [ 23 ] The portal in question was on the north side of the cathedral and was considerably more elaborate before it was destroyed in 1689. In connection with this episode, the Nibelungenfestspiele have taken place on an outdoor stage in front of the cathedral since 2002. See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Peter's Cathedral (Worms) . The New Synagogue of Strasbourg , built by Ludwig Levy from 1895 to 1898 and destroyed in 1940–41, was modelled on Worms Cathedral. Mainz Cathedral History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes References [ edit ]
1,183	1.500849°W	53.333194°N	Beauchief Abbey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauchief_Abbey	2,992	United Kingdom	Medieval monastic house now serving as a parish church in Sheffield, England Beauchief Abbey Beauchief Abbey main tower Beauchief Abbey Location City of Sheffield , South Yorkshire , England Coordinates 53°19′59″N 1°30′03″W / 53.333194°N 1.500849°W / 53.333194; -1.500849 Beauchief Abbey is a medieval monastic house now serving as a parish church in the southern suburbs of Sheffield , England . History [ edit ] The abbey was founded by Robert FitzRanulph de Alfreton. Thomas Tanner, writing in 1695, stated that it was founded in 1183. [ 1 ] However, Samuel Pegge in his History of Beauchief Abbey noted that Albinas, the abbot of Derby , who was one of the witnesses to the charter of foundation, died in 1176, placing foundation before that date. [ 2 ] The abbey was dedicated to Saint Mary and Saint Thomas Becket , who had been canonised in 1173. Tanner stated that Robert FitzRanulf was one of the murderers of Thomas Becket and founded the abbey to expiate his guilt. Pegge also disputed this fact, showing that Robert FitzRanulf had no connection with the murder. [ 3 ] The abbey once contained an alabaster altar-piece, which depicted the death of Thomas Becket. In the 1879 the altarpiece was known to be in the possession of a Mr. Foljambe, of Osberton, near Worksop. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Beauchief Abbey from the north-east The abbey was of the Premonstratensian order founded by Saint Norbert at Prémontré in France . Members of the order are known as White Canons. Beauchief was a small house comprising around 12 to 15 canons plus lay brothers . It had the full range of monastic buildings including the abbey church , cloisters , chapter house , dormitory and refectory . A stream provided water to the Abbey and to fish ponds. As with most monastic sites, Beauchief was an industrial as well as a religious centre. Farming on the Beauchief estate and on outlying manors was important, and the monastery also controlled iron smelting , mineral extraction, woodland industries and mills on the River Sheaf from which Sheffield takes its name. The Abbey was dissolved in 1537 [ 6 ] and the estate became the property of Sir Nicholas Strelley , from whom it descended to the Pegge family through the marriage of Edward Pegge of Ashbourne, Derbyshire to Gertrude Strelley, heiress of the Strelley's, in Norton on 17 July 1648. In 1671 Edward Pegge built Beauchief Hall using stone from the now ruined Abbey. In 1923 the estate was purchased by Mr Frank Crawshaw. Some of the land was sold for housing development but much was presented to Sheffield Corporation. Beauchief Park today [ edit ] Today only the western tower of the Abbey remains, together with some ruins (including a wall) to the immediate south-east. The tower is attached to a chapel (now a church) built in the 17th century, but what remains is a Scheduled Ancient Monument . The foundations of other buildings are visible and the medieval fishponds still exist. Much of the old estate is now occupied by two golf courses (Abbeydale Golf Club and Beauchief Golf Club), but several areas of ancient woodland remain: Parkbank Wood to the East of the Abbey, Old Park Wood and Little Wood Bank to the south, Gulleys Wood in the centre of the park and Ladies Spring Wood to the west. Public footpaths run through the estate, including across the golf courses and through several of the woods. The Sheffield Round Walk arrives from Park Bank Wood, running eastwards through Chancet Wood and on to Graves Park . Ladies Spring Wood (also known as Totley Wood) [ edit ] A dead oak tree creates a break in the canopy in Ladies Spring Wood This is an arc-shaped area of mature deciduous woodland on a steep bank facing the River Sheaf to the west. It was formerly managed for coppicing with standards—the remains of charcoal platforms and q-pits are still to be found here. It is currently managed by Sheffield City Council for wildlife and public recreation, and has two public footpaths running through. The trees today are mainly sessile oak , with birch and rowan on the upper slopes and ash and alder on the lower slopes and on the river terrace, with small numbers of other species also represented. The upper terrace is dominated by rhododendrons . The wood supports many birds, including white-throated dipper by the river and several species of hole-nesting birds including the nuthatch , the green woodpecker , the great spotted woodpecker and the lesser spotted woodpecker . There is significant evidence that this is primary ancient woodland, including: The name: Spring is Anglo-Saxon for coppicing , indicating that the wood existed (and was managed for coppicing) many hundreds of years ago. The shape. The wood's edge has several bends and zig-zags, characteristic of the surrounding land being cleared over a long period of time. The location: The River Sheaf on its western border used to be the boundary between the parishes of Sheffield and Norton ; and formerly the boundary between Yorkshire and Derbyshire; and before that, the boundary between the Anglo-Saxon states of Mercia and Northumbria . Woodland on such boundaries is often left undeveloped. The absence of evidence of early settlements or field boundaries. [ 7 ] It has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest for its biological interest, under the name "Totley Wood". [ 8 ] Parkbank Wood [ edit ] This is also an old mature wood, though it has seen more active use in the past and may not be primary ancient woodland. There is again evidence of charcoal and white coal manufacture in the form of charcoal hearths and Q-pits , and also evidence of former quarrying and boundary ditches, which may indicate that the area was at one time cleared for agriculture. [ 9 ] This is also now mostly mature sessile oak, and has public footpaths granting access, including the Sheffield Round Walk. The parkland, though it has had its topography altered for the golf courses, still includes evidence of mediaeval ridge and furrow farming. [ 10 ] Burials at the abbey [ edit ] Robert FitzRanulph References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauchief Abbey .
1,183	31.26139°E	30.02944°N	Cairo Citadel	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Citadel	120,660	Egypt	Medieval Islamic-era fortification in Egypt For the castle in Taiz, Yemen, see Al-Qahira Castle . "Citadel of Saladin" redirects here. Not to be confused with the Castle of Saladin in Syria nor the Castle of Saladin, Pharaoh's Island . Cairo Citadel قلعة صلاح الدين الأيوبي Islamic Cairo , Cairo , Egypt View of the Citadel, with the Ottoman -era gate of Bab al-'Azab, and the 19th-century Muhammad Ali Mosque . Type Citadel Site information Condition Intact Site history Built 1176–1183 (original construction) 1310–1341 (major modifications) 1805–1848 (major modifications) Built by Saladin (1176–1183) An-Nasir Muhammad (1310–1341) Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1848) In use UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural: (i)(v)(vi) Designated 1979 (3rd session ) Part of Historic Cairo Reference no. 89-002 Materials stone The Citadel of Cairo or Citadel of Saladin ( Arabic : قلعة صلاح الدين , romanized : Qalaʿat Salāḥ ad-Dīn ) is a medieval Islamic -era fortification in Cairo , Egypt , built by Salah ad-Din (Saladin) and further developed by subsequent Egyptian rulers. It was the seat of government in Egypt and the residence of its rulers for nearly 700 years from the 13th century until the construction of Abdeen Palace in the 19th century. Its location on a promontory of the Mokattam hills near the center of Cairo commands a strategic position overlooking the city and dominating its skyline. When it was constructed it was among the most impressive and ambitious military fortification projects of its time. [ 1 ] It is now a preserved historic site, including mosques and museums. In addition to the initial Ayyubid -era construction begun by Saladin in 1176, the Citadel underwent major development during the Mamluk Sultanate that followed, culminating with the construction projects of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad in the 14th century. In the first half of the 19th century Muhammad Ali Pasha demolished many of the older buildings and built new palaces and monuments all across the site, giving it much of its present form. In the 20th century it was used as a military garrison by the British occupation and then by the Egyptian Army until being opened to the public in 1983. In 1976, it was proclaimed by UNESCO as a part of the World Heritage Site Historic Cairo ( Islamic Cairo ) which was "the new centre of the Islamic world, reaching its golden age in the 14th century." [ 2 ] History [ edit ] View of the Citadel near the visitor entrance today. The minarets of the 14th-century Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque can be seen in the background. Overview [ edit ] The Citadel was built on a promontory beneath the Muqattam Hills , a setting that made it difficult to attack. The efficacy of the Citadel's location is further demonstrated by the fact that it remained the heart of Egyptian government until the 19th century. [ 3 ] During this long period, the layout and structure of the Citadel was repeatedly altered and adapted to suit the designs of new rulers and new regimes, which makes it difficult to reconstitute its original plan or even its plan in subsequent periods. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] There have been three major construction periods leading to the Citadel's current form: 12th-century Ayyubid (starting with Saladin ), 14th-century Mamluk (under al-Nasir Muhammad ), and in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali . [ 5 ] The Citadel stopped being the seat of government when Egypt 's ruler, Khedive Ismail , moved to his newly built Abdin Palace in the new downtown Cairo in 1874. Despite its elaborate defenses, the Citadel never ended up being subjected to a true siege, though it was implicated on various occasions in the political conflicts within Cairo or Egypt. [ 6 ] General layout [ edit ] Layout of the Cairo Citadel today In general, the fortress complex is divided into two parts: the Northern Enclosure (where the National Military Museum is located today), and the Southern Enclosure (where the Mosque of Muhammad Ali is located today). The Northern Enclosure was historically reserved for military garrisons, while the Southern Enclosure was developed as the residence of the sultan. There is also a lower, western enclosure which was historically the site of the royal stables of the Mamluks. [ 7 ] However, these functional distinctions were largely erased in the 19th century under Muhammad Ali Pasha, who overhauled the entire site and constructed buildings of various functions throughout the Citadel. [ 4 ] To the west and southwest of the Citadel was a long open field frequently referred to as the "hippodrome" by historians or as the Maydan ("plaza" or "square"). [ 1 ] [ 7 ] [ 5 ] For centuries this was maintained as a training ground (especially for horsemanship) and as a military parade ground. Its outline is still visible in the layout of the roads (mainly Salah ad-Din Street) on this side of the Citadel. At the northern end of this hippodrome was another square or plaza known as Rumayla Square ( Maydan/Midan Rumayla ), today known as Salah al-Din Square ( Midan Salah ad-Din ) or Citadel Square ( Midan al-Qal'a ). This was used as a horse market (due to its adjacency to the royal stables), but also as an official square for royal and religious ceremonies. It is occupied today by a large roundabout next to which are the massive mosques of Sultan Hassan and al-Rifa'i . [ 1 ] [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Ayyubid foundation and construction: 12th–13th centuries [ edit ] Saladin's original construction [ edit ] 19th-century sketch of the Eagle of Saladin on the citadel walls. The eagle became the coat of arms of Egypt. [ 8 ] The Citadel was begun by the Kurdish Ayyubid ruler Salah al-Din ( Saladin ) between 1176 and 1183 CE in order to protect Cairo from potential Crusader attacks and to provide a secure center of government for his new regime (only a few years after he had dismantled the Fatimid Caliphate ). [ 1 ] [ 9 ] This also emulated a feature of many Syrian cities, such as Damascus and Aleppo , which had walled citadels that acted as the seat of power and which Saladin was familiar with. [ 5 ] Saladin also set out to build a wall, around 20 kilometres long, that would surround both Cairo and Fustat (the nearby former capital), and is recorded as saying: "With a wall I will make the two [cities of Cairo and Fustat] into a unique whole, so that one army may defend them both; and I believe it is good to encircle them with a single wall from the bank of the Nile to the bank of the Nile." [ 1 ] The Citadel would be the centerpiece of the wall. While the Citadel was initially completed in 1183–1184, the wall Saladin had envisioned was still under construction in 1238, long after his death. [ 1 ] It does not appear to have ever been fully completed after this, though long segments were built. [ 10 ] Saladin charged his chief eunuch and close confidant, Baha al-Din Qaraqush , with overseeing the construction of the new fortifications. Most of the structure was built with limestone quarried from the surrounding Muqattam Hills; however, Qaraqush also quarried a number of minor pyramids at Giza and even as far away as Abusir in order to obtain further materials. [ 1 ] He also made use of labour provided by Christian prisoners of war captured in Saladin's victories against the Crusaders. [ 1 ] The initial fortress built in Saladin's time consisted essentially of what is today's Northern Enclosure, although not all elements of the Northern Enclosure's current walls are original. [ 5 ] [ 10 ] The southeast and northeast sections of these walls are likely the closest to their original forms. [ 1 ] [ 5 ] Also from Saladin's time is the so-called Yusuf's Well, a deep underground well accessed through a spiral staircase which provided water for the fortress. The original southwestern section of Saladin's enclosure has disappeared but is likely to have extended around this well and around the current site of al-Nasir Muhammad's mosque (making the original enclosure slightly bigger than the existing Northern Enclosure today). [ 10 ] The carved image of a double-headed eagle, found near the top of one of the towers of the western walls (near the Police Museum), is a curious feature which is popularly attributed to Salah ad-Din's reign. It was probably located elsewhere originally and then moved here at some point when the walls were rebuilt in Muhammad Ali's time. [ 7 ] [ 6 ] The eagle's heads are missing today, but their original appearance was noted by chroniclers. [ 7 ] : 24 Only one original gate, Bab al-Mudarraj , has survived to the present day. It is located along the walls of the Northern Enclosure, nowadays between the Harem Palace (National Military Museum) and the newer Bab al-Jadid gate. It was originally the main gate of the Citadel, but today it is obscured by later constructions from Muhammad Ali 's time, including the Bab al-Jadid ("New Gate"). [ 1 ] Its name was derived from the carved stone steps ( darraj ) which led up to it from the path that connected the Citadel to the city below. [ 4 ] Like other gateways in Ayyubid military architecture, it had a bent entrance . [ 7 ] Today, the inside of the gate's dome-vault is covered in plaster with painted inscriptions belonging to Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad and dated to 1310. [ 7 ] [ 6 ] It was also on this gate that a foundation inscription was discovered which dates the completion of the Citadel to 1183–1184. Nonetheless, construction of one kind or another almost certainly continued under Saladin's Ayyubid successors. [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Construction under Saladin's successors [ edit ] The two easternmost towers, fortified by al-Kamil in 1207: the Burj al-Ramla and the Burj al-Hadid Chamber inside the Burj al-Ramla Construction of the Ayyubid Citadel appears to have continued under Sultan al-'Adil ( r. 1200–1218), Saladin's brother and later successor, and was probably finished under the reign of al-Kamil (1218–1238). [ 4 ] Al-'Adil had already supervised some of the construction under Saladin, while al-Kamil in turn probably worked on the Citadel during al-'Adil's reign when the latter gave him the viceroyship of Egypt in 1200 (a prelude to becoming sultan later). [ 10 ] The rounded towers in the outer walls of the Northern Enclosure date from Saladin's initial construction while the large rectangular towers date to al-Adil's reign. [ 1 ] The two large round towers in the far northeastern corner of the enclosure, known as Burj al-Ramla ("Tower of Sand") and Burj al-Hadid ("Tower of Iron") are towers from Saladin's time which al-Kamil subsequently reinforced in 1207. [ 5 ] More significantly, al-Kamil built or completed the palaces in the southern section of the Citadel, and became the first ruler to actually move there in 1206. [ 4 ] In addition to the palaces, a number of other structures were built, including a mosque, a royal library, and a "hall of justice". [ 10 ] In 1213 al-Kamil also established a horse market on what became Rumayla Square (the square between the Citadel and Sultan Hasan's mosque today), as well as a maydan , a long open square or "hippodrome", to the west and south of the Citadel which was used for equestrian training and military parades. [ 10 ] This was on the same site that Ahmad Ibn Tulun established a similar hippodrome in the 9th century. [ 10 ] This work established the overall plan of the Citadel area for centuries to come: the northern part of the citadel was devoted to military functions, the southern part to the sultan's private residence and the state administration, and outside, at the southwestern foot of the Citadel, was the parade ground which remained for centuries. [ 10 ] Al-Kamil was likely also responsible for building or completing the first water aqueduct which ran along the top of Saladin's city walls to the southwest and brought water from the Nile to the Citadel. [ 10 ] Sultan al-Salih (r. 1240–1249) subsequently moved away from the Citadel again and built himself a new fortified enclosure on Roda Island (which also became the barracks of the Bahri Mamluks who took power after him). Only under the Mamluks , who ruled from 1250 to 1517, did the Citadel finally become the permanent residence of the sultans. Mamluk period: 13th–16th centuries [ edit ] Early Bahri Mamluk period [ edit ] Excavated remains of the Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya (Reception hall of al-Ashraf Khalil ), on the terrace in front of the modern Police Museum Under the early Bahri Mamluks , the Citadel was continuously developed and the Southern Enclosure in particular was expanded and became the site of important monumental structures. Al-Zahir Baybars , al-Mansur Qalawun , al-Ashraf Khalil and al-Nasir Muhammad each built or rebuilt the audience hall (throne hall), the main mosque, the palaces, or other structures. Unlike the earlier Ayyubid buildings, the Mamluk buildings were increasingly designed to be visible from afar and to dominate the city's skyline. [ 4 ] Many of these structures have not survived, with few exceptions. Baybars ( r. 1260–1277) was the first one to split the Citadel into two areas by building the Bab al-Qulla , the gate and wall which today separates the Southern and Northern Enclosures of the Citadel. It was named after a keep tower which he built nearby and which was later torn down by Qalawun. The gate itself was rebuilt again by al-Nasir Muhammad in 1320. [ 10 ] The gate was intended to control access to the newly delimited Southern Enclosure which Baybars then developed into a more elaborate and more exclusive royal complex. A part of the Southern Enclosure became reserved for the harem , the private and domestic area of the sultan and his family, while another part became the site of more monumental structures whose functions were more public, ceremonial, or administrative. Among the structures he built here was one called the Dar al-Dhahab ("the Hall of Gold"), which he seems to have used as his private reception hall and which may have been located in the area of the present Police Museum. [ 10 ] Another important structure he built in the area is referred to as the Qubba al-Zahiriyya ("the Dome of al-Zahir"), a monumental and richly decorated hall with a central dome which acted as an audience hall or throne hall. It may have been a new structure or an addition to an existing Ayyubid structure, and it was probably the predecessor of al-Nasir Muhammad's "Great Iwan". [ 10 ] Baybars also built the Tower of the Lions ( Burj al Siba' ), a round tower which featured a stone-carved frieze of lions (Baybars' emblem) along its upper parts. The tower was obscured by later construction but its remains, including the lion carvings, were rediscovered in the late 20th century and are now visible on the northwestern side of the Police Museum. [ 4 ] Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun ( r. 1279–1290) either built or significantly renovated a structure known as the Dar al-Niyaba which served as the palace of the sultan's vice-regent. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] He also demolished Baybars' Qubba al-Zahiriyya and replaced it with his own domed structure, the Qubba al-Mansuriyya . [ 10 ] More significantly in the long run, Qalawun was the first to create elite regiments of mamluks (soldiers of slave origin) who resided in the various towers of the Citadel, which earned them the name "Burji" Mamluks (Mamluks of the Tower). [ 10 ] It was these cohorts of mamluks who would eventually dominate the sultanate during the Burji Mamluk period. Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil built a qa'a (reception hall) in 1291–1292, referred to as the Qa'a al-Ashrafiyya. Its remains were excavated in the late 20th century and are still visible today, just west of the present-day gate called Bab al-'Alam (Gate of the Flag), across the terrace from the current Police Museum. [ Note 1 ] The remains indicate that the walls of the hall were decorated with multi-coloured marble paneling along the lower walls (a dado ), above which was a small frieze of marble mosaics with mother-of-pearl and other marble reliefs, and above all this were panels of glass mosaics with scenes of trees and palaces which are reminiscent of the mosaics of the Ummayyad Mosque and Mausoleum of Baybars in Damascus . [ 7 ] [ 11 ] (During excavations the mosaics were removed for study and restoration. [ 11 ] ) The hall also had a central octagonal fountain of marble and the floor was paved with marble mosaics arranged in geometric patterns. [ 5 ] [ 7 ] It was one of the few structures in this area which al-Nasir Muhammad did not destroy but instead re-used for various purposes, and in the Burji Mamluk period it seems to have replaced the Dar al-Niyaba as the palace of the vice-regent. [ 10 ] Al-Ashraf also, once again, demolished the qubba or domed throne hall of his father Qalawun and replaced it with his own structure, the Iwan al-Ashrafiyya (the word " iwan " seems to have been used from then on for this particular type of building). [ 10 ] This new throne hall differed from previous incarnations in one notable respect: it was painted with pictures of al-Ashraf's amirs (commanders), each with their rank inscribed above his head. [ 7 ] The reign of Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad [ edit ] The Nile aqueduct that supplied water to the Citadel, largely built in the Mamluk period The greatest builder of the Citadel during the Mamluk period was al-Nasir Muhammad , another son of Qalawun, who was sultan three times over a period of nearly fifty years between 1293 and 1341. It was most likely under his reign that the borders of the Southern Enclosure expanded to their current outline, in order to accommodate the new palaces and structures he built. [ 10 ] He is responsible for several major works in the Citadel, though unfortunately most of them fell into ruin during the Ottoman period and were finally demolished by Muhammad Ali in the 19th century. In addition to his official palaces and his semi-public monuments in the Southern Enclosure, al-Nasir reserved the southeastern corner of the enclosure (the location of the al-Gawhara Palace today) for the palaces, private courtyard, and garden devoted to his harem (wives and concubines ), probably as Baybars had done, called al-Qusur al-Jawwaniyya . [ 4 ] [ 12 ] He also commissioned new palaces outside the Citadel but nearby for his favourite amirs , and his projects encouraged the development of areas near the Citadel, such as al-Darb al-Ahmar . [ 5 ] [ 7 ] In 1312 al-Nasir also ordered the renovation of the water aqueduct which brought water from the Nile to the Citadel. His predecessor, al-Ashraf, is responsible for building an octagonal water intake tower on the shores of the Nile, from which water was raised and transferred along the aqueduct, but al-Nasir completed the project. [ 10 ] This improvement of the infrastructure allowed him in turn to embark on more ambitious projects within the Citadel. The Ablaq Palace ( Qasr al-Ablaq ) [ edit ] View from the terrace south of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali: on the left, the corner structure partially exposes the ruins of what may be the lower levels of the former Ablaq Palace. [ 13 ] Among the most important constructions was the Ablaq Palace ( Qasr al-Ablaq ; sometimes translated as the "Striped Palace"), built in 1313–1314. Its name derived from the red-and-black ablaq masonry that marked its exterior. [ 10 ] It may have been partly inspired by the palace of the same name that Sultan Baybars had built in Damascus in 1264 and in which al-Nasir resided when he visited that city. [ 7 ] The palace was used for regular receptions and private ceremonies. It was connected to the Great Iwan (see below) by a private passage or corridor which led to the sultan's entrance in the back wall of the Iwan. The walls of the palace itself formed a part of the new outer boundary of the Citadel's enclosure: it was located on an escarpment overlooking the city below, and the escarpment, along with the foundation walls of the palace, acted as the effective outer wall of the Citadel at its western corner. Because of this, al-Nasir was able to build a loggia on the side of the palace from which he could freely observe the activities in the stables and in the maydan (hippodrome) at the foot of the Citadel below, as well as a private door and staircase which gave him direct access between the palace and the hippodrome. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] The interior layout of the palace consisted of a large qa'a (reception hall) courtyard with two unequal iwans (vaulted chambers open on one side) facing each other and a central dome in the middle. The larger iwan, on the northwestern side, gave access to the outside loggia with views of the city, while the southeastern one gave access to the private passage to the Great Iwan. This also served as the throne room of the palace complex. From here one could access three "inner palaces" with the same layout but located on different levels, with the last two reached by stairs. These palace sections were lined up in a row and all faced in the same direction, apparently so that every qa'a had a similar view of the city from its northwestern iwan. From these inner palaces the Sultan could also access the buildings of his harem (where his wives and concubines lived) in the southeastern part of the Citadel. [ 7 ] According to historical chronicles, the palace complex was richly decorated with marble floors, marble and gold paneling ( dadoes ), windows of coloured glass from Cyprus , Arabic inscriptions, colorful mosaics with mother-of-pearl that featured floral patterns, and gilded ceilings painted in lapis lazuli blue. [ 7 ] : 202–203 The location where the palace once stood has not been identified beyond doubt. Creswell suggested that a set of massive stone corbels at the foot of the walls northwest of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali would have once supported the upper levels of the palace. [ 14 ] More recently, Nasser Rabbat argued that a much more likely site is the partly ruined terrace just below the mosque's southwestern corner (inaccessible but partly visible to visitors today), which shelters a vast space of vaulted halls. [ 13 ] These halls would likely have been the lower levels of the palace, acting as a substructure supporting the main palace above. If this is correct, then a part of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali today would likely overlap with the former location of the palace. [ 13 ] The Great Iwan ( al-Iwan al-Kabir ) [ edit ] Main article: Great Iwan The ruins of the Great Iwan , as seen in the early 19th century (missing its dome), before it was demolished by Muhammad Ali Al-Nasir demolished, yet again, the Iwan al-Ashrafiyya (throne hall) of his brother al-Ashraf in 1311, and replaced it with his own structure known as the Great Iwan ( al-Iwan al-Kabir ). This may have been out of a desire to make it appear even more prominent and monumental, as well as to perhaps accommodate larger ceremonies. [ 10 ] In any case, he demolished it (either entirely or in part) and rebuilt it yet again in 1333, and it is this incarnation of the Great Iwan which survived up until the 19th century (when it was destroyed during Muhammad Ali's constructions). It was frequently cited by chroniclers as the most impressive structure in Cairo, more monumental than almost any of the Mamluk mosques. [ 1 ] It served as the sultan's public and ceremonial throne room and continued to be used (albeit less consistently) by Mamluk sultans after him. [ 7 ] Al-Nasir Muhammad's Mosque [ edit ] The entrance of the Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad , with a typical Mamluk-era portal Lastly, al-Nasir's other most notable contribution, and the only major structure of his reign still preserved at the Citadel, was the Mosque of al-Nasir , also situated in the Southern Enclosure. This was built in 1318 on the site of an earlier Ayyubid main mosque which he demolished in order to serve as the new grand mosque of the Citadel. Al-Nasir renovated his mosque again in 1335. [ 4 ] Some of its huge columns were also re-used from Pharaonic-era buildings, much like the columns of the Great Iwan. [ 6 ] While its structure is well preserved, most of its rich marble paneling decoration was stripped away and shipped to Istanbul by the Ottoman sultan Selim I after his conquest of Egypt . [ 5 ] Later Mamluk period [ edit ] Subsequent sultans continued to build or add to the palaces and administrative buildings inside the Citadel, though rarely with the same ambition as al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan al-Salih Isma'il (a son of al-Nasir who reigned from 1342 to 1345) built a richly decorated palace or hall known as al-Duhaysha (the "little wonder") which was inaugurated in February 1344. [ 15 ] Likewise, Sultan Hasan (another son of al-Nasir) built a lavish domed palace known as the Qa'a al-Baysariyya , which was completed in 1360. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] It was over 50 metres tall and, in addition to a main hall covered by a dome, it also had a tower with an apartment for the sultan which was decorated with ivory and ebony. [ 6 ] : 83 Other private apartments also had domes, while paintings and portraits decorated the walls. [ 6 ] Both Isma'il and Hasan were sons of al-Nasir Muhammad. Sultan Hasan also built his massive madrasa-mosque just northwest of the Citadel, off Rumayla Square, in the 1350s and early 1360s (and still standing today). It was so large and tall that in later years it was reportedly used by rebels as a platform from which to bombard the Citadel on more than one occasion. [ 5 ] [ 17 ] The Burji Mamluk period saw little construction in the Citadel by comparison with the earlier Mamluk period. The private harem courtyard in the southeastern corner of the Southern Enclosure, known as the hosh , became increasingly used to build new reception halls and other structures with slightly more public functions. [ 4 ] The late Burji sultans Qaytbay and al-Ghuri built palaces in this part of the Citadel, on the site of what is now the 19th-century al-Gawhara Palace . [ 5 ] Al-Ghuri also restored many other structures in and around the Citadel, including a major restoration/reconstruction of the Citadel's Nile aqueduct . [ 7 ] He also restored or reconfigured the Mamluk hippodrome at the southwestern foot of the Citadel, where he installed a vast pool which received water from the restored aqueduct. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] Ottoman period: 16th–18th centuries [ edit ] The Burj al-Muqattam , a tower built by the Ottoman governor Ibrahim Pasha around 1525 Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and remained under Ottoman rule for centuries. Sultan Selim I stripped the monumental Mamluk buildings of their precious materials, especially their marble panels and decoration, and shipped them to Istanbul for use in his own building projects. [ 7 ] During this period the Citadel was neglected and many Mamluk structures fell into ruin, although some of the Citadel walls were rebuilt or extended in the 16th–17th centuries. [ 5 ] Due to rivalries between different military corps in the Ottoman forces , the Citadel was divided into three areas to house three different elements of the Ottoman garrison: the Northern Enclosure housed the barracks of the Janissaries , the Southern Enclosure was used by the Ottoman pasha (governor) and his own troops, and another lower western enclosure, which contained the stables, housed the 'Azaban (or Azap) corps. [ 4 ] Each section had its own mosque and facilities. In between them was a virtual no-man's-land where some of the former grand Mamluk buildings stood abandoned or under-used. This included the Great Iwan of al-Nasir Muhammad, whose large dome collapsed in 1521 and was never rebuilt. [ 7 ] : 246 The Ablaq Palace was used more productively as a manufacturing center for weaving the Kiswah , the rich cloth covering the Kaaba in Mecca , which continued to come from Cairo until the 20th century. [ 6 ] Some notable structures were still created during this period. The huge round tower near the visitor entrance today, standing at the corner of the Southern and Northern Enclosures, was built by Ibrahim Pasha (the later Grand Vizier under Suleiman the Magnificent ) in 1525 and is known as the Burj al-Muqattam ("Tower of the Muqattam Hills"). [ 7 ] The round tower at the other corner of the two enclosures (between Bab al-Qulla and Bab al-Wastani), known now as Burj al-Wastani ("Middle Tower"), may also date from this time. [ 18 ] The first mosque built in the Citadel after the Mamluk period was the Mosque of Sulayman Pasha in the Northern Enclosure, built by the Ottoman governor in 1528 for use by the Janissaries. [ 4 ] It is one of the few mosques in Cairo that represents something close to the classical Ottoman architectural style . [ 5 ] Bab al-'Azab, the northwestern entrance. Although built in 1754 during the Ottoman era, it emulates the Fatimid-era gate of Bab al-Futuh . The lower, western enclosure which can be seen today below the Mosque of Muhammad Ali was historically the area which housed the stables of the Citadel. It's not clear when walls were first built around it, though they were likely already enclosed in Mamluk times. [ 4 ] This enclosure was occupied by the 'Azaban soldiers, and contains the Mosque of al-'Azab which was built by Ahmad Katkhuda in 1697. (It is possible that Ahmad Katkhuda merely renovated an existing early Burji Mamluk mosque and added the present-day Ottoman-style minaret to it. [ 4 ] ) The rest of the area is presently occupied by various 19th-century buildings, including storehouses and old factories. [ 7 ] The lower enclosure was accessed from the west through the monumental gate called Bab al-'Azab , which was built by Radwan Katkhuda al-Julfi in 1754, probably on the site of an earlier Mamluk gate known as Bab al-Istabl (Gate of the Stables). [ 5 ] [ 7 ] The gate was modeled on the old Fatimid gate of Bab al-Futuh in the north of Cairo, but its interior facade was later remodeled into a neo-Gothic style during the Khedival period . [ 4 ] The present-dat visitor entrance goes through the small western gate called Bab al-Jabal ("Gate of the Mountain") which was built by the Ottoman governor Yakan Pasha in 1785 when he rearranged the area to build a new palace. Yakan also rebuilt a small stretch of the adjoining wall south of here. [ 7 ] Muhammad Ali: 19th-century [ edit ] Massacre of the Mamelukes by Horace Vernet , 1819 Muhammad Ali was a pasha of Albanian origin who was appointed by the Ottoman sultan in 1805 to restore order after the French occupation of Egypt (1798–1801). However, he subsequently established himself as de facto independent ruler of the country. He consolidated power through a famous and violent coup in 1811 which eliminated the remaining Mamluk class that still formed the country's elites. One of the most pivotal events of this coup took place in the Citadel. Muhammad Ali invited the Mamluk leaders to a celebration banquet in the Citadel, and as they were leaving and passing along the road leading from the upper Citadel to Bab al-Azab, regiments of his Albanian gunmen opened fire from above and massacred all of them. [ 5 ] The Citadel is sometimes referred to as the "Citadel of Muhammad Ali" ( Arabic : قلعة محمد علي Qalaʿat Muḥammad ʿAlī ). It contains the Mosque of Muhammad Ali , which he built between 1828 and 1848, perched on the summit of the citadel. [ 19 ] This Ottoman-style mosque was built in memory of Tusun Pasha , Muhammad Ali's second son who died in 1816. However, it also represents Muhammad Ali's efforts to erase symbols of the Mamluk legacy that he sought to replace. Many of the former Mamluk structures, including the Great Iwan and the Ablaq Palace of al-Nasir Muhammad, were demolished in 1825 to make way for his new mosque and its renovated surroundings. [ 7 ] : 246 Muhammad Ali himself was eventually buried in the mosque. [ 5 ] His mosque also replaced the nearby Mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad as the Citadel's official main mosque. [ 19 ] Muhammad Ali's mosque, with its large dome and tall pencil-like Ottoman minarets, is one of the most prominent monuments on Cairo's skyline to this day. A view of the Citadel and the Mosque of Muhammad Ali, 1955 Another obvious change that Muhammad Ali enacted pertained to the uses of the Citadel's northern and southern enclosures: during the Mamluk period the Southern Enclosure was the royal residential area and the Northern Enclosure was mostly military, but Muhammad Ali built his Harem Palace (which now houses the National Military Museum ) in the Northern Enclosure, erasing the old functional division between the two sections of the Citadel. [ 4 ] He also built or rebuilt some of the walls. Notably, he rebuilt the Bab al-Qulla gate and the surrounding wall which separated the Northern and Southern enclosures from each other, giving it its current look. The gate's form today once again emulates the appearance of Bab al-Futuh but introduces some Turkish elements. [ 4 ] In 1825 he also built the gate known as Bab al-Jadid (the "New Gate") at the point where a new carriage road entered the Citadel from the north. [ 4 ] Around the same time he built the Bab al-Wastani (or Bab al-Wustani ) ("Middle Gate") where the same road continues into the Southern Enclosure (just north of the Bab al-Qulla). [ 18 ] The Citadel eventually ceased to act as the residence of Egypt's ruler after Khedive Isma'il (Muhammad Ali's son and successor) moved the court to the new 'Abdin Palace , located in the newly created districts of downtown Cairo , in 1874. 20th century and present day [ edit ] View of the Citadel from the southeast. The present-day visitor entrance is up the hill on the right. For many years up to the late 20th century, the Citadel was closed to the public and used as a military garrison and base; at first by the British Army during the British occupation and afterward up to 1946, and since then by the Egyptian military . [ 4 ] In 1983, the Egyptian government opened a large part of the Citadel to the public and initiated refurbishment programs to convert some of its old buildings into museums, though the military retains a presence. It is now a major tourist site for both Egyptians and foreigners alike. [ 5 ] [ 20 ] Water supply system [ edit ] Cross-section of Saladin's well Yusuf's Well (Salah ad-Din's Well) [ edit ] To supply water to the Citadel, Saladin built an 85-metre-deep (280 ft) [ 21 ] well known as the Well of Joseph (or Bir Yusuf), so-called because Saladin's birth name, Yūsif, is the Arabic equivalent of Joseph. His chief eunuch and confidant, Qaraqush, who oversaw construction of the Citadel, was also responsible for digging the well. The well is considered a masterpiece of medieval engineering and still exists today. [ 4 ] Its shaft was divided into two sections, almost all of which is cut out of the rock itself. The upper part has a wider shaft which is surrounded by a long spiral staircase, separated from the main shaft only by a thin wall of rock. For this reason, the well is also known as the Spiral Well ( Bir al-Halazon ). [ 4 ] The stairs could be covered with earth to make it into a ramp for oxen to travel down to its bottom. [ 5 ] The lower part of the well was another shaft descending to the level of underground water seeping in from the Nile. At the bottom of the upper section, two oxen turned a waterwheel that brought the water up from the bottom of the well, while another waterwheel at the top of the well, also powered by oxen, brought the water up the rest of the way. [ 4 ] The Mamluk Aqueduct [ edit ] Main article: Cairo Citadel Aqueduct During the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad , Saladin's well was insufficient to produce enough water for the Citadel's growing population and for al-Nasir's envisioned construction projects. [ 22 ] To increase the volume of water, al-Nasir renovated an Ayyubid aqueduct system (probably originally completed by al-Kamil ) and extended it with a new aqueduct system . This system consisted of a number of water wheels on the Nile which raised water to the top of an hexagonal tower (built by his predecessor al-Ashraf Khalil), from which the water was then transported along a series of raised aqueducts to the base of the Citadel. From the foot of the Citadel, the water was then carried up to the palaces via another system of waterwheels. [ 5 ] However, since this water supply could not be guaranteed in the event of a siege, Saladin's well was still an essential water source. [ 5 ] The Cistern of Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar [ edit ] This small domed building just outside the Citadel to the east was built in 1495–96 by an amir called Ya'qub Shah al-Mihmandar, a man originally from Erzincan ( Turkey ) who joined the Mamluk ranks under Sultan Qaytbay . Because of its dome, the building has the look of a mausoleum but it is actually a structure covering access to a cistern . It has an inscription that memorializes the victory of Sultan Qaytbay's army over Ottoman forces at Adana in a battle in 1486 . [ 17 ] Today it is cut off from the Citadel and stands stranded between two highways (Salah Salem road and Kobri al-Ebageah) which pass right next to the Citadel on its eastern side. [ 5 ] Mosques [ edit ] Courtyard of the Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque . The domes and minarets of the Mosque of Muhammad Ali are visible in the background. There are four main mosques in the Citadel today, some of which are open to visitors: Mosque of Muhammad Ali [ edit ] Main article: Mosque of Muhammad Ali The mosque was built between 1830 and 1848, although not completed until the reign of Said Pasha in 1857. It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public today. The architect was Yusuf Bushnak from Istanbul and its model was the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in that city. [ 23 ] Muhammad Ali Pasha was buried in a tomb carved from Carrara marble , in the courtyard of the mosque. His body was transferred here from Hawsh al-Basha in 1857. Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque [ edit ] Main article: Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque Built in 1318, during the early Bahri Mamluk period, [ 24 ] as the royal mosque of the Citadel where the sultans of Cairo performed their Friday prayers, today this hypostyle mosque is still similar to how it looked in the 1300s though many repairs have been made and only some of its original decoration has been restored. [ 5 ] The parts of the building relying on plastered walls have been reinforced. There have also been attempts to restore the light-blue color of the ceiling. It is located in the Southern Enclosure and is open to the public. Mosque of Sulayman Pasha [ edit ] Main article: Sulayman Pasha Mosque Sulayman Pasha Mosque (16th century) Built in 1528, it was first of the Citadel's Ottoman-style mosques and is one of the few structures in Cairo closely resembling the "classical" Ottoman style of the 16th century. It is located in the Northern Enclosure, just northeast of the Harim Palace (Military Museum). It was built on the ruins of the earlier Mosque of Sidi Sariyya built by Abu-Mansur Qasta, an amir in the Fatimid era (predating the Citadel). Qasta's tomb, dated to 1140 CE, still exists in the mosque today. [ 7 ] Mosque of al-'Azab [ edit ] This lesser-known mosque is situated right behind the main western gate, Bab al-'Azab. Both are named after the Ottoman military regiments known as 'Azaban (or Azaps) who were housed in this part of the Citadel during the Ottoman period. The mosque was built by the Mamluk amir Ahmad Katkhuda in 1697, but it has been argued that it incorporates, or was a renovation of, an earlier Mamluk mosque or religious structure. [ 7 ] Although not publicly accessible, it can be spotted by its pointed Ottoman-style minaret. Museums [ edit ] The Citadel also contains several museums: Egyptian Military museum [ edit ] Main article: Egyptian National Military Museum Egyptian National Military Museum The official museum of the Egyptian Army . The museum was established in 1937 at the old building of the Egyptian Ministry of War in downtown Cairo. It was later moved to a temporary location in the Garden City district of Cairo. In November 1949 the museum was moved to the Harem Palace at the Cairo citadel. It has been renovated several times since, in 1982 and 1993. [ 25 ] Al-Gawhara Palace Museum [ edit ] Main article: Al-Gawhara Palace Exterior of the al-Gawhara Palace Also known as Bijou Palace, is a palace and museum commissioned by Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1814. The palace was designed and constructed by artisans contracted from a variety of countries, including Greeks , Turks , Bulgarians and Albanians . [ 26 ] Muhammad Ali's official divan or audience hall, where the pasha received guests, contains a 1,000 kg chandelier sent to him by Louis Philippe I of France. The palace also contains the throne of Muhammad Ali Pasha that was a gift from the King of Italy. [ 26 ] Carriage Museum [ edit ] Main article: Carriage Museum (Egypt) Inaugurated in 1983, it houses a collection of unique Royal Carriages attributed to different historical periods, from the reign of Khedive Ismail until the reign of King Farouk , in addition to other collection of unique antiques related to the carriages. Police Museum [ edit ] The museum (also sometimes referred to as the Prison Museum) is just north of the gate known as Bab al-'Alam, on a terrace commanding sweeping views of the city below. It is housed in the Citadel's former prison and contains exhibits on topics such as famous political assassinations and displays of the murder weapon used. [ 20 ] Notes [ edit ]
