text_id stringlengths 22 22 | page_url stringlengths 33 66 | page_title stringlengths 3 30 | section_title stringlengths 5 33 | context_page_description stringlengths 351 5.3k | context_section_description stringlengths 72 15.5k | media sequence | hierachy sequence | category sequence | source_id stringclasses 21
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projected-00000012-018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism | Anarchism | Criticism | Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions they claim maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessarily limited to, governments, nation states, and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for... | The most common critique of anarchism is that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival. Philosopher Bertrand Russell supported this critique, stating that "[p]eace and war, tariffs, regulations of sanitary conditions and the sale of noxious drugs, the preservation of a just system of dis... | [] | [
"Criticism"
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"Anti-capitalism",
"Anti-fascism",
"Economic ideologies",
"Left-wing politics",
"Libertarian socialism",
"Libertarianism",
"Political culture",
"Political movements",
"Political ideologies",
"Social theories",
"Socialism",
"Far-left politics"
] | |
projected-00000569-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology | Anthropology | Etymology | Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and va... | The abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history. Its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. Their New Latin derived from the combining forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos (, "human") and lógos (, "study"). (Its adjectival form appeared i... | [] | [
"Etymology"
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"Anthropology",
"Behavioural sciences"
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projected-00000670-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet | Alphabet | Etymology | An alphabet is a standardized set of basic written symbols or graphemes (called letters) that represent the phonemes of certain spoken languages. Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syllable, for instance, and logographic systems use characters to represen... | The English word alphabet came into Middle English from the Late Latin word alphabetum, which in turn originated in the Greek ἀλφάβητος (alphabētos), was made from the first two letters, alpha (α) and beta (β). The names for the Greek letters came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet; aleph, which also... | [] | [
"Etymology"
] | [
"Alphabets",
"Orthography"
] | |
projected-00000775-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Algorithm | History | In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can perform automated dedu... | The concept of algorithm has existed since antiquity. Arithmetic algorithms, such as a division algorithm, were used by ancient Babylonian mathematicians c. 2500 BC and Egyptian mathematicians c. 1550 BC. Greek mathematicians later used algorithms in 240 BC in the sieve of Eratosthenes for finding prime numbers, and th... | [] | [
"History"
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"Algorithms",
"Articles with example pseudocode",
"Mathematical logic",
"Theoretical computer science"
] | wit-train-topic-003731289 |
projected-00000775-005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm | Algorithm | Design | In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specifications for performing calculations and data processing. More advanced algorithms can perform automated dedu... | Algorithm design refers to a method or a mathematical process for problem-solving and engineering algorithms. The design of algorithms is part of many solution theories, such as divide-and-conquer or dynamic programming within operation research. Techniques for designing and implementing algorithm designs are also call... | [] | [
"Design"
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"Algorithms",
"Articles with example pseudocode",
"Mathematical logic",
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projected-00000783-048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20the%20Great | Alexander the Great | Historiography | Alexander III of Macedon (; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout ... | Apart from a few inscriptions and fragments, texts written by people who actually knew Alexander or who gathered information from men who served with Alexander were all lost. Contemporaries who wrote accounts of his life included Alexander's campaign historian Callisthenes; Alexander's generals Ptolemy and Nearchus; Ar... | [] | [
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"Ancient Macedonian generals",
"Ancient Pellaeans",
"Argead kings of Macedonia",
"City founders",
"LGBT military p... | |
projected-08569916-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English%20language | English language | Vocabulary | English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the island of Great Britain. English is genealogically West Germanic, closest related ... | It is generally stated that English has around 170,000 words, or 220,000 if obsolete words are counted; this estimate is based on the last full edition of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1989. Over half of these words are nouns, a quarter adjectives, and a seventh verbs. There is one count that puts the English voca... | [] | [
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"Stress-timed languages",
"Subject–verb–object languages",
"Cultural globalization",
"Sahitya Akademi recognised languages"
] | |
projected-00000849-041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft | Aircraft | History | An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes, helicopters, airships (including b... | The Evolution of Modern Aircraft (NASA)
Virtual Museum
Smithsonian Air and Space Museum - online collection with a particular focus on history of aircraft and spacecraft
Amazing Early Flying Machines slideshow by Life magazine | [] | [
"External links",
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"Aircraft"
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projected-00000874-040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20Egypt | Ancient Egypt | Population | Ancient Egypt was a civilization in ancient Northeast Africa, situated in the Egyptian Nile Valley in Egypt. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often ide... | Estimates of the size of the population range from 1–1.5 million in the 3rd millennium BC to possibly 2–3 million by the 1st millennium BC, before growing significantly towards the end of that millennium. | [] | [
