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The effects of morphine and D-Ala2 D-Leu5 enkephalin (DADLE) on intestinal motility were studied in conscious dogs with chronically implanted electrodes. In fed dogs, the normal pattern of irregular spike activity was interrupted by morphine and DADLE; both induced regular spike activity whilst DADLE also induced quiescence. Mr2266 and naloxone abolished the regular spike activity response to morphine and DADLE, but not the quiescence induced by DADLE. Mr2267 had no antagonistic action. Nalorphine methiodide induced a morphine-like response; lower doses had no agonistic action but abolished the response to morphine. The results suggest that regular spike activity induced by morphine and DADLE is a mu receptor effect, whilst the quiescence induced by DADLE may be a delta receptor effect. Morphine appears to have a peripheral site of action.
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Delicate Matcha powder has a rich sweet taste and is naturally pure . It contains rich in vitamin C, E and many minerals. It also contains an important element of Polyphenols, Although it is possible to useMatcha in a wide variety of recipes, it is important to remember that it originates from Japanese tea ceremony. Therefore, it is a very special type of tea.
Select a guide below for instructions
Optional – Warm a Japanese tea bowl or a cappuccino bowl with hot water, empty and dry the bowl.
- Place ½ teaspoon of Matcha into a Japanese bowl,
- Add 1/3 cup 60 degree water,
- Use a bamboo whisk or a teaspoon to whip the powder to green froth,
- Drink it right away, in three or four sips,
If it is sipped leisurely, the green tea powder will settle to the bottom and the tea won’t be as pleasurable.
In traditional tea ceremony would be served with a sweet or 2 slices of Yokan (red bean jelly.)
Use home tea cake recipe.
- Place 1 tablespoon Matcha in a large mixing bowl,
- Add Tea Cake ingredients as follows,
- Add 3 eggs and 150ml milk,
- Add 4 tablespoons (80g) vegetable oil or margarine or butter,
- Stir all ingredients until it is even consistency,
Follow below instructions:
“Preheat oven, Grease cake tin, Place mixture in tin, Place in oven to remove cake, Invert tin to remove cake etc…”
- Soften any 1 litre container of vanilla ice cream at room temperature,
- Place 2 teaspoons Matcha with 3 tablespoons of softened vanilla ice cream in a small bowl,
- Mix into green paste,
- Place green paste into 1 litre of softened vanilla ice cream,
- Stir ice cream until it is an even consistency,
- Store in Freezer,
- Serve once hard.
(Use a home made ice cream machine for a better result.)
- Place 1 ripe banana,
- Add 1/2 teaspoon Matcha,
- Add 200ml cold milk or soy in a mixer,
- Optional – add 1 teaspoon honey or 1 raw egg,
- Mix 30 seconds.
Matcha can be sprinkled on any kind of meal before serving such as salad, vegetable noodle soup, sandwich, biscuit, cookie – sweet or savoury.
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जब गुणवत्ता वाले वस्त्रों की बात आती है, तो ऐसी कुछ कंपनियां हैं जो एबरक्रोंबी में दिखने वाले डिजाइनों और कपड़ों से मेल खा सकते हैं अमेरिका में पूरे देश में स्थित आउटलेट कंपनी को नी स्टॉक एक्सचेंज में ए एंड एफ के रूप में सूचीबद्ध किया गया है, और स्टोर को एबरक्रोम्बी और फिच भी कहा जाता है, जो मूल कंपनी का नाम है लोगों को हमेशा कंपनी के स्टोरों में एबरक्रोंबी और फिच के साथ-साथ अबर्रक्रोमी और हॉलीस्टर जैसे लेबल मिलते हैं। यह लेख पाठकों के दिमागों से इस तरह के सभी संदेह को दूर करने का प्रयास करता है।
एबरक्रोंबी और हॉलीस्टर में क्या अंतर है?
१८ ९ २ में स्थापित, एबरक्रोंबी और फिच ने एकल ब्रांड नाम ए एंड एफ के तहत उत्पादों को बनाने के लिए लंबे समय तक जारी रखा यह केवल बाद में ही था कि कंपनी को यह महसूस हुआ कि विभिन्न आयु समूहों में अलग-अलग आवश्यकताओं की जरूरत है और इस प्रकार, बच्चों और किशोरों की जरूरतों को पूरा करने के लिए अलग-अलग ब्रांड नामों जैसे एबर्रॉम्बी और हॉलीस्टर के साथ आया।
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Who can you talk to about periods?
This lesson uses reinforces the idea that menstruation is a private conversation topic and supports identification of at least two people your student/client/child can speak to about menstruation. You could also identify the people that we don’t talk to about periods e.g. the bus driver, the shopkeeper, etc.
Foundation Knowledge for this lesson includes differentiation of male and female bodies; awareness of age and body differences between babies, children, adolescents, and adults; receptive identification of vagina; public and private body parts; receptive identification of sanitary pads, bin, toilet, and underpants; receptive identification of blood.
- Customise: take photos of trusted adults who are comfortable talking with your student about periods, as well as people they may know and have a good relationship with but would not be appropriate to talk with about periods.
- Public and Private reinforcement: Include a period image in a lesson about public and private talk topics.
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|Adrian over at Adrian's Crazy Life is hosting a giveaway for a $25 gift card to Macys! I love Macy's clearance rack! |
Adrian is a Fishful Thinking Mom-bassador! I've mentioned Fishful Thinking before..they are encouraging parents (and adults in general) to motivate their children to become more positive and more active in their children's lives!!!