1,185	2.88417°W	56.38263°N	St Athernase Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Athernase_Church	1,563	United Kingdom	This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "St Athernase Church" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( April 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Church in Leuchars, Scotland St Athernase Church 56°22′57″N 2°53′03″W / 56.38263°N 2.88417°W / 56.38263; -2.88417 OS grid reference NO 455 215 Location Main Street, Leuchars Country Scotland Denomination Church of Scotland Website "Leuchars St Athernase" . Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Administration Presbytery St Andrews Parish Leuchars St Athernase Church is a Romanesque church located in Leuchars , Fife , Scotland. It is a Category A listed building and remains in use as a Church of Scotland parish church. [ 1 ] The chancel and half-round apse date from the 12th century with the exterior featuring blind arcades with typical Norman arches. The church was granted by Ness son of William, Lord of Leuchars, to the canons of St Andrews in 1185. Around 1700 a belfry was added, and in 1858 restoration was carried out to the nave. The church is open to the public in summer, at other times by arrangement. [ 2 ] Relics preserved inside include part of a 9th-century cross-slab found near the village (closely comparable to the large collection at St Andrews Cathedral ), and three elaborate 16th century memorial stones of the Bruces of Earlshall, the local lairds. One of the latter shows a full length figure of a woman, naïve in execution, but valuable in documenting contemporary dress. The oft-mentioned dedication of the medieval church of Leuchars to St Athernase is actually an error. It arises from a nineteenth-century misreading of a list of church dedications in the Register of St Andrews Priory, a medieval manuscript now in the National Archives of Scotland. Folio 155v. has a list of churches dedicated, or re-dedicated, by bishop David de Bernham of St Andrews in the 1240s. The eighth church in this list is 'ecclesia sancti Johannis euangeliste et sancti Athernisci confessoris de Losceresch (the church of St John the evangelist and St Athernase the confessor). However the church of Losceresch is not the church of Leuchars, which in medieval sources is spelt Lochris, Locres etc., but the parish church of Lathrisk (now Kettle parish in Fife), whose early spellings are Losresc (1170s), Loseresch , Losseresc (1227) and such like. Athernase is the patron saint not of Leuchars but of Lathrisk. The patron of Leuchars is not known for certain, but some medieval sources indicate a local cult of St Bonoc, a name unknown outside the parish of Leuchars, and a chapel of St Bonoc, complete with chaplain, is known to have existed. "Athernase" may be an anglicised form of the name Itharnán , found also in Fife at Kilrenny , and on the Isle of May , an Irish missionary who "died among the Picts" in 669 according to the Annals of Ulster . See also [ edit ] List of Church of Scotland parishes References [ edit ]
1,185	10.999073°E	45.443675°N	Santa Maria Antica, Verona	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Antica,_Verona	1,569	Italy	This article is about the church in Verona. For the church in Rome, see Santa Maria Antiqua . Side entrance. Santa Maria Antica is a Roman Catholic church in Verona , Italy. The current church is Romanesque in style and dates to 1185, rebuilt after the earthquake of 1117 destroyed the original building that dated back to the end of the period of Lombard domination in the 7th century. The only surviving remains of the 7th-century building is a fragment of black and white mosaic floor. The current building was dedicated by the patriarch of Aquileia and acted as the private chapel of Verona's ruling Scaligeri family, located beside their family cemetery (the site of the 13th-century Scaliger Tombs ). The church has a small tuff bell tower (with three baroque bells) in a purely Romanesque style, with mullioned windows and a brick-covered spire. Around 1630 the three-nave interior was altered to the Baroque style, though a restoration at the end of the 19th century restored the original Romanesque interior, divided by columns with "sesto rialzato" arches, and with an "incavallature" roof supported by transverse arches , as at the basilica of San Zeno . There are two lateral apses in tuff and cotto, and a central apse with two early 14th-century frescoes. The exterior has alternate bands of tuff and cotto , with small windows. The side-door is dominated by the arch of Cangrande I della Scala , the soberest but most monumental of the family arches. Excavations have found a cemetery near the church, containing fifty 11th-century burials, some aligned north-south, some east-west. The belltower contains two bells cast during the 17th century and rung in the Veronese syle . Burials [ edit ] See also: Category:Burials at Santa Maria Antica, Verona Alberto I della Scala Cangrande I della Scala Mastino II della Scala Cansignorio della Scala Alberto II della Scala Gallery [ edit ] Tomb of Cangrande above the entrance porch. View of the Interior The high altar 45°26′37″N 10°59′57″E / 45.443675°N 10.999073°E / 45.443675; 10.999073 v t e Churches in Verona Cathedral complex Cathedral Sant'Elena San Giovanni in Fonte Biblioteca capitolare Basilicas and abbeys Sant'Anastasia Basilica San Zeno Abbey San Zeno Basilica Churches Santi Apostoli San Bernardino Santa Caterina alla Ruota Cuore Immacolato di Maria San Domenico Sant'Eufemia San Fermo Maggiore San Fermo Minore di Brà (dei Filippini) San Giorgio in Braida San Giovanni in Foro San Giovanni in Valle San Lorenzo San Luca Madonna di Campagna Santa Maria Antica Santa Maria Consolatrice Santa Maria del Paradiso Santa Maria della Scala Santa Maria in Organo San Massimo San Michele Arcangelo Santi Nazaro e Celso San Nicolò all'Arena San Paolo in Campo Marzio San Pietro Incarnario San Procolo San Rocchetto Santi Siro e Libera Santo Stefano Santa Teresa degli Scalzi Santa Teresa di Gesù Bambino Sante Teuteria e Tosca San Tomaso Cantuariense Santa Toscana Santissima Trinità San Zeno in Oratorio Deconsecrated churches Santa Chiara Santa Maria di Chiavica San Matteo con Cortile San Pietro Martire Destroyed churches San Fermo Minore San Giovanni in Sacco San Sebastiano Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
1,185	13.35611°E	38.11444°N	Palermo Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_Cathedral	42,288	Unknown	Cathedral This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Palermo Cathedral" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of Virgin Mary Cattedrale metropolitana della Santa Vergine Maria Assunta Palermo Cathedral Religion Affiliation Roman Catholic Church Province Archdiocese of Palermo Ecclesiastical or organizational status Cathedral Status Active Location Location Palermo, Italy Geographic coordinates 38°06′52″N 13°21′22″E / 38.11444°N 13.35611°E / 38.11444; 13.35611 Architecture Type Church Style Norman , Islamic , Gothic , Baroque , Neoclassical Groundbreaking 1185 Completed completed in the Middle Ages but with subsequent additions until the eighteenth century UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name: Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale Type Cultural Criteria ii, iv Designated 2015 (39th session ) Reference no. 1487 State Party Italy Region Europe and North America Palermo Cathedral is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo , located in Palermo , Sicily , southern Italy . It is dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary . As an architectural complex, it is characterized by the presence of different styles, due to a long history of additions, alterations and restorations, the last of which occurred in the 18th century. History [ edit ] The main façade, connected with arcades to the Archbishops' Palace The church was erected in 1185 by Walter Ophamil , the Norman archbishop of Palermo and King William II 's minister, on the area of an earlier Byzantine basilica. By all accounts this earlier church was founded by Pope Gregory I and was later turned into a mosque by the Arabs after their conquest of the city in the 9th century. Ophamil is buried in a sarcophagus in the church's crypt. The medieval edifice had a basilica plan with three apses. The upper orders of the corner towers were built between the 14th and the 15th centuries, while in the early Renaissance period the southern porch was added. The present neoclassical appearance dates from the work carried out over the two decades 1781 to 1801, supervised by Ferdinando Fuga and Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia . During this period the great retable by Gagini , decorated with statues, friezes and reliefs, was destroyed and the sculptures moved to different parts of the basilica. Also by Fuga are the great dome emerging from the main body of the building, and the smaller domes covering the aisles' ceilings. Overview [ edit ] The western entrance is on the current Via Matteo Bonello, and has the appearance set in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is flanked by two towers and has a Gothic portal surmounted by a niche with a precious 15th-century Madonna . Two lintelled ogival arcades, stepping over the street, connect the western façade to the bell tower, which is annexed to the Archbishops Palace (now Museo Diocesano). This has a squared appearance adorned in the upper part by a fine crown of smaller belfries and small arcades. The south side has outstretching turrets and a wide portico (the current main entrance) in Gothic-Catalan style, with three arcades, erected around 1465 and opening to the square. The first column on the left belonged to the original basilica and the subsequent mosque, as evidenced by the Qur'an verse carved on it. The carved portal of this entrance was executed between 1426 and 1430 by Antonio Gambara , while the magnificent wooden leaves are by Francesco Miranda (1432). The mosaic portraying the Madonna is from the 13th century, while the two monuments on the walls, works of the early 18th century, represent the Bourbon king Charles III and Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia , both of whom were crowned here (the latter with his first wife, Anne Marie d'Orléans , in December 1713). The area of the apse, enclosed by the turrets and grandly decorated on the external walls, is part of the original 12th-century building, while the more modern part of the church is the left side, which has an early 16th-century portal by Antonello Gagini . The South-Western façade, looking at the Archbishop Palace, dates from the 14th to 15th centuries. The sarcophagus of Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen. The interior has a Latin cross plan, with a nave and two aisles divided by pilasters. In the first two chapels of the right aisle are the tomb of emperors and royal figures moved here in the 18th century from their original sites (mostly from the basilica itself). Here are the remains of Emperor Henry VI , his son Frederick II , as well as those of Peter II of Sicily . A Roman sarcophagus is the tomb of Constance of Aragon , Frederick's wife. Under the mosaic baldachins are the tombs of Roger II , the first King of Sicily, and his daughter Constance . The last two were once located in the transept of the Cathedral of Cefalù . The Baroque small side cupolas by Ferdinando Fuga. The famous portico by Antonio Gambara The Sacrament chapel, at the end of the left aisles, is decorated with precious stones and lapislazuli . To the right, in the presbytery , is the chapel of Saint Rosalia, patron of Palermo, closed by a richly ornamental bronze gate, with relics and a 17th-century silver urn which is object of particular devotion. The window over the west entrance; you can see one of the two arcades that connect the western façade to the opposite bell tower. The 1466 Gothic-Catalan style wooden choir and the marble remains of the Gagini 's retable (removed during the 18th-century alterations) are also precious, as well as a marble statue of the Madonna with Child by Francesco Laurana and pupils (1469 [ 1 ] ), a 13th-century polychrome Crucifix by Manfredi Chiaramonte, the holy water stoup on the fourth pilaster (by Domenico Gagini) and the Madonna della Scala by Antonello Gagini, on the high altar of the new sacristy. The Relics Chapel contains the relics of St. Christina, St. Ninfa, St. Cosma, St. Agatha and St. Mamilianus, first patron of Palermo. Vergine col Bambino inside the cathedral by Antonio Filocamo . The crypt, accessed from the left side, is an evocative room with cross vault supported by granite columns, housing tombs and sarcophagi of Roman, Byzantine and Norman ages. People buried here include archbishops Walter Ophamil, the church's founder, and Giovanni Paternò, patron of Antonello Gagini who sculpted the image on his tomb. The Cathedral Treasury contains goblets, vestments, monstrances, a 14th-century breviary and the famous Crown of Constance of Sicily, a golden tiara found in her tomb in 1491. The cathedral has a meridian, which may be considered as an earlier type of heliometer (solar "observatory"), one of a number constructed in Italian churches, mainly in the 17th and 18th centuries. This one was built in 1801 by the famous astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi , the director of the Observatory of Palermo who discovered the first minor planet or asteroid , Ceres . The device itself is quite simple: a tiny hole in one of the minor domes acts as pinhole camera , projecting an image of the sun onto the floor ). There is a bronze line, la meridiana on the floor, running precisely N/S. At solar noon (circa 12:00 in winter, 13:00 in summer), the sun image passes through this line. At different times of the year the passage occurs at different point of the line. The ends of the line mark the positions at the summer and winter solstices; signs of the zodiac show various dates throughout the year. The purpose of the instrument was to standardise the measurement of time and the calendar . The convention in Sicily had been that the (24-hour) day was measured from the moment of sun-rise, which of course meant that no two locations had the same time and, more importantly, did not have the same time as in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It was also important to know when the Vernal equinox occurred, to provide the correct date for Easter . On the belltowers there were six medieval bells. The instrument could be used for research on the apparent movements of the Sun, including its relative distance from the Earth, measured through the size of the floor projected solar disk, and even to compare the results with Ptolemaic and Copernician predictions. [ 2 ] 18th and 19th century renovations [ edit ] The church is composed of different styles, as in the following centuries it underwent various changes. The last was at the end of the 18th century, when it radically remade the interior designed by Ferdinando Fuga . In 1767, the archbishop Filangieri had entrusted to Ferdinand the restoration of the building. The work began only in 1781, carried out not by Ferdinand but by Palermitan Giuseppe Venanzio Marvuglia and lasted until the 19th century. The reworkings by Marvuglia were in reality much more invasive and radical than the projects of the Florentine architect, who thought instead of keeping, at least in part, the complex of longitudinal aisles and the original wooden ceiling. The restoration intervened to change the original appearance of the complex, providing the church of the characteristic but discordant dome, performed according to the designs of Ferdinando Fuga. [ 3 ] A second font was added in 1797, by Fillipo and Gaetano Pennino. It is supported by sculptures depicting the Tree of Knowledge and Adam and Eve. A painting of this font by William Leighton Leitch is the subject of a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon , which was published posthumously in 1840. [ 4 ] Wikisource has original text related to this article: Baptismal Font, Cathedral of Palermo, a poem by L. E. L. Royal and Imperial burials [ edit ] In the right aisle, in the first and second chapel communicating with one another, are the monumental tombs of King Roger II , his daughter Queen Constance I of Sicily , her husband Emperor Henry VI , and their son Emperor Frederick II , as well as the burials of Frederick's first wife Constance of Aragon and his great-great-grandson William II, Duke of Athens on the side walls. The four main sarcophagi, all in porphyry , form a group that also includes that of William I of Sicily in Monreale Cathedral . They "are the very first examples of medieval free-standing secular tombs in the West, and therefore play a unique role within the history of Italian sepulchral art (earlier and later tombs are adjacent to, and dependent on walls)." [ 5 ] It is likely that the four sarcophagi of William I (in Monreale), Constance, Henry and Frederick were carved by a local Sicilian workshop from a single Roman column shaft, possibly from the Baths of Caracalla or the Baths of Diocletian in Rome . [ 5 ] They ostensibly took inspiration from the porphyry sarcophagi of late Roman Emperors that were still visible in the 12th century in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople , including those of Constantine the Great and his successors up to Marcian as described by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in the De Ceremoniis , [ 6 ] four of which now stand in front of the İstanbul Archaeology Museums ' main building. [ 7 ] The sarcophagus of Frederick II is surmounted by a canopy with porphyry columns and the urn is supported by two pairs of lions, together with those of Frederick II were also preserved the remains of Peter II of Sicily . Odo of Bayeux , half-brother of William the Conqueror , was buried in the cathedral in 1097. [ 8 ] Aside from burials, Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy and Charles III of Spain were crowned in the cathedral. The treasure of the cathedral [ edit ] Crown of Constance of Aragon , wife of Frederick II Holy Roman Emperor king of Germany and Sicily. The "treasure of the cathedral", which is composed of sacred vestments from the 16th and 18th centuries, frontals, monstrances, chalices, a breviary with miniatures of the 15th century and the gold crown of Constance of Aragon. Other precious objects, enamels, embroidery and jewelry, are exposed in central message boards such as for example the breviary parchment of the 1452 coat of arms with an Archbishop Simon from Bologna. The system of bells currently mounted is composed of eight elements assembled with the Ambrosian. [ 9 ] See also [ edit ] Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale References [ edit ]
1,187	11.95151835°E	64.49347723°N	Ranem Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranem_Church	218	Norway	Church in Trøndelag, Norway Church in Trøndelag, Norway Ranem Church Ranem kirke View of the church 64°29′37″N 11°57′05″E / 64.49347723°N 11.95151835°E / 64.49347723; 11.95151835 Location Overhalla Municipality , Trøndelag Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Status Parish church Founded c. 1187 Consecrated c. 1187 Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Long church Style Romanesque Completed c. 1187 (838 years ago) ( 1187 ) Specifications Capacity 200 Materials Stone Administration Diocese Nidaros bispedømme Deanery Namdal prosti Parish Ranem Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 85272 Ranem Church ( Norwegian : Ranem kirke ) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Overhalla Municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway . It is located in the village of Ranemsletta . It is the church for the Ranem parish which is part of the Namdal prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nidaros . The medieval era, marble and stone church was built in a long church design in the mid-12th century using plans drawn up by an unknown architect . The church seats about 200 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] History [ edit ] The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1326, but the church was likely built during the mid-12th century, likely around the year 1187. The Romanesque style church was built of stone from local quarries. It has a rectangular, 18.25-by-12-metre (59.9 ft × 39.4 ft) nave and a narrower, square 9.2-by-9.2-metre (30 ft × 30 ft) chancel . Originally, this was the only church to serve all of inner Namdal . Over the centuries, many chapels were built in the surrounding areas that were eventually split off as separate parishes. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In 1814, this church served as an election church ( Norwegian : valgkirke ). [ 7 ] Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway . This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet at Eidsvoll Manor later that year. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] In 1878, Christian Christie led a renovation and restoration of the nearly 700-year old building. On 20 March 1899, the church suffered fire damage with all the interior wooden structures destroyed, but the stone walls remained. Fortunately, the historic altarpiece from 1678 was saved. The church was rebuilt the following year using the plans of Christian Christie's renovations in 1878. The interior and exterior walls were plastered at this time too. The church was reopened on Christmas Day 1900. A complete restoration of the church was begun in the late 1950s that was not completed until 1987 for the church's 800th anniversary. [ 6 ] Media gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranem kirke . List of churches in Nidaros References [ edit ]
1,187	10.996849°E	45.447045°N	Verona Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona_Cathedral	10,294	Italy	Church building in Verona, Italy Verona Cathedral (2022) Verona Cathedral ( Italian : Cattedrale Santa Maria Matricolare; Duomo di Verona ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Verona , northern Italy , dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the designation Santa Maria Matricolare . It is the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Verona . It was erected after two Palaeo-Christian churches on the same site had been destroyed by an earthquake in 1117 . Built in Romanesque style, the cathedral was consecrated on September 13, 1187. The structure was later modified by several renovation interventions, although the plan has remained unchanged. Exterior [ edit ] The façade is divided into three parts, with a pediment and a two storied projecting porch or protiro embellished with sculpture, which is the work of the twelfth-century sculptor Nicholaus, who also executed and signed the entranceway at the abbey church of San Zeno , also in Verona, and Ferrara Cathedral . The portico is supported on the backs of two griffins , similar to those from the dismantled Porta dei Mesi at Ferrara . The lunette depicts the Virgin holding the Christ child in high relief, centered between two low relief scenes, the Annunciation to the Shepherds (left) and the Adoration of the Magi (right). On the lintel in medallions are the three theological virtues , Faith , Charity and Hope . Ten figures of prophets are set in the doorposts and jambs ; the four symbols of the Evangelists and the Hand of God are set above in the barrel vault of the first story of the porch. Set into the walls on either side of the portal are figures of Roland and Oliver , who as holy warriors, remind one of the constant need to provide protection to the church. The Gothic windows in the façade provide evidence of the renovation that took place in the 14th century. The Baroque addition at the upper part of the facade is part of 17th-century additions. On the south side of the church is a second portal executed in the so-called Lombard or Como style. The main apse has retained its integrity and as such is an example of mid-12th-century architecture. The bell tower , begun in the 16th century by Michele Sanmicheli and left unfinished, has two orders of columns with highly decorated capitals, bas-reliefs and traces of 14th-century frescoes . It contains nine bells in the scale of A. The tenor weight is 4566 kg. The bells are rung with the tradition of Veronese bellringing art . Interior [ edit ] The current appearance of the interior dates from the 15th-century renovations. It has a nave and two aisles divided by tall pilasters in red Verona marble , which support Gothic arcades . The first three chapels on each side are in the same style, and house mostly Renaissance artworks by Veronese artists. The nave ends with the main Chapel ( Cappella Maggiore ), also by Sanmicheli. Library [ edit ] The Chapter Library of Verona Cathedral ( Biblioteca Capitolare della Cattedrale di Verona ) is claimed to be the world's oldest library in continuous function. [ 1 ] Such is its importance that it has been dubbed the "Queen of ecclesiastical collections". [ 2 ] Many ancient works of the Classical tradition have survived only because of the Chapter Library, including: the only surviving corpus of Catullus (Verona Codex, now lost); the epistulae ad Atticum , ad Quintum , ad Brutum by Cicero , rediscovered by Petrarch (exemplar now lost); the Institutes of Gaius , overwritten with works of Saint Jerome , rediscovered by Barthold Niebuhr ; the fasti consulares of Verona, a list of Roman consuls from 439 to 494; the Laterculus Veronensis , a list of Roman dioceses; It holds also important early Christian writings, such as: the Leonine Sacramentary , the oldest liturgical book of the Roman Rite ; the Verona Palimpsest , containing early Church Orders; the Codex Veronensis , containing an old version of the Latin Psalter ; the Codex Veronensis (R) is a diglot psalter in Greek and Latin The following signature in a life of Saint Martin of Tours by a scribe is usually considered to mark the conventional dating of the founding of the Library: "my name is Ursicinus, Lector of the Church of Verona ", confirming that he finished the work in the consulship of Agapitus (517). [ 3 ] Gallery [ edit ] Central nave Main Chapel The Chapter Library View from the cathedral cloister with Sanmicheli's bell tower See also [ edit ] Jacquet de Berchem References [ edit ]
1,188	08.706628829°E	63.6328896489°N	Dolm Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolm_Church	224	Unknown	Church in Trøndelag, Norway Dolm Church Dolm kirke View of the church 63°37′58″N 8°42′24″E / 63.6328896489°N 08.706628829°E / 63.6328896489; 08.706628829 Location Hitra , Trøndelag Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway Previous denomination Catholic Church Churchmanship Evangelical Lutheran History Status Parish church Founded c. 1188 Consecrated c. 1188 Events Fires: 1709, 1772, 1848, and 1920 Architecture Functional status Active Architectural type Long church Style Romanesque Completed c. 1188 (837 years ago) ( 1188 ) Specifications Capacity 200 Materials Stone Administration Diocese Nidaros bispedømme Deanery Orkdal prosti Parish Hitra og Fillan Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically protected ID 84027 Dolm Church ( Norwegian : Dolm kirke ) is a parish church of the Church of Norway in Hitra municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway . It is located at Dolmvarden, on the southwestern coast of the island of Dolmøya . It is one of the churches for the Hitra og Fillan parish which is part of the Orkdal prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nidaros . The white, stone church was originally built around the year 1188 by an unknown architect . For centuries, it was the main church for the prestegjeld of Hitra. The church was built in a long church design and it has a Romanesque style with rounded arches and thick stone walls. The church seats about 200 people. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] History [ edit ] The earliest existing historical records of the church date back to the year 1774, but the church is much older than that. Local tradition says it may have been built by monks from Ireland . The church is said to have been originally built in 1188 (or around that time), but one source says that it was built in the late 1400s. The stone long church was built in a Romanesque style, in a design that was very common in the 1100s and 1200s, but the walls are thinner than most churches of that time. They only measure about 1.2 to 1.3 metres (3 ft 11 in to 4 ft 3 in) in width, which could point to a later construction date. It has a rectangular nave with narrower and chancel with a lower roof line, and it has no church porch . The nave measures about 19 by 14 metres (62 ft × 46 ft) and the chancel measures about 9 by 10 metres (30 ft × 33 ft). The church is a stone church, but all the gable walls are built out of wood. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The church was damaged by fire on several occasions. The church burned and was rebuilt after fires in 1709, 1772, 1848, and most recently on 3 February 1920. However, after the fire in 1920, it was decided that a new, main church for the parish should be built across the strait in the village of Melandsjøen on the north shore of the island of Hitra . This was a controversial decision, but the parish agreed to rebuild the old Dolm Church and maintain it in exchange for the brand new church about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) away on the larger island. So, in 1927 the new Hitra Church was built and that church became the new main church for the parish. Dolm Church was rebuilt, but it was now an annex church for the parish that is used infrequently. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Election church [ edit ] In 1814, this church served as an election church ( Norwegian : valgkirke ). [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Together with more than 300 other parish churches across Norway, it was a polling station for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly which wrote the Constitution of Norway . This was Norway's first national elections. Each church parish was a constituency that elected people called "electors" who later met together in each county to elect the representatives for the assembly that was to meet in Eidsvoll later that year. [ 6 ] [ 8 ] Media gallery [ edit ] See also [ edit ] List of churches in Nidaros References [ edit ]
1,189	37.05083°E	36.11750°N	Khan Tuman (building)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_Tuman_(building)	618	Syria	Caravanserai in Aleppo, Syria This article is about the caravanserai. For the village with the same name, see Khan Tuman . Khan Tuman خان طومان General information Type Caravanserai Architectural style Ayyubid , Mamluk , Ottoman Location Khan Tuman , Aleppo Governorate , Syria Coordinates 36°7′3″N 37°3′3″E / 36.11750°N 37.05083°E / 36.11750; 37.05083 Completed Original Khan : 1189 Mamluk sections: 1478 Ottoman sections: 1652 Demolished Parts of the khan were demolished in 1970 to accommodate the Latakia-Aleppo railroad Client Emir Tuman Nuri Sultan Qaitbey Ipshir Pasha Khan Tuman ( Arabic : خان طومان ) is a large 12th-century khan in Syria . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] See also [ edit ] Khan Jaqmaq Khan As'ad Pasha Khan Sulayman Pasha Khan Tuman (operation) References [ edit ]
1,190	2.4573°W	53.4021°N	St Werburgh's Church, Warburton	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Werburgh%27s_Church,_Warburton	1,135	United Kingdom	Church in Greater Manchester, England Old Warburton Church Warburton Old Church Old Warburton Church Location in Greater Manchester 53°24′08″N 2°27′26″W / 53.4021°N 2.4573°W / 53.4021; -2.4573 OS grid reference SJ 696,896 Location Warburton , Greater Manchester Country England Denomination Anglican Website The Churches Conservation Trust History Dedication Saint Werburgh Architecture Functional status Redundant Heritage designation Grade I Designated 5 March 1959 Architectural type Church Specifications Materials Timber framing , sandstone , brick Roof of Kerridge stone slabs St Werburgh's Church is the name of two separate churches in the village of Warburton , Greater Manchester , England. The older church is located to the west of the village, and may date back as far as the middle of the 13th century. It is now a redundant church but services are held in the summer months. [ 1 ] The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building . [ 2 ] The authors of the Buildings of England series call this church "a lovable muddle". [ 3 ] The newer church was built in 1883–85 and is located to the southeast of the village on the A6144 road. It is a Grade II listed building. [ 4 ] It is an active Anglican parish church in the diocese of Chester , the archdeaconry of Macclesfield and the deanery of Bowdon. [ 5 ] Its benefice is combined with that of St Peter, Oughtrington . [ 6 ] The dedication is an unusual one, ordinarily local to Chester, where Werburgh is the patron saint. Werburgh, an Anglo-Saxon saint who has given her name to Warburgtune , as Warburton was called in the Domesday survey (1086), was the daughter of Wulfhere , the first Christian king of Mercia. She died around AD 700 as Abbess of Ely , with the care of several nunneries. Her relics were moved to the abbey of St Peter and St Paul in Chester, which was later rededicated to St Werburgh. Old church [ edit ] East elevation of the brick tower added to the east end in 1711 History [ edit ] There is evidence of a Saxon church on the site before the Norman Conquest. [ 7 ] In 1187–90 Adam de Dutton founded a priory on the site for Norbertine canons but this was short-lived and there is now no trace of the priory. It is likely that the building of the present church began in the middle of the 13th century. Towards the end of the 16th century, the chancel area was remodelled and a pulpit, altar rails and communion table were installed. In 1645 the church was extensively altered and extended. The south and west walls of the nave were rebuilt and the roof of the nave was lowered. A small chapel and vestry with a stone foundation and timber framed wall were added to the south side of the chancel, while a stone extension was added to the north side. In 1711 the east end of the chancel was rebuilt and a brick tower was added at the east end of the church. In 1722 a gallery was built. Wooden floors were installed in 1813, the vestry was incorporated into the church and a new vestry was built onto the south side of the tower. In 1857 the chancel floor was tiled, the walls were painted with medieval designs and the timber supports and the chancel ceiling were plastered. Stained glass was added to windows and the gallery was removed. By 1880 the church needed major repairs, and because of this the new church was built and the old church ceased to be the parish church . Repairs were undertaken in 1894 for dry rot , in 1927 for death watch beetle and in 1958, again for death watch beetle. In 1971 the church passed into the care of the Redundant Churches Fund, the predecessor of the Churches Conservation Trust . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In October 2021, the church was one of 142 sites across England to receive part of a £35-million injection into the government's Culture Recovery Fund . [ 10 ] Timber framing on north wall of old church Church in Greater Manchester, England St Werburgh's Church, Warburton St Werburgh's Church, Warburton St Werburgh's Church, Warburton Location in Greater Manchester 53°23′54″N 2°26′43″W / 53.3984°N 2.4454°W / 53.3984; -2.4454 OS grid reference SJ 705,892 Location Warburton Greater Manchester Country England Denomination Anglican Website St Werburgh, Warburton History Status Parish church Dedication Saint Werburgh Associated people Rowland Egerton-Warburton Architecture Functional status Active Heritage designation Grade II Designated 12 July 1985 Architect(s) John Douglas Architectural type Church Style Gothic Revival Groundbreaking 1882 Completed 1885 Specifications Materials Red sandstone , Tiled roof Administration Province York Diocese Chester Archdeaconry Macclesfield Deanery Bowdon Parish Warburton Clergy Rector Revd Michael Burgess Exterior [ edit ] The church is built around a timber frame and some timber framing with wattle and daub infilling is retained in the north wall. The rest of the north wall and the south and west walls are built in sandstone . The chancel, south transept and vestry are brick, as is the tower which is placed, unusually, at the east end. It is roofed in Kerridge stone slabs. The roof of the chancel is some 3 feet (1 m) lower than that of the nave. [ 7 ] The tower has a pairs of semicircular-headed belfry windows on each face, a stone cornice and six sugar loaf pinnacles . [ 2 ] Interior [ edit ] The chancel is surrounded on three sides by a wooden half-screen. This screen, the altar table and the pulpit date from the 17th century. [ 11 ] The pews date from 1813. The font is octagonal, the base being inscribed 1603 and the pyramidal cover 1595. In the church is a stone sarcophagus dating possibly from the early 12th century. One bell is present which is dated 1575. Parish registers start in 1611 but are complete only from 1634. [ 7 ] The stained glass in the east window is by Wailes and the sanctuary floor has Minton tiles; both date from 1857. [ 2 ] External features [ edit ] In the churchyard is a stone sundial dated 1765 with a copper dial and gnomon . [ 12 ] This is listed Grade II, as is the lych gate . This is dated 1887 and consists of a timber frame with a slate roof. [ 13 ] New church [ edit ] This church was built between 1883 and 1885 to a design by the Chester architect John Douglas for Rowland Egerton-Warburton . It is built in red sandstone with a tile roof. The plan consists of a four-bay nave with a north aisle, a south porch, a three-bay chancel and a northeast tower. The tower is in three stages with diagonal buttresses . It has two two-light belfry openings in each face, castellations and corner pinnacles with crockets . It contains a font cover dated 1595 and an oak chest which was removed from the old church. [ 4 ] There is a ring of eight bells cast in 1884 by John Taylor & Co . [ 14 ] See also [ edit ] Greater Manchester portal Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester Grade I listed churches in Greater Manchester Listed buildings in Warburton, Greater Manchester List of churches in Greater Manchester List of new churches by John Douglas List of church restorations, amendments and furniture by John Douglas List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in Northern England References [ edit ]