"Population"
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"Ancient Egypt",
"Civilizations",
"Former empires in Africa",
"Former empires in Asia",
"Ancient peoples",
"History of Egypt",
"History of the Mediterranean"
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projected-18963870-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature | Literature | Definitions | Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include oral literature, much of which has been transcribed. Literature is a method of ... | Definitions of literature have varied over time. In Western Europe, prior to the 18th century, literature denoted all books and writing literature can be seen as returning to older, more inclusive notions, so that cultural studies, for instance, include, in addition to canonical works, popular and minority genres. The ... | [] | [
"Definitions"
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"Literature"
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projected-00001130-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna | Avicenna | List of works | Ibn Sina (; 980 – June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna (), was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant physicians, astronomers, philosophers, and writers of the Islamic Golden Age, and the father of early modern medicine. Sajjad H. Rizvi has called Avicenna "arguably the most ... | The treatises of Avicenna influenced later Muslim thinkers in many areas including theology, philology, mathematics, astronomy, physics and music. His works numbered almost 450 volumes on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 volumes of his surviving works concentrate on philos... | [] | [
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"Aristotelian philosophers",
"Burials in Iran",
"Buyid viziers",
"Classical h... | |
projected-00001178-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife | Afterlife | Different metaphysical models | The afterlife (also referred to as life after death) is a purported existence in which the essential part of an individual's identity or their stream of consciousness continues to live after the death of their physical body. The surviving essential aspect varies between belief systems; it may be some partial element, o... | Theists generally believe some afterlife awaits people when they die. Members of some generally non-theistic religions tend to believe in an afterlife but without reference to a deity. The Sadducees were an ancient Jewish sect that generally believed that there was a God but no existence after death.
Many religions, w... | [] | [
"Different metaphysical models"
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"Afterlife",
"Religious belief and doctrine",
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projected-00001354-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes | Andes | Etymology | The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south t... | The etymology of the word Andes has been debated. The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word 'east' as in Antisuyu (Quechua for 'east region'), one of the four regions of the Inca Empire.
The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word cordel 'rope' and is used as a descriptive name for several c... | [] | [
"Etymology"
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"Andes",
"Mountain ranges of South America",
"Ecology of the Andes",
"Regions of South America",
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projected-40017873-010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Diabetes | Diagnosis | Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acu... | Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed with a test for the glucose content in the blood, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:
Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). For this test, blood is taken after a period of fasting, i.e. in the morning before breakfast, after the patient had suffic... | [] | [
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"Cardiovascular diseases",
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projected-40017873-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Diabetes | Management | Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acu... | Diabetes management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal, without causing low blood sugar. This can usually be accomplished with dietary changes, exercise, weight loss, and use of appropriate medications (insulin, oral medications).
Learning about the disease and actively participating in the ... | [] | [
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"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Endocrine diseases",
"Cardiovascular diseases",
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projected-40017873-021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes | Diabetes | History | Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. Acu... | Diabetes was one of the first diseases described, with an Egyptian manuscript from 1500 BCE mentioning "too great emptying of the urine." The Ebers papyrus includes a recommendation for a drink to take in such cases. The first described cases are believed to have been type 1 diabetes. Indian physicians around the same... | [] | [
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"Metabolic disorders",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Endocrine diseases",
"Cardiovascular diseases",
"Disability by type"
] | |
projected-00001805-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic | Antibiotic | Side effects | An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A lim... | Antibiotics are screened for any negative effects before their approval for clinical use, and are usually considered safe and well tolerated. However, some antibiotics have been associated with a wide extent of adverse side effects ranging from mild to very severe depending on the type of antibiotic used, the microbes ... | [
"Choosing Wisely antibiotics poster small English.pdf"
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"Antibiotics",
"Anti-infective agents",
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projected-18993927-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20culture | Popular culture | History | Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time. Popular culture also encompasses the activities and feelings produced as a result of interaction wi... | In the past folk culture functioned analogously to the popular culture of the masses and of the nations.