Adrian asked that we go over to Fishful Thinking and choose an activity to do with our children or modify for ourselves if we don't have kids!!!
Children create vivid images of the material objects they desire, but they have a harder time visualizing personal goals, such as "Getting an A on a test" or "Being kind to the new girl at school." To make the goals more real, use a camera to capture thoughts in action. For example, if your child is determined to "do better" in math class, talk about what "better" means. Then, take a photograph of a mock-up of a test paper or report card that represents the improvement in math. That photograph becomes the physical representation of the goal. Then, take pictures of your child engaging in strategies (representing pathways thinking) that might help attain the goal. For example, take a photograph of your child when reading the math book, practicing math problems, or using objects to solve problems. Also, take pictures, which could be funny staged pictures, of your child looking determined or confident (representing the agency thinking that drives goal pursuits). Then, have your child take pictures of people (teacher, friends, sibling or mentor) who are helpful when trying to succeed in math (these people are sources of agency). Finally, have your child arrange the photos on a poster board with pathways photos first followed by a plus sign, then agency photos followed by an equals sign, then the first picture taken, the goal picture (pathways + agency = goal). Each time your child works on math, talk about the many photographs and thoughts that make up academic success.
To modify for myself....I am going to use this as a scrap book starting point! I am having many things to hope for....
Gods destiny for my life
My teaching certificate
and many, many more....
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user ={'name' : 'shuvranil', 'age' : 21}
print(user['name'])
print(user["age"])
user = dict(name = 'shuvranil' , age = 21)
print(user['name']) # shuvranil = output
user_info = {
'name' : 'shvranil',
'age' : 21,
'fav movie' : ['interstaller','your name'],
'music' : ["pop","jazz"]
}
# print(user_info['fav movie']) # output = ['interstaller','your name']
if 'name' in user_info: # for key
print('present')
else:
print('not present')
output = present
user_info = {
'name' : 'shvranil',
'age' : 21,
'fav movie' : ['interstaller','your name'],
'music' : ["pop","jazz"]
}
if 'shvranil' in user_info.values(): # for valoues of key
print('present')
else:
print('not present')
user_info = {
'name' : 'shvranil',
'age' : 21,
'fav movie' : ['interstaller','your name'],
'music' : ["pop","jazz"]
}
user_info['height'] = "5'5"
print(user_info)
print(user_info.pop('name'))
print(user_info)
d = dict.fromkeys(('name' , 'age'),'unknown')
print(d) # output - {'name': 'unknown', 'age': 'unknown'}
f = d.get("name")
print(f) # unknown
if d.get("names"):
print("prasent")
else:
print('not present') # not present
print(d.get('names', 'not found !!')) # not found !!
def cube(c):
cub = {}
for i in range(1,c+1):
cub[i] =i**3
return cub
number = int(input("Enter your number : "))
print(cube(number)) # ourput = {1: 1, 2: 8, 3: 27, 4: 64, 5: 125}
def count(n):
c = {}
for i in n:
c[i] = n.count(i)
return c
name = input("Enter your name : ")
nam = name.lower() # {'s': 2, 'h': 1, 'u': 1, 'v': 1, 'r': 1, 'a': 1, 'n': 1, 'i': 1}
print(count(nam))
name = input("Enter your name : ")
nam = name.title()
age = input("Enter your age : ")
movie = input("Enter your movies use coma : ").split(",")
music = input("Enter your musics use coma : ").split(",")
info = {}
info['name'] = nam
info['age'] = age
info['fav_movies'] = movie
info['fav_musics'] = music
for key, value in info.i:
print(F'{key}:{value}')
n = int(input("Enter your number : "))
cub = {}
for i in range(1,n+1):
cub[i] =i**3
for key, value in cub.items():
print(value , end =" ")
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Welcome to the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Research Repository
What would you like to view today?
Screening for abiotic stress resistance in root and tuber crops: IITA research guide, No. 68
MetadataShow full item record
The main abiotic stress factors affecting root and tuber crops in sub-Saharan Africa are drought, waterlogging, temperature extremes, solar radiation extremes, and nutrient imbalances. To reduce the effects of abiotic stress, researchers breed crops that have high levels of resistance to the relevant stress factors. Researchers identify traits that confer resistance to stress factors. Genotypes with desirable traits are selected by screening, and used to breed populations with improved resistance.
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Artificial intelligence and machine learning are currently affecting our lives in many small but impactful ways. For example, AI and machine learning applications recommend entertainment we might enjoy through streaming services such as Netflix and Spotify.
In the near future, it’s predicted that these technologies will have an even larger impact on society through activities such as driving fully autonomous vehicles, enabling complex scientific research and facilitating medical discoveries.
But the computers used for AI and machine learning demand a lot of energy. Currently, the need for computing power related to these technologies is doubling roughly every three to four months. And cloud computing data centers used by AI and machine learning applications worldwide are already devouring more electrical power per year than some small countries. It’s easy to see that this level of energy consumption is unsustainable.
A research team led by the University of Washington has developed new optical computing hardware for AI and machine learning that is faster and much more energy efficient than conventional electronics. The research also addresses another challenge—the ‘noise‘ inherent to optical computing that can interfere with computing precision.
In a new paper, published Jan. 21 in Science Advances, the team demonstrates an optical computing system for AI and machine learning that not only mitigates this noise but actually uses some of it as input to help enhance the creative output of the artificial neural network within the system.