1,191	40.41083°E	56.12917°N	Cathedral of Saint Demetrius	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Demetrius	3,093	Russia	Cathedral in the ancient Russian city of Vladimir For the cathedral in Romania , see Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, Craiova . Cathedral of Saint Demetrius The Cathedral of Saint Demetrius ( Russian Дмитриевский собор) is a cathedral in the ancient Russian city of Vladimir . It was finished in 1197 [ 1 ] during the reign of the Grand Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest of Vladimir-Suzdal to the honour of Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki . Being an important component of the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal , the cathedral belongs to the World Heritage of UNESCO . [ 2 ] Currently, the cathedral is a part of the Vladimir-Suzdal open-air museum. History [ edit ] The Cathedral of St. Dmitrii in Vladimir, Russia was built by Vsevolod III in 1193-7. [ 3 ] It was one of several large churches he had built which also include the much larger Cathedral of Dormition , 1158–60, also in Vladimir, Russia. The cathedral was dedicated to St. Dmitrii of Salonika ( St. Demetrios of Thesseloinka in Greek). The Cathedral of St. Dmitrii was originally connected directly with Vsevolod’s palace and was for his personal use. The palace no longer exists and the church has been renovated many times since it was first built but it has kept is predominant features and iconographic program. The most extensive renovation was in 1832 when the some attached structures which used to connect it to the palace were removed. At that time, some of the exterior blocks were moved and some replaced with newly carved blocks. [ 4 ] It was included on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1992. [ 5 ] Exterior [ edit ] The cathedral is masonry and made from local white limestone blocks. It is cubic in form similar to many earlier churches in Bogolyubovo especially the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (1165). [ 6 ] It has four columns on the interior which supports drum and cupola. The exterior walls are separated into three bays each with the one in the middle larger than the others. Each bay contains a zakomara at the top. They are also separated at mid-level by a horizontal arcade frieze. One side of the cathedral contains an apse which is also separated into three parts. The windows and doors are deeply recessed with extensive carved ornamentation. Carvings [ edit ] King David surrounded by angels and chimeras. The most striking feature of the cathedral are the extensive shallow relief carvings which cover the upper half of the exterior walls above the arcade frieze and the drum below the cupola. The source of the artisans and provenance for these carvings seems to be an amalgam of many influences. The most likely are earlier Bogoluiubovo churches, Balkan churches and Armenian churches. [ 7 ] Vladimir, at end of the 12th century, was a cosmopolitan and artistic center. Architects and artisans from both the east and west who resided there were used in the construction of the church. In addition, Vsevolod’s mother was a Byzantine princess and Vsevolod lived in Constantinople for several years during his childhood. Another source of inspiration may also have been portable carvings such as Byzantine ivories . [ 8 ] The carvings consist of animals and plants as well as figures in rows and scenes in the zakomary . Some carvings are also ornamental patterns. The patterns, plants and animals (both real and imaginary) might be based pagan beliefs and traditions, [ 9 ] traditional Russia folklore [ 10 ] or Christian theological themes. [ 11 ] These types of carvings make of the majority of the decoration on the cathedral. In each zakomara, there is a figural scene. The most prominent, on the west façade in the central bay, is a scene featuring King David surrounded by angels and chimeras. King David is also featured on the south façade central bay surrounded by warrior saints. Other prominent figures, in addition to Christ and Mary, include Solomon, Alexander the Great, Hercules, warrior saints and churchmen. The final piece of this theme being the zakomara of the north façade left showing the donor, Vsevolod with his sons. In a time when power and territory were taken and held by military might, the building of churches and palaces which support the prince’s authority are important. This cathedral, not unlike the Cathedral of Dormition by its size and grandeur, by its iconographic program reinforces the prince’s authority by linking it to ancient kings and philosophers, biblical figures and military leaders. [ 12 ] Interior [ edit ] While a few carvings are still intact inside the cathedral, the most important original feature of the interior are a few frescoes above and around the west entrance that have survived since the late 12th century. The quality of the work varies. The best work in the faces of saints and angels in the Last Judgement scene are likely the work of Byzantine masters with their Russian pupils completing less important parts such as drapery and background. The lines and shading of the better parts is comparable to the best work in Greece and Byzantium. The icon of the Virgin of Vladimir was also known to be in the nearby Cathedral of Dormition at the time the frescoes were painted so was likely a source of inspiration and training. [ 13 ] Resources [ edit ] Brumfield, W. (1993). A history of Russian architecture. Cambridge ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. Brumfield, W. (1997). Landmarks of Russian architecture : A photographic survey (Documenting the image ; v. 5). Australia: Gordon and Breach. Hamilton, George Heard. The art and architecture of Russia. Penguin Books, 1983. Hare, Richard. The art and artists of Russia. New York Graphic Society, 1966. Kornilovich, K. (1967). Arts of Russia : From the origins to the end of the 16th century. Cleveland: World Pub References [ edit ]
1,192	12.4836°E	41.9036°N	Sant'Andrea delle Fratte	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Andrea_delle_Fratte	9,768	Italy	Roman Catholic basilica, a landmark of Rome, Italy Church in Rome, Italy Sant'Andrea delle Fratte Façade of the church from the Piazza Click on the map for a fullscreen view 41°54′13″N 12°29′01″E / 41.9036°N 12.4836°E / 41.9036; 12.4836 Location 1 Via di Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Rome Country Italy Denomination Catholic Tradition Latin Church Website santandreadellefratte .it History Status Titular church Dedication Andrew the Apostle Architecture Architect(s) Francesco Borromini Mattia de Rossi Architectural type Church Style Baroque Groundbreaking 1604 Completed 1826 Clergy Cardinal protector Ennio Antonelli Sant'Andrea delle Fratte ("Saint Andrew of the Thickets") is a 17th-century basilica church in Rome , Italy, dedicated to St. Andrew . The Cardinal Priest of the Titulus S. Andreae Apostoli de Hortis is Ennio Antonelli . History [ edit ] The current church was built over a pre-existing one, erected in 1192, called infra hortes ("amidst the orchards", whence the name fratte , " thickets ", from Byzantine Greek φράκτη, phráktē , "hedge") for it was located in a countryside area on the northern edge of the inhabited area of medieval Rome. The church originally belonged to Augustinian nuns. [ 1 ] It became the national church of the Scottish people in Rome, until Scotland became Protestant, when in 1585 Pope Sixtus V assigned it to the Minim friars of Saint Francis of Paola . The Scots College, the seminary for young men studying for the priesthood, was located nearby, on the Via del Tritone, until 1604, when it moved to the Via delle Quattro Fontane. [ 2 ] In 1942 Pope Pius XII elevated the church to the rank of a minor basilica. [ 3 ] Fabric of the Church [ edit ] In 1604 the construction of the new church was begun, to the design of Gaspare Guerra. The project, halted eight years later, was revamped in 1653 by Francesco Borromini , who is responsible for the apse, the tambour of the cupola, [ 4 ] and the square campanile with four orders. After his death, the construction was continued by Mattia De Rossi . The late Renaissance-style façade, with two orders divided by pilasters , was completed in 1826, thanks to funds provided the Testament of Cardinal Ercole Consalvi . [ 5 ] Interior [ edit ] The interior has a single nave with three chapels on each side, and two small chapels on either side of the entrance. The decoration of the cupola is by Pasquale Marini. Along the nave in the first chapel is a wooden ‘’tempietto’’ (temple) (1674) painted by Borgognone and on the wall is a “Baptism of Christ” of Ludovico Gimignani . In the chapel of Saint Francis de Sales is the funeral monument of Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa sculpted by Pietro Bracci . [ 6 ] In the cloister , the lunettes are frescoed with stories from the Life of Saint Francesco by Marini, Francesco Cozza , and Filippo Gherardi . In the transept, the altar (1736) was designed by Filippo Barigioni , the altarpiece of Saint Francis of Paola was painted by Paris Nogari , the stuccoed angels were added by Giovanni Battista Maini . The presbytery dome has a fresco of the Multiplication of the loaves and fishes by Marini. Behind the altar, is a Crucifixion of Sant’Andrea by Giovanni Battista Lenardi , [ 7 ] the Entombment of Sant’Andrea by Francesco Trevisani , and a Death of Saint Andrew by Lazzaro Baldi . The chapel in the left transept is dedicated to Saint Anne and was designed by Luigi Vanvitelli and Giuseppe Valadier [ 8 ] with an altarpiece of Saints Anne, Young John the Baptist, and Mary by Giuseppe Bottani . In the third chapel on the left, by Domenico Bartolini, is dedicated to the Madonna of the Miracle to commemorate the place where, on 20 January 1842, the Blessed Virgin Mary reportedly appeared to a young Jewish man, Maria Alphonse Ratisbonne , leading him to convert to Catholicism. [ 8 ] He later founded the Congregation of Notre-Dame de Sion (Our Lady of Sion), a group of Catholic priests , lay brothers and Religious Sisters dedicated to work for the conversion of Jews to Catholicism. In honor of this apparition , the pews of the church are oriented to this altar. In 1950 the chapel was completely renovated by the architect Marcello Piacentini and enriched with precious marble. [ 7 ] St Maximillian Kolbe [ edit ] In this same Bartolini Chapel, St. Maximilian Kolbe celebrated his first Mass as a Priest in 1918. [ 9 ] As Ratisbonne worked to convert Jews, St Maximilian founded the order Militia Immaculatae to convert sinners and enemies of the Church. [ 10 ] St Maximilian was devoted to Mary and went on to found the periodical "Knights of the Immaculata" and undertook many missions to Asia before he was martyred by the Nazis at Auschwitz . [ 11 ] Bernini's angels [ edit ] At the sides of the presbytery are two angels (1667–1699) by Bernini , the Angel with the Crown of Thorns and the Angel with the Superscription . They were originally intended for the Ponte Sant'Angelo , but Pope Clement IX considered them too valuable to be exposed to the elements and they were later moved here and replaced on the bridge with copies. [ 1 ] Cardinal Protectors [ edit ] This Basilica is the seat of the cardinalatial title of Sancti Andreæ Apostoli de Hortis . Paolo Marella (31 March 1960 – 15 March 1972) Joseph Cordeiro (5 March 1973 – 11 February 1994) Thomas Joseph Winning (26 November 1994 – 17 June 2001) Ennio Antonelli (21 October 2003 – present) Burials [ edit ] Petar Parchevich , Archbishop of Marcianopolis in Bulgaria (d. 1674) Cardinal Carolo Leopoldo Calcagnini (1679–1746) Cardinal Pierluigi Carafa (1677–1755) [ 12 ] Cardinal Ludovico Valenti (1695–1763) Felice Giani Angelika Kauffmann , Swiss painter (d. 1807) [ 13 ] Orest Kiprensky , the Russian painter (d. 1836) [ 14 ] Gallery [ edit ] Angel with the Crown of Thorns by Bernini Angel with the Superscription by Bernini References [ edit ]
1,192	31.25886°E	58.50933°N	Sts. Peter and Paul Church, Novgorod	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sts._Peter_and_Paul_Church,_Novgorod	461	Russia	Church in Veliky Novgorod, Russia Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Sinichya Gora Церковь Петра и Павла на Синичьей горе 58°30′34″N 31°15′32″E / 58.50933°N 31.25886°E / 58.50933; 31.25886 Location Veliky Novgorod Country Russia Denomination Russian Orthodox History Dedication Saint Peter and Saint Paul Architecture Style Russian Completed 1192 The Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Sinichya Gora ( Russian : Церковь Петра и Павла на Синичьей горе , romanized : Tserkov Petra i Pavla na Sinichyey Gore ) in Veliky Novgorod is one of Russia 's oldest churches, dating from 1192. The church is located at Saint Peter Cemetery, on the left (Sofiysky) bank of the Volkhov River , outside of the limits of the old city. The Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Sinichya Gora is on the World Heritage list as a part of object 604 Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings . The building was designated an architectural monument of federal significance (#5310038000). [ 1 ] History [ edit ] The church was built collectively by the inhabitants of the former Lukina Street, and was a part of the female Saints Peter and Paul Monastery. The monastery was plundered in 1611 by Sweden during the Time of Troubles and never recovered, finally being abolished in 1764. After the monastery was abolished, the church was converted into a cemetery church. It is the only surviving monastery building. It was closed for service in 1925 and fell into increasing dilapidation. Weather conditions in the area have played a major part in the degradation of the church. Novgorod frequently gets large amounts of snowfall, and the weight of the snow is detrimental to the structural integrity of the fragile components that were used in the original construction. Major structural damage was restored between 1961 and 1963, though currently it is undergoing a restoration. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] There has been much controversy over the restoration progress of the Church of Peter and Paul. Little to no restorations have taken place since the ones that were made in the nineteen sixties, leaving the church in danger of frequent flooding, and water damage. These rough conditions have caused a lot of stress on the fragile structure. To help keep it standing, some layers of wooden scaffolding have been put in place to give it some added strength. [ 4 ] Community members have taken charge of the care and restoration of the church, and are working hard in order to preserve this long standing monument. Many petitions have been made to gain funding to help keep the structure standing, but most have been rejected up until this point. Architecture [ edit ] The small stone church is built as a cube and has one dome. [ 2 ] The type of a small church was developed in Novgorod in the end of the 12th century, and there are several churches of this type, in Novgorod and in Staraya Ladoga . [ 5 ] The original structure had a bell tower that was later dismantled in 1934. Around this time, the main floor was split into an upper and lower level. The church is adorned with decorative patterns on the exterior. The south and west facades hold the most. Ornamental motifs of rosettes and eyebrow arches give a textural contrast to the main surfaces of the walls. These walls are constructed out of rough shell stone that was originally unstuccoed. Brick is also used for pilaster strips. The roof is made out of wooden shingles. These adornments along with the shape of the structure itself show the classic characteristics of Novgorodian architecture at the height of its revival in the late fourteenth century. [ 6 ] References [ edit ]
1,192	36.333°E	41.283°N	Samsun Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun_Castle	1,189	Turkey	Samsun Castle Samsun Kalesi Samsun in Turkey A view of Samsun Castle. Samsun Castle Location of Samsun Castle in Turkey. Coordinates 41°17′N 36°20′E / 41.283°N 36.333°E / 41.283; 36.333 Type Castle Height 8 m (26 ft) Site history Built 1092 ( 1092 ) Built by Danishmends Fate Demolished between 1909 and 1918 Samsun Castle was a castle in Samsun , Turkey. Built on the seaside in 1092, it was demolished between 1909 and 1918. History [ edit ] Boundaries of Samsun Castle in a map of 1856 The castle was built near the Black Sea coast by Danishmends in 1092 after they were unable to capture Amisos Castle . The castle with 8 m (26 ft)-high walls hosted hundreds of houses and shops, two masdjids (small mosque) and a mosque commissioned by Hızır Bey, a commander of the Seljuk Empire . [ 1 ] Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi wrote after his visit to Samsun in 1640 in his comprehensive work Seyahatname ("Travelogue") that the castle was strong but damaged. It consisted of walls five thousand steps in length, seventy watchtowers and two thousand battlements. The castle hosted a mosque, a Turkish bath and a small shopping center. [ 1 ] The walls and towers of the castle were damaged and some parts of the structure were demolished in the 1668 North Anatolia earthquake which had a magnitude of 8.0. [ 2 ] Seaside walls of Samsun Castle (1870) The castle walls on the seaside were reinforced by abutments at every twelve step distance to enable the walls to resist the rogue waves of the Black Sea. The castle, which underwent repair from time to time, remained almost intact until the great fire of 1869. After the fire, the landside walls of the castle were demolished in order to make room for construction to rebuild the city. The castle, except the seaside walls and arsenal, disappeared. [ 1 ] During the Second Constitutional Era , the Ottoman Ministry of War made a decision to clear off all historical ruins that were approved by Sultan Mehmed V (reigned 1909–1918). The castle's estate was handed over to the Ministry of War. Later, the land was turned over to the Ottoman Ministry of Finance, which sold it at auction after parceling. [ 1 ] An inscription, which was once attached above one of the castle gates, is archived at Istanbul University 's library today. [ 1 ] Restoration project [ edit ] Remains of castle walls recovered in 2008 In 2008, during the restoration works at the Grand Mosque ( Turkish : Büyük Cami ), remains of the castle walls were found. Today, only the remains of a 13 m (43 ft)-long castle wall ruin is available. The Board of Reservation of Cultural Heritage in Samsun registered the entire castle walls and put it under protection. [ 1 ] The metropolitan municipality of Samsun reported in January 2015 that plans were made to restore the castle. [ 1 ] [ 3 ] References [ edit ]
1,193	5.09333°E	47.12806°N	Cîteaux Abbey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Abbey	15,469	France	Abbey located in Côte-d'Or, in France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French . (September 2009) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Abbaye de Cîteaux]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Abbaye de Cîteaux}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Cîteaux Abbey Cîteaux Abbey (French: Abbaye de Cîteaux [abe.i d(ə) sito] ) is a Catholic abbey located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux , south of Dijon , France . [ 1 ] It is notable for being the original house of the Order of Cistercians . Today, it belongs to the Trappists (also called the Cistercians of the Strict Observance). The abbey has about 35 monks. [ 2 ] The community produces a cheese branded under the abbey's name, as well as caramels and honey-based candies. History [ edit ] Cîteaux Abbey was founded on Saint Benedict's Day, 21 March 1098, [ 3 ] by a group of monks from Molesme Abbey seeking to follow more closely the Rule of St. Benedict . The Abbey was supported by Renaud, Vicomte de Beaune, and Odo I, Duke of Burgundy. [ 4 ] They were led by Saint Robert of Molesme , [ 5 ] who became the first abbot . The site was wooded and swampy, in a sparsely populated area. The toponym predates the abbey, but its origin is uncertain. Theories include a derivation from cis tertium [ lapidem miliarium ], "this side of the third ( milestone )" of the Roman road connecting Langres and Chalons sur Saône , [ 6 ] or alternatively from cisternae "cisterns", which in Middle Latin could refer to stagnant pools of a swamp. [ 7 ] In the year 1111, the monastery produced the illuminated manuscript now known as the Cîteaux Moralia in Job . [ 8 ] The second abbot was Saint Alberic , and the third abbot Saint Stephen Harding , who wrote the Carta Caritatis that described the organisation of the order. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux , who would later be proclaimed Doctor of the Church , was a monk of Cîteaux Abbey and was sent in 1115 to found Clairvaux Abbey , of which he became the first abbot. Saint Bernard was influential in the exponential growth of the Cistercian Order that followed. Cistercian monks depicted on the tomb of Philippe Pot The great church of Cîteaux Abbey, begun in around 1140, was completed in 1193. The Dukes of Burgundy subsequently used it as their dynastic place of burial. Other dignitaries were buried in side chapels, perhaps most famously the magnificent tomb of Philippe Pot , a high Burgundian official who died in 1493. [ 9 ] By the beginning of the 13th century the order had more than 500 houses and Cîteaux became an important center of Christianity. In 1244, King Louis IX of France (Saint Louis) and his mother Blanche of Castile visited the abbey. During the Hundred Years' War , the monastery was pillaged in 1360 (the monks sought refuge in Dijon), in 1365, 1434 and 1438. In 1380, the Earl of Buckingham stayed at L'Aumône Abbey , a daughter house of Cîteaux located in the forest of Marchenoir whilst his army was quartered in the surrounding Forest. [ 10 ] The modern era [ edit ] Since Cîteaux, the head of the order, had to meet extraordinary demands above and beyond those of other Cistercian abbeys, its campus was different. There had to be accommodations for the delegates of the annual chapter, their entourages and horses, but also for the ducal family. These obligations had an impact on the development of the abbey's infrastructure. [ 11 ] To the north, the abbey's gatehouse opened onto a first courtyard, the so-called "lower courtyard," which was flanked by large buildings for guests and pilgrims. At its southern end there was a second gate, the upper floor of which was reserved for the accommodation of the Duchesses of Burgundy. It opened onto a large courtyard of honor, which in turn led to the residence of the Dukes of Burgundy. This courtyard also included buildings that were only used during the General Chapter. [ 11 ] In the beginning of the 16th century, the abbey had a strong community of about 200 members. However, it suffered badly in the French Wars of Religion and slowly declined for the next century. in 1589, soldiers stormed and looted the abbey, reportedly carrying away "three hundred wagonloads of booty" and leaving the monastery in ruins. Cîteaux was left "practically abandoned for years," and it took until around 1610 for any sort of stable monastic life to be re-established there. [ 12 ] In 1698, the abbey had 72 professed monks. In 1790, in the wake of the French Revolution , the monks were offered a pension if they agreed to return to civilian life. Fourteen of them, including Abbot Francois Trouvé, refused the offer, while twenty-nine took it. The abbey was seized and the property sold off by the government; what was left was looted by the local population. To calm the ensuing violence, a minor squad under the direction of Napoléon Bonaparte was called in. [ 13 ] Trappist monks resumed monastic life at the abbey in 1898, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] and they continue to reside there. [ 16 ] Notable abbots [ edit ] Robert of Molesme (21 March 1098 - 6 July 1099) Alberic (July 1099 - 26 January 1108) Stephen Harding (1108 - September 1133) Raynaud de Bar (1134 - 16 December 1150) Gilbert le Grand (May 1163 - 17 October 1168) Guy II de Paray (April/May 1194 - 1200) Arnaud Amaury (September 1200 - 12 March 1212) Conrad of Urach (3 April 1217 - 8 January 1218) Guy III de Bourgogne (1257/1258 - May 1262) Robert II de Pontigny (January 1294 - 30 November 1299) Jérôme de la Souchère (1/2 July 1564 - 23 October 1571) Nicolas I Boucherat (12 December 1571 - December 1583) Cardinal Richelieu (19 November 1635 - 4 December 1642) Claude Vaussin (2 January 1643 - 1 February 1670) References [ edit ]
1,193	35.2295889°E	31.7778361°N	Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Jerusalem)	30,115	Palestine	Mosque in the Christian Quarter of Jerusalem Not to be confused with Dome of the Rock or Mosque of Omar (Bethlehem) . Mosque of Omar Minaret of the Mosque next to the courtyard of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Religion Affiliation Islam Location Location Jerusalem Shown within Jerusalem Territory Christian Quarter of Old City of Jerusalem Geographic coordinates 31°46′40.21″N 35°13′46.52″E / 31.7778361°N 35.2295889°E / 31.7778361; 35.2295889 Architecture Completed 1193 Specifications Minaret (s) 1 Minaret height 15 metres The Ayyubid Mosque of Omar ( Arabic : مسجد عمر بن الخطاب ) is an Islamic place of worship inside the Old City of Jerusalem . It is located opposite the southern courtyard of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre , in the Muristan area of the Christian Quarter . The mosque is not open to tourists, and can be accessed only for praying. [ 1 ] History [ edit ] According to local tradition, after the Siege of Jerusalem in 637 by the Rashidun army under the command of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah , Patriarch Sophronius refused to surrender except to the Caliph Omar (579-644) himself. Omar travelled to Jerusalem and accepted the surrender. He then approached the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Patriarch Sophronius invited the Caliph to pray inside the church, but Omar declined so as not to set a precedent and thereby endanger the church's status as a Christian site. Instead he prayed outside, on the steps east of the church. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The Mosque of Omar was later built at that site, as evidenced by a stone plate with a Kufic inscription found in 1897 in the area of the eastern or outer atrium of the Constantinian (4th-century) Church of the Holy Sepulchre, defining this area as a mosque. [ 2 ] The current structure was built in its current shape by the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din in 1193 to commemorate the prayer of the caliph Omar. [ 3 ] Architecture [ edit ] The current structure was built in its current shape by the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din in 1193 to commemorate the prayer of the caliph Omar. [ 3 ] The entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre had by then moved from the east to the south of the church, as a result of repeated destructive events that affected the Holy Sepulchre and Muslim mosques during the 11th and 12th centuries. [ 2 ] The current building of the mosque has a 15 metres (49 ft) high minaret that was built sometime before 1465 during the Mamluk period , maybe after the 1458 earthquake, [ 3 ] and was renovated by Ottoman sultan Abdulmecid I (r. 1839–1860). [ 4 ] The Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque , located on the other (northern) side of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, has an almost identical minaret, erected in 1418. [ 5 ] [ 3 ] Gallery [ edit ] In this 1915 map, the Mosque appears south of the Holy Sepulchre in Muristan , near the vertical middle of the map. The Mosque has been reserved for religious activities Minaret References [ edit ]
1,193	16.41083°E	50.75028°N	Grodno Castle (Poland)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno_Castle_(Poland)	1,444	Poland	Historic site in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in Poland Grodno Castle Grodno Castle Location Zagórze Śląskie , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , in Poland Coordinates 50°45′01″N 16°24′39″E / 50.75028°N 16.41083°E / 50.75028; 16.41083 Built 1193 Architectural style(s) Gothic Renaissance Location of the Grodno Castle in Poland Show map of Poland Grodno Castle (Poland) (Lower Silesian Voivodeship) Show map of Lower Silesian Voivodeship Grodno Castle (German: Kynsburg ) is a castle located in the southern parts of the Wałbrzych Mountains, on the Choina Mountain (450 metres), standing to the left of the river Bystrzyca . The valley of this river, formerly known as the Silesian Valley (Śląska Dolina, Polish ), creates a natural boundary between the Owl Mountains and to the west of it the Wałbrzych Mountains. The castle is located in Zagórze Śląskie (11 km east of Wałbrzych ), Lower Silesian Voivodeship in Poland . [ 1 ] The picturesque location of the castle is exacerbated by the barraged Lubachowskie Lake in the foothills of the mountain. History [ edit ] According to tradition the castle was built in 1193, by Duke Bolesław I the Tall . The castle, together with a network of fortresses was used as a defense line between the Duchy of Jawor and the Kingdom of Bohemia . In the sixteenth century Grodno Castle was expanded by a gatehouse , on which there is precious sgraffito , and a sundial clock from 1716. The castle was devastated in battles against the Swedes during the Thirty Years' War , slowly falling into ruins. In the nineteenth century the tower had collapsed. The last owner of Grodno, was the Zedlitz family, which had continued renovation works and strengthened the castle. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] When the region fell to Poland in 1945, the castle was initially renamed as Zamek Chojny , [ 4 ] only later called Zamek Grodno . Gate tower Main gate Courtyard Entrance to a gatehouse See also [ edit ] Castles in Poland Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grodno Castle . References [ edit ]
1,194	35.2348111°E	31.7760750°N	Islamic Museum, Jerusalem	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem	2,291	Palestine	Museum in Al-Aqsa, Jerusalem Not to be confused with The Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem . Islamic Museum متحف الآثار الإسلامية Established 1923 Location Al-Aqsa , Jerusalem Coordinates 31°46′33.87″N 35°14′05.32″E / 31.7760750°N 35.2348111°E / 31.7760750; 35.2348111 Type museum The museum courtyard, with capitals . Al-Aqsa Mosque is in the back. The Islamic Museum ( Arabic : متحف الآثار الإسلامية ; Hebrew : מוזיאון האסלאם ) is a museum at Al Aqsa in the Old City section of Jerusalem . On display are exhibits from ten periods of Islamic history encompassing several Muslim regions. The museum is west of al-Aqsa Mosque , across a courtyard. History [ edit ] The building was originally constructed by the Knights Templar [ citation needed ] , who used it as an annex to their headquarters established at the former Al-Aqsa Mosque. Following the Muslim reconquest of Jerusalem, the mosque was restored in 1194 CE. [ 1 ] The annex building served an assembly hall for the Fakhr al-Din Mohammad School (al-Fakhriya), a madrasa built by al-Mansur Qalawun in 1282 CE, during the Mamluk era. [ 2 ] Most of the other buildings of the al-Fakhriya madrasa complex – considered part of the al-Aqsa Mosque – were demolished by the Israeli Army in 1969. [ 3 ] The building also housed the Mosque of the Maghrebis ( Jāmiʿ al-Maghāribah , جامع المغاربة ), [ 4 ] [ 5 ] also known as the "Mosque of the Malikis", [ 6 ] as most Maghrebi scholars follow the Maliki school of jurisprudence. The Maghrebi mosque bordered the now-vanished Maghrebi Quarter , a neighborhood that was completely razed by the Israelis in 1967. [ 7 ] The museum was established by the Supreme Muslim Council in 1923. Shadia Yousef Touqan was the head planner of the site. [ 2 ] By 1927, the Mosque of the Maghrebis was converted into the Islamic Museum. [ 8 ] Khader Salameh was a notable head curator of the museum. [ 9 ] Exhibits [ edit ] The Islamic Museum displays large copper soup kettles used in the Haseki Sultan Imaret , a soup kitchen, built through a donation by Hürrem Sultan , the wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , dating back to the 16th century, as well as stained glass windows, wooden panels, ceramic tiles and iron doors from the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. Also on display are a cannon used to announce the breaking of Ramadan , a large collection of weapons, a large wax tree trunk, the charred remains of the Minbar of Saladin (built by Nur ad-Din Zangi in the 1170s and destroyed in an arson attack in 1969 ), and the blood-stained clothing of 17 Palestinians killed in the rioting on the Temple Mount in 1990 . [ 9 ] Qur'an manuscripts [ edit ] The museum has 600 copies of the Qur'an donated to the al-Aqsa Mosque during the Umayyad , Abbasid , Fatimid , Ayyubid , Mamluk, Ottoman eras by caliphs , sultans , emirs , ulama and private individuals. Each differ in size, calligraphy and ornamentation. One is a hand-written Qur'an whose transcription is attributed to the great-great-grandson of Muhammad . Another is written in Kufic script , dating back to the 8th-9th century. A 30-part Moroccan rabʿah (multi-volume manuscript) was bequeathed in 1344 by Sultan Abu al-Hasan al-Marini of Morocco; it is the only manuscript remaining from three collections that the sultan dispatched to the mosques of the three holy cities in Islam — Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem. [ 10 ] In addition, there is a very large Qur'an, measuring 100 by 90 centimetres (3.3 ft × 3.0 ft), dating back to the 14th century. [ 9 ] Environs [ edit ] It is in the same southwestern corner of the compound as the al-Fakhariyya Minaret . To the north of the museum, there is Moors' Gate (Maghrebi Gate / Morocco Gate). The southern part of the museum is right next to the al-Aqsa Library . [ citation needed ] The small courtyard east of the museum has the Dome of Yusuf Agha and many column capitals . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Farther east, on the other side of the courtyard, is al-Aqsa Mosque 's western side. [ citation needed ] See also [ edit ] Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo (Egypt) References [ edit ]
1,195	10.52417°E	52.26417°N	Brunswick Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Cathedral	11,305	Germany	This article includes a list of general references , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Church in Lower Saxony, Germany Brunswick Cathedral Collegiate Church of Saint Blaise and Saint John the Baptist Location Braunschweig , Lower Saxony , Germany Denomination Lutheran Previous denomination Roman Catholic History Dedication Saint Blaise , John the Baptist and Thomas Becket Consecrated 29 December 1226 Architecture Style Romanesque Years built 1173–1195 Brunswick Cathedral ( German : Dom St. Blasii (et Johannis) , lit. in English: Collegiate Church of Ss. Blaise and John the Baptist ) is a large Lutheran church in the City of Braunschweig (Brunswick), Germany. The church is termed Dom , in German a synecdoche - pars pro toto - used for cathedrals and collegiate churches alike, and much like the Italian duomo . It is currently owned and used by a congregation of the Lutheran Church in Brunswick . History [ edit ] Henry the Lion established the original foundation as a collegiate church , built between 1173 and 1195. Among the most important pieces on display in the church are a wooden crucifix by Master Imervard dating from the second half of the 12th century and one of very few huge bronze candlesticks with seven arms, dating from around the 1170s. The construction of the church was disrupted several times during the various exiles of Henry the Lion, so that he and his consort Matilda, Duchess of Saxony , were both buried in an unfinished church. The limestone statues of them on their tomb in the nave are an idealised representation made a generation after their death, between 1230 and 1240. The cathedral was consecrated on 29 December 1226, dedicated to Saints Blaise , John the Baptist and Thomas Becket . In 1543, at the time of the Protestant Reformation , the City of Brunswick, in opposition to Duke Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , joined the Schmalkaldic League , and the church came into Lutheran use. Its college was dissolved. Until 1671, the cathedral held a medieval collection of ecclesiastical relics that later became known as the Welfenschatz. In 2015, Germany declared 42 pieces of the Welfenschatz a national treasure, designating them as the Guelph Treasure . These relics are maintained by a foundation known as the Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz (SPK), and displayed at the Bode-Museum in Berlin. The cathedral lost possession of the collection in 1671 when the relics were removed by John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg . Until 1803, a portion was housed at the court chapel at Hanover . In 1929, 82 relics were sold by Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick to a consortium of German-Jewish art dealers. They in turn sold 40 pieces to mostly private collectors, except for nine that went to the Cleveland Museum of Art . The remaining 42 pieces were sold as a group in 1935. After the collection's designation as a national treasure in 2015, heirs of the art dealers brought common law suit(s) against Germany in U.S. courts in an attempt to recover perceived losses resulting from the 1935 sale. Germany's motion to dismiss on the basis of jurisdiction and conflicts with the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act was denied once, then again in an appeal. Germany sought intervention by the US Supreme Court . The Supreme Court heard the case (FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY ET AL. v. PHILIPP ET AL) in October 2020 and issued on 3 February 2021, an order that vacated and remanded the case back to US District Court. [ 1 ] The cathedral is the burial place of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1175/76-1218) and Caroline of Brunswick , Queen Consort of George IV of the United Kingdom . Burials [ edit ] Henry the Lion (1129–1195) Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony (1156–1189), his wife Egbert II, Margrave of Meissen (1060–1090) Gertrude of Brunswick (1060–1117), his sister Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1175/76-1218) Empress Beatrice of Hohenstaufen (1198–1212), his wife Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1671–1735) Princess Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen (1671–1747), his wife Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1636–1687), Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1680–1735), his son, Duke Louis Rudolph's son-in-law and successor Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1713–1780), his son Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1718–1788), his brother, Captain-General of the Dutch Republic from 1750 to 1766 Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick (1721–1792), his brother, Prussian field marshal from 1758 to 1766 Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (1735–1806), Charles' I son, killed at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1771–1815), his son, the Black Duke , killed at the Battle of Quatre Bras William, Duke of Brunswick (1806–1884), his son, last descendant of the House of Brunswick-Bevern Caroline, Queen of the United Kingdom (Consort of George IV.) Gallery [ edit ] South side Westwork Central aisle Romanesque candelabra Our Lady's Altar (1188) Secco Paintings in the Crossing Secco paintings ( Christ Pantocrator ) Martyrdom of Thomas Becket , frescoes in Brunswick Cathedral Crypt of Henry the Lion Crypt Imervard's Crucifix See also [ edit ] Guelph Treasure References [ edit ]