The phrase "popular culture" was coined in the 19th century or earlier. Traditionally, popular culture was associated with poor education and with the lower classes, as opposed to the "official culture" and higher ... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Popular culture",
"Media studies",
"Youth"
] | |
projected-18994022-012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory | Prehistory | Timeline | Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of symbols, marks, and images appears very early among humans, but the earliest ... | All dates are approximate and conjectural, obtained through research in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, genetics, geology, or linguistics. They are all subject to revision due to new discoveries or improved calculations. BP stands for "Before Present (1950)." BCE stands for "Before Common Era". | [] | [
"Timeline"
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"Prehistory",
"World history"
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projected-00043455-036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%20dynasty | Tang dynasty | Historiography | The Tang dynasty (, ; ), or Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilization, a... | The first classic work about the Tang is the Old Book of Tang by Liu Xu (887–946) et al. of the Later Jin, who redacted it during the last years of his life. This was edited into another history (labeled the New Book of Tang) in order to distinguish it, which was a work by the Song historians Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072), So... | [] | [
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"7th-century establishments in China",
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"10th-century disestablishments in China",
"10th century in China",
"618 establishments",
"907 disestablishments",
"Dynasties in Chinese history",
"Former countries in C... | |
projected-00043494-017 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy%20tale | Fairy tale | Interpretations | A fairy tale, fairytale, wonder tale, magic tale, fairy story or Märchen is an instance of folklore genre that takes the form of a short story. Such stories typically feature mythical entities such as dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies and Peris, giants, Divs, gnomes, goblins, griffins, mermaids, talking animals, trolls, ... | Many fairy tales have been interpreted for their (purported) significance. One mythological interpretation saw many fairy tales, including Hansel and Gretel, Sleeping Beauty, and The Frog King, as solar myths; this mode of interpretation subsequently became rather less popular. Freudian, Jungian, and other psychologica... | [] | [
"Interpretations"
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"Fairy tales",
"German folklore",
"German literature",
"Narrative techniques",
"Fantasy genres",
"Traditional stories"
] | |
projected-00044905-003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma | Asthma | Causes | Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and easily triggered bronchospasms. Symptoms include episodes of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These may occur a few times a day... | Asthma is caused by a combination of complex and incompletely understood environmental and genetic interactions. These influence both its severity and its responsiveness to treatment. It is believed that the recent increased rates of asthma are due to changing epigenetics (heritable factors other than those related to ... | [] | [
"Causes"
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"Asthma",
"Chronic lower respiratory diseases",
"Human diseases and disorders",
"Respiratory therapy",
"Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate",
"Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate (full)"
] | |
projected-00002965-033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism | Alcoholism | Society and culture | Alcoholism is, broadly, any drinking of alcohol that results in significant mental or physical health problems. Because there is disagreement on the definition of the word alcoholism, it is not a recognized diagnostic entity. Predominant diagnostic classifications are alcohol use disorder (DSM-5) or alcohol dependence ... | The various health problems associated with long-term alcohol consumption are generally perceived as detrimental to society, for example, money due to lost labor-hours, medical costs due to injuries due to drunkenness and organ damage from long-term use, and secondary treatment costs, such as the costs of rehabilitatio... | [] | [
"Society and culture"
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"Alcohol abuse",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Drinking culture",
"Substance-related disorders",
"Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate",
"Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate",
"Substance dependence"
] | |
projected-00003118-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic | Arithmetic | Fundamental theorem of arithmetic | Arithmetic () is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th century, Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano formalized arithmetic with his Pean... | The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that any integer greater than 1 has a unique prime factorization (a representation of a number as the product of prime factors), excluding the order of the factors. For example, 252 only has one prime factorization:
252 = 2 × 3 × 7
Euclid's Elements first introduced this t... | [] | [
"Fundamental theorem of arithmetic"
] | [
"Arithmetic",
"Mathematics education"
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projected-00003401-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board%20game | Board game | Categories | Board games are tabletop games that typically use . These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well.
Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (Br... | There are a number of ways in which board games can be classified, and considerable overlap may exist, so that a game belong in several categories.
H. J. R. Murray's A History of Board Games Other Than Chess (1952) has been called the first attempt to develop a "scheme for the classification of board games". David Par... | [] | [
"Categories"
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"Board games",
"History of board games",
"Egyptian inventions"
] | |
projected-00004502-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology | Biotechnology | Definition | Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts there of and molecular analogues for products and services. The term biotechnology was first used by Károly Ereky in 1919, meaning the production of products from raw materials wi... | The concept of biotechnology encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also i... | [] | [
"Definition"
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"Biotechnology",
"Life sciences industry"
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projected-11749910-007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese | Cheese | Production | Cheese is a dairy product produced in wide ranges of flavors, textures, and forms by coagulation of the milk protein casein. It comprises proteins and fat from milk, usually the milk of cows, buffalo, goats, or sheep. During production, milk is usually acidified and the enzymes of either rennet or bacterial enzymes wit... | In 2014, world production of cheese from whole cow milk was 18.7 million tonnes, with the United States accounting for 29% (5.4 million tonnes) of the world total followed by Germany, France and Italy as major producers (table).