“We’ve built an optical computer that is faster than a conventional digital computer,” said lead author Changming Wu, a UW doctoral student in electrical and computer engineering. “And also, this optical computer can create new things based on random inputs generated from the optical noise that most researchers tried to evade.”
Optical computing noise essentially comes from stray light particles, or photons, that originate from the operation of lasers within the device and background thermal radiation. To target noise, the researchers connected their optical computing core to a special type of machine learning network, called a Generative Adversarial Network.
The team tested several noise mitigation techniques, which included using some of the noise generated by the optical computing core to serve as random inputs for the GAN.
For example, the team assigned the GAN the task of learning how to handwrite the number “7” like a person would. The optical computer could not simply print out the number according to a prescribed font. It had to learn the task much like a child would, by looking at visual samples of handwriting and practicing until it could write the number correctly. Of course the optical computer didn’t have a human hand for writing, so its form of “handwriting” was to generate digital images that had a style similar to the samples it had studied, but were not identical to them.
“Instead of training the network to read handwritten numbers, we trained the network to learn to write numbers, mimicking visual samples of handwriting that it was trained on,” said senior author Mo Li, a UW professor of electrical and computer engineering. “We, with the help of our computer science collaborators at Duke University, also showed that the GAN can mitigate the negative impact of the optical computing hardware noises by using a training algorithm that is robust to errors and noises. More than that, the network actually uses the noises as random input that is needed to generate output instances.”
After learning from handwritten samples of the number seven, which were from a standard AI-training image set, the GAN practiced writing “7” until it could do it successfully. Along the way, it developed its own distinct writing style and could write numbers from one to 10 in computer simulations.
The next steps include building this device at a larger scale using current semiconductor manufacturing technology. So, instead of constructing the next version of the device in a lab, the team plans to use an industrial semiconductor foundry to achieve wafer-scale technology. A larger-scale device will further improve performance and allow the research team to do more complex tasks beyond handwriting generation such as creating artwork and even videos.
“This optical system represents a computer hardware architecture that can enhance the creativity of artificial neural networks used in AI and machine learning, but more importantly, it demonstrates the viability for this system at a large scale where noise and errors can be mitigated and even harnessed,” Li said. “AI applications are growing so fast that in the future, their energy consumption will be unsustainable. This technology has the potential to help reduce that energy consumption, making AI and machine learning environmentally sustainable—and very fast, achieving higher performance overall.”
Citation: Harnessing noise in optical computing for AI (2022, January 21) retrieved 23 January 2022 from https://techxplore.com/news/2022-01-harnessing-noise-optical-ai.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
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Africa in Fashion explores the kaleidoscope of craft cultures that have shaped African fashion for centuries and captures the intriguing stories of contemporary and avant-garde African brands.
Part One looks at Africa’s rich cultural heritage and place in the network of global fashion. The first chapter retells the history of African fashion, exploring Africa’s textile traditions, artisanship and role as a global resource. The second chapter presents a New Africa and examines the promise and potential of Africa’s markets, while challenging stereotypes and the concept of European hegemony particularly in the realm of luxury fashion. It also spotlights Africa’s unique position as the global industry shifts towards a more sustainable future.
Part Two ushers the reader into the spectacular world of African fashion today. It showcases a carefully curated set of the continent’s most dynamic brands and, through interviews with prominent and inspiring designers, offers rare insight into their ethos and design practice. Covering unisex fashion, menswear, womenswear, accessories and jewellery the brands are each purposefully selected to contribute uniquely to the mosaic of Africa evolving creative landscape.
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हुंडई मोटर इंडिया लिमिटेड ने साल २०२० की सबसे प्रतीक्षित कार हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० सेकेंड जेनरेशन को भारत में लांच कर दिया है इस कार की लोग काफी प्रतीक्षा कर रहे थे हुंडई क्रेटा भारत की सबसे पॉपुलर एसयूवी में से है हुंडई ने इस कार को तीन इंजन विकल्पों और ५ वेरिएंट के साथ लॉन्च किया है। इस पॉपुलर एसयूवी के लिए प्रीबुकिंग्स कम्पनी ने २ मार्च को शुरू की थी। सेकेंड जेनरेशन हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० का सीधा मुकाबला किआ मोटर्स की किया सेल्टोस से होगा। आपकी जानकारी के लिए बता दे कि दक्षिण कोरियाई कम्पनी हुंडई मोटर्स ही किया मोटर्स की पैरेंटल कंपनी है।
हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० तीन इंजन विकल्पों के साथ लांच की गयी है १.५-लीटर पेट्रोल, १.५-लीटर डीजल और १.४ कप्पा टर्बो पेट्रोल इंजन। जिसमे से १.५-लीटर पेट्रोल इंजन ६३०० आरपीएम पर ११५ प्स की पॉवर और ४५00 आरपीएम पर १४.७ कम की टार्क उत्पन्न करता है। वही इसका १.५-लीटर डीजल इंजन ४000 आरपीएम पर ११५ प्स की पॉवर १५00-2७00 आरपीएम पर 2५.५ कम की टार्क देता है। हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० का १.४ कप्पा टर्बो पेट्रोल इंजन ६००० आरपीएम पर १४0 प्स की पॉवर और १५00-३२०० आरपीएम पर 2४.७ कम की टार्क देता है।
ट्रांसमिशन और गियरबॉक्स की बात करे तो १.५-लीटर पेट्रोल इंजन के साथ ६ स्पीड मैन्युअल और इंटेलीजेंट वेरिएबल ट्रांसमिशन मिलेगा, १.५-लीटर डीजल इंजन के साथ ६ स्पीड मैन्युअल और ६ स्पीड आटोमेटिक ट्रांसमिशन मिलेगा वही क्रेटा के १.४ कप्पा टर्बो पेट्रोल इंजन के साथ ७- स्पीड ड्यूल क्लच ट्रांसमिशन मिलेगा।
हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० में ३.५ इंच का मोनो टीएफटी मल्टी इन्फॉर्मेशन डिस्प्ले, ७ इंच का इंस्ट्रूमेंट क्लस्टर, फ्रंट वेंटिलेटेड सीट, रिमोट इंजन स्टार्ट-स्टॉप, ८-स्पीकर बोस साउंड सिस्टम, 1७ इंच डायमंड कट अलॉय वील्स, ड्यूल टोन इंटीरियर, एलइडी मैप्स और रीडिंग मैप्स, सनग्लास होल्डर, एलइडी टेल लैम्प्स जैसे फीचर्स मिलेगे।
रेड अलसो: महिंद्रा ज़ुव ३०० का नया वर्जन जल्द होगा लांच; होगी और ज्यादा पावरफुल
हुंडई क्रेटा २०२० में सेफ्टी फीचर्स के रूप मे ईबीडी के साथ एबीएस, एयरबैग्स, इलेक्ट्रानिक स्टेबिलिटी कण्ट्रोल, वेहिकल स्टेबिलिटी मैनेजमेंट कण्ट्रोल, स्पीड अलर्ट सिस्टम, चाइल्ड सीट एंकर, आटोमेटिक हेडलैंप, रियर एसी वेंट्स, लेन चेंज इंडिकेटर, ब्लैक रेडियेटर ग्रिल, ड्यूल-टोन बंपर, सिल्वर ब-च पिलर गार्निश मिलेंगे। इसके साथ नई क्रेटा में ड-कट स्टीयरिंग विद टिल्ट एडजस्टमेंट, सीट बेल्ट रिमाइंडर, रियर पार्किंग सेंसर्स, स्पीड सेंसिंग डोर लॉक्स और जैसे स्टैंडर्ड फीचर्स भी मिलेंगे।
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Every beautician should reserve disposable sheets, designed for outpatient care and for the implementation of various types of invasive procedures, cosmetic procedures requiring sterile conditions. They are used in medical and beauty facilities as a bedding material commonly.
Sheets is easy to use, because presented in a roll and perforated every 180 cm, which allow to rip it fast while continuing the procedure. The width of the sheet is 80 cm, its length is 250 meters. This product is designed for one-time use.
- UK delivery is carried out within 5-8 business days
- delivery is made after the payment order
- Payment Methods:
- Cash on delivery of the goods;
- VISA / MasterCard,
- exchange/return goods within 14 days.
- 18 months Warranty
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#doing BFS and DFS traversal of the graph
# java code https://github.com/mission-peace/interview/blob/master/src/com/interview/graph/GraphTraversal.java
from graph import *
import queue
def dfs_util(v, visited):
if v in visited:
return
visited.add(v)
print(v)
for vertex in v.adjacent_vertices:
dfs_util(vertex, visited)
def dfs(graph):
visited = set()
for id in graph.all_vertex:
dfs_util(graph.all_vertex[id], visited)
def bfs(graph):
q = queue.Queue()
visited = set()
for vertex in graph.all_vertex.values():
if vertex not in visited:
q.put(vertex)
visited.add(vertex)
while not q.empty():
v = q.get();
print(v)
for adj in v.adjacent_vertices:
if adj not in visited:
q.put(adj)
visited.add(adj)
if __name__ == '__main__':
g = Graph(False)
g.add_edge(1,2,10)
g.add_edge(2,3,5)
g.add_edge(1,4,6)
dfs(g)
bfs(g)
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Patent application title: SCANNED SOURCE ORIENTED NANOFIBER FORMATION
Harold G. Craighead (Ithaca, NY, US)
Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
Jun Kameoka (College Station, TX, US)
Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
IPC8 Class: AC23F1700FI
Class name: Etching a substrate: processes masking of a substrate using material resistant to an etchant (i.e., etch resist) resist material applied in particulate form or spray
Publication date: 2013-12-12
Patent application number: 20130327742
Nanofibers are formed using electrospray deposition from microfluidic
source. The source is brought close to a surface, and scanned in one
embodiment to form oriented or patterned fibers. In one embodiment, the
surface has features, such as trenches on a silicon wafer. In further
embodiments, the surface is rotated to form patterned nanofibers, such as
polymer nanofibers. The nanofibers may be used as a mask to create
features, and as a sacrificial layer to create nanochannels.
1. A method comprising: means for depositing a nanofiber on a substrate;
etching the substrate where not substantially covered by the nanofiber;
and removing the nanofiber.
2. A method comprising: means for depositing a depolymerizable nanofiber on a substrate; covering the nanofiber with a capping layer; and removing the nanofiber to create a nanochannel.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the nanochannel is removed by: creating openings in the capping layer on either side of a portion of the nanofiber; and depolymerizing the nanofiber.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the channel is substantially elliptical in cross section.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/470,327, filed May 21, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,413,603, Issued Apr. 9, 2013, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/951,254, filed Sep. 27, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,537,807, Issued May 26, 2009, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/506,214; filed on Sep. 26, 2003; all of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/394,757 (entitled Electrospray Emitter for Microfluidic Channel, filed May 21, 2003).