1,195	8.6254111°W	41.8965472°N	Church of São Pedro de Rubiães	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_S%C3%A3o_Pedro_de_Rubi%C3%A3es	349	Portugal	Church in Norte, Portugal Church of Rubiães Church of Saint Peter Igreja de Rubiães The rear of the Church of São Pedro de Rubiães showing aspects of its medieval character, including sacristy 41°53′47.57″N 8°37′31.48″W / 41.8965472°N 8.6254111°W / 41.8965472; -8.6254111 Location Viana do Castelo , Alto Minho , Norte Country Portugal Architecture Style Romanesque , Baroque Specifications Length 11.08 m (36.4 ft) Width 24.18 m (79.3 ft) The Church of São Pedro de Rubiães ( Portuguese : Igreja de São Pedro de Rubiães ) is a 12th-century Romanesque church located in the civil parish of Rubiães in the municipality of Paredes de Coura , that was part of the medieval Way of St. James ( Portuguese : Caminho de Santiago ), the famous pilgrimage road to Santiago de Campostela . Over time it was expanded in the 16th and 17th century to become the parochial church of Rubiães. The Church was classified as National Monument in 1913. [ 1 ] History [ edit ] The front façade of the Romanesque Church of São Pedro, showing the mixture of medieval and Romanesque elements Detail of the portico, showing the decorated capitals, tympanum and lintel Inscribed on the entrance lintel was the date 1295, and is assumed to be the date of the church's completion. [ 2 ] During the 16th century, the nave was extended towards the east reformulating the presbytery and sacristy . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was also at the end of this century that the first fresco was painted in the interior. At the beginning of the following century, another fresco was applied over the pre-existing painting. During the same period, the construction of Baroque-style bell-tower was completed, altering the medieval frontispiece . [ 2 ] In the 19th century, the tympanum was remodelled. [ 2 ] In 1936 the Direcção-Geral de Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (DGEMN) first intervened in the church, with the conclusion of various projects. [ 2 ] In 1960, the roof was re-tiled, while a 1972 storm caused major problems and damages to the building. [ 2 ] Two years later the main portico and prebestery were restored, supplemented by projects in the prebestery in 1978 and nave in 1980. [ 2 ] Further projects directed to restore and reinforce the stability of the building were also undertaken in the early 1990s. [ 2 ] These included: treatments to water infiltration, repairs to the belltower and baptistery , cleaning and clearing of the exterior stones, restoration of fresco mural, installation of a drainage system (accompanied by the University of Minho archaeology department representatives). During the drainage project in 1996, excavators unearthed the vestiges of shallow medieval tombs. The excavation revealed two lines of overlapping tombs, with the first dating to the 13th century. [ 2 ] The tombstones are organized in two parallel lines, on either side of the Church, and integrated into the space's relief. These tombs were excavated in the north and south of the Church and dismantled before the installation of the drainage system. Meanwhile, the roof of the sacristy was restored and painted, while electricity was introduced into the space. Architecture [ edit ] São Pedro de Rubiães is located in an isolated, rural location, encircled by forest, alongside the N201 roadway and protected by a small wall. Alongside the northern and southern facades are several granite slabs of sepulchres from the historical cemetery, as well as a millennium marker. Although not located along the banks of the Minho River, it was situated stylistically within a regional focus overlooking the valley, in line with the Galician perspective at the time (as seen in the location of the Cathedral of Tui and other churches in the province of Pontevedra ). [ 3 ] The church comprises a longitudinal plan of a single rectangular nave, with an extended, rear presbytery and sacristy , subdivided into articulated volumes and covered in tiled roof. The principal facade, complete with gable, includes an archway portico comprising four archivolts , three of which are mounted on column capitols with alternating vegetal and zoomorphic designs. [ 3 ] An important part of the church is this axial portico, which represents the Annunciation . [ 2 ] The central columns include sculpted forms; on the left is a representation of an angel with long hair, beard and parchment (likely the Angel Gabriel ), while the right form is the Virgin with veil and raised hands. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Although these forms are not well defined, they testament to the popularity of public interests at the time of its carving, providing an iconographic representation of the scene rather than a clearly literal interpretation. [ 2 ] These sculptural themes are comparable to the churches of Sanfins de Friestas, Longos Vales and Bravães and suggest its completion in the middle of the 13th century. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The lintel is inscribed with the presumed date of its construction, while in the tympanum is the figure of Christ surrounded by aureola . [ 2 ] The representation of Christ is part of the first revivalist reproduction of the tympanum, while the serpentine lintel which is thin and less profound, is almost graffiti and less to do with the original form. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The tympanum although "a bad reconstitution, relatively modern, of the older piece" [ 5 ] is part of the a restrictive number of representations of the Christ in aureola for the period, and is here treated summarily with de-contextualized flowers flanking the aureola. Even by the 1980s, there still existed fragments of the original tympanum in the area that confirmed that a copy was installed in the portal. [ 6 ] Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida dated the epigraph to 1257, although it seems late given the architectural elements of the Church, raising debate due to the difference stylistically in age of the elements. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Almeida interpreted later writings, and assumed a late Galician influence on the temple, which was later rebuked in favour of an earlier date. [ 3 ] [ 6 ] Above this entrance is a simple arched window over columns and decorated capitals. In the northern corner of the Church is the rectangular bell-tower decorated with canon-like gargoyles extending from the corners under a pyramidal roof. [ 2 ] The lateral walls included doors with double archivolts over simple tympanum, although the northern facade also has a door with smooth archway. Circling the entire building is a squared-off cornice, consisting of undulating or flat diamond-shaped forms decorated with zoomorphic or geometric motifs. [ 2 ] Interior [ edit ] The remnants of the early fresco on the left of the altar The temple is illuminated by the narrow slit windows that open into the interior, while the interior structure is supported by wood frame beams. The presbytery with two lateral and one central slit windows provides all the light into this space, which includes a granite altar against the wall. The squared cornices on the frontlet of the presbytery was a common feature of the Romanesque church in the Alto Minho region. [ 2 ] The central window itself is decorated with columns and decorated capitals, surmounted by blocks supporting the simple arch. At the left of the altar, through a triumphal arch , is fresco painting consisting of monk and angel, in partial ruin, with fragments missing. The interior paintings, executed in fresco over a thin layer of plaster, was completed in a restricted colour palette: ocres , reds, black, blue and a mixture of the two. [ 2 ] Incisions were detected in the plaster, corresponding to the original design that was applied to the wall, although there are no indications of junctions between the plaster. [ 2 ] References [ edit ] Notes
1,196	3.541°W	50.464°N	Torre Abbey	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Abbey	5,460	United Kingdom	Church in Torquay, UK Torre Abbey Exterior view Location within Devon Monastery information Order Premonstratensian Established 1196 Disestablished 1539 Architecture Heritage designation Grade I listed Site Location Torquay , United Kingdom Coordinates 50°27′50″N 3°32′28″W / 50.464°N 3.541°W / 50.464; -3.541 Public access yes Website www .torre-abbey .org .uk Torre Abbey is a historic building and art gallery in Torquay , Devon, which lies in the South West of England . It was founded in 1196 as a monastery for Premonstratensian canons , and is now the best-preserved medieval monastery in Devon and Cornwall. In addition to its medieval and Georgian rooms, Torre Abbey is known for the formal gardens on Abbey Park and Meadows , for the third largest art collection in the county of Devon and for regular exhibitions by contemporary artists. History [ edit ] Torre Abbey , side entrance 19th-century paintings in the permanent exhibition Sculptures of Frederick Thrupp A plaque for the Agatha Christie mile at Torre Abbey In 1196 six Premonstratensian canons from the Welbeck Abbey in Nottinghamshire founded Torre Abbey when William Brewer , lord of the manor of Torre, gave them land. By 1536 the Abbey's annual income made it the wealthiest of all the Premonstratensian houses in England. [ 1 ] The canons surrendered to King Henry's VIII 's commissioner in 1539 at the Dissolution of the Monasteries and immediately thereafter in 1539 a 21-year lease of the site and demesne of Torre Abbey was acquired by Sir Hugh I Pollard (fl.1535,1545), lord of the manor of King's Nympton , [ 2 ] Sheriff of Devon in 1535/6 and Recorder of Barnstaple in 1545. In 1543 Pollard acquired the freehold from John St. Leger (d.1596) of Annery , who had himself acquired it in 1543 with other lands from the king in exchange for some lands and payment of a cash balance. [ 3 ] Dissolution resulted in a widescale demolition of the church and east range, and all items of value, including the lead from the roofs, were taken. The south and west ranges were mostly unscathed and, in 1598, were converted into a house for Thomas Ridgeway . After a succession of various owners, the house became the possession of the Cary family in 1662. [ 4 ] The house continued in the possession of the Cary family until 1930 when the mansion and grounds were sold by Commander Henry Cary to the Torquay Borough Council , although the family continued to own the surrounding estate and the (notional) lordship of the manor of Tor Mohun. [ 5 ] Monuments to various members of the Cary family survive in St Saviour's Church. [ 6 ] The building has since been used as a municipal art gallery; the mayor's parlour and, during World War II , it was used by the Royal Air Force . Torre Abbey is owned and managed by Torbay Council . After a £6.5 million refurbishment made possible by grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund , English Heritage and the Friends of Torre Abbey, Torre Abbey reopened in July 2008. Buildings [ edit ] The main abbey comprises two Grade I listed buildings. Though the church is little more than a ruin, the west and south sides of the cloisters are still standing. The gatehouse dates from around 1380, and the barrel vault above the chapel, formerly the guest hall, dates from the 15th century. The tithe barn , built along with the abbey in the early thirteenth century, is known as The Spanish Barn after it was used for fourteen days to hold 397 prisoners of war from the Spanish Armada in 1588. Around 1740 the buildings underwent extensive alterations, giving them a Georgian remodelling that is mostly intact today. The Cary family invested in further reconstructions throughout the 19th century, including the construction of a small brewery. St Michael's Chapel on the summit of Chapel Hill, in Torquay may have belonged to the Abbey. [ 7 ] Art exhibitions [ edit ] The permanent exhibitions focus on paintings of the 19th century including pictures of national standing as William Blake and the Pre-Raphaelite works of Edward Burne-Jones ( The Planets , series of cartoons) or William Holman Hunt ( The Children's Holiday ). Torre Abbey also houses the contents of the studio of Frederick Thrupp , the largest collection by an individual Victorian sculptor to survive in the UK. The Abbey also provides a programme of contemporary art exhibitions, including Antony Gormley 's Field for the British Isles in 2009 and Damien Hirst 's Mother and Child, Divided in 2010. The annual Torre Abbey Contemporary Open exhibition (TACO) provides a showcase for artists from the South West. Miscellaneous [ edit ] During his time in command of the Channel Fleet between 1800 and 1801 Admiral John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent lived at the Abbey when he was too ill to remain with the fleet. [ 8 ] References [ edit ]
1,196	36.3059333°E	33.512111°N	Mausoleum of Saladin	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin	27,139	Syria	Mausoluem of Saladin in Damascus, Syria Mausoleum of Saladin ضريح صلاح الدين الأيوبي The entrance to the mausoleum General information Type Mausoleum Architectural style Ayyubid , Ottoman Location Damascus , Syria Coordinates 33°30′43.6″N 36°18′21.36″E / 33.512111°N 36.3059333°E / 33.512111; 36.3059333 Completed 1196 Renovated 1898 The Mausoleum of Saladin holds the resting place and grave of the medieval Muslim Ayyubid Sultan Saladin . It is adjacent to the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus , Syria . [ 1 ] It was built in 1196, three years after the death of Saladin. [ 2 ] In addition to the tomb, the tomb complex included Madrassah al-Aziziah, of which little remains, except a few columns and an internal arch adjacent to the renovated tomb. [ 3 ] The mausoleum presently houses two sarcophagi: one made of wood, said to contain Saladin's remains, and one made of marble, was built in homage to Saladin in late nineteenth century by Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II and was later restored by German emperor Wilhelm II . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Along with a marble sarcophagus, a golden ornate gilt bronze wreath was also put on the marble sarcophagus, which was later removed by either Faisal I or Lawrence of Arabia , who later deposited it in the Imperial War Museum . [ 3 ] In August 2003, Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and his wife Siti Hasmah Mohamad Ali visited the mosque. [ 6 ] Gallery [ edit ] c sarcophagus built by Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II and later restored by Wilhelm II [ 7 ] Entrance to Saladin's Mausoleum, 2019 Saladin's original tomb, 2019 Courtyard of Saladin's Mausoleum, 2019 Mausoleum walls with tiles added in Ottoman era. References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mausoleum of Saladin .
1,197	15.5554°E	38.1922°N	Messina Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina_Cathedral	9,160	Unknown	You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian . (September 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at [[:it:Duomo di Messina]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|it\|Duomo di Messina}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Messina Cathedral Messina Cathedral ( Italian : Duomo di Messina; Basilica Cathedrale metropolitana di Santa Maria Assunta ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in Messina , Sicily . Formerly the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Messina , it became in 1986 the archiepiscopal seat of the Archdiocese of Messina-Lipari-Santa Lucia del Mela . In June 1947 Pope Pius XII granted it the status of a minor basilica . Built by the Normans, it was consecrated in 1197 by the Archbishop Berardo. Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Constance I of Sicily were present to witness the ceremony. The current building is the final result of some twentieth-century reconstructions, which took place following the disastrous earthquake that struck Messina in 1908 and the considerable damage that resulted from the heavy aerial bombardment in World War II . [ 1 ] Only the perimeter walls, the Gothic portal and an apse remained standing after the catastrophic earthquake which also destroyed surrounding edifices in Piazza Duomo. In 1943 incendiary bombs fell on the restored roof destroying much of its interior. Only an original mosaic and statue survived. The tower houses the Messina astronomical clock , the largest astronomical clock in the world. History [ edit ] Various calamities, and in particular earthquakes , have struck the city several times over the centuries, damaging or destroying its monuments. The bell tower of the Cathedral is no exception to the rule. Since the 12th century it has served merely decorative and liturgical purposes; in fact, it is enough to move a few dozen metres upstream to have a perfect panoramic view of the entire area of the Strait with a view of Calabria and a large portion of the Ionian Sea on the horizon . 1559 , Struck by lightning, it caught fire and was rebuilt by Martino da Firenze , reconstruction activity continued in 1564 by Andrea Calamech . Until 1678 (the year of the end of the anti-Spanish revolt and the signing of the Peace of Nijmegen , with which the city was reconquered by Spain ), the base of the bell tower housed precious parchment documents containing the historical memories of the city, brought to Spain to the monastery of El Escorial along with many other works of art. 1693 , Further damage was caused by the two earthquakes in the Val di Noto which in January affected the whole of eastern Sicily. 1783 , The numerous seismic shocks of the southern Calabria earthquake in February destroyed it, causing the collapse of the upper orders. To adapt the structure of the temple to the changing taste of the time, the squat bell tower was destroyed in 1863 and in its place two neo-Gothic towers were erected above the lateral apses. The current bell tower was rebuilt in its original location after the 1908 earthquake and was designed based on the old one. More than 65 metres high, in the shape of a tower with a cusp roof, lightened on all sides by pairs of mullioned windows with pointed arches, it contains a magnificent animated clock, a true mechanical jewel, commissioned by Archbishop Angelo Paino from the Ungerer company of Strasbourg in 1933. This system is considered the largest and most complex mechanical and astronomical clock in the world. Bells [ edit ] The bell tower contains the largest concert in all of Sicily, consisting of 8 bells tuned according to the F#2 ascending major diatonic scale , all cast by the Colbachini foundry of Padua in 1929. The first, third and fifth bells are electrified in the fast Veronese style (without the possibility of going to the cup, however) while the others are fixed but are equipped with hammers. There are 2 other fixed bells, cast by Micheal Salicula in 1400. They were saved from the terrible Messina earthquake of 1908 . Apsidal section of the cathedral with Norman excavations See also [ edit ] History of early modern period domes References [ edit ]
1,198	45.127233°E	40.973819°N	Makaravank	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaravank	1,697	Armenia	10th-13th century church complex near the Achajur village of Tavush Province, Armenia Makaravank Մակարավանք Religion Affiliation Armenian Apostolic Church Location Location Tavush Province , Armenia Shown within Armenia Show map of Armenia Makaravank (Tavush) Show map of Tavush Geographic coordinates 40°58′26″N 45°07′38″E / 40.973819°N 45.127233°E / 40.973819; 45.127233 Architecture Style Armenian Groundbreaking 10th century Completed 13th century Makaravank ( Armenian : Մակարավանք ) is a 10th-13th century church complex near the Achajur village of Tavush Province , Armenia , located on the slope of Paitatap Mountain. The complex of Makaravank ranks among Aghtamar, Bgheno-Noravank , Gandzasar with its originality, richness and variety of ornaments and occupies an important place in Armenian architecture . Though the monastery is no longer used for services, the complex is well preserved. There are 4 churches, a gavit ( narthex ) that serves the two largest of the churches, and other buildings which served secondary roles. At one time, there used to be vast settlements around Makaravank, the presence of which was of great importance for the growth of the monastery. The monastery was also sometimes called Agravavank. History [ edit ] The oldest church of the group was built during the 10th and 11th centuries. The materials used in its construction were mostly large pieces of roughly hewn red tuff (a common Armenian building material). One of the churches, named Surb Astvatsatsin church, was built in 1198 in white stone, on the eastern side of the complex. Surb Astvatsatsin is attributed to Hovhannes. The main church was built in 1205, using pink andesite , with a red andesite gavit. [ citation needed ] Complex [ edit ] The monastery was surrounded with walls, its gate was decorated with columns . Numerous residential structures were situated in the enclosed territory. Among them were architectural pavilions housing mineral springs . Makaravank’s structures are built of dark-pink andesite and red tufa, with occasional greenish stones. There are also remnants of a fence, and a spring/well of the 12th or 13th century outside of the walls where a picnic area is now located. Main temple [ edit ] Detail below altar Passing through the gate in the circuit wall, the main church of 1205, built by Vardan, son of Prince Bazaz, is on the right. The main temple is a domed hall. The diameter of the high dome is quite large, and the under-dome space predominates in the structure's interior. The vertical orientation of the interior is emphasized by the pillars supporting the dome. Attached to the pillars are several faceted pilasters and half-columns which form, at the top, semi-circular and pointed arches bearing the supporting girth of the domes. High niches , semi-circular in the plan, framed with graceful arcatures on twin half-columns, which decorate the bottom of the altar apses , harmoniously fit in with the pillars. The walls of altar daises , decorated with geometrical ornaments, are of extraordinary interest. In Makaravank the profiled eight-pointed stars and octagons between them, arranged in two rows, are covered with varied and rich carving unique in the architecture of medieval Armenia. It features various floral motifs, making up unusual bouquets, all kinds of fishes and birds, as well as sphinxes and sirens . Of interest are a boatman looking ahead, and a man’s figure, placed inside an octagon up the left edge of the altar dais wall and inscribed "eritasard" – probably a self-portrait of the carver. All this is enclosed in a strongly profiled frame which draws the onlooker’s attention to the reliefs inside it. The exterior decoration of Makaravank’s main temple is more expressive. Over the central window of the southern façade there is a sun dial and below it, on the cantilever column, a representation of a dove; the round windows vary in their shapes and ornamentation. The entrance portals are rectangular, with a semi-circular inner niche. The tympanum and the spandrel are composed of stones of various shapes and colors. The dome drum is skirted by a graceful twenty-arch arcature on twin half-columns. The arches are made as an ornamental band; the same band passes between the arches and the cornice. The arcature is harmoniously proportionate to the dome and to the overall volume of the church. Gavit [ edit ] Detail above gavit portal Passing through the gate in the circuit wall, the gavit is on the left. The facade of the gavit, which was built with a donation from Prince Vache I Vachutian in 1224, bears sculptures of a sphinx and a lion attacking a bull . Inside the gavit, one reaches the earliest church, of the 10th or 11th century. The narthex is four-columned. Built before 1207, it catered to both temples at the same time. It contains a door which led to the communion bread bakery , a small vaulted room. The decoration of the narthex is subordinated to the artistic features of the main temple, which shows especially clearly in ornamental carving. The western portal has, like that of Geghard narthex, a stepped framing that includes the window above. Bas-reliefs are carved on the middle ledge, at the sides of the window. At the right side there is a winged sphinx with a crown on its head, and at the left side a lion attacking an ox. The shaft of the south-western column of the interior is girdled with an eight-arch arcature, the capital is accentuated, on the transversal axis, by a large rosette above which, on the face of the arch, there is a relief representation of a dove with a lifted wing. The abutment on the western side, corresponding to the column, has smaller vertical divisions than the other wall-attached abutments. Rosettes of various designs, painted white, yellow and red, were cut on the flat ceilings of the corner sections. The decoration of the central section was richer. Floral ornaments covering the shield-shaped pendentives show birds in various attitudes. The girth of transition to the 20-hedral base of the ceiling which probably consisted of six intersecting arches is composed of groove-divided triangular slabs, vertical and inclined. Surb Astvatsatsin church [ edit ] Small round chapel Outside of these is a small Surb Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God ) church attributed to Abbot Hovhannes in 1198 in memory of his parents and brothers, with sculpted a portal. The church is a miniature building, which belongs to the type of the four-apse centric round monuments of the 10th to 13th centuries such as the church of St. Gregory in Sanahin . But as distinct from them the church of Astvatsatsin is round only in its lower part and octahedral in its upper part, with four triangular niches crowned with various conchs . The dome is proportionate to the lower round bulk. The decoration of the church is in stylistic harmony with that of the main temple and the narthex. The profiled girth skirting the building passes across the ends of the niches and the window openings. On the northern side there are eye-catching reliefs of a stork and a snake, and over the southern window a scene showing two beasts locked in a fight. Other structures [ edit ] The most ancient structure of all is Makaravank’s 10th-century cross-winged domed church with annexes in the corners, which differs from the ordinary structures of this type by rich carved ornamentation (floral and interlaced linear) on the wall of the altar dais and on the framings of the main windows of the interior. The small chapels built of ashlar stones have carved door platbands. Makaravank’s chapel has a vaulted ceiling. Floorplan [ edit ] 1. a 10th-century church 2. the main temple of St. Astvatsatsin, 1204 3. a rotund church of 1198 4. a chapel of the 12th–13th centuries 5. a gavit, before 1207 6. a communion bread bakery of the 13th century 7. service premises of the 11th–13th centuries 8. the main entrance of the 11th–12th centuries 9. remnants of a fence 10. a spring well of the 12th–13th centuries Gallery [ edit ] Intricately carved portal. Sources [ edit ] " Architectural Ensembles of Armenia ", by O. Khalpakhchian, published in Moscow by Iskusstvo Publishers in 1980. " Rediscovering Armenia Guidebook ", by Brady Kiesling and Raffi Kojian, published online and printed in 2005. External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Makaravank . Armeniapedia.org: Makaravank About Makaravank v t e Ancient, medieval, and historical Armenian churches and monasteries Armenia Aragatsotn Arshakid Mausoleum Aruchavank Astvatsankal Byurakan Garnahovit Hovhannavank Karbi Karmravor Kasagh Kosh Kristapori Vank Mastara Oshakan ( St. Mesrop , Tukh Manuk ) Saghmosavank Mughni Talin Tegher Ushi Vahramashen Voskevaz Yeghipatrush Zarinja Ararat Aghjots Vank Artavazik Dvin Khor Virap Armavir Targmanchats Vank Vagharshapat ( Etchmiadzin , St. Gayane , St. Hripsime , St. Mary , Shoghakat ) Zvartnots Gegharkunik Ddmashen Hayravank Kotavank Makenyats Vank Noratus ( Cemetery , St. George ) Sevanavank Tsovinar Vanevan Yot Verk Kotayk Geghard Gharghavank Havuts Tar Kecharis Makravank Mashtots Hayrapet Mayravank Neghutsi Vank Ptghavank Tejharuyk Yeghvard ( St. Mary ) Lori Monastery Bardzrakash Haghpat Hnevank Horomayri Khuchap Kobayr Odzun Sanahin Sverdlov Vanadzor ( St. Mary ) Shirak Gyumri ( St. Mary , Holy Saviour ) Harichavank Lmbatavank Marmashen Pemzashen Yererouk Syunik Bgheno-Noravank Tatev ( Monastery , Tatevi Anapat ) Vahanavank Vorotnavank Tavush Goshavank Haghartsin Jukhtak Vank Kirants ( Arakelots ) Makaravank Matosavank Samsonavank Tsrviz Voskepar Vayots Dzor Areni Gndevank Noravank Spitakavor Tanahat Tsakhats Kar Yerevan Avan ( Tsiranavor ) Kanaker ( St. James ) Yerevan ( Gethsemane , Katoghike , St. Gregory , St. John , St. Paul and Peter , Zoravor ) Azerbaijan ( List ) Agulis ( St. Thomas ) Amaras Aprakunis Baku ( St. Gregory , St. Mary , St. Thaddeus ) Dadivank Gag Gandzasar Gtichavank Hakobavank Jugha ( Holy Savour ) Katarovank Kish Kusanats Anapat Shusha ( Ghazanchetsots , Kanach Zham ) Targmanchats Tsar Tsitsernavank Vankasar Yeghishe Arakyal Yerits Mankants Georgia ( List ) Tbilisi ( Vank , Bethlehem , Chugureti , Ejmiatsnetsots , St. George , St. Gregory , Jigrasheni Avetyats , Kamoyants , Karapet , Karapi , Karmir Avetaran , Geghardavank , Mughni , Norashen , Holy Sign , St. Sarkis , St. Stephen , Zrkinyants ) Tskhinvali Turkey ( List ) Adana ( St. Mary ) Agarak Aghperig Aghtamar Akner Bagnayr Akori Ani ( Cathedral , Tigran Honents , Kizkale , Holy Apostles ) Aparank Arakelots Vank Arapgir Arkakaghni Arter Bana Barthoghimevos Vank Constantinople ( Galata , Kuzguncuk , Fatih , Kartal , Samatya , Taksim , Beyoğlu , Beyoğlu ) Drazark Elazig Eskişehir Gaziantep Goms Hogots Horomos Ishkhan Kanzak Karapet Vank Karmravank Kars ( Cathedral , St. Mary ) Kes Khtzkonk Ktuts Marinos Vank Mren Mush ( St. Marine , Holy Sign ) Narekavank Por Sivrihisar Skanchelagordz Vank Smyrna Soradir Tekor Tigranakert Trebizond Varagavank Varzahan Yeghegnamor Yeghrdut Yerazgavors Iran ( List ) Thadei Vank Maghardavank Dzordzori Vank Hovi Darashamb Haftvan Khoy Mahlezan Tabriz ( St. Mary , St. Sarkis , Mariam ) Mujumbar Sohrol Sarnaq Nor Jugha ( Vank , St. Mary , St. George , St. Stephen , St. John , St. Catherine , Bethlehem , St. Nicholas , St. Gregory , St. Sarkis, Isfahan , St. Minas , St. Nerses ) Tehran ( St. Thaddeus , St. George ) Jerusalem ( Palestine / Israel ) Armenian Quarter Cathedral of St. James Church of St. Toros Church of the Holy Archangels Monastery of St. Saviour Chapel of St. Helena Rest of Asia Syria Aleppo India Chennai Calcutta Chinsura Saidabad Bangladesh Dhaka Israel St. Nicholas Monastery Cyprus Magar Vank Notre Dame de Tyre Ganchvor Singapore Saint Gregory the Illuminator Rest of Europe Crimea Holy Cross Yalta Ukraine Lviv ( St. Mary ) Russia Nor Nakhichevan ( Holy Cross ) Sultan-Saly St. Petersburg ( St. Catherine ) Romania Zamca Italy San Lazzaro degli Armeni
1,198	31.31139°E	58.49750°N	Nereditsa Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereditsa_Church	1,280	Russia	Church in Russia Spas-na-Nereditse Church in 2014 The Saviour Church on Nereditsa Hill near Novgorod ( Russian : церковь Спаса на Нередице , Tserkov Spasa na Nereditse ) is a 12th-century Orthodox church dedicated to the feast of the Saviour's Transfiguration . The church, consecrated in 1198, became world-famous both for its remarkable state of exterior preservation and for the best preserved set of pre-Mongol wall paintings in the Russian Empire . During the World War II it was selected as a target for artillery fire and was reduced to rubble. The post-war reconstruction of the Nereditsa Church is on the World Heritage list as a part of object 604 Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The building has been designated an architectural monument of federal significance (#5310113002). [ 3 ] It is located in Novgorodsky District of Novgorod Oblast , Russia, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) south of Veliky Novgorod in the village of Spas-Nereditsy [ ru ] on the right bank of the Maly Volkhovets River on a small Nereditsa Hill next to the Rurik hillfort . History [ edit ] The church was built in 1198 by Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich, the grandson of Mstislav Vladimirovich [ 4 ] and painted with frescoes in 1199. [ 5 ] It was measured and restored by Pyotr Pokryshkin [ ru ] in 1903-1904. During World War II the church was located on the front line between 1941 and 1943 and was destroyed. It was subsequently restored. However, most of the frescoes could not be saved. They are currently known from pre-war photos, and watercolor sketches made by Nikolai Avenirovich Martynov in 1862. [ 6 ] Architecture [ edit ] The interior was frescoed in 1199 The small stone church is built as a cube and has one dome. It is based on four pillars and has three apses at the eastern side. [ 7 ] The type of a small church was developed in Novgorod in the end of the 12th century, and there are several churches of this type, in Novgorod and in Staraya Ladoga . [ 8 ] Frescoes [ edit ] The frescoes were created by eight to ten artists. They covered all the interior of the church, including the pillars, the walls, the ceiling, and the dome. There is no apparent system in creating the frescoes. It's possible that the painters did not know each other and had different styles. In particular, normally a fresco of Christ the Saviour should be painted in the dome. However, for the Saviour Church on Nereditsa, the dome was occupied by the Ascencion. Christ was painted in the dome in Byzantine Empire already in the 9th century, and painting other frescoes in the dome was at the time the sign that the church belongs to a highly peripheral region. The most impressive fresco in the church was considered to be the Last Judgment , painted over the whole western wall. Only fragments of this fresco survived. References [ edit ]
1,199	0.7808°W	50.8363°N	Chichester Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral	39,388	United Kingdom	Cathedral in West Sussex, England Church in West Sussex, United Kingdom Chichester Cathedral Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity Chichester Cathedral GB-WSX 50°50′11″N 0°46′51″W / 50.8363°N 0.7808°W / 50.8363; -0.7808 Location Chichester , West Sussex Country United Kingdom Denomination Church of England Previous denomination Roman Catholicism Website chichestercathedral.org.uk History Consecrated 1108 Architecture Style Norman , Gothic Specifications Length 408 ft (124 m) [ 1 ] Width 157 ft (48 m) [ 1 ] Height 61 ft (19 m) [ 1 ] Spire height 277 ft (84 m) [ 1 ] Administration Province Canterbury Diocese Chichester Clergy Bishop(s) Martin Warner Dean Edward Dowler Precentor vacant Chancellor Jack Dunn Treasurer Vanessa Baron Laity Director of music Charles Harrison Organist(s) Timothy Ravalde Chichester Cathedral , formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity , is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester. It is located in Chichester , in West Sussex , England. It was founded as a cathedral in 1075, when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey . [ 2 ] Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles, and has been described by the architectural critic Ian Nairn as "the most typical English Cathedral". [ 3 ] Despite this, Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England's medieval cathedrals—a free-standing medieval bell tower (or campanile ) and double aisles. [ 4 ] The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures, and many modern art works including tapestries, stained glass and sculpture, many of these commissioned by Walter Hussey (Dean, 1955–1977). [ 2 ] The city of Chichester, though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans, has always been small enough for the city's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once, causing Daniel Defoe to comment: I cannot say much of Chichester, in which, if six or seven good families were removed, there would not be much conversation, except what is to be found among the canons, and the dignitaries of the cathedral. [ 5 ] The spire of Chichester Cathedral is the third tallest in England and acts as a landmark for travellers. It is the only spire from a medieval English cathedral that is visible from the sea. [ 6 ] [ a ] . Its green copper roof (installed after WWII) was replaced in an extensive roof renovation programme in the early 2020s, with grey lead coverings of the thickest type available – each panel weighs around 75 kg (12 stone). Unlike the copper coverings, these will give better protection from the coastal weather. [ 8 ] History [ edit ] Chichester Cathedral, circa 1650 Chichester Cathedral was built to replace the cathedral founded in 681 by St Wilfrid for the South Saxons at Selsey . The seat of the bishop was transferred in 1075. [ 2 ] It was consecrated in 1108 under bishop Ralph de Luffa . An early addition was the Chapel of Saint Pantaleon off the south transept (now the Canons' Vestry), probably begun just before an 1187 fire which burnt out the cathedral and destroyed much of the town. [ 9 ] That fire necessitated a substantial rebuilding, which included refacing the nave and replacing the destroyed wooden ceiling with the present stone vault, possibly by Walter of Coventry. The cathedral was reconsecrated in 1199. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In the 13th century, the central tower was completed, the Norman apsidal eastern end rebuilt with a Lady chapel and a row of chapels added on each side of the nave, forming double aisles such as are found on many French cathedrals. The spire was completed about 1402 and a free-standing bell tower constructed to the north of the west end. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ b ] In 1262, Richard de la Wyche, who was bishop from 1245 to 1253, was canonised as Saint Richard of Chichester . His shrine made the cathedral a place of pilgrimage . The shrine was ordered to be destroyed in 1538 during the first stages of the English Reformation . In 1642 the cathedral came under siege by Parliamentary troops. [ 2 ] The collapse of the spire in 1861 The towers at Chichester have had a particularly unfortunate history because of subsidence, which explains the positioning of the 15th century bell tower at some distance from the cathedral. The south-west tower of the façade collapsed in 1210 and was rebuilt. The north-west tower collapsed in 1635 and was not rebuilt until 1901. [ 2 ] The masonry spire was built in the 14th century and was repaired in the 17th century by Christopher Wren . [ 10 ] The tower survived a lightning strike in 1721. During the 18th century various works are recorded including repairs to the upper part of the spire after the lightning strike. However the cathedral was in a poor state of repair. A restoration programme was begun starting in 1812 and in 1829 the cathedral was closed for several months while major repairs and improvements were carried out. George Chandler became dean in 1832 and continued with the restoration, the sub-deanery was removed to a brand new church, a project completed by Walter Hook who took over as dean in 1849. Then on 21 February 1861, the cathedral spire telescoped in on itself, without loss of life. Works in the cathedral had included the removal of a stone screen (known as the Arundel screen) that separated the choir from the nave. There was some discussion that its removal had caused the collapse of the spire. A more likely cause was thought to be that the spire's foundations had been subject to subsidence over the years and had become detached from the tower, leaving the tower freestanding; also that the rubble cores of the columns holding the spire had become dust. Thus a weakened tower collapsed in the face of high winds. [ 11 ] [ 10 ] [ 12 ] The collapse had apparently inspired J. Meade Falkner to write his novel The Nebuly Coat . [ 13 ] A fund was set up to raise the £48,000 needed for the rebuilding, and the contributors included Queen Victoria and Prince Albert . [ 14 ] A replica of the old tower and spire was rebuilt along the original lines by George Gilbert Scott from drawings which had been made by Joseph Butler , architect to the fabric (1847–1888). [ 9 ] The construction was raised by about 6 feet (1.8 m), by Scott and was completed in five years. It now rises to a height of 82 metres (269 ft). [ 2 ] [ 4 ] The rubble from the original spire was used to construct the former West Ashling Congregational Chapel . [ c ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] In 2008, the cathedral community celebrated the 900th anniversary of the building's consecration. Rowan Williams , then Archbishop of Canterbury , was invited to preach at a festival eucharist and dedicate the new guest house, which was originally named after Bishop George Bell . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Architecture [ edit ] Plan of Chichester Cathedral, produced in 1875 Exterior from southeast Exterior from northwest Typically for English cathedrals, Chichester has had a long and varied building history marked by a number of disasters. The architectural history of the building is revealed in its fabric because the builders of different periods constructed in different styles and with changing technology. Both inside and outside portions of the original Norman cathedral can be distinguished from the later Gothic work by the massive construction and round-topped windows. Different Gothic styles from the late 12th century through to the 15th can also be identified. The plan of Chichester is in the shape of a cross, with an aisled nave and choir, crossed by a transept. In typically English manner, the eastern end of the building is long by comparison with the nave, is square ended and has a projecting Lady chapel . Also typically English is the arrangement of paired towers on the western front, and a taller central tower over the crossing. [ 20 ] Its plan is unusual for England in having double aisles. Chichester has a cloister on the south side of the building. Chichester is small for a Norman cathedral when compared to Winchester Cathedral, Ely and Peterborough. Much of the original Norman construction remains in the nave, transept, crossing and adjacent bays of the choir. The elevation rises in the usual three stages of arcade, gallery and clerestory. It is similar to remaining Norman work at Winchester, where the arcade is proportionally low, and rests on solid piers rather than columns. In the gallery above, each wide space is divided into two by a colonnettes in a manner typical of Romanesque architecture . [ 4 ] After the fire of 1187, the clerestory was rebuilt and the entire building given a ribbed vault. The eastern end was extended from the round ambulatory to form a square retrochoir or presbytery with lancet windows in a style that is transitional between Norman and Gothic. The newer arcades and the clerestory maintain the round arches of the earlier Norman architecture. The vault is in the Early English Gothic style, supported externally by flying buttresses and large terminal pinnacles at the eastern end. At this time the entire interior was refurbished, much of it being refaced with ashlar masonry. Each pier was decorated with delicate shafts of dark Purbeck marble with foliate capitals, contrasting with the squat cushion capitals of the limestone shafts. The entire programme of work was probably directed by Walter of Coventry. [ 1 ] The nave was later divided from the choir by an elegant Perpendicular screen or pulpitum with three arched openings, called the Arundel Screen, which was removed in the mid 19th century but reinstated in 1961. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ] The design of the central tower, faithfully reproduced by George Gilbert Scott, was of the Early English style, having on each side two tall pairs of openings, surrounded by deep mouldings. [ 9 ] The original spire, which also was of masonry rather than of sheathed wood, was built in the late 14th century, by John Mason (died ca 1403), who also built the Vicars' Hall. [ 1 ] The style and construction of the spire are obviously based on that of Salisbury Cathedral but it is not as ambitiously tall, probably because of the problem of subsidence. At 277 ft (84 m) high, it is the fourth tallest cathedral spire in the UK after Salisbury, Norwich and Coventry. The Lady chapel, constructed to the east of the retro-choir, is a long narrow space, with large windows in the Decorated Gothic style of the late 13th century. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ] The other buildings related to the cathedral are the free-standing bell-tower of the early 15th century, probably the work of William Wynford who also designed the cloisters, with openings in the Perpendicular style. [ 1 ] St Mary's Almshouses in Chichester, which are linked to the cathedral, is a Christian charity dating from the 13th century. The medieval Hospital, associated with the Alms House, is one of only two such buildings in the world, the other being in Germany. [ 21 ] Cathedral interior Arundel Screen High altar Choir North transept Treasures [ edit ] Stained-glass window by Marc Chagall The cathedral has many treasures and artworks, the most precious being two carved reliefs dating from the 12th century which are of exceptional rarity among English sculpture. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] Other ancient treasures include the remains of a Roman mosaic pavement, which can be viewed through a glass window, and a set of thirty-eight medieval misericords , dating from 1330, which remain beneath the seats of the choir, despite the fact that other parts of the choir stalls are largely a Victorian reconstruction. [ 4 ] Among the famous graves are those of the composer Gustav Holst and the Gothic "Arundel tomb", showing the recumbent Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel (1313–1376), holding hands with his second wife, Eleanor of Lancaster (1318–1372). The tomb was celebrated in the poem " An Arundel Tomb " by Philip Larkin . Also resting there is Joan de Vere, grandmother of Richard FitzAlan, who died in 1293. She, as was her grandson, was first buried at Lewes Priory, but their tombs were relocated to Chichester at the time of the dissolution. The cathedral contains many modern works of art, including tapestries by John Piper and Ursula Benker-Schirmer, a window by Marc Chagall , a painting by Graham Sutherland ( Noli me Tangere ), a sculpture and a font by John Skelton and a reredos for the St John the Baptist 's Chapel by Patrick Procktor . Outside the cathedral stands a bronze statue of St Richard of Chichester by Philip Jackson . [ 21 ] The cathedral also contains a pennant presented by Francis Chichester , which hung on his ship when he circumnavigated the globe. Dean and chapter [ edit ] The 15th-century free-standing bell tower The current Dean of Chichester is Edward Dowler who was installed in September 2024. [ 22 ] The Dr Jack Dunn and Vanessa Baron are Canon Chancellor and Canon Treasurer respectively, both installed on 26 September 2021. [ 23 ] Lay members of the chapter include Howard Castle-Smith, Anita Rolls and Duncan Irvine. Robert Sherburne , the Bishop of Chichester, founded four prebends known as the Wiccamical prebends in 1524. [ 24 ] Music [ edit ] The music at Chichester Cathedral is largely led by the organ and the cathedral choir, as there are services daily and on special days in the calendar. Outside the regular services the cathedral also supports all kinds of music both religious and secular. Visiting choirs, who come from the diocese's parishes and elsewhere, sing in the cathedral from time to time. It is common for guest choirs to sing at Evensong during the week. [ 25 ] The cathedral hosts a variety of concerts that, along with those in the evening, includes a popular series of free lunchtime concerts. [ 26 ] It provides a venue for visiting artists from across the world as well as those who are locally based, such as the Chichester Singers, who although an independent organisation, have since their formation in 1954, performed all their major concerts in the cathedral. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Organs and organists [ edit ] Main organ Main article: Organs and organists of Chichester Cathedral There has been organ music at Chichester Cathedral almost continuously since the medieval period, with a break during the Commonwealth. There are now five pipe organs of different sizes and styles at Chichester Cathedral, with pipes of the Main Organ dating to the Restoration , the Hurd Organ to the late 18th century and the three most recent organs, the Nave Organ, the Walker Organ, which is a small portable organ in the Baroque style, and the Allen Organ, an early example of a digital electronic organ, dating to the late 20th century. Several well-known composers, including Thomas Weelkes and John Reading , have served as cathedral organist. Anne Maddocks (assistant organist, 1942–1949) was the first woman in the country to hold such a post in a cathedral, and Sarah Baldock (organist and master of the choristers, 2008–2014) was the second woman to hold the most senior musical post in a Church of England cathedral. [ 29 ] The current organist and master of the choristers is Charles Harrison . The assistant organist is Timothy Ravalde . Cathedral choir [ edit ] Main article: Choir of Chichester Cathedral Chichester Cathedral Choir consists of eighteen choristers and four probationers, all of whom are educated at the Prebendal School (which sits adjacent to the Cathedral precinct and is the Cathedral Choir School), and six lay vicars, who are professional musicians. During school term the cathedral choir sing at eight services each week. As well as singing, choristers learn the piano and an orchestral instrument, spending at least eighteen hours a week on musical performance. [ 21 ] The choir regularly tours abroad and in recent years has visited France and Northern Bavaria (Bamberg, Bayreuth, Nuremberg and Würzburg) and makes frequent visits to Chartres. In 2005, the choir made a tour to South Africa. [ 21 ] Art and popular culture [ edit ] Chichester Cathedral by Joseph Francis Gilbert in 1833 The cathedral has been the subject of a number of depictions in art, literature, and television media. Its spire and towers are visible in the 1828 painting, Chichester Canal , by J. M. W. Turner . It is also speculated, by Eric Shanes , that Chichester Cathedral is the subject of one of Turner's colour studies for Picturesque Views in England and Wales . [ 30 ] In 1833, Joseph Francis Gilbert produced an oil painting of the cathedral, showing the surrounding cityscape. It was collected by Paul Mellon and gifted to the Yale Center for British Art , which he established, in 1966. [ 31 ] John Constable completed his own watercolour of the cathedral in 1824, now located in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. [ 32 ] Leonard Bernstein 's Chichester Psalms was commissioned for the 1965 Southern Cathedrals Festival at Chichester Cathedral by the cathedral's Dean, Walter Hussey , although the premiere of the piece was in New York City . [ 33 ] The building and grounds are occasionally used as a film location. Credits include Rumpole of the Bailey (s05e03) as "Lawnchester Cathedral", The Ruth Rendell Mysteries (s10e08) as "Marchester Cathedral", and Rosemary & Thyme (s03e02) as "Wellminster Cathedral". [ 34 ] Chichester Cathedral is referenced in s01e10 of Monty Python's Flying Circus : one of Ron Obvious 's tasks to gain public fame involves eating the cathedral. He is shown brushing his teeth, putting on a bib, and flexing his jaws, before biting into the corner of the cathedral and breaking his jaw. [ 35 ] Burials [ edit ] Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond Charles Gordon-Lennox, 7th Duke of Richmond James Hargraves Wildlife [ edit ] Peregrine falcons in flight over the cathedral The cathedral is a nesting site for peregrine falcons , which use a crenellated turret at the base of the spire. Three female and one male chick were hatched in April 2009. During the nesting season live video of the chicks is shown inside the cathedral and on the website. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ] See also [ edit ] Christianity portal South East England portal Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England List of current places of worship in Chichester (district) List of cathedrals in England and Wales List of deans of Chichester List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe Explanatory notes [ edit ]
1,199	6.8228250°W	34.0241611°N	Hassan Tower	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Tower	41,738	Morocco	Historic monument in Rabat, Morocco Hassan Tower Native name صومعة حسان ( Arabic ) Location Rabat, Morocco Coordinates 34°01′26.98″N 6°49′22.17″W / 34.0241611°N 6.8228250°W / 34.0241611; -6.8228250 Built 1191-1199 CE Architectural style(s) Moorish ( Almohad ) Hassan Tower or Tour Hassan ( Arabic : صومعة حسان ; is the minaret of an incomplete mosque in Rabat , Morocco . [ 1 ] It was commissioned by Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur , the third caliph of the Almohad Caliphate , near the end of the 12th century. The tower was intended to be the largest minaret in the world, [ 2 ] and the mosque, if completed, would have been the largest in the western Muslim world . When al-Mansur died in 1199, construction on the mosque stopped. The minaret was left standing at a height of 44 meters. [ 3 ] The rest of the mosque was also left incomplete, with only the beginnings of several walls and 348 columns being constructed. [ 4 ] The tower, along with the remains of the mosque and the modern Mausoleum of Mohammed V , forms an important historical and tourist complex in Rabat. Name [ edit ] Although the tower and the mosque were commissioned by Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur , the monument is known as the "Hassan" Tower or the al-Hassan Mosque. How the monument came to be given this name is unknown, although the name's use is attested as early as the 13th century. [ 3 ] One suggestion is that it may have been the architect's name, but this is not substantiated. [ 5 ] History [ edit ] The ruins of the Hassan Tower and mosque in 1916 The patron who constructed the Hassan Tower is Yaqub al-Mansur, ruler of the Almohad Caliphate , a Berber Muslim empire in the Maghreb and Iberia . Al-Mansur had made the decision to construct a new fortified imperial capital, called al-Mahdiyya or Ribat al-Fath , on the site of what is now the medina (old city) of Rabat, with new walls extending over a vast area beyond the old Kasbah . This project also included the construction of an enormous mosque for this capital, of which the Hassan Tower was to be the minaret . [ 6 ] Construction of the mosque began in 1191, [ 3 ] [ 7 ] though the year 1195 is sometimes also cited due to historical reports by Mármol claiming that the creation of Ribat al-Fath was intended to commemorate al-Mansur's victory at the Battle of Alarcos . [ 5 ] (The name Ribat al-Fath , at any rate, is believed to have been chosen after this victory. [ 8 ] ) The tower, like the Giralda of Seville in Al Andalus (modern day Spain ), was modeled on the minaret of the Koutoubia Mosque in Marrakesh , but also drew influence from the ancient Egyptian Lighthouse of Alexandria for its height and method of ascendancy, a series of ramps. [ 9 ] Yaqub al-Mansur conducted other works in Rabat, most notably the construction of new city walls and gates and additions to the Kasbah of the Udayas . [ 6 ] Despite all this work and expense, the Almohad capital remained at Marrakesh and was never actually moved to Rabat. [ 3 ] After Yaqub al-Mansur's death in 1199 the mosque and the new capital remained unfinished and his successors lacked the resources or the will to finish it. [ 6 ] The structure was left with only the beginnings of its walls and 348 columns. [ 4 ] While there is evidence that some tiled roofing had been added to the mosque before it was abandoned, almost all materials that could be carried away were eventually stripped from the site for reuse in construction elsewhere. [ 3 ] In addition to being incomplete, the mosque sustained some damage in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake . [ 10 ] In the 20th century colonial French and Moroccan archeologists excavated the site and carefully reconstructed what was left. [ 3 ] In the 1960s the site of mosque's ruins was transformed to accommodate the construction of the Mausoleum of Mohammed V at its southeastern corner, alongside a modern mosque and another pavilion which occupy the rest of the southern side of the complex. The modern mausoleum and mosque were designed by Vietnamese architect Cong Vo Toan and completed in 1971. [ 11 ] [ 5 ] The tower and the site of the mosque was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 1, 1995, in the Cultural category. It was granted World Heritage Status in 2012 as part of the larger site encompassing historic Rabat. [ 12 ] Design [ edit ] The mosque [ edit ] Floor plan of al-Mansur's mosque (with the minaret tower at the top) The mosque is strategically placed on the high south bank of the Bu Regreg river to provide an imposing spectacle visible for miles around. [ 10 ] Since the area surrounding was suburban at the time of construction and lacked the population to regularly fill the mosque, historians have been led to believe that it was meant to serve the Almohad troops who gathered here before setting off on campaigns and possibly even to serve double-duty as both a place of worship and as a fortress. [ 10 ] The mosque's total dimensions were enormous for the time: 183 by 139 meters (600 by 456 ft). [ 3 ] If completed, it would have been the largest mosque in the western part of the Islamic world, larger even than the Great Mosque of Cordoba . [ 13 ] [ 8 ] [ 3 ] The mosque's perimeter was further enclosed by another wall that stood about 50 meters distant from the mosque itself on all sides except on the northern side where it stood over 100 meters distant. [ 3 ] Present-day remains of the walls and columns of the unfinished mosque The walls of the mosque were made of lime concrete on top of a rubble stone base. The interior of the mosque was in hypostyle format and was divided by rows of columns into 21 aisles running perpendicular to the qibla wall (the southern/southeastern wall in the direction of prayer). The most central aisle and the two aisles along the far sides were wider than the others. [ 3 ] Notably, the mosque was given cylindrical stone columns rather than the brick piers more commonly seen in Almohad architecture. [ 10 ] These columns were to be formed from drums of differing height, an idea that, while innovative at the time, slowed construction significantly and contributed to the mosque's unfinished state. [ 2 ] Scholar Christian Ewert has speculated that since the new capital and its mosque were intended as a staging area for troops going to Al-Andalus, some of the motivation for this unusual design feature may have been a desire to evoke the columns of the Great Mosque of Cordoba, the most celebrated mosque in Al-Andalus. [ 13 ] The plan originally included three small inner courtyards, one in the back, parallel to the qibla wall, and the other two on either side of the prayer hall, allowing daylight and fresh air to flow in through the arcades . [ 10 ] [ 2 ] This was another unusual feature, as most mosques had only one main courtyard, but the motivation for this design was likely due to the mosque's size and the need to bring more light into its unprecedently large interior. [ 3 ] The tower (minaret) [ edit ] The tower today The tower is made of sandstone [ 14 ] which has progressively turned a red ochre colour over the centuries. [ 5 ] It has a square floor plan like other minarets in the region, measuring 16 meters per side. [ 3 ] The current structure is 44 m (144 ft) tall but its intended height – based on knowledge of the regular proportions of other Almohad minarets – was at least 64 m (210 ft), possibly 80 m (260 ft) to the top of its second tier (the smaller lantern tower usually topping minarets) and finial . [ 3 ] [ 5 ] This would have made it slightly taller than the original Giralda in Seville. [ 3 ] Instead of stairs, the tower is ascended by ramps, which would have allowed the muezzin to ride a horse to the top to issue the call to prayer. [ 2 ] At the center of each of the six floors would have been a vaulted chamber surrounded by the ramps and lit by the horseshoe-shaped windows set into the sides of the tower. [ 10 ] [ 9 ] Its exterior is decorated with panels of sebka patterning as well as engaged columns and capitals carved from the same sandstone as the tower itself, although today it also retains one marble capital of Andalusi spolia . [ 4 ] [ 10 ] See also [ edit ] List of tallest structures built before the 20th century References [ edit ]
1,199	3.5822°W	55.6466°N	Shieldhill Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shieldhill_Castle	659	United Kingdom	Shieldhill Castle is a category B listed building located near Biggar in South Lanarkshire . [ 1 ] The building dates back to 1199 and is currently being run as Shieldhill Castle Hotel. [ 2 ] Ownership [ edit ] The Chancellor family resided in the castle for over 750 years. After being sold by the family it was turned into a hotel in 1959. [ 3 ] References [ edit ]
1,200	9.425°E	59.858°N	Flesberg Stave Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesberg_Stave_Church	1,525	Norway	Church building in Flesberg, Buskerud, Norway Flesberg Stave Church Flesberg Stave Church ( Nynorsk : Flesberg stavkyrkje ) is a stave church located at Flesberg in Buskerud county , Norway . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] History [ edit ] Church and stone fence (Niels Hansen Bragernes from 1701) Graveyard Written sources mention the church the first time in 1359, but it was probably built in the latter half of the 1100s or the first half of the 1200s. The church was originally a single nave church ( type B ) with four free-standing internal posts bearing a raised central roof, surrounded by an ambulatory or aisles on all four sides. It had a narrower chancel, also with a raised central roof, and a semicircular apse . It was surrounded by a gallery loosely connected to the plank walls. [ 3 ] In 1735, the chancel and apse, as well as the east wall of the nave, were removed. The nave was extended eastwards and two transepts were added, making a cruciform plan. The additions were built in horizontal log construction with notched corners. Portal planks are decorated with carved vines and animal ornamentation. Since few parts of the stave church are preserved, there are only scant remnants of its original decor. Of the original stave church, only three outer walls survived, as the internal posts and the raised roof were eliminated. [ 4 ] The churchyard is fenced with slate brought from Haukeli farm on the west bank of the Lågen River. Some slates have iron rings affixed; these rings were used to tether horses during service. Each farmer had a designated ring for his horse (the oldest dated ring from 1661). The idiosyncratic stone fence is shown on a 1701 painting (the oldest existing painting of a stave church). [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The interior of the church is characterized by the reconstruction of 1735. There are a few remains of medieval furnishings. There is a decorated lion and a lionhead that also originates in the Middle Ages. Underneath the whitewashed walls, decorative paintings from the Middle Ages were uncovered. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Gallery [ edit ] Portal Portal detail Choir and pulpit Pulpit detail Nave and organ Chandelier Designated benches with names and numbers Surrounding slate fence Iron ring on slate Horse field References [ edit ]
1,200	2.3675°W	51.1686°N	Church of St Mary, Witham Friary	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary,_Witham_Friary	550	United Kingdom	Church in Somerset, England Church of St Mary Location within Somerset General information Town or city Witham Friary Country England Coordinates 51°10′07″N 2°22′03″W / 51.1686°N 2.3675°W / 51.1686; -2.3675 Completed c. 1200 The Church of St Mary in Witham Friary , Somerset , England, dates from around 1200 and it has been designated as a Grade I listed building . [ 1 ] The church was originally part of the priory which gave the village its name. [ 2 ] The Witham Charterhouse , a Carthusian Priory founded in 1182 by Henry II , [ 3 ] which had peripheral settlements including one at Charterhouse and possibly another at Green Ore . [ 4 ] It is reputed to be the first Carthusian house in England. [ 5 ] One of only nine Carthusian Houses, the priory did not survive the Dissolution of the Monasteries . [ 6 ] At the dissolution it was worth £227; the equivalent of £52,000 today (2006). [ 7 ] Although the original building dates from around 1200 it was altered in a transitional style in 1828, and then rebuilt and extended 1875 by William White in "Muscular Gothic" style. It has a three-bay nave and continuous one bay apsidal chancel, built of local limestone rubble, supported on each side by four massive flying buttresses . The plastered interior is entered through a Norman style doorway. Inside the church is a scraped octagonal font dating from around 1450. The Jacobean pulpit contains medieval work and there is a royal arms of 1660 at the west end. The stained glass windows contain fragments of medieval glass, with those in the south being made by Sir Ninian Comper . See also [ edit ] List of Grade I listed buildings in Mendip List of towers in Somerset References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of St Mary, Witham Friary .
1,200	3.2983°W	56.0552°N	Aberdour Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdour_Castle	8,289	United Kingdom	Castle in Fife, Scotland, UK Aberdour Castle Aberdour, Fife, Scotland UK grid reference NT192854 South front of Aberdour Castle; the oldest part is on the left Aberdour Castle Coordinates 56°03′19″N 3°17′54″W / 56.0552°N 3.2983°W / 56.0552; -3.2983 Type Tower house with later extensions Site information Owner Historic Environment Scotland Controlled by Earl of Morton Open to the public Yes Condition Partially ruined Site history Built c.1200-1635 In use Until 1725 Materials Stone Aberdour Castle is in the village of Easter Aberdour , Fife , Scotland . Parts of the castle date from around 1200, making Aberdour one of the two oldest datable standing castles in Scotland, along with Castle Sween in Argyll , which was built at around the same time. [ 1 ] The earliest part of the castle was a modest hall house , on a site overlooking the Dour Burn. Over the next 400 years, the castle was successively expanded according to contemporary architectural ideas. The hall house became a tower house in the 15th century, and was extended twice in the 16th century. The final addition was made around 1635, with refined Renaissance details, and the whole was complemented by a walled garden to the east and terraced gardens to the south. The terraces, dating from the mid-16th century, form one of the oldest gardens in Scotland, [ 2 ] and offer extensive views across the Firth of Forth to Edinburgh . The castle is largely the creation of the Douglas Earls of Morton , who held Aberdour from the 14th century. The earls used Aberdour as a second home until 1642, when their primary residence, Dalkeith House , was sold. A fire in the late 17th century was followed by some repairs, but in 1725 the family purchased nearby Aberdour House, and the medieval castle was allowed to fall into decay. Today, only the 17th-century wing remains roofed, while the tower has mostly collapsed. Aberdour Castle is now in the care of Historic Environment Scotland , and is open to the public all year. History [ edit ] Origins [ edit ] The barony of Aberdour was acquired in 1126, by Sir Alan de Mortimer, on his marriage to Anicea, daughter of Sir John de Vipont. [ 3 ] Sir Alan built St Fillan's Church, which still stands, next to the castle, in around 1140, and his family probably built the original hall house in around 1200, [ 4 ] or possibly even earlier. [ 5 ] In 1216, another Alan de Mortimer is recorded granting land to the monks of Inchcolm Abbey . [ 4 ] There is no record of what happened to the de Mortimers, but in the early 14th century, King Robert the Bruce granted Aberdour to his kinsman, Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray (d. 1332). Moray's grandson granted the barony in turn to Sir William Douglas of Liddesdale (c. 1300–1353), in 1342. [ 4 ] In 1351, Sir William Douglas gave the lands of Aberdour to his nephew, Sir James Douglas of Dalkeith , although he retained the castle for himself until his death two years later. The grant was confirmed by King David II in 1361. [ 6 ] In 1386 Aberdour and Dalkeith were combined to form a single barony, with the principal seat at Dalkeith, near Edinburgh, and Aberdour as a secondary residence. [ 6 ] James, fourth Lord Dalkeith , succeeded to the joint barony in 1456, and was created Earl of Morton in 1458, prior to his marriage to Joanna , the deaf-mute daughter of James I . [ 6 ] The newly created earl expanded the existing hall house, heightening and rebuilding the structure to suit his elevated status. [ 7 ] The second earl carried out extensions to Aberdour Castle around 1500, building a new stair tower and south block. [ 3 ] 16th century [ edit ] James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton , Regent of Scotland from 1572 to 1578 In 1538 James V summoned the 3rd Earl of Morton before the Privy Council , accusing him of non-payment of his feudal dues, [ 6 ] and in 1540 he banished the Earl to Inverness . [ 8 ] Morton reached Brechin , in Angus , where he signed a deed resigning his lands to his kinsman Robert Douglas of Lochleven . [ 8 ] Lochleven was compelled to resign the lands in turn to James V, although he was permitted to keep Aberdour Castle. After James V's death in late 1542, George Douglas of Pittendreich and the Earl of Arran assisted Morton in reclaiming his lands, including Aberdour. In return their sons were to marry two of Morton's three daughters. Pittendreich's son James (1525–1581) married the heiress, Elizabeth, and succeeded, in 1553, as 4th Earl of Morton. [ 8 ] Aberdour Castle was reserved to his mother-in-law, Katherine Stewart, dowager Countess of Morton, until 1564. Morton went to law in 1553 against Katherine Stewart, dowager Countess of Morton, over the lands of Aberdour. She had tried to hold a tenantry court at Aberdour, and Morton objected on the grounds that women who held lands in "conjunct-fee" had never held courts. [ 9 ] In 1564 Mary, Queen of Scots , confirmed Morton's right to the whole barony of Dalkeith and Aberdour. [ 10 ] In 1566, Morton was involved in planning a rebellion against the Queen, which resulted in the murder of Queen Mary's secretary, David Riccio , but failed to gain further momentum, and Morton was forced to flee to England. [ 11 ] However, by the end of the year he had returned, and by July the following year, Mary was imprisoned and had been forced to abdicate by the Scottish noblemen. [ 10 ] Morton was appointed Regent of Scotland, for the child King James VI in 1572. [ 10 ] Morton undertook extensions to the castle in the 1570s, rebuilding the south block of c. 1500, and extending it further south to form the present central range. [ 3 ] He also drew inspiration from contemporary gardens in England, such as Hampton Court , in laying out the terraced gardens. [ 7 ] The Privy Council met at Aberdour Castle in August 1576, but Morton's regency came to an end in 1578. [ 12 ] He was later implicated in the 1567 murder of Queen Mary's husband, Lord Darnley , and executed in 1581 on the orders of the young King. [ 12 ] While Morton was in prison, his lands were given to his nephew, Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus , but were granted to the Earl of Lennox after Morton's execution. In 1587, Lennox returned the Morton lands to Angus, [ 13 ] who was now acknowledged as the 5th Earl of Morton. On Angus' death, in 1588, the earldom of Morton passed to another kinsman, William Douglas of Lochleven (d. 1606). William's son predeceased his father, but his widow, Jean Lyon , continued to live at Aberdour with her third husband, Lord Spynie . [ 13 ] James VI and Anne of Denmark stayed for five days with Lord Spynie in December 1590. [ 14 ] Colonel William Stewart and Sir James Sandilands accused Spynie of entertaining the rebel Earl of Bothwell at Aberdour in 1592 but he denied this. [ 15 ] The 17th century wing of the castle, showing the sundial The later Earls [ edit ] William Douglas, 7th Earl of Morton (1582–1648), sometimes numbered as the 6th Earl, inherited Aberdour from his grandfather in 1606. He was Treasurer of Scotland from 1630 to 1636, and a strong supporter of the Stewart dynasty during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–1651). However, he was compelled to spend much of his fortune in the royal interest, leading him into financial difficulty, and forcing him to sell Dalkeith to the Earl of Buccleuch in 1642. [ 13 ] Earl William built the Renaissance east wing at Aberdour, probably around 1635. [ 3 ] It was certainly standing in 1647, when an inventory records luxurious furniture, carpets, and tapestries. [ 7 ] The walled garden was also built in the 1630s, and improvements made to the terraces. [ 7 ] Aberdour was therefore a suitable principal residence for the Earls after the sale of Dalkeith. The Earls of Morton continued to live at Aberdour, although they never regained their earlier high status. In 1688 the castle was badly damaged by fire, and in 1690 the 11th Earl consulted the architect James Smith . Smith surveyed the damage and drew up proposals for repairing and extending the castle with another wing north of the east range. [ 16 ] The Earl also sought estimates for the demolition of the tower house and central range. [ 16 ] Nothing ever came of these proposals, although repairs were carried out to the east range, being completed in 1703. [ 16 ] Final decline [ edit ] Aberdour Castle ruins, 2010 Government troops were stationed at Aberdour Castle during the Jacobite Rising of 1715 . During their stay, a second fire again caused extensive damage. In 1725, the Mortons bought an adjacent property, Cuttlehill House, which they renamed Aberdour House, and the castle ceased to be a residence. [ 16 ] The east range was again repaired, and was used for various purposes, including a school room, a barracks, and a masonic hall . [ 16 ] In 1924 the castle and gardens were placed in state care, and continue to be managed by Historic Environment Scotland as a visitor attraction. The south-east wing was initially restored as a home for the custodian, and now houses a cafe. The castle is protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , [ 17 ] and the grounds, and surrounding former parks, are listed on the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes , the national register of significant gardens. [ 2 ] Description [ edit ] Ground-floor plan of the castle The castle originally comprised the 12th- or 13th-century hall house, which was extended in the 15th century. In the 16th century the central range was built to the south of the tower house, and new inner and outer courtyard walls were constructed. [ 3 ] The east part of the inner courtyard wall is reduced to foundations, but the base of a round tower and a porter's lodge survive. [ 18 ] To the west, the inner courtyard wall remains, enclosing the former service courtyard, which comprises a brewery and bakehouse, with ovens. [ 19 ] The east range was added in the 17th century, along the south edge of the outer courtyard. The castle was originally approached from the north, with the entrance moved to the west, along with the 17th-century gate, when the Aberdour railway line was constructed in 1890. [ 3 ] The tower house [ edit ] The tower house measures 16 metres (52 ft) by 11 metres (36 ft) on a skewed rectangular plan. [ 20 ] The lower two storeys comprise the oldest part of the castle, which can be dated to around 1200, while the upper parts are of the 15th century. The date for the original building is based on several pieces of evidence. The cubical blocks of masonry, the flat buttress at the northeast, and the splaying, or widening, of the base of the walls, are all indicative of this date. [ 21 ] The collapsed part of the south wall also formerly contained an early 13th-century style double- lancet window . [ 3 ] The original structure, of a type known as a hall house, was probably of two or three storeys, comprising a first-floor hall over an unvaulted basement, and may have been surrounded by a defensive timber stockade or enclosure. [ 20 ] The 15th-century rebuilding added two upper floors, and rearranged the interior. Vaulted basements, including a kitchen, and a spiral stair were inserted, and the heightened wall was topped by a parapet with machicolations ; spaces through which objects could be dropped on attackers at the base of the wall. [ 3 ] The tower suffered major collapses in 1844 and 1919, and today just the basement survives, with only a small section of the southeast wall standing to its full height. [ 3 ] The ruins of the tower house on the left, showing fallen masonry, with the central range behind The central range [ edit ] The central range was begun around 1500, possibly as a two-storey building containing a great hall, although only fragments of this building remain. [ 19 ] The south entrance to the tower house was blocked up, and replaced with a ground floor entrance from the east. A new stair tower, with a broad spiral stair, was built at the southeast corner. Originally topped by a conical roof, this stair gave access to the upper floors in the tower, and to the central range. [ 3 ] Around 1570, the 4th Earl of Morton rebuilt the block, extending it further south to form new apartments. This block, forming the present three-storey central range, includes a vaulted kitchen and cellar in the basement, with suites of rooms above. The two bedrooms on the first floor each have their own closets and garderobes , or privies. The west apartment is accessed from the terraced garden, via another stair to the south-west, and has a private stair which led up to another chamber above, suggesting that these were the Earl and Countesses apartments. [ 3 ] The upper storey, whose timber floor is now missing, comprised three more apartments, including one over the stair. The exterior of the block is decorated with a horizontal decorative strip of masonry known as a string course . One first-floor window is decorated with carved stone pilasters and strapwork , [ 3 ] in a similar style to windows at Edinburgh Castle and Drochil Castle, in the Borders , both of which were built under Morton's Regency. [ 22 ] The east range [ edit ] Painted ceiling in the east range The east range, of c.1635, comprises a long, narrow building, with a short projecting wing to the southeast. It is the only part of the castle still roofed. The first floor of the wing is occupied by a long gallery , accessed from the central range, with stables and storerooms below. The long gallery was used for entertaining, and, in 1647, is recorded as containing 46 pictures and a harpsichord , among other furniture. [ 23 ] In the southeast wing are three chambers, one on each floor, linked by a spiral stair. The first-floor room has a 17th-century painted ceiling , decorated with fruit, foliage, and heraldic emblems. [ 3 ] The south-east wing has crow-step gables , and a sundial on one corner. The east window of the long gallery is decorated with pilasters and a pediment. The roof is of 18th-century date, and is lower than the original, resulting in the loss of the triangular pediments which once topped each of the side windows. [ 3 ] The terraced garden, with the doocot on the right, and St Fillan's Church on the left The gardens [ edit ] There were gardens at Aberdour Castle from at least 1540. [ 24 ] The terraced garden dates from the time of the 4th Earl of Morton, who succeeded in 1553, and comprises four broad L-shaped terraces. At the bottom of the terraces was an orchard, laid out in 1690, and recently replanted. [ 24 ] The extent of the terracing was only rediscovered following excavations in the 1970s, after parts of the garden had been in use as a market garden . [ 2 ] Archaeological investigations were undertaken between 1977 and 1980, to determine whether the lower terraces, which were depicted on a map of 1740, had indeed existed. Although the foundations of the terraces were found, the remains could not be precisely dated, but are thought to have been constructed in the second half of the 16th century. [ 25 ] The high retaining walls were rebuilt in 1981, [ 3 ] and the terraces were laid with grass, since the excavations had not revealed any evidence of historic planting schemes. [ 25 ] Aberdour Castle doocot A 16th-century "beehive" shape doocot , or pigeon house, is located to the south, containing around 600 nesting boxes. The 9 metres (30 ft) structure rises in four steps, divided by "rat courses"; projecting ribs which prevented rats from climbing inside. [ 26 ] The 17th-century walled garden covers around 5,000 square metres (1.2 acres), with walls up to 4 metres (13 ft) high. It lies to the west of the outer courtyard, and was originally entered from doors in the southwest and northeast corners. These doors have carved pediments, with strapwork and the Douglas heart emblem over the west door, which led to the terraces. The east door led to St. Fillan's Church, and is carved with the date 1632, together with a monogram of the initials of the Earl and Countess. [ 24 ] A kitchen garden was located across the Kirk Lane, and bee boles are located in the walls. A summer house was built into the south-east garden wall in 1675, but was demolished in the 18th century. [ 2 ] In 1691, botanist James Sutherland supplied exotic plants, including Persian jasmine , tamarisks and figs , to Aberdour from the Physic Garden in Edinburgh, the forerunner of the Royal Botanic Garden . [ 24 ] The later entrance in the west wall dates from around 1740. During the Second World War , the garden was in use as a market garden and for pig rearing. [ 27 ] In the centre of the garden, an early 17th-century polygonal sundial is mounted on a 19th-century base. [ 3 ] The sundial was brought here before 1887, [ 28 ] possibly from Castle Wigg in southwest Scotland. [ 27 ] Aberdour House [ edit ] Originally named Cuttlehill, the house was built in the 17th century, and is dated 1672. [ 29 ] It was enlarged in 1715 by its then owner, the Earl of Moray . The Earl of Morton purchased it in 1725, finally moving out of the dilapidated castle. In 1731 the 12th Earl consulted James Gibbs on improvements. It is uncertain how much of Gibbs' proposals were executed, although the doorway has a surround in Gibbs' style. [ 3 ] By the 20th century the house was disused, and was redeveloped as private flats in the 1990s. The house is Category A listed, [ 29 ] and formerly had its own extensive gardens, which included the surviving 12-metre (39 ft) high obelisk of 1744–45, built by the 13th Earl to be visible from his estate at Dalmahoy , across the Firth of Forth. [ 30 ] References [ edit ]