Other 2014 world totals for processed cheese include:
from skimmed cow milk, 2.4 million ... | [] | [
"Production"
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"Cheese",
"Ancient dishes",
"Condiments",
"Dairy products",
"Articles containing video clips",
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projected-00004620-043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze%20Age | Bronze Age | Americas | The Bronze Age is a historic period, lasting approximately from 3300 BC to 1200 BC, characterized by the use of bronze, the presence of writing in some areas, and other early features of urban civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age system proposed in 1836 by Christian Jürgensen Tho... | The Moche civilization of South America independently discovered and developed bronze smelting. Bronze technology was developed further by the Incas and used widely both for utilitarian objects and sculpture. A later appearance of limited bronze smelting in West Mexico suggests either contact of that region with Andean... | [] | [
"Americas"
] | [
"Bronze Age",
"Articles which contain graphical timelines",
"Historical eras"
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projected-00005142-035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Chaplin | Charlie Chaplin | Filmography | Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. (16 April 188925 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more ... | Directed features:
The Kid (1921)
A Woman of Paris (1923)
The Gold Rush (1925)
The Circus (1928)
City Lights (1931)
Modern Times (1936)
The Great Dictator (1940)
Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
Limelight (1952)
A King in New York (1957)
A Countess from Hong Kong (1967) | [] | [
"Filmography"
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"Charlie Chaplin",
"1889 births",
"1977 deaths",
"19th-century English people",
"20th-century British male musicians",
"20th-century English screenwriters",
"20th-century English businesspeople",
"20th-century English comedians",
"20th-century English male actors",
"Academy Honorary Award recipien... | |
projected-00005222-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia | Colombia | Etymology | Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with an insular region in North America. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and Panama to the northwest. Colombi... | The name "Colombia" is derived from the last name of the Italian navigator Christopher Columbus (, ). It was conceived as a reference to all of the New World. The name was later adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819, formed from the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia, Panama, V... | [] | [
"Etymology"
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"Colombia",
"Andean Community",
"Countries in South America",
"Constitutional republics",
"Former Spanish colonies",
"Member states of the United Nations",
"Republics",
"Spanish-speaking countries and territories",
"States and territories established in 1810",
"Transcontinental countries"
] | wit-train-topic-001134500 |
projected-00050521-014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer | Sumer | Population | Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. It is one of the cradles of civilization in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civil... | Uruk, one of Sumer's largest cities, has been estimated to have had a population of 50,000–80,000 at its height; given the other cities in Sumer, and the large agricultural population, a rough estimate for Sumer's population might be 0.8 million to 1.5 million. The world population at this time has been estimated at 27... | [] | [
"Population"
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"Sumer",
"States and territories established in the 4th millennium BC",
"States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC",
"States and territories disestablished in the 20th century BC",
"Civilizations",
"Lists of coordinates",
"Archaeology of Iraq",
"Levant",
"Populated places establish... | wit-train-topic-004284151 |
projected-00005623-006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal | Canal | Construction | Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flow under atmospheric pressure, and can be thought of as artificial rivers.
In most cases,... | Canals are built in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path:
Human made streams
A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making dykes or levees by piling dirt, stone, c... | [] | [
"Construction"
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"Canals",
"Coastal construction",
"Water transport infrastructure",
"Artificial bodies of water",
"Infrastructure"
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projected-00325329-050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20War | Cold War | In popular culture | The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the an... | During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence people around the world, especially using motion pictures. The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media, and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War... | [] | [
"In popular culture"
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"Cold War",
"20th-century conflicts",
"Global conflicts",
"History of international relations",
"Wars involving the Soviet Union",
"Wars involving the United States",
"Soviet Union–United States relations",
"Aftermath of World War II",
"Geopolitical rivalry",
"Wars involving NATO",
"Nuclear warf... | |
projected-00325329-051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20War | Cold War | Historiography | The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span from the an... | As soon as the term "Cold War" was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians, political scientists, and journalists. In particular, historians have sharply disagre... | [] | [
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"Geopolitical rivalry",
"Wars involving NATO",
"Nuclear warf... | |
projected-00005826-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20number | Complex number | Notation | In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted , called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation ; every complex number can be expressed in the form , where and are real numbers. Because no real number satisfies the above equation,... | A real number can be regarded as a complex number , whose imaginary part is 0. A purely imaginary number is a complex number , whose real part is zero. As with polynomials, it is common to write for and for . Moreover, when the imaginary part is negative, that is, , it is common to write instead of ; for example,... | [] | [