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to forming nanofibers, and in particular to forming oriented nanofibers using a scanned source.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Nanoscale materials, such as nanowires, nanotubes and nanofibers have gained more attention recently because of their unique electrical, optical and mechanical properties. Fabrication of oriented nanofibers on a planar surface and integration of these nanofibers with microfabricated structures such as electrodes of surface topography are required for application to molecular electronics. Randomly oriented nanofibers with diameters in the range of 50 to 500 nm have been fabricated using electrospinning technology and suggested for use in a wide range of applications such as high performance filters, drug delivery, scaffolds for tissue engineering, optical and electronic applications.
Vertically oriented tubes or metal needles, connected to syringe pumps have normally been used as electrospinning sources. In these systems, a droplet of solution is formed at the exit of a tube with diameter in the range of 300 um to 1 mm. The exit of the capillary tubing is normally directed downward to a counter electrode. A Taylor cone is established at the exit of the capillary tube by applying an electric field. A polymeric solution is extracted from the Taylor cone and electrospun toward the counter electrode surface. The distance between the exit of the capillary tubing and the counter electrode is approximately 5-25 cm with an applied electric field of 1000V/cm to 3000V/cm.
Straight nanofibers with diameters ranging from 100 to 300 nm have been fabricated by electrospinning on an edge of a sharpened rotational disc collector for possible application to molecular electronics. However, this approach does not permit fabricating of nanofibers on a planar surface. Therefore, it is difficult if not impossible to integrate nanofibers with microfabricated structures for such applications.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Nanofibers are formed on a planar surface using electrospray deposition from a microfluidic source. The source is brought close to a surface, and scanned relative to the surface in one embodiment to form oriented or patterned fibers in desired positions. In one embodiment, the source is an electrospray source, such as a microfabricated tip provides a solution from an electrostatically formed Taylor cone formed on the tip.
In one embodiment, the surface has features, such as trenches on a silicon wafer. In further embodiments, the surface is rotated to form patterned nanofibers, such as polymer nanofibers.
In a further embodiment, polymeric nanofibers are formed by electrospinning a polymeric solution on a moving planar silicon surface with microstructures. The nanofibers are integrated with microfabricated structures.
The nanofibers may be used as etch masks for further processing, and may also be used to sacrificial layers to form rounded channels.
In still further embodiments, colloidal suspensions may be provided in the solution to form nanofibers containing nano spheres or other particles. The tips may be dipped in the solution, or fluidic channels may be coupled to the tips to provide the source for the nanofibers. Distances between source and surface, as well as solution viscosity may be varied to form nanofibers with differing properties.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an electrospinning system for creating polymer nanofibers according to an example embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded block view example of a channel with integrated electrospray emitter according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 is a representation of a Taylor cone established on a tip of an emitter in FIG. 2 according to an example embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a block perspective view of an electrospinning system for creating polymer nanofibers on a spinning silicon substrate according to an example embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a planar view of the silicon substrate of FIG. 4 having features formed thereon.
FIG. 6 is a cross section representation of an example nanofiber crossing multiple trenches.
FIGS. 7A and 7B show two scanning electron microscope representations of example nanofibers crossing different size trenches.
FIG. 8 is a block representation of an example multi-tip electrospray emitter device.
FIG. 9 is a block representation of an example "Y" shaped channel.
FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E and 10F are block schematic diagrams illustrating formation of a tip according to an example embodiment.
FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C are block diagrams illustrating an example nanofibers fabrication process.
FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C are block diagrams illustrating formation of a nanostructure according to an example embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and that structural, logical and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limited sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims.
A microfluidic electrospray system is shown at 100 in FIG. 1. A microfluidic channel 110 is coupled at one end to a triangular tip 115, acting as a source for formation of nanofibers. Both are supported by a substrate 120. A reservoir 125 provides a polymer solution in one embodiment to the channel 110 and to the tip 115. Another end of the microfluidic channel 110 is coupled to a reservoir 125 formed in the substrate 120. The reservoir in one embodiment is coupled to a capillary tube 130, or other plumbing to provide the polymer solution to the reservoir and channel. A conductor, such as a gold wire 135 is coupled to the reservoir for coupling the reservoir to a power supply 137. The substrate is mounted on an x,y,z stage for moving the substrate laterally in a desired manner.
In one embodiment, the substrate 120 is positioned between approximately 5 mm to 12.5 mm from holder 145 on which a silicon substrate 150 with aluminum coating 155 is supported. The substrate and aluminum coating 155 are coupled to a ground via a conductor 160, forming a counter electrode. By applying a potential via power supply 137 with respect to the grounded substrate 150, a Taylor cone is established on tip 115, resulting in a liquid jet 170 being formed at the tip and moving toward the substrate 150. In one embodiment, the term Taylor cone is used to refer to any type of structure that result in a thin stream of liquid moving toward the substrate 150. By moving the substrate 120 by use of the x,y,z stage 140, the liquid jet moves across the substrate 150, creating nanofibers on the substrate.
The term "nanofibers" is meant to cover fibers within the dimensions described herein, and smaller fibers. Further the nanofibers may be larger than those described depending on multiple different parameters, including size of the triangle tip.