1,200	3.8500°W	52.3768°N	Devil's Bridge, Ceredigion	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Bridge,_Ceredigion	28,931	United Kingdom	Village in Ceredigion, Wales Human settlement in Wales Devil's Bridge Welsh : Pontarfynach Devil's Bridge Location within Ceredigion Population 455 (2011 census) Community Pontarfynach Principal area Ceredigion Country Wales Sovereign state United Kingdom Police Dyfed-Powys Fire Mid and West Wales Ambulance Welsh List of places UK Wales Ceredigion 52°22′36″N 3°51′00″W / 52.3768°N 3.8500°W / 52.3768; -3.8500 Map of the Pontarfynach community Devil's Bridge ( Welsh : Pontarfynach , lit. "The bridge on the Mynach") is a village and community in Ceredigion , Wales. Above the River Mynach on the edge of the village is a series of three stacked bridges, constructed hundreds of years apart, from which the village gets its English name. Devil's Bridge and the Hafod Arms Hotel before the construction of the third bridge, c. 1860 View from the Devil's Bridge, 1781 The village is on the A4120 road, about 10 miles (16 km) east of Aberystwyth . The population of Pontarfynach community at the 2011 census was 455. [ 1 ] The mid-2016 estimate suggests that the population had dropped slightly to 429. [ 2 ] The bridges [ edit ] The three bridges, looking downstream The village is best known for the three bridges that span the Afon Mynach , a tributary of the Rheidol . The bridge is unique in that three separate bridges are coexistent, each one built upon the previous bridge. The previous structures were not demolished. [ 3 ] The river has been bridged since at least the 12th century, with a wooden bridge built c. 1075–1200 . According to legend, it was built after an old woman lost her cow and saw it grazing on the other side of the river. The Devil appeared and agreed to build a bridge in return for the soul of the first living thing to cross it. When the bridge was finished, the old woman threw a crust of bread over the river, which her dog crossed the bridge to retrieve, thus becoming the first living thing to cross it. [ 4 ] The devil was left with only the soul of the dog. [ 5 ] The lowest arch of the current bridge is ancient, possibly medieval . [ 6 ] It is a stone arch, and the oldest part of the structure that is still standing. In 1753, the bridge was repaired, and a second stone arch was added when the original bridge was thought to be unstable. The builders used the original bridge to support scaffolding during construction and added a second arch. [ 6 ] In 1901, an iron bridge was erected above the older arches, and eliminated the slope in the roadway. In 1971, the steelwork and railings were repaired and the bridge was strengthened. [ 7 ] [ 6 ] The bridge is at a point where the River Mynach drops 90 metres (300 ft) in five steps [ 8 ] down a steep and narrow ravine before it meets the River Rheidol. [ 9 ] The set of stone steps, known as Jacob's Ladder , a circular walk for tourists, leads down to a modern metal bridge below the waterfalls. [ 10 ] History [ edit ] The name in 1629 was Pont ar Vynach or Pontarfynach , meaning "Bridge over the Mynach". The word mynach is Welsh for monk; one theory is that the river got its name from the fact that it was near land owned by a monastery. The first mention of the structure using the English name Devil's Bridge, in historical records, is from 1734. [ 6 ] The bridges that the village is named after were Grade II Listed on 21 January 1964, "as a remarkable succession of three superimposed bridges, one of the best known picturesque sites in Wales" and the listing was updated in 2005. [ 11 ] Tourism and notable sites [ edit ] Hafod Arms Hotel, originally a smaller lodge built by Thomas Johnes Devil's Bridge has been a tourist attraction for centuries. Records indicate that tourists were coming to this area by the mid 1700s and that an inn or hotel has existed nearby since before 1796. The area was once part of the Hafod Estate , owned by Thomas Johnes who built a small hunting lodge on the estate which was eventually expanded into an inn. The building burned down and was rebuilt. [ 12 ] Significant renovations were completed in 1837–1839 and in the 1860s. After several expansions and upgrades, it has been operated as the Hafod Hotel , using this name since the 1860s. In 2017, new owners had arranged for a survey in preparation for a major renovation; they intended to maintain much of the historical character of the building. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Some interior renovation work had been completed by September 2017. [ 15 ] The artist J. M. W. Turner sketched the bridge; this work is at the Tate Gallery, London. He also produced two watercolours of the area in 1795. In 1824, William Wordsworth published a poem, To the Torrent at the Devil’s Bridge, North Wales . [ 16 ] The celebrated English author George Borrow wrote Wild Wales (1854), which includes a lively, humorous account of his visit to Pontarfynach. The George Borrow Hotel, a 17th-century inn where he reputedly stayed, is nearby; it is located between Devil's Bridge and Pontrhydygroeis Hafod Uchtryd. [ 17 ] Tourism to the area increased after the bridge and the Hafod building were featured in the Hinterland TV series , [ 18 ] which has been broadcast in numerous countries. The hotel was presented, using flashbacks, as a children's home that had been closed down and turned into a guest house. [ 19 ] Some tourists also enjoy the nearby nature trail, waterfalls and the historic steam railway. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Other places of interest and attractions are located a short drive from the area, some in Aberystwyth. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Mary Lloyd Jones (born 1934), a Welsh painter and printmaker based in Aberystwyth was born in Devil's Bridge. The address for the Devil's Bridge area is Woodlands (referring to the caravan park where free parking is available), Devil's Bridge, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3JW. The bridge is on the A4120, with sign posts providing guidance from the village centre. [ 25 ] Transport [ edit ] Devil's Bridge station Devil's Bridge railway station is the upper terminus of the historic narrow-gauge Vale of Rheidol Railway , which opened between Aberystwyth and Devil's Bridge in 1902. [ 26 ] The village is served by one bus route, the 522, which runs between Tregaron and Aberystwyth ; there is one service daily in each direction on weekdays and it is operated by Mid Wales Travel. [ 27 ] Popular culture [ edit ] Devil's Bridge and the hotel building are featured prominently in the opening two episodes of the first series of the 2013 Welsh-language crime noir, Y Gwyll [ 28 ] (episodes titled in English "Devil's Bridge" and "Night Music"), shown on S4C and subsequently on BBC4 as Hinterland . Both are featured again in series 3 of the programme. The three series are streamed on Netflix in Canada and the US and also in Japan, Taiwan, India, South Africa, South America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand. See also [ edit ] Coed Rheidol National Nature Reserve Devil's Bridge for other bridges of the same name List of bridges in Wales References [ edit ]
1,202	2.9990°W	51.1352°N	Bridgwater Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgwater_Castle	1,566	United Kingdom	Bridgwater Castle Bridgwater , Somerset Remains of the mansion on the site of the castle keep, with houses to the right on Castle Street. Lithograph after a painting in the mid 18th century by John Chubb Bridgwater Castle Coordinates 51°08′07″N 2°59′56″W / 51.1352°N 2.9990°W / 51.1352; -2.9990 Grid reference grid reference ST302378 Type Castle Site history Built 1202 Built by William Brewer In use 1202-1645 Materials Old Red Sandstone Demolished 1645 Bridgwater Castle was a castle in the town of Bridgwater , Somerset , England. The stone castle was built around 1220 and contributed to the development of the town. It was surrounded by a moat and included a watergate giving access to the quay. In the 13th and 14th centuries the castle was involved in the Second Barons' War and Despenser War . It then fell into ruin and parts were demolished in the first half of the 17th century and a new house built. Some of the walls survived and it played a minor role in the English Civil War and Monmouth Rebellion . In the later 17th and early 18th centuries many of the remaining buildings were demolished and new residential and industrial buildings constructed, giving its name to Castle Street . The watergate and some sections of wall survive. Early history [ edit ] The castle was built early in the 13th century by William Brewer , like several other castle-builders of the period, an exceptionally wealthy man. [ 1 ] He was granted the lordship of the Manor of Bridgwater by King John in 1201, [ 2 ] and founded Bridgwater Friary . [ 3 ] Before the building of the castle, Bridgwater was much smaller, but after the granting a licence to crenellate by King John, in 1200, charters for the creation of a borough and a market rapidly followed, effectively creating the heart of a new town. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Initially Bridgwater faced competition from the established nearby port of Downend , protected by Down End Castle , but the new settlement rapidly became dominant. [ 6 ] Map of the castle from 1777 by Richard Locke Bridgwater Castle was a substantial structure built in Old Red Sandstone from Wembdon with other stone being transported from Downend in the Polden Hills and Ham Hill by boat. [ 7 ] The site covered 8 or 9 acres (32,000 to 36,000 m 2 ). A tidal moat , up to 65 feet (20 m) wide in places, [ 8 ] flowed about along the current streets of Fore Street and Castle Moat, and between Northgate and Chandos Street. The moat was filled from Durleigh brook, a tributary of the River Parrett . [ 9 ] There is some evidence that there was a weir between the moat and the river. [ 10 ] Unusually, the main entrance opposite the Cornhill was built with a pair of adjacent gates and drawbridges . In addition to a keep , located at the south-east corner of what is now King Square, [ 10 ] documents show that the complex included a dungeon , chapel, stables and a bell tower . Built on the only raised ground in the town, the castle controlled the crossing of the town bridge. There is documentary evidence describing the castle as having " outer and inner bailies and that the buildings included the constable's house (on the high ground of King Square ), a chapel (St Marks), hall (Mortemere's Hall) and chamber, stables, kitchens, horse mill and gatehouse as well as a bell tower and dovecote. [ 4 ] A 12 feet (4 m) thick portion of the castle wall and water gate, which are grade II* listed can still be seen on West Quay, [ 10 ] [ 11 ] and the remains of a wall of a building that was probably built within the castle can be viewed in Queen Street, [ 12 ] and the garden of Lions House . [ 10 ] The foundations of the tower forming the north-east corner of the castle are buried beneath Homecastle House. [ 13 ] William Brewer died in 1226 and his son, also called William, died in 1232; after his death, the castle passed to the king the following year, [ 14 ] after which it was used as a store and prison. [ 15 ] In 1242 repairs were ordered to its keep and some turrets and in 1246 to the towers. In 1248 ownership passed to Maud de Braose, Baroness Mortimer the wife of Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer , and the castle was involved in the Second Barons' War . [ 9 ] In the Despenser War of 1321, Edward II undertook a campaign against the Mortimers, by then a potentially rebellious Marcher Lord family. After the short war, the crown again occupied Bridgwater until 1326 to prevent Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March using it as a base for operations if he should escape from custody or return from exile in France. [ 9 ] Roger Mortimer did return from France with Edward's wife, Isabella ; once they had seized the throne, the castle was returned to the Mortimer family but its upkeep was neglected and part of the moat was filled in. [ 15 ] Only St Mark's Chapel and a barn were repaired, until the 1380s and 1390s when the towers, gatehouse and barbican were reinforced. [ 9 ] By 1450 private houses had been built within the walls, Fore Street had been extended over the moat and its military value was reducing. [ 9 ] It the 1540s John Leland described the castle as "all going to mere ruin" and part collapsed in 1548, with a house being built on the site. [ 16 ] Civil war and the Monmouth Rebellion [ edit ] Remains of the mansion on the site of the castle keep — mid C18. A lithograph after a painting by John Chubb (1746–1818) Some of the external walls of Bridgwater Castle were demolished in the early 1630s by the then owner Henry Harvey, an attorney of the Court of Common Pleas , to build his new house. [ 17 ] [ 16 ] [ 9 ] Harvey had purchased it from George Whitmore who had been granted the ownership by Charles I in 1626. [ 17 ] Harvey leased the house to Colonel Wyndham in 1643. The new house was in the shape of a Roman B and is shown on the map drawn by John Strachey in 1735 and another in 1777 by John Locke. [ 18 ] In 1642, however, the English Civil War broke out between supporters of Charles I and Parliament : the town and the castle were still seen as having value and a garrison was established by the Royalists under Edmund Wyndham . [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Wyndham's wife, Lady Crystabella Wyndham, fired a musket shot at Cromwell , from the castle wall, but missed and killed his aide-de-camp . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Eventually, with many buildings having been destroyed in the town, the castle and its valuable contents were surrendered to the Parliamentarians on 21 July 1645. In 1651 Colonel Wyndham made arrangements for Charles II to flee to France following the Battle of Worcester . [ 23 ] The 18th century historian John Collinson suggested that the castle itself was deliberately destroyed the following year, when parliament ordered that the garrison was disbanded. The extent of the order was debated and clarified again in 1647 and still debated in 1656. [ 24 ] More recent studies argue, based on eyewitness descriptions, that much of the castle had already been destroyed and it was just some of the remaining walls and sconces which had been added for its defence which were destroyed. [ 24 ] Although Robert Blake was born in Bridgwater and became one of the most important military commanders of the Commonwealth of England and one of the most famous English admirals of the 17th century, he is not thought to have been involved in the fighting in the town, although he was involved in the sieges of Taunton . [ 25 ] During the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685 rebel troops were hemmed in at Bridgwater on 3 July, and were ordered to refortify the town, prior to the Battle of Sedgemoor . [ 26 ] Rebuilding of the site [ edit ] King's Square. The site of the castle today During the later part of the 17th century John Harvey continued the development of the site. [ 16 ] In 1721 the remains of the castle, the house and the land was sold to James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos who developed an industrial centre in the town and demolished the last of the buildings. [ 9 ] [ 4 ] [ 24 ] Much of the site was built on in the 1720s to create the Georgian Castle Street . [ 20 ] In 1734 Chandos sold the whole of the redevelopment area to Thomas Watts , who sold it the following year to John Anderton, whose descendants continued to clear old buildings and construct new ones. King's Square was built between 1807 and 1814, with many of the buildings incorporating stone from the old castle, although further study would be needed to say how much of their cellars and foundations are in situ castle walls. [ 27 ] [ 9 ] The family of the Bridgwater artist, John Chubb (artist) purchased a Jacobean era Four-poster bed , from Bridgwater Castle, reputed to have been slept in by James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth at the time of the Battle of Sedgemoor [ 28 ] It was sold in 1972 to Agecroft Hall . In 2008, during sewer renovation work, a section of the curtain wall of the castle and a tunnel used to transport goods from the port were discovered. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Parts of the castle wall, water gate and undercroft still survive. [ 31 ] See also [ edit ] Bridgwater War Memorial Castles in Great Britain and Ireland List of castles in England References [ edit ]
1,202	2.338002°E	48.860247°N	Medieval Louvre Castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Louvre_Castle	14,635	France	Demolished castle in Paris, France Louvre Castle Part of Louvre Palace Paris, France The castle in the 15th century as illustrated in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry Louvre Castle Coordinates 48°51′37″N 2°20′17″E / 48.860247°N 2.338002°E / 48.860247; 2.338002 Type Medieval castle Site information Condition destroyed Site history Built From 1190 Built by French kings from Philip II of France Demolished 1528–1660 Events Imprisonment of Ferdinand, Count of Flanders (1214-1226) Estates General of France (1303) Birth and death of John I of France (1316) Visits of Emperors Charles IV of Luxembourg (1377-1378), Manuel II Palaiologos (1400-1402), Sigismund of Luxembourg (1416), and Charles V of Habsburg (1540) Hundred Years' War (England occupies Paris in 1420–1436) St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572) Murder of Concino Concini (1617) The Louvre Castle ( French : Château du Louvre ), also referred to as the Medieval Louvre ( French : Louvre médiéval ), [ 1 ] was a castle (French: château fort ) begun by Philip II of France on the right bank of the Seine , to reinforce the city wall he had built around Paris. Over time, it was expanded but was generally demolished above ground in stages between 1528 and 1660 to make way for expanding the Louvre Palace , while some parts of the castle's foundations were incorporated in construction of the later palace. Name [ edit ] For the etymology of the name "Louvre", see Louvre § Before the museum . The semantic distinction between a Louvre "castle" in the Middle Ages and "palace" in the modern era is no more than a recent usage. The medieval complex was often referred to simply as the Louvre ( French : le Louvre ), as its modern successor still is. It was also qualified in medieval times as a fortress ( French : forteresse du Louvre , [ 2 ] : 55 royal abode ( French : demeure royale du Louvre ), [ 2 ] : 70 or mansion ( French : hostel du Louvre or manoir du Louvre ). [ 2 ] : 72, 76 Conversely, the Louvre Palace was still referred to as a castle ( French : château du Louvre ) until the mid-18th century if not later. [ 3 ] History [ edit ] See also: Wall of Philip II Augustus Fortress [ edit ] Before his departure for the Third Crusade in 1190, King Philip II wanted to protect his capital Paris against invasions, especially from English-held Normandy less than 100 km away, with memories still lingering of the Viking siege of Paris in 845 . He ordered the construction of a new city wall, known since as the Wall of Philip II Augustus , which was started in 1190 on the right bank . [ 4 ] The fortress was nearly squared in plan (78 m by 72 m), surrounded by a 10 m wide moat filled with water from the nearby Seine river. It was reinforced by ten defensive towers, on the corners and at the middle of each side, with twin towers defending narrow gates on the southern and eastern sides, protected by drawbridges . Two additional buildings housing the garrisons and the arsenals were located outside of the surrounding wall, to the west and south of the central courtyard, respectively. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] A keep named the "big tower" ( Grosse Tour du Louvre ) was built around 1200 in the center of the courtyard. It was a circular structure with a diameter of 15.6 m and 30 m tall, with walls 4.25 m thick at the base. It was surrounded by a ditch, 9 m wide and 6 m deep. This ditch was dry (not a water-filled moat) and paved with large irregular stones. It was crossed by a drawbridge , whose interior arch was built in stone to limit the risk of fire. The keep had a conical roof slate over the machicolation . It also had a well and a large tank for supporting long sieges, as well as a chapel inside. [ 4 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The choice of a round rather than squared or rectangular keep was for military reasons, because attackers could more easily sap the wall at the angles of squared towers compared to circular towers. [ 8 ] Royal residence [ edit ] The Louvre evolved gradually away from its initial purely military function. Louis IX had new rooms built in 1230–1240 without any real defensive purpose, including a ceremonial room that was later known as the Salle Saint-Louis . The Louvre became a residence intermittently during the troubled times of the 14th century. By the mid-14th century, Paris had grown well beyond the walls of Philip II. Étienne Marcel had started building a new city wall further to the west, which King Charles V the Wise (1364-1380) brought to completion, later known as the Wall of Charles V . Soon after becoming king, Charles initiated a major transformation of the Louvre into a prestigious royal residence. [ 9 ] His architect Raymond du Temple [ fr ] added upper floors, windows, turrets, sculpted decoration, and gardens. Charles V repurposed the northwest tower, formerly known as Tour de la Fauconnerie (Falconry), into the first French Royal Library containing over nine hundred manuscripts. During the Hundred Years' War , English soldiers commanded by Henry V of England , who was allied to the Burgundians who controlled Paris, entered the city. In December 1420, the English occupied the Louvre Castle without a fight. There, they found a Paris ruined by civil war and scarcity and stayed there until 1436. Demolition and rebuilding [ edit ] In 1525, Francis I of France was defeated at Pavia and held prisoner. During his captivity, the court interfered with the King's decisions using its droit de remontrance (right of remonstrance in French). In addition, the faculty of theology and the Parlement of Paris started to show some independence. The King held a lit de justice on 24, 26 and 27 July 1526, during which he demonstrated his authority and decided to take back his kingdom and make the Louvre castle his main residence in Paris. As a symbol of his authority, he ordered the demolition of the dungeon in 1528 in order to build an Italian style palace. In 1546, he charged the architect Pierre Lescot to build a modern palace in the spirit of the Renaissance architecture, with a large hôtel particulier and ceremonial rooms. After the death of Francis in 1547, his son Henry II of France continued the work by Pierre Lescot. Between December 1546 and March 1549, he had the west wall destroyed to build a ballroom and the south wall to erect the royal pavilion (1553–1556), which housed the royal apartments and the small gallery. After the death of Henry II, his widow Catherine de' Medici continued the development of the south wing for her apartments. From 1564 onwards, she prioritised the construction of the new Tuileries Palace and the establishment of a large Renaissance garden . Under Henry III of France , the Louvre became a space for royalty, a place of entertainment and the theater of historical events such as the marriage of the future King Henry IV of France with Margaret of Valois , which led to the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. During his reign, Henry IV destroyed the remaining elements on the south side, including the moat, in order to build the Grande Galerie ( Great Gallery in French) connecting the Louvre and the Tuileries. This was completed in 1610. He also began the construction of the Cour Carrée on the base of the existing Lescot wing. The surface was four times the size of the original medieval court. Some buildings between the two palaces were also destroyed. This project, named le Grand Dessein ( the Grand Design in French), also had a military function by establishing a covered walkway between the Louvre and the Tuileries outside the city walls. Henry IV created this walkway in case he needed to flee on horseback during a riot. In order to establish his power, on 24 April 1617 the young Louis XIII murdered Concino Concini , the favorite of his mother Marie de' Medici , at the entrance gate connecting the castle to the city. Louis XIII demolished the northern part of the medieval enclosure in order to extend the Lescot wing in this direction, providing symmetry. The eastern part was demolished by Louis XIV to allow for the construction of the Louvre Colonnade . The Louvre pictured in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry , 1410s The Louvre pictured in the Altarpiece of the Parlement de Paris [ fr ] , mid-15th century The Louvre seen from the south, pictured in the Pietà of Saint-Germain-des-Prés , late 15th century Depiction on Merian map of Paris , 1615 Plans and reconstructions [ edit ] Map of the Louvre under Charles V, by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1856; oriented south on top and north at bottom) Map of the medieval Louvre, by Adolphe Berty (1866) Map of the Louvre in 1380, by Theodor Josef Hubert Hoffbauer [ fr ] (ca.1880) Map of the Louvre in 1595, by Theodor Josef Hubert Hoffbauer [ fr ] (ca.1880) The castle from the south and Seine river around the year 1200, as imagined by Louis-Pierre Baltard around 1800 Reconstruction of the medieval Louvre by the Comte de Clarac (1826) Reconstruction by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1856) Viollet-le-Duc's reconstructed section of the Grande Vis (1856) [ 10 ] Viollet-le-Duc's reconstruction of the Grande Vis (1856) [ 10 ] Reconstruction by Theodor Josef Hubert Hoffbauer [ fr ] (ca.1880) Another view of the Louvre in 1380 as reconstructed by Hoffbauer (ca.1880) The Louvre in 1622 as reconstructed by Hoffbauer (ca.1880) Model of the Louvre after Charles V's transformation, placed in 1989 in the underground spaces displaying the castle's remains Recent computer model of the Grande Vis Excavations and remains [ edit ] One of the walls of the castle preserved in the Medieval Louvre. This is the wall facing the city with the support pillar of the drawbridge, the main entrance to the Louvre. During the 19th century, it was found that the dungeon, along with two of the four walls were not completely demolished, but instead the stones from the walls were taken down to fill ditches in preparation for construction of the Louvre Palace. During the construction of the Louvre Pyramid , the bases of the keep and the two walls were cleared. A major excavation campaign resulted in the discovery of hundreds of everyday life objects. They are now accessible to the public in a collection named Medieval Louvre which features the lower room (today known as the Salle Saint-Louis ) and the objects found during the excavations (small games, jugs, flasks, ...). First excavation of the medieval Louvre by Adolphe Berty in 1866 The 1980s excavation of the Louvre's keep Remains of the Louvre's basement level, restored and opened to the public in the 1980s The Salle Saint-Louis photographed in 2014 Pottery unearthed during the 1980s excavations Dominoes, dice and other games Notes [ edit ]
1,203	1.3089°E	51.1280°N	Maison Dieu, Dover	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Dieu,_Dover	1,894	Unknown	See also: Maison Dieu, Faversham Municipal building in Dover, Kent, England Dover Town Hall and the remains of the Maison Dieu Maison Dieu (foreground, with later Town Hall buildings in the background). Location Dover , Kent Coordinates 51°07′41″N 1°18′32″E / 51.1280°N 1.3089°E / 51.1280; 1.3089 Built 1203 Listed Building – Grade I Designated 17 December 1973 Reference no. 1069499 Location of Dover Town Hall and the remains of the Maison Dieu in Kent The Hospital of St Mary, Domus Dei, or Maison Dieu (Latin/Norman French – house of God), is a medieval building in Dover , England which forms the oldest part of Dover Town Hall . The Town Hall and remains of mediaeval Maison Dieu were Grade I listed in 1973. [ 1 ] History [ edit ] Foundation in 13th century [ edit ] Mason Dieu was founded in 1203 by Hubert de Burgh , the Constable of Dover Castle , as the "Hospital of the Mason Dieu" to accommodate pilgrims coming from the Continent to visit the shrine of Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral . [ 2 ] de Burgh gave the manors of River and Kingsdown to the hospital in order to fund it. [ 3 ] Simon de Wardune also gave some land. [ 4 ] The original buildings consisted of one large hall with a kitchen and living quarters attached for the Master and Brethren who 'practised hospitality to all strangers'. The hospital accommodated permanent pensioners and other wounded and poor soldiers, as well as pilgrims. [ 2 ] In 1227, a chapel was added and Henry III attended its consecration. Today, this chapel survives as a courtroom, having been converted in the nineteenth century by the town council of Dover. A "Great Chamber", built in 1253, is thought to be the present 'Stone Hall', which has interesting stained glass and contains the town corporation's civic paintings, Cinque Ports Volunteers regimental flags, arms, and armour. [ 2 ] St Edmund's Chapel is a church in Dover, England, dedicated to St Edmund. St Edmund's Chapel was built next to the Maison Dieu and became a place of pilgrimage after the canonisation of Richard of Chichester in 1262. [ 5 ] Dissolution in 1534 [ edit ] Maison Dieu House, Dover (built next to the Maison Dieu in 1665). When the Master and Brethren of the Hall signed an oath accepting Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy , declaring him the Head of the Church of England, in 1534, the institution's religious role ended. [ 2 ] Ten years later, the building was surrendered to the Crown and (with its nearby subsidiary St Edmund's Chapel) was utilized by the navy and army, as a supplies base, until 1830. [ 2 ] 19th century [ edit ] In 1834, the building was sold to the Corporation of Dover who used the Maison Dieu as the Town Hall . [ 6 ] At first, the building was used by the Town Council with minimal restorations. Eventually, the Council turned the old chapel into a courtroom and built a prison below. The Council decided to fully restore the building, and in 1851 they agreed to implement renovations suggested by Victorian architect Ambrose Poynter . [ 2 ] After seven years of fundraising for the project, William Burges , another famous Victorian architect, funded almost entirely by the council, began work on the restoration project. Burges's admiration of the original mediaeval style can be seen in such parts of his renovation as grotesque animals and in the coats of arms incorporated into his new designs. [ 2 ] Burges designed the Council Chamber at the end of the hall added in 1867 and in 1881 began work on a town meeting and concert hall. The new building, on the site of the old prison, contained meeting rooms and mayoral and official offices. While William Burges designed the project, parts were completed after his death by Pullan and Chapple, his partners. [ 2 ] Since the 19th century [ edit ] In 1939, with the outbreak of the Second World War , the building's stained-glass windows were removed to be protected until the end of the conflict. [ 7 ] The Town Hall and remains of mediaeval Maison Dieu were Grade I listed in 1973. [ 1 ] Maison Dieu House was Grade II* listed in 1949. [ 8 ] Maison Dieu is also a Scheduled Monument. [ 9 ] A renovation programme work carried out from 2020 has uncovered much of Burges's decorative scheme, which is to be restored and reinstated. [ 10 ] The Maison Dieu continues to be used as one of the main meeting halls in Dover, as well as being open to public use for functions such as conferences, weddings, fairs, concerts, theatrical performances and the annual White Cliffs Winter Ales Festival. [ 11 ] It remains the meeting place of Dover Town Council. [ 12 ] Stained-glass windows [ edit ] In the Stone Hall, above the entrance, is a large stained-glass window representing the benefactors of the building, with Hubert de Burgh in the centre wearing a surcoat with his armorial bearings. Henri II and Henri III stand on the right side of de Burgh, Henri IV on the left side. The windows were a gift by Mrs Mary Bell (cousin and benefactor of William Kingsford , owner of Maison Dieu upon his death in 1856) in the 19th century. The windows were produced by William Wailes in 1856. The windows in the south wall were designed by Edward Poynter . [ 7 ] References [ edit ]
1,205	1.70441°W	51.68427°N	St John the Baptist Church, Inglesham	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Inglesham	1,426	United Kingdom	Church in Wiltshire, England St John the Baptist Church, Inglesham St John the Baptist Church, Inglesham, from the south-east St John the Baptist Church, Inglesham Location in Wiltshire 51°41′03″N 1°42′16″W / 51.68427°N 1.70441°W / 51.68427; -1.70441 OS grid reference SU 20532 98431 Location Inglesham , Borough of Swindon , Wiltshire Country England Denomination Church of England Website Churches Conservation Trust History Dedication Saint John the Baptist Architecture Functional status Redundant Heritage designation Grade I Designated 26 January 1955 Architectural type Church Style Anglo-Saxon , Gothic Specifications Materials Rendered rubble stone , Stone roofs Administration Province Canterbury Diocese Bristol Archdeaconry Malmesbury Deanery Swindon Parish Highworth with Sevenhampton and Inglesham St John the Baptist Church in Inglesham , near Swindon , Wiltshire , England, has Anglo-Saxon origins but most of the current structure was built around 1205. Much of the church has not changed since the medieval era. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a Grade I listed building , and is now a redundant church which has been in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust since 1981. The church stands above the water meadows next to the confluence of the River Thames , River Coln and the Thames and Severn Canal . [ 1 ] Much of the fabric of the building is from the 13th century, but includes remains of an earlier church on the site. The interior has wall paintings spanning over 600 years, often one on top of the other, up to seven layers thick. There is also a carving of the Mother and Child which dates from the Anglo-Saxon era . There are also historic box pews , pulpit and memorials . History [ edit ] In 1205 King John gave the church to the Cistercian monks of Beaulieu Abbey . [ 2 ] In 1231 Pope Gregory IX granted a licence, appropriating the church at Inglesham, amongst others, to the abbey of Beaulieu at the request of Henry III . [ 3 ] In 1355, Inglesham manor and church were granted to a Leicester hospital, the College of the Annunciation of St. Mary. [ 4 ] In the 1880s a major restoration of the church was planned. William Morris , an English textile designer , artist, writer, and socialist associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the Arts and Crafts Movement , who lived 10 miles (16 km) away at Kelmscott in Oxfordshire, campaigned to save the building without unsympathetic alterations. This resulted not just in support but also and unusually a fund-raising campaign by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB). [ 5 ] The Society was established in 1877 and its manifesto, [ 6 ] [ 7 ] which Morris wrote, [ 8 ] set out its principles "to stave off decay by daily care … and otherwise to resist all tampering with either the fabric or ornament of the building as it stands". [ 9 ] They employed J. T. Micklethwaite to oversee the work during 1888 and 1889. [ 10 ] Oswald Birchall undertook a survey of the church which enabled Morris and John Henry Middleton to prepare a report for SPAB in 1885, suggesting the repairs be funded, as the rector George Woodbury Spooner said that it was beyond the means of the parishioners. [ 11 ] Further restoration by Percival Hartland Thomas was carried out in 1933 to replace the remains of the reredos from around 1330 in the chancel. [ 12 ] The church was declared redundant in April 1980 [ 13 ] and vested in the Redundant Churches Fund (which has since become the Churches Conservation Trust ) in October 1981. [ 14 ] Architecture [ edit ] The small church has no tower, but does have a 13th-century double bellcote , with pointed trefoiled lights, on the west gable of the nave . It contains two bells dated 1717, [ 15 ] which were made by Abraham Rudhall, the founder of Rudhall of Gloucester . [ 16 ] The masonry is limewashed, [ 10 ] and surmounted by a parapet and head spouts. The walls are 26 inches (660 mm) thick and 21 feet (6.4 m) high. The church has a 25 by 13 feet (7.6 m × 4.0 m) aisled nave and an aisleless 21 by 12 feet (6.4 m × 3.7 m) chancel . [ 17 ] [ 15 ] The chancel replaced a previous one which was 12 feet (3.7 m) square [ 15 ] and has a roof which includes tie beams which may date back to the 13th century. The nave has mediaeval queen post and wind brace roof, [ 17 ] which is supported by two responds and a central pier . [ 15 ] The 15th-century cross outside the church has three steps to a high plinth with a pyramid stop- chamfer surmounted by a tall shaft with pyramid stop-chamfer and crested capping. It is listed at Grade II*. [ 18 ] Interior [ edit ] Anglo-Saxon carving of the Mother and Child which was previously a sundial on the outside of the church The interior of the church contains wall paintings dating from the 13th to the early 19th centuries, [ 19 ] some of which are illustrated in Professor E. W. Tristram 's English Wall Painting of the Fourteenth Century . [ 20 ] Tristram notes that fragments of a reredos survive with paintings of four saints on them, [ 21 ] and he also comments on "crosses of rather elaborate design". [ 22 ] Some wall paintings are on crumbling plaster behind painted post- Reformation texts, [ 10 ] in places the paint is up to seven layers thick. There are 15th-century angels above the chancel arch and an early 14th-century Doom on the east wall of the north aisle . Victorian texts include the Ten Commandments , the Apostles' Creed and the Lord's Prayer . [ 23 ] Restoration work on the paintings in 2010 led to access to the church being restricted. [ 19 ] [ 24 ] There is a 42-by-24-inch (107 cm × 61 cm) [ 15 ] carving of the Mother and Child in the south wall which dates from the time of the Anglo-Saxons . [ 1 ] Until 1910, the carving was on the outside of the church attached to the south wall and used as a sundial . An incised meridian and other lines were added along with a hole for the gnomon of a scratch dial. [ 15 ] Its original position in the church is not known, [ 19 ] but may have been above the altar. [ 15 ] There are also parclose screens between the Carolean -style box pews that date from the Commonwealth era [ 25 ] and a hanging pyx . [ 10 ] The font is from the 15th century while the Jacobean pulpit and tester are from around 1630. [ 17 ] [ 15 ] There is a Tournai marble slab with a knight in the chancel which dates from around 1300. [ 17 ] The piscina is from the 13th century with a trefoiled head, a shelf and a circular basin. [ 15 ] On the floor of the chancel is a 10-foot (3 m) black marble slab that once held the brass of a 14th-century knight with a basinet , sword and four shields. [ 15 ] Parish [ edit ] Inglesham benefice and parish were united with Highworth , some 4 miles (6 km) to the south, in 1940. [ 26 ] Highworth parish remains responsible for the upkeep of the churchyard. [ 27 ] Assessment [ edit ] St John's was a particular favourite of John Betjeman , the poet, writer and broadcaster who was a founding member of the Victorian Society . [ 28 ] Richard Taylor , presenter of BBC Four 's Churches: How To Read Them , picked Inglesham as his favourite of the hundreds of churches he visited for the television programme, [ 29 ] saying "It was a totally unassuming building, sat in the middle of the countryside. But, despite its humble appearance, inside, this church told the story of over 1,000 years of religious history – from Anglo-Saxon carvings on one wall, to medieval wall paintings on another and then passages from the Bible etched elsewhere from the Reformation". [ 30 ] The programme also presented resistance by a local artist, William Morris , a founder of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings , against Victorian redevelopment as a story of local campaigning in the 1880s. [ 31 ] Gallery [ edit ] Box pews Wall painting The font Mural of the Ten Commandments The interior See also [ edit ] List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in Southwest England References [ edit ]
1,205	24.09278°E	57.05472°N	Daugavgrīva castle	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugavgr%C4%ABva_castle	773	Unknown	Castle in Latvia For fortress in Latvia with the same name, see Daugavgrīvas fortress . This article includes a list of general references , but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( August 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Daugavgrīva Castle Daugavgrīvas pils Skanstnieku iela, Vecdaugava Near Riga in Latvia Ruins of Daugavgrīva Medieval castle (2004) Daugavgrīva castle Location of Daugavgrīva castle ruins Coordinates 57°3′17″N 24°5′34″E / 57.05472°N 24.09278°E / 57.05472; 24.09278 Type Castle Site information Open to the public yes Condition ruins Site history Built 1305 Built by Livonian Branch of the Teutonic Knights Materials dolomite Demolished by 1653 Daugavgriva Castle engraved by Giacomo Lauro in 1601. Daugavgrīva Castle ( German : Dünamünde ; Polish : Dynemunt ; Russian : Усть-Двинск or Ust`-Dvinsk ) is a former monastery converted into a castle, located at Vecdaugava oxbow on right bank of Daugava , in the northern part of Riga city, in the Vidzeme region of Latvia . Nowadays here are seen only earthen ramparts. History [ edit ] The first settlement, Daugavgrīva Abbey , was established on the right bank of the Daugava river, 13 miles from Bishop Albert of Riga 's residence in Riga, by Cistercian monks from Pforta in 1205. Theoderich von Treyden was an early abbot , while during the 1210s Count Bernhard II of Lippe was its abbot. During a raid of tribal Curonians in 1228, [ 1 ] the monastery and its tombs were destroyed, although the monks rebuilt the abbey after fighting died down. They also had to endure abuse by the undisciplined crusaders of the Livonian Order . Those knights were defeated at the Battle of Saule , however, and their remnants were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights in 1237. Until 1452 the territory of Siggelkow in Mecklenburg was owned by the monastery. In 1305, the local abbot sold the monastery to the Livonian Branch of the Teutonic Knights, who began construction of the fortress of Dünamünde . In 1329, the knights' castle was taken by the burghers of Riga, who were forced to return it to the knights in 1435. In 1481, the knights closed the Daugava to navigation by stretching an iron chain from Dünamünde to the opposite riverbank, thus hoping to ruin Riga's trade. In retaliation the citizens of Riga captured Dünamünde and destroyed it. The knights returned to rebuild the stronghold eight years later. Because Riga itself was controlled by the Archbishops , the local administrative seat ( Komturei ) of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights was located in Dünamünde. In 1561 during the Livonian War , Dünamünde became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and afterwards of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Skanstnieki homestead was built inside the ramparts in the 19th century. The Siege of Daugavgrīva Castle during the Polish-Swedish War in 1601. Engraving of Džakomo Lauro. See also [ edit ] List of castles in Latvia Daugavgrīva Capture of Daugavgrīva (1608) Battle of Daugavgriva (1609) References [ edit ]
1,207	31.28556°E	58.51833°N	Church of St. Paraskevi, Novgorod	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Paraskevi,_Novgorod	395	Russia	Church in Veliky Novgorod, Russia Church of St. Paraskevi Церковь Параскевы-Пятницы на Торгу 58°31′06″N 31°17′08″E / 58.51833°N 31.28556°E / 58.51833; 31.28556 Location Veliky Novgorod Country Russia Denomination Russian Orthodox History Dedication Paraskevi of Iconium Architecture Style Russian Completed 1207 Church of St. Paraskevi ( Russian : Церковь Параскевы-Пятницы на Торгу , Tserkov Paraskevy Pyatnitsy na Torgu ) in Veliky Novgorod is one of Russia 's oldest churches, dating from 1207. The church is located at the city center, at the former Yaroslav's Court and the market square. It is currently a museum. The Church of St. Paraskevi is on the World Heritage list as a part of object 604 Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings . [ 1 ] The building was designated an architectural monument of federal significance (#5310046012). [ 2 ] History [ edit ] The church was built in 1207 by Novgorod merchants. [ 1 ] Saint Paraskevi was the patron saint of the association of merchants who carried out overseas trade. [ 3 ] Church of St. Paraskevi is one of the few survived churches in Russia which were built in the beginning of the 13th century. [ 1 ] Previously, at least two different wooden Saint Paraskevi churches were standing at the same place, one constructed in 1156 and the second one in 1191. [ 4 ] The church was rebuilt several times. In particular, the dome was made in the 18th century. Between 1954 and the 2000s, the church was extensively restored, and the early walls were uncovered. [ 4 ] Architecture [ edit ] This is a small crossed dome church with three naves and four pillars. The walls are constructed of plinthite and limestone . [ 1 ] The church does not have close analogs with other contemporary Novgorod buildings, however, it is in many respects similar to the Saint Michael Church in Smolensk . It is presumed that the Saint Paraskevi Church was built by Smolensk masters. The decorative elements used in the design of the church were however taken over by Novgorod architects and became common in Novgorod ecclesiastical architecture of the 14th and the 15th centuries. [ 4 ] References [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of Saint Paraskeva Piatnitsa .