"Notation"
] | [
"Composition algebras",
"Complex numbers"
] | |
projected-00005914-020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis | Catalysis | History | Catalysis () is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance known as a catalyst (). Catalysts are not consumed in the reaction and remain unchanged after it. If the reaction is rapid and the catalyst recycles quickly, very small amounts of catalyst often suffice; mixing, surface area... | Generally speaking, anything that increases the rate of a process is a "catalyst", a term derived from Greek καταλύειν, meaning "to annul," or "to untie," or "to pick up." The concept of catalysis was invented by chemist Elizabeth Fulhame and described in a 1794 book, based on her novel work in oxidation-reduction exp... | [] | [
"History"
] | [
"Catalysis",
"Chemical kinetics",
"Articles containing video clips"
] | |
projected-00005932-004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate | Carbohydrate | Division | In organic chemistry, a carbohydrate () is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n). However, not all carbohydrates conform to this precise s... | Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, their simple derivatives and their polymers having linkages of the acetal type. They may be classified according to their degree of polymerization, and may be divided initially into three principal groups, namely sugars, oligosaccharides and polysacchar... | [] | [
"Division"
] | [
"Carbohydrates",
"Nutrition"
] | |
projected-00050896-009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20station | Space station | Architecture | A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time, and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite (i.e. a type of orbital spaceflight). Stations mus... | Two types of space stations have been flown: monolithic and modular. Monolithic stations consist of a single vehicle and are launched by one rocket. Modular stations consist of two or more separate vehicles that are launched independently and docked on orbit. Modular stations are currently preferred due to lower costs ... | [] | [
"Architecture"
] | [
"Space stations",
"1971 introductions",
"Human habitats",
"Soviet inventions"
] | wit-train-topic-001251986 |
projected-00005962-032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet | Comet | Observation | A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process that is called outgassing. This produces a visible atmosphere or coma, and sometimes also a tail. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the solar wind acting upon the nucl... | A comet may be discovered photographically using a wide-field telescope or visually with binoculars. However, even without access to optical equipment, it is still possible for the amateur astronomer to discover a sungrazing comet online by downloading images accumulated by some satellite observatories such as SOHO. SO... | [] | [
"Observation"
] | [
"Comets",
"Astronomical objects",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Ice",
"Extraterrestrial water",
"Concepts in astronomy"
] | |
projected-00005993-011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical%20bond | Chemical bond | Theories of chemical bonding | A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of molecules. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerabl... | In the (unrealistic) limit of "pure" ionic bonding, electrons are perfectly localized on one of the two atoms in the bond. Such bonds can be understood by classical physics. The forces between the atoms are characterized by isotropic continuum electrostatic potentials. Their magnitude is in simple proportion to the cha... | [] | [
"Theories of chemical bonding"
] | [
"Chemical bonding",
"Quantum chemistry"
] | |
projected-00005999-001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate | Climate | Definition | Climate is the long-term weather pattern in an area, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and variability of meteorological variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric... | Climate () is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. The Intergovernmental Pa... | [] | [
"Definition"
] | [
"Climate",
"Meteorological concepts",
"Climatology"
] | |
projected-00006125-015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Friedrich%20Gauss | Carl Friedrich Gauss | Anecdotes | Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; ; ; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician and physicist who made significant contributions to many fields in mathematics and science. Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum () and "the greatest mathematician since antiquity", Gauss had an exceptional inf... | There are several stories of his early genius. According to one, his gifts became very apparent at the age of three when he corrected, mentally and without fault in his calculations, an error his father had made on paper while calculating finances.
Another story has it that in primary school after the young Gauss misb... | [] | [
"Anecdotes"
] | [
"Carl Friedrich Gauss",
"1777 births",
"1855 deaths",
"18th-century German mathematicians",
"19th-century German mathematicians",
"Technical University of Braunschweig alumni",
"Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences",
"German deists",
"Differential geometers",
"Fellows ... | |
projected-00006678-002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat | Cat | Taxonomy | The cat (Felis catus) is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family. A cat can either be a house cat, a farm cat, or a feral cat; the latter r... | The scientific name Felis catus was proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a domestic cat. Felis catus domesticus was proposed by Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben in 1777. Felis daemon proposed by Konstantin Alekseevich Satunin in 1904 was a black cat from the Transcaucasus, later identified as a domestic cat.
In 200... | [] | [
"Taxonomy"
] | [
"Cats",
"Mammals described in 1758",
"Animal models",
"Articles containing video clips",
"Felis",
"Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus",
"Cosmopolitan mammals"
] |
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