The microfluidic coupling allows new possibilities for materials processing and nano structure formation. The source allows for smaller source to substrate distances and permits operation at lower voltages than conventional sources. The shorter distance, referred to as a deposition distance, enables greater control of nanofiber morphology and more localized deposition of the fibers. In one embodiment, nanofibers are formed within a 5 mm diameter circle on the substrate 150.
In one example, the electrospray device substrate 120 is attached on the x,y,z stage 140 and adjusted to form a deposition distance between the tip 115 and counter electrode/substrate of approximately 0.5 cm to 1.5 cm. A 300 nl/minute flow rate is created by coupling a syringe pump to the capillary tube 130. A potential is applied to the wire 135 of approximate 2000V to 8500V.
Approximately 500 nm of aluminum is optionally sputter-deposited on the silicon wafer and used as the counter electrode for nanofiber deposition. In one embodiment, the counter electrode is attached to a rotating optical chopper, with rotation rate varied between 40 RPM to 800 RPM. In a further embodiment, nanofibers are directly deposited on the silicon wafer without the need for the Al layer. In this embodiment, the silicon wafer acts as the counter electrode.
Further detail of an electrospray device is shown at 200 in FIG. 2. In one embodiment, a top chip 210 has a microchannel 215 embossed therein. The device further comprises an emitter film 220, having a triangular or trapezoidal shaped tip 230. It should be noted that any type of source, such as commercially available electro spray sources may be used to provide an electro spray of desired materials in addition to the sources described herein. Electrospray techniques involve the use of an applied voltage to extract material from a surface.
In one embodiment, the emitter comprises a larger body portion that is rectangular, with the tip 230 extending from the rectangular portion. A bottom chip 240 is thermally bonded with the top chip 210, sandwiching a portion of the emitter film to hold it firmly between the chips. In one embodiment, the film covers a portion of the length of the channel at one end of the bonded chips as indicated at 250. The tip 230 extends laterally from the channel at end 250. A reservoir 260 is coupled to the other end of the channel 215.
The triangle tip 230 is approximately 3 um thick, and acts like a nozzle or wick that prevents liquid from spreading laterally at the exit of the fluidic channel. In one embodiment, the tip has an apex with an approximately 90 degree angle, and the angles adjacent the channel are approximately 45 degrees. The angle of the apex may be varied, such as between 40 and 120 degrees. At smaller apex angles, liquid may spread at the base of the triangle contacting the microchannel chip, as the wetting angle of solutions in the channel may be smaller than the angles the base of the triangle makes with the chip. Different apex angles may be optimal for solutions with different wetting angles. The base of the triangular tip is approximately 100 micrometers, and the height is approximately 50 micrometers. Thus, the base extends well beyond both sides of the channel when centered approximately at the center of the channel.
The shape of the tip 230 helps form and fix a position of a Taylor cone, as shown in FIG. 3. When a difference in potential is applied to the device, a liquid droplet with a critical curvature for establishing a Taylor cone is formed at the apex of the triangle. A liquid jet 320 is formed at the apex. Highly charged small liquid droplets are made extending toward the counter electrode. Excess electrostatic force extracts liquid from the apex of the Taylor cone to establish the liquid jet. Other shapes of emitter film may also be used, such as trapezoidal shaped emitter films. While an electrospray emitter is described as the source for nanofibers, other sources may also be used to create oriented nanofibers.
Polyethylene oxide was used as the nanofiber solution in one embodiment. It was prepared by dissolving PEO monomer (MW 100,000) at weight concentration of 6% to 10% in a mixture of 50% deionized water and 50% ethanol. Other concentrations may also be used. PEO polymeric solution is electrosprayed to the rotational counter electrode. The deposition distance is set at 2 cm and the position of the triangular tip was set at 2.0 cm laterally away from the center of the counter electrode. Other solutions may also be used to form nanofibers.
For a spinning process, a flow rate of 300 nl/minute is maintained with the syringe pump. 7000V was applied to the gold wire at the fluid source with the metalized substrate at ground potential. A Taylor cone is maintained at the apex of the triangle tip with a stable total ion current of 15 nA.
In various embodiments, nanofiber size and morphology depend on process parameters, which may be varied significantly. Such parameters include the deposition distance, applied electric field strength, and rotational speed of the counter electrode. At smaller deposition distances, the polymer may arrive at the counter electrode as a solution, resulting in a structure resembling a membrane with holes, rather than fibers. In one embodiment, the deposition distance is set to 0.75 cm, and a Taylor cone is established with 3500V applied to the gold electrode. This resulted in approximately 14.8 nA of total ion current and columnar nanofibers with an average diameter of 200 nm. Nanofibers appear to have partially dried while traveling to the counter electrode.
With a distance of approximately 1.0 cm, a Taylor cone is established at about 4000V, and an ion current of about 14.5 nA. Thinner nanofibers are formed in this case, with an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. With a distance of 1.5 cm, the Taylor cone is also established at 4000V, resulting in columnar nanofibers with an average diameter of approximately 100 nm.
From the above examples, the nanofiber size decreased from 200 nm to 100 nm while the deposition distance was increased from 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm. Extension of the deposition distance to more than 1.0 cm did not influence the nanofiber diameter. Once the fibers form in transit, the nanofiber size appears to be fixed, and the fibers are deposited on the surface as a solid.