1,209	0.0867806°W	51.5082389°N	Chapel of St Thomas on the Bridge	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_St_Thomas_on_the_Bridge	6,946	United Kingdom	Pre-Reformation Bridge Chapel on Old London Bridge, London Chapel of St Thomas on the Bridge An artist's impression showing the exterior view of the West Front of the Upper Chapel from London Bridge Street, after a print by George Vertue (1684–1756), which was in turn based on a survey by architect Nicholas Hawksmoor (1661–1736) Religion Affiliation Catholic Church Church of England Ecclesiastical or organizational status bridge chapel Patron Thomas Becket Year consecrated before 1205 Location Municipality City of London Geographic coordinates 51°30′29.66″N 0°5′12.41″W / 51.5082389°N 0.0867806°W / 51.5082389; -0.0867806 Architecture Architect(s) Peter de Colechurch Style English Gothic Demolished 1832 Specifications Length 60 feet (18 m) Width 20 feet (6.1 m) Height (max) 40 feet (12 m) above street level Deconsecrated in 1548 The Chapel of St Thomas on the Bridge was a bridge chapel built near the centre of "Old" London Bridge in the City of London and was completed by 1209. In 1548, during the Reformation , it was dissolved as a place of worship and soon afterwards converted to secular use. The building survived as a dwelling and warehouse until 1747 when the upper storey at street level was removed; the lower storey, which was built into the structure of one of the piers , remained in use as a store until Old London Bridge was demolished in 1832. Background [ edit ] Wooden bridges crossing the River Thames between Southwark and the City of London had existed at various times since the Roman occupation , but had always utilised the same site. The last wooden London Bridge was built from elm in about 1163, under the direction of Peter of Colechurch , the priest of the parish church of St Mary Colechurch in Cheapside . This came at a period of growth and prosperity for the City, and it is likely that the wooden bridge soon proved to be inadequate. [ 1 ] An artist's impression showing the interior of the Upper Chapel looking east, also based on a print by George Vertue. An artist's impression showing the interior of the Lower Chapel or undercroft , again based on a print by George Vertue. Work on the foundations for the first pier of a new stone London Bridge began in 1176, also under Peter de Colechurch. The construction may have been instigated by King Henry II who levied a tax on wool, sheepskin and leather to help pay for the bridge. The eleventh pier from the Southwark side was built as the largest of the nineteen piers, specifically to accommodate a chapel dedicated to the popular saint and martyr , Thomas Becket , who had been murdered by Henry's followers in 1170 and for whom the king had since performed extensive public penance . The building of bridge chapels was common in the high medieval period , as the construction of bridges was considered an act of religious piety. [ 2 ] Description [ edit ] Most of our knowledge of the design of St Thomas on the Bridge comes from a survey by the architect Nicholas Hawksmoor (1661–1736), made while the chapel was still standing and published in a pamphlet called A Short Historical Account of London Bridge in 1736. Based on this data, a series of engravings were made by George Vertue (1684–1756), giving an impression of how the building would have appeared before it was modified for secular use. [ 3 ] The chapel was built on two levels; the Lower Chapel, variously described as a crypt or undercroft , was integral to the structure of the pier itself, which projected 65 feet (20 m) out from the centre line of the bridge on the downstream or eastern side. The Upper Chapel was entered from the street which passed it on the upstream or western side. The building was 60 feet (18 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) wide. The plain façade , pierced by two doors and a pointed arched window divided by a single mullion , stood 40 feet (12 m) above street level. The high interior of the Upper Chapel was supported by fourteen clustered columns and lit by eight large arched windows. The Lower Chapel could be accessed either directly from the street or from the Upper Chapel via a spiral staircase ; also from a door in the lower part of the pier opened onto the starling , the small artificial island on which each of the piers was built, which allowed entry by fishermen and watermen directly from the river. The Lower Chapel had a rib vaulted ceiling about 20 feet (6.1 m) high and was paved in black and white marble flagstones . Both chapels terminated in a three sided apse at the eastern end. [ 4 ] History of the chapel [ edit ] The Chapel of St Thomas seems to have been actually founded before 1205 with two priests or chaplains and four clerks. The chapel was burnt down in a fire on the bridge in 1212 but was rebuilt soon afterwards. The clergy of the chapel, referred to as the "Brethren of the Bridge", lived together in an accommodation called the Bridge House , the location of which is uncertain, but was later on the Southwark bank and became the governing institution of London Bridge. The chapel was enriched by bequests establishing chantries for the saying of masses for the repose of the souls of the benefactors. Relics held there included what was believed to be a fragment of the True Cross . Between 1384 and 1397, the chapel was rebuilt and enlarged. Lying within the parish of the City church of St Magnus the Martyr , there were constant disputes between the brethren, the bridge masters and the parish rector over who should benefit from donations made at the chapel. In 1466, a papal bull confirmed the chapel's privileges and at the same time, the pope granted an indulgence of forty days to those who visited the chapel on the feast of Saint Thomas, 29 December. As the Reformation in England began, so the fortunes of the chapel waned; there being only one priest and one clerk by 1541, instead of the five priests who had been employed there in the previous century. [ 5 ] King Henry VIII was keen to end the veneration of saints, in many cases removing the valuable decoration of shrines for the enrichment of the Treasury . In particular, the king was determined to end the cult of Thomas Becket, who had upheld the privileges of the church against royal authority. An order was issued in 1538 to change the dedication to Saint Thomas the Apostle and in the following year, a painter from Southwark was employed to cover over images of Becket on the chapel walls. This was not enough to ensure the chapel's survival however. [ 6 ] In 1548, the last chaplain was ordered to deliver the chapel's goods and ornaments to the bridge-master and lock the doors. [ 5 ] In the following year, it was ordered that "the chapell upon the same bridge be defaced, and be translated into a dwellyng-house, with as moche spede as they convenyentlye may". [ 6 ] Later use and demolition [ edit ] A watchman was employed as caretaker until 1553, when the chapel was finally leased to a grocer , the Upper Chapel becoming his house and shop and the Lower Chapel his warehouse. [ 6 ] An extra floor was created in the Upper Chapel by inserting stout wooden beams at the level of the top of the columns. [ 7 ] An engraving by Edward William Cooke showing the demolition of the Chapel Pier in 1832, exposing the vaulting of the Lower Chapel. During repairs to the spiral staircase in 1737, an unmarked tomb was discovered and the remains inside were assumed to be those of Peter de Colechurch. [ 8 ] A box containing some bones which were said to come from this tomb was preserved in the London Museum . However, when the bones were analysed in 1997, only one fragment was human, the others being from a cow and a goose. [ 9 ] In 1751, the Chapel House, as it became known, passed into the hands of a firm of stationers , run by partners Thomas Wright and William Gill, who later both became Lord Mayors of London . [ 10 ] Due to the congestion of the narrow street and the decrepit condition of the various buildings on the bridge – even newly built houses quickly began to subside – it was decided to clear away all these structures and redevelop the roadway. The London Bridge Act 1756 ( 29 Geo. 2 . c. 40) allowed the City Corporation to buy the leases of all the properties on the bridge, [ 11 ] and work on dismantling the houses in the centre section, including the Chapel House, started in February 1757. [ 12 ] However, the cellar that had once been the Lower Chapel continued in use as a store for paper and other stationery, being reported in a newspaper in 1798 to be "safe and dry". [ 10 ] A new London Bridge was eventually built alongside the old and was opened with great ceremony on 1 August 1831; the demolition of the old bridge commenced straight away. During the first half of 1832, the arches and then the piers were dismantled, exposing the vaults and columns of the Lower Chapel, an event that was recorded by Edward William Cooke in an engraving published in 1833. [ 13 ] Popular Culture [ edit ] In Disney's short film The Truth About Mother Goose , the chapel appears in the London Bridge Is Falling Down rhyme References [ edit ]
1,209	0.08778°W	51.50806°N	London Bridge	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Bridge	692,326	United Kingdom	1973 Thames road bridge in London, England ,Uk. Not to be confused with Tower Bridge . For other uses, see London Bridge (disambiguation) . London Bridge London Bridge in 2017 Coordinates 51°30′29″N 0°05′16″W / 51.50806°N 0.08778°W / 51.50806; -0.08778 Carries Five lanes of the A3 Crosses River Thames Locale Central London Maintained by Bridge House Estates , City of London Corporation Preceded by Cannon Street Railway Bridge Followed by Tower Bridge Characteristics Design Prestressed concrete box girder bridge Total length 269 m (882.5 ft) Width 32 m (105.0 ft) Longest span 104 m (341.2 ft) Clearance below 8.9 m (29.2 ft) Design life Modern bridge (1971–present) Victorian stone arch (1832–1968) Medieval stone arch (1176–1832) Various wooden bridges (circa AD 50 – 1176) History Opened 16 March 1176 ; 848 years ago ( 1176 -03-16 ) Location The name " London Bridge " refers to several historic crossings that have spanned the River Thames between the City of London and Southwark in central London since Roman times . The current crossing, which opened to traffic in 1973, is a box girder bridge built from concrete and steel. It replaced a 19th-century stone-arched bridge, which in turn superseded a 600-year-old stone-built medieval structure. In addition to the roadway, for much of its history, the broad medieval bridge supported an extensive built up area of homes and businesses, part of the City's Bridge ward, and its southern end in Southwark was guarded by a large stone City gateway. The medieval bridge was preceded by a succession of timber bridges, the first of which was built by the Roman founders of London ( Londinium ) around AD 50. The current bridge stands at the western end of the Pool of London and is positioned 30 metres (98 ft) upstream from previous alignments. The approaches to the medieval bridge were marked by the church of St Magnus-the-Martyr on the northern bank and by Southwark Cathedral on the southern shore. Until Putney Bridge opened in 1729, London Bridge was the only road crossing of the Thames downstream of Kingston upon Thames . London Bridge has been depicted in its several forms, in art, literature, and songs, including the nursery rhyme " London Bridge Is Falling Down ", and the epic poem The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot . The modern bridge is owned and maintained by Bridge House Estates , an independent charity of medieval origin overseen by the City of London Corporation . It carries the A3 road , which is maintained by the Greater London Authority . [ 1 ] The crossing also delineates an area along the southern bank of the River Thames, between London Bridge and Tower Bridge , that has been designated as a business improvement district . [ 2 ] History [ edit ] Location [ edit ] The abutments of modern London Bridge rest several metres above natural embankments of gravel, sand and clay. From the late Neolithic era the southern embankment formed a natural causeway above the surrounding swamp and marsh of the river's estuary ; the northern ascended to higher ground at the present site of Cornhill . Between the embankments, the River Thames could have been crossed by ford when the tide was low, or ferry when it was high. Both embankments, particularly the northern, would have offered stable beachheads for boat traffic up and downstream – the Thames and its estuary were a major inland and Continental trade route from at least the 9th century BC. [ 3 ] There is archaeological evidence for scattered Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement nearby, but until a bridge was built there, London did not exist. [ 4 ] A few miles upstream , beyond the river's upper tidal reach, two ancient fords were in use. These were apparently aligned with the course of Watling Street , which led into the heartlands of the Catuvellauni , Britain's most powerful tribe at the time of Caesar's invasion of 54 BC . Some time before Claudius 's conquest of AD 43, power shifted to the Trinovantes , who held the region northeast of the Thames Estuary from a capital at Camulodunum , nowadays Colchester in Essex. Claudius imposed a major colonia at Camulodunum, and made it the capital city of the new Roman province of Britannia . The first London Bridge was built by the Romans as part of their road-building programme, to help consolidate their conquest. [ 5 ] Roman bridges [ edit ] It is possible that Roman military engineers built a pontoon type bridge at the site during the conquest period (AD 43). A bridge of any kind would have given a rapid overland shortcut to Camulodunum from the southern and Kentish ports, along the Roman roads of Stane Street and Watling Street (now the A2 ). The Roman roads leading to and from London were probably built around AD 50, and the river-crossing was possibly served by a permanent timber bridge. [ 6 ] On the relatively high, dry ground at the northern end of the bridge, a small, opportunistic trading and shipping settlement took root and grew into the town of Londinium . [ 7 ] A smaller settlement developed at the southern end of the bridge, in the area now known as Southwark . The bridge may have been destroyed along with the town in the Boudican revolt (AD 60), but Londinium was rebuilt and eventually, became the administrative and mercantile capital of Roman Britain. The bridge offered uninterrupted, mass movement of foot, horse, and wheeled traffic across the Thames, linking four major arterial road systems north of the Thames with four to the south. Just downstream of the bridge were substantial quays and depots, convenient to seagoing trade between Britain and the rest of the Roman Empire . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Early medieval bridges [ edit ] With the end of Roman rule in Britain in the early 5th century, Londinium was gradually abandoned and the bridge fell into disrepair. In the Anglo-Saxon period , the river became a boundary between the emergent, mutually hostile kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex . By the late 9th century, Danish invasions prompted at least a partial reoccupation of the site by the Saxons. The bridge may have been rebuilt by Alfred the Great soon after the Battle of Edington as part of Alfred's redevelopment of the area in his system of burhs , [ 10 ] or it may have been rebuilt around 990 under the Saxon king Æthelred the Unready to hasten his troop movements against Sweyn Forkbeard , father of Cnut the Great . A skaldic tradition describes the bridge's destruction in 1014 by Æthelred's ally Olaf , [ 11 ] to divide the Danish forces who held both the walled City of London and Southwark. The earliest contemporary written reference to a Saxon bridge is c. 1016 , when chroniclers mention how Cnut 's ships bypassed the crossing during his war to regain the throne from Edmund Ironside . [ 12 ] Following the Norman conquest in 1066, King William I rebuilt the bridge. It was repaired or replaced by King William II , destroyed by fire in 1136, and rebuilt in the reign of Stephen . Henry II created a monastic guild, the "Brethren of the Bridge", to oversee all work on London Bridge. In 1163, Peter of Colechurch , chaplain and warden of the bridge and its brethren, supervised the bridge's last rebuilding in timber. [ 13 ] Old London Bridge (1209–1831) [ edit ] An engraving by Claes Visscher showing Old London Bridge in 1616, with what is now Southwark Cathedral in the foreground. The spiked heads of executed criminals can be seen above the Southwark gatehouse. After the murder of his former friend and later opponent Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury , the penitent King Henry II commissioned a new stone bridge in place of the old, with a chapel at its centre dedicated to Becket as martyr . The archbishop had been a native Londoner, born at Cheapside , and a popular figure. The Chapel of St Thomas on the Bridge became the official start of pilgrimage to his Canterbury shrine ; it was grander than some town parish churches, and had an additional river-level entrance for fishermen and ferrymen. Building work began in 1176, supervised by Peter of Colechurch. [ 13 ] The costs would have been enormous; Henry's attempt to meet them with taxes on wool and sheepskins probably gave rise to a later legend that London Bridge was built on wool packs . [ 13 ] In 1202, before Colechurch's death, Isembert, a French monk who was renowned as a bridge builder, was appointed by King John to complete the project. Construction was not finished until 1209. There were houses on the bridge from the start; this was a normal way of paying for the maintenance of a bridge, though in this case it had to be supplemented by other rents and by tolls. From 1282 two bridge wardens were responsible for maintaining the bridge, heading the organization known as the Bridge House. The only two collapses occurred when maintenance had been neglected, in 1281 (five arches) and 1437 (two arches). In 1212, perhaps the greatest of the early fires of London broke out, spreading as far as the chapel and trapping many people. The bridge was about 926 feet (282 metres) long, and had nineteen piers, supported by timber piles. The piers were linked above by nineteen arches and a wooden drawbridge. Above and below the water-level, the piers were enclosed and protected by ' starlings ', supported by deeper piles than the piers themselves. The bridge, including the part occupied by houses, was from 20 to 24 feet (6.1 to 7.3 metres) wide. The roadway was mostly around 15 feet (4.6 metres) wide, varying from about 14 feet to 16 feet, except that it was narrower at defensive features (the stone gate, the drawbridge and the drawbridge tower) and wider south of the stone gate. The houses occupied only a few feet on each side of the bridge. They received their main support either from the piers, which extended well beyond the bridge itself from west to east, or from 'hammer beams' laid from pier to pier parallel to the bridge. It was the length of the piers which made it possible to build quite large houses, up to 34 feet (10 metres) deep. [ 14 ] The numerous starlings restricted the river's tidal ebb and flow. The difference in water levels on the two sides of the bridge could be as much as 6 feet (1.8 m), producing ferocious rapids between the piers resembling a weir . [ 15 ] Only the brave or foolhardy attempted to "shoot the bridge" – steer a boat between the starlings when in flood – and some were drowned in the attempt. The bridge was "for wise men to pass over, and for fools to pass under." [ 16 ] The restricted flow also meant that in hard winters the river upstream was more susceptible to freezing. The number of houses on the bridge reached its maximum in the late fourteenth century, when there were 140. Subsequently, many of the houses, originally only 10 to 11 feet wide, were merged, so that by 1605 there were 91. Originally they are likely to have had only two storeys , but they were gradually enlarged. In the seventeenth century, when there are detailed descriptions of them, almost all had four or five storeys (counting the garrets as a storey); three houses had six storeys. Two-thirds of the houses were rebuilt from 1477 to 1548. In the seventeenth century, the usual plan was a shop on the ground floor, a hall and often a chamber on the first floor, a kitchen and usually a chamber and a waterhouse (for hauling up water in buckets) on the second floor, and chambers and garrets above. Approximately every other house shared in a 'cross building' above the roadway, linking the houses either side and extending from the first floor upwards. [ 17 ] The Frozen Thames (1677) by Abraham Hondius in the Museum of London , showing Old London Bridge and Southwark Cathedral at right All the houses were shops, and the bridge was one of the City of London's four or five main shopping streets. There seems to have been a deliberate attempt to attract the more prestigious trades. In the late fourteenth century more than four-fifths of the shopkeepers were haberdashers , glovers, cutlers , bowyers and fletchers or from related trades. By 1600 all of these had dwindled except the haberdashers, and the spaces were filled by additional haberdashers, by traders selling textiles and by grocers. From the late seventeenth century there was a greater variety of trades, including metalworkers such as pinmakers and needle makers, sellers of durable goods such as trunks and brushes, booksellers and stationers. [ 18 ] The three major buildings on the bridge were the chapel, the drawbridge tower and the stone gate, all of which seem to have been present soon after the bridge's construction. The chapel was last rebuilt in 1387–1396, by Henry Yevele , master mason to the king. Following the Reformation , it was converted into a house in 1553. The drawbridge tower was where the severed heads of traitors were exhibited. The drawbridge ceased to be opened in the 1470s and in 1577–1579 the tower was replaced by Nonsuch House —a pair of magnificent houses. Its architect was Lewis Stockett, Surveyor of the Queen's Works, who gave it the second classical facade in London (after Somerset House in the Strand). The stone gate was last rebuilt in the 1470s, and later took over the function of displaying the heads of traitors. [ 19 ] The heads were dipped in tar and boiled to preserve them against the elements, and were impaled on pikes. [ 20 ] The head of William Wallace was the first recorded as appearing, in 1305, starting a long tradition. Other famous heads on pikes included those of Jack Cade in 1450, Thomas More in 1535, Bishop John Fisher in the same year, and Thomas Cromwell in 1540. In 1598, a German visitor to London, Paul Hentzner , counted over 30 heads on the bridge: [ 21 ] On the south is a bridge of stone eight hundred feet in length, of wonderful work; it is supported upon twenty piers of square stone, sixty feet high and thirty broad, joined by arches of about twenty feet diameter. The whole is covered on each side with houses so disposed as to have the appearance of a continued street, not at all of a bridge. Upon this is built a tower, on whose top the heads of such as have been executed for high treason are placed on iron spikes: we counted above thirty. The last head was installed in 1661; [ 22 ] subsequently heads were placed on Temple Bar instead, until the practice ceased. [ 23 ] There were two multi-seated public latrines , but they seem to have been at the two ends of the bridge, possibly on the riverbank. The one at the north end had two entrances in 1306. In 1481, one of the latrines fell into the Thames and five men were drowned. Neither of the latrines is recorded after 1591. [ 24 ] In 1578–1582 a Dutchman, Peter Morris, created a waterworks at the north end of the bridge. Water wheels under the two northernmost arches drove pumps that raised water to the top of a tower, from which wooden pipes conveyed it into the city. In 1591 water wheels were installed at the south end of the bridge to grind corn. [ 25 ] Detail of Old London Bridge on the 1632 oil painting View of London Bridge by Claude de Jongh , in the Yale Center for British Art A view of London Bridge burning in the fire of 1633 Private Collection In 1633 fire destroyed the houses on the northern part of the bridge. The gap was only partly filled by new houses, with the result that there was a firebreak that prevented the Great Fire of London (1666) spreading to the rest of the bridge and to Southwark. The Great Fire destroyed the bridge's waterwheels, preventing them from pumping water to fight the fire. For nearly 20 years, only sheds replaced the burnt buildings. They were replaced In the 1680s, when almost all the houses on the bridge were rebuilt. The roadway was widened to 20 feet (6.1 metres) by setting the houses further back, and was increased in height from one storey to two. The new houses extended further back over the river, which would cause trouble later. Drawing of London Bridge from a 1682 panorama London Bridge in 1757 just before the removal of the houses, by Samuel Scott In 1695, the bridge had 551 inhabitants. From 1670, attempts were made to keep traffic in each direction to one side, at first through a keep-right policy and from 1722, through a keep-left policy. [ 26 ] This has been suggested as one possible origin for the practice of traffic in Britain driving on the left . [ 27 ] United Kingdom legislation London Bridge Act 1756 Act of Parliament Parliament of Great Britain Long title An Act to improve, widen, and enlarge, the Passage over and through London Bridge. Citation 29 Geo. 2 . c. 40 Dates Royal assent 27 May 1756 A fire in September 1725 destroyed all the houses south of the stone gate; they were rebuilt. [ 28 ] The last houses to be built on the bridge were designed by George Dance the Elder in 1745, [ 29 ] but these buildings had begun to subside within a decade. [ 30 ] The London Bridge Act 1756 ( 29 Geo. 2 . c. 40) gave the City Corporation the power to purchase all the properties on the bridge so that they could be demolished and the bridge improved. While this work was underway, a temporary wooden bridge was constructed to the west of London Bridge. It opened in October 1757 but caught fire and collapsed in the following April. The old bridge was reopened until a new wooden construction could be completed a year later. [ 31 ] To help improve navigation under the bridge, its two centre arches were replaced by a single wider span, the Great Arch, in 1759. Demolition of the houses was completed in 1761 and the last tenant departed after some 550 years of housing on the bridge. [ 32 ] Under the supervision of Dance the Elder, the roadway was widened to 46 feet (14 m) [ 33 ] and a balustrade was added "in the Gothic taste" together with 14 stone alcoves for pedestrians to shelter in. [ 34 ] However, the creation of the Great Arch had weakened the rest of the structure and constant expensive repairs were required in the following decades; this, combined with congestion both on and under bridge, often leading to fatal accidents, resulted in public pressure for a modern replacement. [ 35 ] London Bridge from Pepper Alley Stairs by Herbert Pugh , showing the appearance of London Bridge after 1762, with the new "Great Arch" at the centre Old London Bridge by J. M. W. Turner , showing the new balustrade and the back of one of the pedestrian alcoves One of the pedestrian alcoves from the 1762 renovation, now in Victoria Park, Tower Hamlets – a similar alcove from the same source can be seen at the Guy's Campus of King's College London A section of balustrade from London Bridge, now at Gilwell Park in Essex A relief of the Hanoverian Royal Arms from a gateway over the old London Bridge now forms part of the façade of the King's Arms pub, Southwark The Demolition of Old London Bridge, 1832, Guildhall Gallery, London New London Bridge (1831–1967) [ edit ] The remains of the bridge, as sketched by William Alfred Delamotte on 30 March 1832 The Opening of New London Bridge by Clarkson Stanfield , 1832 New London Bridge under construction, by William Henry Kearney , 1826 In 1799, a competition was opened to design a replacement for the medieval bridge. Entrants included Thomas Telford ; he proposed a single iron arch span of 600 feet (180 m), with 65 feet (20 m) centre clearance beneath it for masted river traffic. His design was accepted as safe and practicable, following expert testimony. [ 36 ] Preliminary surveys and works were begun, but Telford's design required exceptionally wide approaches and the extensive use of multiple, steeply inclined planes, which would have required the purchase and demolition of valuable adjacent properties. [ 37 ] A more conventional design of five stone arches, by John Rennie , was chosen instead. It was built 100 feet (30 m) west (upstream) of the original site by Jolliffe and Banks of Merstham , Surrey , [ 38 ] under the supervision of Rennie's son . Work began in 1824 and the foundation stone was laid, in the southern coffer dam , on 15 June 1825. [ citation needed ] New London Bridge, c. 1870–1890 The old bridge continued in use while the new bridge was being built, and was demolished after the latter opened in 1831. New approach roads had to be built, which cost three times as much as the bridge itself. The total costs, around £2.5 million (£287 million in 2023), [ 39 ] were shared by the British Government and the Corporation of London . Rennie's bridge was 928 feet (283 m) long and 49 feet (15 m) wide, constructed from Haytor granite. The official opening took place on 1 August 1831; King William IV and Queen Adelaide attended a banquet in a pavilion erected on the bridge. The northern approach road, King William Street, was renamed after the monarch and statue of the king subsequently installed. New London Bridge in 1927 In 1896 the bridge was the busiest point in London, and one of its most congested; 8,000 pedestrians and 900 vehicles crossed every hour. [ 20 ] To designs by engineer Edward Cruttwell , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] it was widened by 13 feet (4.0 m), using granite corbels. [ 42 ] Subsequent surveys showed that the bridge was sinking an inch (about 2.5 cm) every eight years, and by 1924 the east side had sunk some three to four inches (about 9 cm) lower than the west side. The bridge would have to be removed and replaced. Sale to Robert McCulloch [ edit ] Main article: London Bridge (Lake Havasu City) Rennie 's New London Bridge during its reconstruction at Lake Havasu City, Arizona , March 1971 Common Council of the City of London member Ivan Luckin put forward the idea of selling the bridge, and recalled: "They all thought I was completely crazy when I suggested we should sell London Bridge when it needed replacing." [ 43 ] Subsequently, in 1968, Council placed the bridge on the market and began to look for potential buyers. On 18 April 1968, Rennie's bridge was purchased by the Missourian entrepreneur Robert P. McCulloch of McCulloch Oil for US$2,460,000. The claim that McCulloch believed mistakenly that he was buying the more impressive Tower Bridge was denied by Luckin in a newspaper interview. [ 44 ] Before the bridge was taken apart, each granite facing block was marked for later reassembly. Rennie's New London Bridge rebuilt, Lake Havasu City, 2016 The blocks were taken to Merrivale Quarry at Princetown in Devon , where 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) were sliced off the inner faces of many, to facilitate their fixing. [ 45 ] (Stones left behind were sold in an online auction when the quarry was abandoned and flooded in 2003. [ 46 ] ) 10,000 tons of granite blocks were shipped via the Panama Canal to California , then trucked from Long Beach to Arizona . They were used to face a new, purpose-built hollow core steel-reinforced concrete structure, ensuring the bridge would support the weight of modern traffic. [ 47 ] The bridge was reconstructed by Sundt Construction at Lake Havasu City, Arizona , and was re-dedicated on 10 October 1971 in a ceremony attended by London's Lord Mayor and celebrities. The bridge carries the McCulloch Boulevard and spans the Bridgewater Channel, an artificial, navigable waterway that leads from the Uptown area of Lake Havasu City. [ 48 ] Modern London Bridge (1973–present) [ edit ] View of London Bridge from a boat passing under Cannon Street Railway Bridge United Kingdom legislation London Bridge Act 1967 Act of Parliament Parliament of the United Kingdom Long title An Act to empower the Corporation of London to reconstruct London Bridge, to construct other works and to acquire lands compulsorily; and for other purposes. Citation 1967 c. i Dates Royal assent 16 February 1967 Status: Current legislation Text of statute as originally enacted The current London Bridge was designed by architect Lord Holford and engineers Mott, Hay and Anderson . [ 49 ] It was constructed by contractors John Mowlem and Co from 1967 to 1972, [ 49 ] [ 50 ] and opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 16 March 1973. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] It comprises three spans of prestressed-concrete box girders , a total of 833 feet (254 m) long. The cost of £4 million (£71.4 million in 2023), [ 39 ] was met entirely by the Bridge House Estates charity. The current bridge was built in the same location as Rennie's bridge, with the previous bridge remaining in use while the first two girders were constructed upstream and downstream. Traffic was then transferred onto the two new girders, and the previous bridge demolished to allow the final two central girders to be added. [ 54 ] The current London Bridge in January 1987, with the National Westminster Tower skyscraper (Tower 42) opened six years earlier in the background In 1984, the British warship HMS Jupiter collided with London Bridge, causing significant damage to both the ship and the bridge. [ 55 ] On Remembrance Day 2004, several bridges in London were furnished with red lighting as part of a night-time flight along the river by wartime aircraft. London Bridge was the one bridge not subsequently stripped of the illuminations, which are regularly switched on at night. [ citation needed ] London Bridge from 20 Fenchurch Street The current London Bridge is often shown in films, news and documentaries showing the throng of commuters journeying to work into the City from London Bridge Station (south to north). An example of this is actor Hugh Grant crossing the bridge north to south during the morning rush hour, in the 2002 film About a Boy . [ citation needed ] On 11 July 2008, as part of the annual Lord Mayor 's charity appeal and to mark the 800th anniversary of Old London Bridge's completion in the reign of King John, the Lord Mayor and Freemen of the City drove a flock of sheep across the bridge, supposedly by ancient right. [ 56 ] London Bridge with 2017 security barriers and the bulbous Walkie-Talkie building at right On 3 June 2017, three pedestrians were killed by a van in a terrorist attack . Altogether, eight people died and 48 were injured in the attack. Security barriers were installed on the bridge to help isolate the pedestrian pavement from the road. [ 57 ] Transport [ edit ] The nearest London Underground stations are Monument , at the northern end of the bridge, and London Bridge at the southern end. London Bridge station is also served by National Rail . In literature and popular culture [ edit ] The nursery rhyme and folk song " London Bridge Is Falling Down " has been speculatively connected to several of the bridge's historic collapses. Rennie's New London Bridge is a prominent landmark in T. S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land , wherein he compares the shuffling commuters across London Bridge to the hell-bound souls of Dante's Inferno . Also in that poem is a reference to the "inexplicable splendour of Ionian white and gold" of the church of St Magnus-the-Martyr , designed by Sir Christopher Wren , which marks the northern approach to the bridge, and the poem also ends with the lines "I sat upon the shore/fishing, with the arid plain behind me./Shall I at least set my lands in order?/London bridge is falling down, falling down, falling down". In Charles Dickens ' Sketches by Boz , in the story entitled Scotland-yard there is much discussion by coal-heavers on the replacement of London Bridge in 1832, including a portent that the event will dry up the Thames. Gary P. Nunn 's song "London Homesick Blues" includes the lyrics, "Even London Bridge has fallen down, and moved to Arizona, now I know why." [ 58 ] English composer Eric Coates wrote a march about London Bridge in 1934. London Bridge is named in the World War II song "The King is Still in London" by Roma Campbell-Hunter & Hugh Charles. [ 59 ] Fergie released a song titled " London Bridge " in 2006 as the lead single of her first solo album, The Dutchess . [ 60 ] The music video for the track features the singer on a boat near London's Tower Bridge , [ 61 ] which, despite the song's title, is not London Bridge. The song peaked at number one on Billboard 's Hot 100 chart. [ 62 ] See also [ edit ] London portal List of Roman bridges Roman bridge List of crossings of the River Thames List of bridges in London Notes [ edit ]
1,210	12.410611°E	42.287361°N	Civita Castellana Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civita_Castellana_Cathedral	606	Italy	Cathedral in Lazio, Italy Civita Castellana Cathedral Central gate Civita Castellana Cathedral ( Italian : Cattedrale di Santa Maria Maggiore or Santa Maria di Pozzano ) is the cathedral of Civita Castellana , in central Italy . It is the episcopal seat of the Bishop of Civita Castellana . History [ edit ] The edifice was built from around 1185, over a pre-existing church, and was completed with the construction of the portico in 1210. The latter saw the intervention of the Roman Cosmati family of architects and marble workers. After centuries of decay, in the 18th century the church was totally restored and the interior was renovated in Baroque style. The two aisles were turned into side chapels, communicating with each other, thus keeping only a single nave. A plaque on the building's exterior commemorates Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's sojourn in Civita Castellana on 17 July 1770: he also played the cathedral's organ at Mass of that day, a Sunday. Description [ edit ] Exterior [ edit ] The church is preceded by a 13th-century portico, in whose architrave was once a mosaic frieze with gilded letters. Today only a few fragments of the latter can be seen. Two central piers support a rounded arch, in which is the writing "Gloria in excelsis Deo...", while another inscription at the top contains the name of the portico's designer, "IACOBUS CIVIS ROMANUS" ("James, citizen of Rome ") and the date of execution (1210). The central and final piers of the portico are decorated with the marble symbols of the Four Evangelists , while in the middle of the arch is a lamb, symbolizing Jesus Christ. The cathedral has three entrance gates. The central one is sided by four Corinthian columns , two of which stand on marble lions. Under the right lion is the representation of a child, a symbol of the faithful entering the church. The lunettes over the side gates have Cosmatesque mosaic decorations; the right lunette has also a representation of "Christ blessing ". The cathedral has a Romanesque bell tower. The high altar Interior [ edit ] The church has a single nave, with side chapels which communicate with each other. The nave ends in a transept which precedes the raised sanctuary , under which is the crypt . In the transept's arms are two monumental Baroque altars: the right one is dedicated to the Madonna of the Light, and incorporates an 11th-century fresco; the left-hand altar is dedicated to the Madonna of the Rosary, and has a 16th-century canvas surrounded by 15 panels, depicting the mystery of the rosary . One of the two 13th century parapets walled in the crypt The high altar, located in the sanctuary or presbytery is one of the most precious works of art in the church. It consists of a 4th-century Roman-Palaeochristian sarcophagus with seven niches which are decorated by biblical episodes. At the end of the presbytery, over the wooden choir, is a canvas by Pietro Nelli ( Annunciation ), while at the sides are two frescoes of the Resurrection of John and the Martyrdom of Saints John and Marcianus . A door on the left side of the presbytery leads to the oratory of the Heart of the Virgin Mary , built as a chapel in the 14th century. This houses important medieval works including: several 12th-century frescoes depicting a Madonna with Saints, an Angel and other Saints the front section of an early Middle Ages (9th-century) sarcophagus with representations of hunting scenes two Cosmatesque parapets flanked by two lions, originally in the cathedral's presbytery, dated to c. 1231-1240. Under the presbytery is the crypt, with cross-vaults, dating to the 12th century but renewed later. It houses two Renaissance marble ciboria , originally in the presbytery but walled here during the 18th-century renovation works. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Duomo (Civita Castellana) . Sources [ edit ] Rossi, P. (1986). Civita Castellana e le chiese medievali del suo territorio . Rome. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) Cardinali, A. (1935). Cenni storici della chiesa cattedrale di Civita Castellana . Rome. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) External links [ edit ] Page at www.medioevo.org, with detailed images (in Italian) v t e Landmarks of Lazio Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park Circeo National Park Civita Castellana Cathedral Etruscan necropolis of Cerveteri Etruscan necropolis of Tarquinia Fossanova Abbey Garden of Ninfa Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park Hadrian's Villa Monte Cassino Ostia Antica Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo Park of the Monsters Villa d'Este Volci Authority control databases International VIAF National United States 42°17′14.5″N 12°24′38.2″E / 42.287361°N 12.410611°E / 42.287361; 12.410611