Applied electric field strength was varied from 4000 V/cm to 8500 V/cm at a distance of 1.0 cm. At 4000 V/cm, cylindrical nanofibers are formed with an average diameter of 100 nm. At 5500 V/cm, the diameter is almost the same, but branched nanofibers with small diameter of 30 to 60 nm were fabricated between the main nanofibers. Nanospheres of approximately 200 to 400 nm were suspended between main nanofibers via smaller nanofibers. At 7000 V/cm, the diameter of the main nanofibers is about 120 nm. Small nanofibers between main nanofibers, as well as nanospheres increased further. At 8500 V/cm, the average diameter of the main nanofibers is about 150 nm. However, smaller, and a larger number nanofibers in the range of 10-20 nm formed. In addition, nanospheres with average diameter of 100 to 200 nm were suspended between medium size nanofibers via small nanofibers.
In still further embodiments, the substrate is rotated during fiber deposition. In various examples, the rotational speed of the counter electrode/substrate, was varied between 40 RPM and 800 RPM. The distance of the source was set approximately 2.0 cm from the center of the rotation of the electrode. At lower rotational speeds, nanofibers formed on the substrate tended to curve in a whiplike manner, creating loops and overlapping loops. As the speed is increased, the fibers formed tended to straighten out at approximately 600 RPM and higher, resulting in essentially straight or lateral fiber formation at nanoscales. The diameter of the nanofibers does not tend to be dependent on rotational speed at this distance.
FIG. 4 is a block perspective view of an electro spinning system 400 for creating polymer nanofibers on a spinning silicon substrate according to an embodiment of the invention. As in FIG. 1, substrate 120 is mounted on a xyz translation stage, and provides a liquid jet 170 from the apex of a triangle sandwiched about a microchannel 110. A syringe pump provides a polymer to the microchannel via tube 130. Conductor 135 is used to apply a potential. The translation stage is used to position the apex of the triangle a desired distance from a target substrate 410 and counter electrode 415, such as deposited aluminum on the substrate. The substrate and counter electrode are mounted on motor 420, such as an optical chopper motor for rotating the substrate with respect to the triangle emitter.
The substrate, in one embodiment, has features 425 formed on its surface, one which nanofibers are to be formed. Such features are shown as trenches at 510 in FIG. 5, formed using common processing techniques. Many other structures may be formed as desired. In one embodiment, the trenches 510 are formed with an orientation such that nanofibers 610 will be formed transverse to them as shown in a cross section in FIG. 6. In FIG. 6, the trenches 510 are heading into the page, while the nanofibers, represented at 610 are formed along the surface of the substrate 410 substantially perpendicular to the trenches. In one embodiment, the nanofibers form an angle with respect to the trenches that may be varied as desired. The width of the trenches may be varied as desired such that the nanofibers span and dip into the trenches, or span the trenches in a substantially straight line.
In one embodiment, different width trenches were used, with widths of approximately 3 um and 5 um with a depth of 2 um. The silicon counter electrode was spun by the motor to create a linear velocity of the counter electrode relative to the microfabricated electro spinning source that is varied between 0.0 cm/s to 168 cm/s.
In one example, the linear velocities were varied with a fixed deposition distance of 2.0 cm with an applied potential of 4000V for 10 to 20 seconds. As the surface velocity increases, the effect of random motion becomes less significant and the orientation of the fibers is dominated by the linear driven motion. If a consistent surface velocity is desired, the rotations per minute must be decreased as the nanofibers are applied further from the center of rotation. In one embodiment, linear velocities were varied between 0.0 cm/s and 168 cm/s for a PEO nanofiber solution. Nanofibers are substantially straight at approximately 126 cm/s. They may be straight at lower speeds, and are likely straight at higher speeds. While the diameter of the nanofibers does not change appreciably with distance from the source, the speed at which straight nanofibers are formed may vary with other parameters, such as applied potential.
In further embodiments, the substrate is not spun, but is moved in a linear direction at a desired speed by a translator or other device. In still further embodiments, the source is moved, or a combination of moving both the source and substrate are used to obtain the desired relative motion.
FIGS. 7A and 7B show two scanning electron microscope representations of an oriented nanofiber 710 with a diameter of about 150 nm fabricated over multiple 3 um wide trenches such as trench 720, and an oriented nanofiber 730 with a diameter of about 140 nm fabricated over multiple 5 um wide trenches such as trench 740. The fibers are suspended between tops of the trenches, and span the gap between the trenches in one embodiment. While trenches are shown as features formed on or in the substrate, many other different features, including feature extending out from the substrate surface may be formed, and have nanofibers deposited across the trenches. The metal layer, such as aluminum may be removed following deposition of the nanofibers using suitable selective etching techniques.
FIG. 8 is a block representation of a multi-tip electrospray emitter device. Four triangle emitters 810, 815, 820 and 825 are shown. Each emitter is coupled to a channel. They may be operated in parallel, or may be sequentially operated. When operated in parallel, the emitters are spaced sufficiently to minimize interference between the respective sprays. A multichannel system when operated in a multiplexed manner operates reliably with no significant cross contamination between the channels, forming substantially parallel sets of nanofibers.