1,211	8.54444°W	42.88056°N	Santiago de Compostela Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral	134,700	Spain	Catholic cathedral in Galicia, Spain Metropolitan Archcathedral Basilica of Santiago de Compostela The western façade of the Metropolitan Archcathedral Basilica as seen from the Praza do Obradoiro Religion Affiliation Catholic District Santiago de Compostela Rite Roman Rite Leadership Archbishop Francisco José Prieto Fernández Location Location Santiago de Compostela , Galicia , Spain Shown within Spain Show map of Spain Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (Galicia) Show map of Galicia Geographic coordinates 42°52′50″N 08°32′40″W / 42.88056°N 8.54444°W / 42.88056; -8.54444 Architecture Type Metropolitan Archcathedral- Basilica Style Romanesque , Gothic , Baroque Groundbreaking 1075 Completed 1211 Specifications Direction of façade West Capacity 1,200 Length 100 m (330 ft) Width 70 m (230 ft) Height (max) 75 m (246 ft) Spire (s) 2 UNESCO World Heritage Site Official name: Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) Criteria i, ii, vi Designated 1985 [ 1 ] Reference no. 320bis Spanish Cultural Heritage Official name: Catedral Igrexa Catedral Metropolitana Designated 22 August 1896 Reference no. (R.I.) - 51 - 0000072 - 00000 [ 2 ] Website catedraldesantiago.es The Santiago de Compostela Arch cathedral Basilica ( Spanish and Galician : Catedral Basílica de Santiago de Compostela ) is part of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela and is an integral component of the Santiago de Compostela World Heritage Site in Galicia , Spain . The cathedral is the reputed burial place of Saint James the Great , one of the apostles of Jesus Christ . It is also among the remaining churches in the world built over the tomb of an apostle, the other ones being St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City , St Thomas Cathedral Basilica in Chennai , India and Basilica of St. John in Izmir , Turkey . The archcathedral basilica has historically been a place of pilgrimage on the Way of St James since the Early Middle Ages and marks the traditional end of the pilgrimage route. The building is a Romanesque structure, with later Gothic and Baroque additions. History [ edit ] According to the legend, the apostle Saint James the Great brought Christianity to the Iberian Peninsula. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] However, in Acts 12 it is written that James was killed on order of Herod in Jerusalem. According to legend, the tomb in Santiago was rediscovered in AD 814 by Pelagius the Hermit , after he witnessed strange lights in the night sky above the Libredon forest. Bishop Theodomirus of Iria recognized this as a miracle and informed king Alfonso II of Asturias and Galicia (791–842). The king ordered the construction of a chapel on the site. Legend has it that the king was the first pilgrim to this shrine. This was followed by the first church in AD 829 and then in AD 899 by a pre-Romanesque church, ordered by king Alfonso III of León , [ 5 ] which caused the gradual development of this major place of pilgrimage . [ 6 ] In 997 the early church was reduced to ashes by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir (938–1002), army commander of the caliph of Córdoba . St James' tomb and relics were left undisturbed. The gates and the bells, carried by local Christian captives to Córdoba , were added to the Aljama Mosque . [ 7 ] When Córdoba was taken by king Ferdinand III of Castile in 1236, these same gates and bells were then transported by Muslim captives to Toledo , to be inserted in the Cathedral of Saint Mary of Toledo . Construction of the present cathedral began in 1075 under the reign of Alfonso VI of Castile (1040–1109) and the patronage of bishop Diego Peláez . It was built according to the same plan as the monastic brick church of Saint Sernin in Toulouse, probably the greatest Romanesque edifice in France. [ according to whom? ] It was built mostly in granite . Construction was halted several times and, according to the Liber Sancti Iacobi , the last stone was laid in 1122. But by then, the construction of the cathedral was certainly not finished. The cathedral was consecrated in 1211 in the presence of king Alfonso IX of Leon . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] According to the Codex Calixtinus the architects were "Bernard the elder, a wonderful master", his assistants Robertus Galperinus and, later possibly, "Esteban, master of the cathedral works". In the last stage "Bernard, the younger" was finishing the building, while Galperinus was in charge of the coordination. He also constructed a monumental fountain in front of the north portal in 1122. The city became an episcopal see in 1075 and the church its cathedral. Due to its growing importance as a place of pilgrimage , it was raised to an archiepiscopal see by Pope Callixtus II in 1120. A university was added in 1495. [ citation needed ] It has been proposed that the peculiar lantern towers of several churches in the Duero valley ( Zamora , Plasencia , Toro , Évora ) were inspired by the Romanesque dome of Santiago, substituted by a Gothic one in the 15th century. [ 10 ] The cathedral was expanded and embellished with additions in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Exterior of the cathedral [ edit ] Overview of the cathedral complex Each of the façades along with their adjoining squares constitute a large urban square. The Baroque façade of the Praza do Obradoiro square was completed by Fernando de Casas Novoa in 1740. Also in baroque style is the Acibecharía façade by Ferro Caaveiro and Fernández Sarela, later modified by Ventura Rodríguez. The Pratarías façade, built by the Master Esteban in 1103, and most importantly the Pórtico da Gloria, an early work of Romanesque sculpture , were completed by Master Mateo in 1188. Façade of the Obradoiro [ edit ] The façade at dusk Saint James dressed as a pilgrim on the façade The Obradoiro square in front of the façade alludes to the workshop ( Galician : obradoiro ) of stonemasons who worked on the square during the construction of the cathedral. In order to protect the Pórtico da Gloria from deterioration caused by weather, this façade and towers have had several reforms since the 16th century. In the 18th century it was decided to build the current Baroque façade, designed by Fernando de Casas Novoa . It has large glazed windows that illuminate the ancient Romanesque façade, located between the towers of the Bells and of the Ratchet. In the middle of the central body is St. James and one level below his two disciples Athanasius and Theodore, all dressed as pilgrims . In between, the urn (representing the found tomb) and the star (representing the lights Hermit Pelagius saw) between angels and clouds. The tower on the right depicts Mary Salome , mother of St. James, and the tower on the left depicts his father Zebedee . The balustrade on the left side depicts St. Susanna and St. John and the one on the right depicts St. Barbara and James the Less. [ 11 ] The Maximilian Staircase allows entrance to the façade. The stair was made in the 17th century by Ginés Martínez and it is of Renaissance style inspired by Giacomo Vignola of Palazzo Farnese . It is diamond-shaped with two ramps that surround the entrance to the old 12th century Romanesque crypt of the Master Mateo , popularly called the "Old Cathedral". [ 12 ] According to Manuel Gago Mariño , the sculptures at the base of the Maximilian Staircase of the cathedral, built by Maximilian of Austria are also related to the Battle of Clavijo . [ 13 ] Between the existing plane of the façade of the Obradoiro and the old Romanesque portal (Pórtico da Gloria) there is a covered narthex . This façade has become a symbol of the cathedral and the city of Santiago de Compostela. As such, it is the engraving on the back of the Spanish euro coins of 1, 2 and 5 cents. South façade or das Pratarías [ edit ] The square of the Romanesque façade das Pratarías, this façade keep the trace of its second church, which was built between 1103 and 1117. The façade of the Silverware (Pratarías in Galician) is the southern façade of the transept of the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela; it is the only Romanesque façade that is preserved in the cathedral. It was built between 1103 and 1117 and elements from other parts of the cathedral have been added in subsequent years. [ 14 ] The square is bound by the cathedral and cloister on two sides. Next to the cathedral is the Casa do Cabido . It has two entrance doors in degradation with archivolts and historical tympanums. The archivolts are attached over eleven columns, three are of white marble (middle and corners) and the rest of granite . In the center are the figures of twelve prophets and the Apostles on the sideline. On the tympanums is a large frieze separated from the upper body by a strip supported by grotesque corbels; on this floor are two windows decorated with Romanesque archivolts. [ 14 ] In the central frieze is Christ, with various characters and scenes. On the right six figures belong to the Stone choir of Master Mateo [ es ] that were placed in the late 19th century. The original provision of the iconographic elements was invalidated since in the 18th century numerous images were introduced recovered from the dismantled Acibecharía façade. [ 15 ] A central medallion shows the Eternal Father (or Transfiguration ) with open hands and on the top surface there are four angels with trumpets heralding the Final Judgment. [ 14 ] In the tympanum of the left door is Christ tempted by a group of demons . To the right is a half-dressed woman with a skull in her hands, which could be Eve or the adulterous woman. This figure is not praying on her knees but is sitting on two lions. The jambs are Saint Andrew and Moses . In the left abutment, the Biblical King David seated on his throne with his legs crossed, translucent through the thin fabric of his clothes, and playing what appears to be a rebec , personifies the triumph over evil and is an outstanding Romanesque work, sculpted by Master Esteban. The creation of Adam and Christ's blessing is also shown. Many of these figures come from the Romanesque façade of the north or do Paraíso (current façade of the Acibecharía) and were placed on this façade in the 18th century. [ 14 ] [ 16 ] In the tympanum of the right door there are several scenes from the Passion of Christ and the Adoration of the Magi . In one of the jambs is the inscription commemorating the laying of the stone: ERA / IC / XVI / V IDUS / JULLII Registration follows the Roman calendar , according to the computation of the Spanish era , corresponding to July 11, 1078. An image, unidentified, of a fox eating a rabbit and, against this, a badly dressed woman with an animal in her lap. Supported on the wall of the tower Berenguela appear other images representing the creation of Eve, Christ on a throne, and the Binding of Isaac . [ 14 ] North façade or da Acibecharía [ edit ] Façade da Acibecharía The façade "da Acibecharía" (Galician name derived from the jet gemstone) is in the Praza da Inmaculada or Acibecharía, draining the last section of urban roads: French , Primitive , Northern and English through the old gate Franxígena or Paradise door. The Romanesque portal was built in 1122 by Bernardo, treasurer of the temple. This portal was demolished after suffering a fire in 1758; some sculptural pieces that were saved were placed on the façade das Pratarías. The new façade was designed in Baroque style by Lucas Ferro Caaveiro and finished by Domingo Lois Monteagudo and Clemente Fernández Sarela in the neoclassical style in 1769, although it retained some traces of the baroque. [ 17 ] At the top of the façade is an 18th-century statue of St. James, with two kings in prayer at his feet: Alfonso III of Asturias and Ordoño II of León . In the centre is the statue of Faith. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] East façade or da Quintana [ edit ] Porta Real The façade of the cathedral that overlooks the Plaza de la Quintana has two gates: the Porta Real (royal gate) and the Porta Santa (holy gate). The construction of the Porta Real, baroque, was begun under the direction of José de Vega y Verdugo and by José de la Peña de Toro in 1666, and was completed by Domingo de Andrade in 1700, who built some of the columns that span two floors of windows, a balustrade with large pinnacles , and an aedicula with an equestrian statue of Saint James (now disappeared), well adorned with decorative fruit clusters and large-scale military trophies. The kings of Spain entered the cathedral through this door, hence its name, and the royal coat of arms on its lintel . [ 14 ] [ 20 ] The holy door (Porta Santa) or Door of Forgiveness (Porta do Perdón) is the closest to the steps. It is usually closed with a fence and opened only in a Jacobean holy year (years when Saint James' Day , 25 July, falls on a Sunday). It was one of the seven lesser gates and was dedicated to St. Pelagius (for whom is named a convent just opposite). On this door niches contain the image of James, with his disciples Athanasius and Theodore at his side. On the bottom and sides of the door were placed twenty-four figures of prophets and apostles (including St. James) coming from the old stone choir of Master Mateo. Inside this door through a small courtyard is the true Holy Door, which enters into the ambulatory of the apse of the church. [ 14 ] [ 21 ] Bell Towers [ edit ] The bell tower (left) and carraca tower (right) as seen from the renovated stone rooftop. At the bottom, it is still possible to see the Romanesque arches of the original towers, and their previous top height. The early towers in the main façade of the cathedral were Romanesque (current façade of the Obradoiro). They are called the Torre das Campás, which is situated on the side of the Epistle (right) and Torre da Carraca, to the side of the Gospel (left). The two have a height of between 75 and 80 metres. [ 22 ] The first part of the tower was built in the 12th century, but in the 15th century several modifications were made and King Louis XI of France donated in 1483 the two largest of the thirteen bells . [ 23 ] Due to a tilt that was detected in its structure between the 16th and 17th centuries, the towers had to be reinforced with buttresses , between 1667 and 1670. The towers housing the bells were made by José de la Peña de Toro (1614–1676) in a baroque style, and completed by Domingo de Andrade. The architecture of the towers has a great effect in perspective with its vertical lines and the sequencing of its floors. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] North Tower or da Carraca [ edit ] It is located to the left of the façade del Obradoiro, and was built – like its partner – on the opposite side of an earlier tower of the Romanesque period. It was designed by Fernando de Casas Novoa in 1738, imitating the bell towers by Peña de Toro and Domingo de Andrade in the 17th century: baroque decorations adorned all kinds of ornamentation that provided a unifying architecture across the façade. [ 24 ] Clock Tower, Torre da Trindade or Berenguela [ edit ] Clock Tower Main article: Berenguela Tower The Clock Tower, also called Torre da Trindade or, Berenguela, is at the intersection of the Pratarías square and the Quintana Square . Traditionally, construction was thought to begin in 1316, at the request of Archbishop Rodrigo del Padrón as a defence tower. After his death his successor, Archbishop Bérenger de Landore , continued work on it, though these dates are questioned by some authors. [ 23 ] When he became main master of the cathedral, Domingo de Andrade continued with its construction and between 1676 and 1680 raised it two floors higher; the use of various structures achieved a harmonious and ornamental design, with a pyramid-shaped crown and a lantern as a final element, with four light bulbs permanently lit. It rises to 75 m (246 ft). [ 25 ] In 1833, a clock was placed on each side of the tower by Andrés Antelo, commissioned by the Archbishop Rafael de Vélez [ es ] . As part of its mechanism it has two bells , one, at the hour, called Berenguela, and a smaller one marking the quarter hours. These two were cast in 1729 by Güemes Sampedro. Berenguela has a diameter of 255 cm (100 in) and a height of 215 cm (85 in), weighing approximately 9,600 kg (21,200 lb), and the smaller weighs 1,839 kg (4,054 lb) with a diameter of 147 cm (58 in) and a height of 150 cm (59 in). Both original bells cracked, forcing their replacement. The current replicas were cast in Asten (Netherlands) by the Eijsbouts house in 1989 and were placed in the cathedral in February 1990. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] During a Jacobean Holy Year , pilgrims may enter the cathedral through the holy door (Porta Santa) to gain a plenary indulgence . [ 28 ] During a holy year, the lantern of the Berenguela Tower is lit throughout the year. otherwise it stays unlit. The light acts as a lighthouse to guide pilgrims to the cathedral during the holy years. [ 29 ] Interior [ edit ] General view of the central nave The cathedral is 97 m (318 ft) long and 22 m (72 ft) high. It preserves its original, barrel-vaulted , cruciform, Romanesque interior. It consists of a nave , two lateral aisles, a wide transept , and a choir with radiating chapels. Compared with many other important churches, the interior of this cathedral gives a first impression of austerity until one enters further and sees the magnificent organ and the exuberance of the choir. It is the largest Romanesque church in Spain and one of the largest in Europe. Portico of Glory [ edit ] Main article: Portico of Glory The Portico of Glory ("Pórtico da Gloria" in Galician ) of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is a Romanesque portico by Master Mateo and his workshop commissioned by King Ferdinand II of León . To commemorate its completion in 1188, the date was carved on a stone and set in the cathedral, and the lintels were placed on the portico. Finalising the complete three-piece set took until 1211, when the temple was consecrated in the presence of King Alfonso IX of León . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] The portico has three round arches that correspond to the three naves of the church, supported by thick piers with pilasters . The central arch, twice as wide as the other two, has a tympanum and is divided by a central column—a mullion —containing a depiction of Saint James . Vertically, the lower part is formed by the bases of the columns, decorated with fantastic animals, the middle portion consists of columns adorned with statues of the Apostles , and the upper part supports the base of the arches crowning the three doors. The sculpture is intended to serve as an iconographic representation of various symbols derived from the Book of Revelation and books of the Old Testament. [ 30 ] Tympanum [ edit ] Pantokrator 's tympanum Pórtico da Gloria The arrangement of the tympanum is based on the description of Christ that John the Evangelist makes in Revelation ( Chapter 1 v 1 to 18). In the centre, the Pantocrator is shown, with the image of Christ in Majesty, displaying in his hands and feet the wounds of crucifixion . Surrounding Christ is the tetramorph with the figures of the four Evangelists with their attributes: left, top St. John and the eagle and below St. Luke with the ox; on the right above, St. Matthew on the hood of the tax collector and below St. Mark and the lion. [ 31 ] On both sides of the evangelists, behind Mark and Luke, there are four angels on each side with the instruments of the Passion of Christ. Some are, without touching them directly, the cross and crown of thorns (left) and lance and four nails (right), another the column in which he was whipped and the jar through which Pontius Pilate proclaimed his innocence. Above the heads of these angels, two large groups of souls of the blessed, forty in all. In the archivolt of the central tympanum are seated the elders of the Apocalypse , each holding a musical instrument, as if preparing a concert in honor of God. [ 31 ] Mullion [ edit ] Mullion with the figure of Santiago In the mullion, the figure of Saint James is seated with a pilgrim 's staff, as a patron of the basilica. St. James appears with a scroll which contains written Misit me Dominus (the Lord sent me). The column just above his head with a capital which represents the temptations of Christ . On three of its sides, facing the inside of the temple, two kneeling angels pray. At the foot of the saint there is another capital with the figures of the Holy Trinity . Under the Apostle there is a representation of the tree of Jesse , the name given to the family tree of Jesus Christ from Jesse , father of King David ; this is the first time that this subject is represented in religious iconography in the Iberian Peninsula . The column rests on a base where there is a figure with beard to his chest (perhaps an image of Noah ) and two lions. At the foot of the central column at the top inside, looking towards the main altar of the cathedral, there is the kneeling figure of the Master Mateo himself, holding a sign on which is written Architectus . This image is popularly known as Santo dos Croques [ 32 ] from the ancient tradition of students hitting their heads against the figure for wisdom, a tradition that was adopted later by pilgrims , although steps are being taken to limit access, to stem deterioration from which the work has suffered. Jambs [ edit ] Apostles of the jambs of the Pórtico da Gloria In the columns of the central door and two side doors, the apostles are represented, as well as prophets and other figures with their iconographic attributes. All are topped with its own capital which represents different animals and human heads with leaf motifs. The names of all the figures are on the books or scrolls held in their hands. The four pillars of the portico are based on strong foundations which represent various groups of animals and human heads with beards. For some historians, these figures are images of demons and symbolize the weight of glory (the portico in this case) crushing sin . Other sources give an apocalyptic interpretation, with wars, famine and death (represented by the beasts) with situations that can only be saved by human intelligence (the heads of older men). Side doors [ edit ] The archivolt of the right door is the Last Judgment . The arch of the right door represents the Last Judgment . The double archivolt is divided into two equal parts by two heads. Some authors identify these heads with the figures of archangel Michael and Christ. For others, they are Christ-Judge and an angel or may indicate God the Father and God the Son. To the right of these heads, Hell is represented with figures of monsters ( demons ) that drag and torture the souls of the damned. On the left is Heaven with the elect, with figures of angels with children symbolizing the saved souls . [ 33 ] [ 34 ] The arch of the left door depicts scenes from the Old Testament , with the righteous awaiting the arrival of the Savior. In the center of the first archivolt is God the Creator who blesses the pilgrim and holds the Book of Eternal Truth; to his right are Adam (naked), Abraham (with the index raised), and Jacob . With them are two figures that could be Noah (new father of humanity saved through the Flood) and Esau or Isaac and Judah . To the left of God are Eve , Moses , Aaron , King David and Solomon . In the second archivolt, the top, ten small figures represent the twelve tribes of Israel . [ 31 ] The nave [ edit ] Main altar The barrel-vaulted nave and the groin-vaulted aisles consist of eleven bays , while the wide transept consists of six bays. Every clustered pier is flanked by semi-columns, three of which carry the cross vaults of the side aisles and the truss of the arched vaults, while the fourth reaches to the spring of the vault. Lit galleries run, at a remarkable height, above the side aisles around the church. The choir is covered by three bays and surrounded with an ambulatory and five radiating chapels. The vault of the apse is pierced by round windows, forming a clerestory . The choir displays a surprising exuberance in this Romanesque setting. An enormous baldachin , with a sumptuous decorated statue of Saint James from the 13th century, rises above the main altar. The pilgrims can kiss the saint's mantle via a narrow passage behind the altar. In the choir aisle the lattice work and the vault of the Mondragon chapel (1521) stand out. The radiating chapels constitute a museum of paintings, retables, reliquaries and sculptures, accumulated throughout the centuries. In the Chapel of the Reliquary ( Galician : Capela do Relicario ) is a gold crucifix, dated 874, containing an alleged piece of the True Cross . Crypt [ edit ] Reliquary in the cathedral crypt The crypt, below the main altar, shows the substructure of the 9th-century church. This was the final destination of the pilgrims . The crypt houses the relics of Saint James and two of his disciples: Saint Theodorus and Saint Athanasius. The silver reliquary (by José Losada, 1886) was put in the crypt at the end of the 19th century, after authentication of the relics by Pope Leo XIII in 1884. Throughout the course of time, the burial place of the saint had been almost forgotten. Because of regular Dutch and English incursions, the relics had been transferred in 1589 from their place under the main altar to a safer place. They were rediscovered in January 1879. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Botafumeiro [ edit ] Main article: Botafumeiro The swinging Botafumeiro dispensing clouds of incense A dome above the crossing contains the pulley mechanism to swing the " Botafumeiro ", which is a famous thurible found in this church. It was created by the goldsmith José Losada in 1851. The Santiago de Compostela Botafumeiro is the largest censer in the world, weighing 80 kg (180 lb) and measuring 1.60 m (5.2 ft) in height. It is normally on exhibition in the library of the cathedral, but during certain important religious holidays it is attached to the pulley mechanism, filled with 40 kg (88 lb) of charcoal and incense. In the Jubilee Years (whenever St James's Day falls on a Sunday) the Botafumeiro is also used in all the Pilgrims ' Masses. Eight red-robed tiraboleiros pull the ropes and bring it into a swinging motion almost to the roof of the transept, reaching speeds of 80 km/h (50 mph) and dispensing thick clouds of incense . [ citation needed ] Other burials [ edit ] Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao , at the Panteón de Galegos Ilustres ("Pantheon of Illustrious Galicians"), Bonaval Fructuosus of Braga Rosalía de Castro Fernando Pérez de Traba Ferdinand II of León Alfonso IX of León Pedro Fernández de Castro Gaspar de Ávalos de la Cueva Old images [ edit ] Pórtico da Gloria in 1849 by Jenaro Pérez Villaamil Pórtico da Gloria, Collotype 1889 Westside main façade of the Cathedral towards Plaza del Obradoiro , Collotype 1889 See also [ edit ] Asturian architecture Catholic Church in Spain Santiago de Compostela 12 Treasures of Spain List of Christian pilgrimage sites References [ edit ]
1,211	3.3252°E	49.3808°N	Soissons Cathedral	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soissons_Cathedral	4,711	France	Cathedral located in Aisne, France Cathedral of Saints Gervasius and Protasius Cathédrale Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais Soissons Cathedral Religion Affiliation Roman Catholic District Diocese of Soissons, Laon, and Saint-Quentin Ecclesiastical or organizational status Cathedral- Basilica Location Location Soissons , France Geographic coordinates 49°22′51″N 3°19′31″E / 49.3808°N 3.3252°E / 49.3808; 3.3252 Architecture Type Church Style Gothic Groundbreaking 1177 Completed 1479 Soissons Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Gervais-et-Saint-Protais ) is a Gothic basilica church in Soissons , France. It is the seat of the Bishop of Soissons, Laon, and Saint-Quentin . The construction of the south transept was begun about 1177, and the lowest courses of the choir in 1182. History [ edit ] The choir, with its original three-storey elevation and extremely tall clerestory, was completed in 1211. This was earlier than Chartres, on which the design was supposed to have been based. Work then continued into the nave until the late 13th century. [ 1 ] The single western tower dates from the mid-13th century and is an imitation of those of Notre-Dame de Paris , which it equals in height (66 metres (217 ft)). The tower was restored after it and part of the nave were severely damaged in World War I . A matching tower on the other side of the façade was originally planned, but never built. Description [ edit ] The graceful southern transept , the oldest portion of the whole edifice, terminates in an apse . Unlike the rest of the building, it is divided inside into four (rather than three) levels. The choir end of the cathedral contains stained glass from the 13th century. A tapestry from the 15th century depicts the life of the martyrs Gervasius and Protasius , the patron saints of the cathedral. Rubens ' Adoration of the Shepherds hangs in the northern transept, as does a painting by Philippe de Champaigne . Maurice Duruflé composed his work for organ "Fugue sur Le carillon des heures ⓘ de la Cathédrale de Soissons" op. 12 (1962) Some stained glass windows from the Cathedrale de Soissons are on permanent exhibit at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore , Maryland, [ 2 ] and the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston . [ 3 ] 2017 Storm Damage [ edit ] On January 12, 2017, during a winter storm, strong winds collapsed in a significant portion of the west rose window . [ 4 ] Large stone pieces of the window's tracery and sections of stained glass fell onto the tracker-action pipe organ located below the rose window, causing severe damage to the instrument. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Gallery [ edit ] Gallery West façade of Soissons Cathedral Interior, choir East end See also [ edit ] List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe References [ edit ]
1,212	10.6833°E	59.9080°N	Gol Stave Church	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Stave_Church	14,045	Norway	Church in Oslo, Norway Gol Stave Church Gol Stave Church Location of the church 59°54′29″N 10°41′00″E / 59.9080°N 10.6833°E / 59.9080; 10.6833 Location Oslo Country Norway Denomination Church of Norway History Status museum Architecture Architectural type Stave church Completed 1157–1216 Specifications Materials Wood Norwegian Cultural Heritage Site Type Church Status Automatically listed ID 84275 Gol Stave Church ( Norwegian : Gol stavkirke ) is a 12th century stave church originally from Gol in the traditional region of Hallingdal in Buskerud county, Norway . The reconstructed church is now a museum and is now located in the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History at Bygdøy in Oslo , Norway. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Description [ edit ] Gol stavkyrkje by Nicolay Nicolaysen (corrected illustration) The church has been dendrochronologically dated to from 1157 to 1216. When the city built a new church around 1880, it was decided to demolish the old stave church. It was saved from destruction by the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments ( Fortidsminneforeningen ), which bought the materials in order to re-erect the church elsewhere. The remains of the original medieval construction were documented before transport. Original murals and medieval artifacts survived. Most of the main construction remained intact and in original form, although practically all of the exterior dates from the 1884–1885 restoration. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It was acquired by King Oscar II , who financed its relocation and restoration as the central building of his private open-air museum near Oslo . Architect Waldemar Hansteen assessed the condition of the conserved parts and made a plan for restoration. The restoration was overseen by Waldemar Hansteen and was completed in 1885. In 1907, the early open-air museum, the world's first, was merged with the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History, which now manages the stave church. The church, however, is still nominally the property of the reigning monarch. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In the 1980s, a modern replica has been erected in Gol as a tourist attraction in a theme park in central Gol. This replica is located some distance from the original site of the medieval church. There is also a replica in the Scandinavian Heritage Park in Minot , North Dakota and at Epcot Center in Walt Disney World in Florida . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] History [ edit ] Drawing by J.N. Pram of Gol stave church from 1846, before it was moved to Bygdø in Oslo. The church has many similarities in the construction of the inner erection with Hegge Stave Church in Valdres , and it has been assumed that the same builder was responsible for both. It probably stood in its original form until the 17th century, with a passageway around church and choirs. The choir's walls and apse have remains of murals which is reasonable to assume originate from 1652 (the year is painted on the wall) from the same painter who made decorations in Torpo Stave Church in 1648 (epitaph), Flesberg Stave Church (later overpainted), Rollag Stave Church 1653, Veggli Stave Church and Nore Stave Church 1655 and Uvdal Stave Church 1656. The apse's depiction of the Last Supper originates from the same painter, but the reconstruction of the apse's walls is uncertain. The roof rider was renewed in 1694. At the same time, a ceiling was installed, and during the same period, two windows were installed on the south wall in the central room. Around 1730, a gallery was built on the north side. Some time later, the choir and apse were demolished, and a new half-timbered choir was erected. But the old materials were reused for the ceiling in the new choir, and thus the murals survived and could be restored in connection with the move. In 1802–1803 the church was enlarged so that it "formerly too small a church for such a numerous commons (had become) strangely larger, so that it once holds as many listeners as before". The corridors around the church were demolished, and new outer walls of table-covered trusses were erected approximately where the corridor walls had stood. A porch with a salt roof was erected in front of the west portal. The church then got the look it had when J. N. Prahm designed it in 1846. Relocation and rebuilding [ edit ] Drawing during reconstruction of Gol stave church by T. Prytz, from 1883 Drawings from Gol Stave Church by Nicolay Nicolaysen. Towards the end of the 1870s, the congregation in Gol wanted a larger and more contemporary church. Society for the Preservation of Ancient Norwegian Monuments urged to preserve the stave church on the site, but the congregation wanted to demolish it and sell the materials. In the end, the society bought the church's original parts for 200 kroner, on condition that it was removed when the new one was finished. The society had no plot for the church, but early in 1881, King Oscar II's Collections - the world's first open-air museum - were established on Bygdøy royal estate. The king made land available for the reconstruction in the middle of his planned building museum. The society's fundraising for the purpose raised only NOK 387, while the total costs were estimated at at least NOK 6,500. In March 1884, the king saved the project by undertaking to bear the expenses for which the society lacked coverage. The ownership of the church was transferred from the society to the monarch in Norway. Due to several snow-poor winters, the dismantling and transport to Kristiania was postponed until the winter of 1884. Survey drawings were meanwhile prepared by architect Torolf Prytz in the winter of 1882–1883. Since he was busy with other assignments, the responsibility for the reconstruction on Bygdøy was taken over by architect Waldemar Hansteen with the royal estate's builder Torsten Torstensen as executor. The church was dismantled in January 1884. In March, the sledge was good enough to transport the materials to Krøderen station. From there they arrived unharmed at Bygdøy station. The original parts were completed in late July 1884, and the church was completed as the centerpiece of King Oscar's Open Air Museum in the summer of 1885. As a museum church, it was so well attended that it had to be kept open every day, not just on Sundays. The significant changes during the 1700s and the expansion in 1805 made it impossible to rebuild the church as it stood, but neither was anyone in those days imaginable. The church was restored to what was believed to be its original form. With the support of preserved tracks and old materials, building, choirs and apse were reconstructed. The meticulous descriptions in the Church Books' accounts from the 17th century onwards also gave a clear description of exterior details that gave good enough indications for reconstruction: the roof rider mentioned in the 17th century accounts sat in the middle of the ridge and wore two bells. The bell room had a spontaneous saddle roof and carried an undefined structure that ended in a spire with a cross. The roof rider may thus have been of the same type as the one the church received when it was reconstructed on Bygdøy. The aisles, that surrounded the whole church originally, seems to have been demolished as the various parts of the church were rebuilt. It was assumed that the church had been surrounded by a passageway and that it had had a roof rider, and these parts were recreated with Borgund Stave Church as a model. Good role models for details such as the wind skis were not found in Borgund, so they were made after the pattern of the wind skis in Hopperstad Stave Church, King Oscar's collections were transferred to the Norwegian Folk Museum in 1907. However, the Stave Church remained in royal ownership, but was managed by the museum. Interior [ edit ] When the church was moved and rebuilt, the architect only wanted to preserve and restore the parts from the Middle Ages. On the outside, it is therefore mainly a reconstruction from the 1880s of new materials. But large parts of the main structure have been preserved. These are: the foundations, the sleepers, the poles, a large part of the wall tiles and the poles. Most of the raised central space and bracing system are also preserved. The church is of the type with a raised central space with a handle in a rectangular nave. It has a slightly narrower choir that ends with an apside. The constructive parts of the choir and apse disappeared during the expansion in 1802-03 and had to be made new during the reconstruction. Exterior [ edit ] The church has an archway made with Borgund Stave Church as a model. An earlier hallway around the ship was demolished during the expansion in 1802-03. The church has also probably always had a roof rider. A roof rider of the medieval type with two bells was mentioned in accounts from the 1600s. It was renewed in 1694. The new one probably stood until the move, but it got slate instead of table covering in 1821. It is shown on Prahm's drawing from 1846. The current one is a reconstruction from the 1880s with a model in Borgund Stave Church. The roofs were originally sheet metal and tarred, but in the 1820s were covered with slate. Portals [ edit ] The west portal is mostly original, but was cut down in 1823 to make the door open. The door is a reconstruction from 1884 with wrought iron fittings fastened with screws. The portal is carved with leaf vines. Closest to the opening, it has two half-columns. The column shafts are covered with plant ornamentation, and the pattern incorporates crowned male heads. Kites and leaf vines spring from two animal jaws at the bottom next to the half-columns. The ornamentation consists of a central kite, two top kites and two smaller kites on each side plank. As in many other stave churches, it was hinged from inward to outward after the fire in Grue church, and then the portal planks were heavily hewn. The south portal was removed during the expansion in 1802-03, but parts of it were used in the new porch and could be used as points of reference for architect Hansteen's reconstruction. The original Sørportalen is stored in the Norwegian Folk Museum. The choir's south portal was partially preserved, without a wooden shed and was reconstructed during the relocation. It is inserted directly between two profiled wall planks. It is possible that the church originally had the North Portal, since the archway had a screw as over the other portals, but since the sleepers and staves are new, and the north wall walls are incomplete, there are no traces to support this. Inventory [ edit ] Drawings from Gol Stave Church by Nicolay Nicolaysen Due to the desire to keep and recreate a medieval church, all post-Reformation furniture was removed, and the interior therefore lacks pews, pulpit and baptismal font. Instead, King Oscar II installed a carved bench from Heddal Stave Church . But the painted decor from 1652 in the choir and the apse survived the relocation and restoration. On the apse wall is a representation of the sacrament, on the north wall of the choir - the four evangelists, and the south wall is divided into fields decorated with leaves, flowers and fruit, and the names of all who paid for the decoration. Above the choir portal previously hung a crucifix that came from Veum Stave Church in Telemark, dated approx. 1300 Replicas [ edit ] Gol New Stave Church. As part of Gordarike Family Park in Gol, a faithful copy of the stave church was built in 1995, called Gol New Stave Church. While the original stave church stood high and free up on the mountainside, the copy stands at the bottom of the valley, near the center of Gol. [ 10 ] Around the copy, reconstructed Viking Age houses and other elements have been erected. A replica of Gol Stave Church is also in the Scandinavian Heritage Park in Minot, North Dakota in the United States . In the Norwegian Pavilion in Epcot, Orlando , Gol Stave Church is Norway's landmark. Another copy, known as Stavkirka on Savjord, is in Beiarn in Nordland. Construction was privately funded and began in 2005. It was completed in 2008. This church has a somewhat smaller scale than the original. Gallery [ edit ] Old and modern photos Details Carving detail Exterior detail Doorway detail Carving detail Interior Roof section Exterior detail Interior mural Altar References [ edit ] Note: Several sections of this article have been translated from its Norwegian version. For complete detailed references in Norwegian, see the original version at no:Gol stavkirke .

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