In one embodiment, a "Y" shaped channel indicated at 900 in FIG. 9 is used to provide nanofibers producing fluid to a source. Channel 900 is used in one embodiment to mix PEO solution and Rhodamine B. A first branch 910 provides the PEO solution, and a second branch 920 provides Rhodamine B. The materials come together at a junction of the branches at 930 and begin mixing. The mixed solution is guided to a source, such as a triangular tip as described above by channel 940 for electrospinning to fabricate nanofibers. Other materials may also be used, and more than two branches are used if needed.
In one embodiment, a laminar flow is created in the channel 940 prior to reaching the source. Laminar flow may be used to create layered nanofibers. Additional functions, such as valves and other functions may be added in the channel to further manipulate and control the flow of nanofibers source materials. Reactions may also be facilitated by the channel and associated structures that may be formed. The use of such channels also facilitates the creation of arrays of sources.
FIGS. 10A, 10B, 10C, 10D, 10E and 10F are block schematic diagrams illustrating formation of a tip according to an example embodiment. Conventional microfabrication approaches may be used to form an electrospinning tip source or sources that may be dipped in a solution from which nanowires or nanofibers may be formed.
In FIG. 10A, a silicon wafer 1010 has silicon dioxide layers on both sides at 1015 and 1020. In one embodiment, SiO2 layer 1015 is formed on top of wafer 1010 and is approximately 3 um thick. SiO2 layer 1020 is formed on a bottom of the wafer 1010 and is approximately 1 um thick. In one embodiment, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) was used to form the oxide layers. Other thicknesses may be used as desired consistent with the formation of the tip.
A patterned photoresist 1025 is formed on the top or front of the wafer as shown in perspective view in FIG. 10B. A tip shape is defined in the photoresist as indicated at 1030. In one embodiment, the tip is in the shape of an arrow extending from a support structure, such as a rectangular block. The head of the arrow is a triangular shape coupled to the end of a shaft extending from the support structure. Other shapes of tips may be formed as described below.
FIG. 10c is a cross section of the wafer 1010 following etching of the oxide, such as by use of CHF3/O2 plasma. The remaining resist may be removed in an oxygen plasma. FIG. 10D is a cross section of the wafer 1010 following a full wafer etch-through to the lower oxide layer 1020, using a Bosch process, or other process that provides a fairly deep etch with desirable, fairly straight sidewall characteristics. Remaining oxide is then removed, such as by use of HF, and a conductive layer is applied to the top of the tip as seen at 1040 in FIG. 10E. The conductive layer in one embodiment is formed of approximately 20 nm of Cr and 100 nm of Au deposited by use of electron beam evaporation. Other conductors, thicknesses and methods of forming such may be used in various embodiments. Gold is used in one embodiment. The remaining silicon 1050 combined with the conductive layer form an electro spinning tip 1060, which may be removed from the wafer, which in one embodiment is a 4 inch wafer from which multiple tips may be formed. 25 tips may be formed in some embodiments, and cleaved from the wafer.
A perspective view of tip 1050 is seen in FIG. 10F, with the addition of a conductive wire 1070 attached to the conductive layer 1040 of tip 1050. In one embodiment, the wire 1070 comprises tungsten. Other conductive materials, such as gold, may also be used for the wire.
FIGS. 11A, 11B, and 11C are block schematic diagrams illustrating an example nanofibers fabrication process. An arrow tip 1110 is supported on a fixture to facilitate dipping the tip into a polymeric solution 1115 supported by a plate 1120. Plate 1120 may be made of glass or other suitable material that provides a surface to support the solution. Other solutions may be used that provide the ability to form nanowires/nanofibers. FIG. 11B illustrates dipping of the arrow tip 1110 into the solution 1115 generally at 1125. The arrow shape of the tip may help establish a droplet of solution localized on the tip.
In one example embodiment, for ease of observation of formation of a Taylor cone, the tip is placed approximately 2 cm from a rotating counter electrode 1130. The counter electrode is grounded in one embodiment, and a potential of approximately 4000 to 6000V is applied between the tip and the electrode as indicated at 1135 to form the Taylor cone. To minimize the effect of liquid evaporation from the droplet, the nanofiber fabrication process is done within a few seconds after droplet formation. For formation of aligned fibers, the counter electrode 1130 is coupled to a chopper motor 1140 to provide a simple means to control the motion of the tip relative the counter electrode 1130, which in one embodiment comprises a wafer. The velocity of the motor is adjusted to control the rotational velocity of the counter electrode.
In one embodiment, various solutions of PEO may be used. Weight concentrations of 5, 10, 20 and 30% of PEO in a solvent of 50% deionized water and 50% ethanol may be utilized. Other concentrations may also be used, as well as entirely different solutions that are capable of forming wires. For a composite particle deposition, a 50-50 mixture of 20% PEO polymer solution and a fluorescent latex nanosphere suspension may be prepared. A final approximated PEO polymer weight concentration in the prepared polymeric colloidal solutions is approximately 10%. The diameters of the fluorescent latex spheres are approximately 100 and 500 nm in one embodiment. The concentration of the spheres in one embodiment is between 9.0×10'' and 7.0×10'' particles per ml respectively. Other size spheres, and other types of spheres and particles may also be used.
Polyaniline (PANI) (48 mg, emeraldine base; Mw approximately 20,000, purchased from Aldrich, Wis., USA) may be dissolved in chloroform (1.5 ml) and doped with 10-camphorsulfonic acid (122 mg). PEO (48 mg, Mw approximately 900,000 purchased from Aldrich) may be added to the chloroform solution and stirred overnight. The concentration of PEO/PANI-HCSA may range from 0.5 to 2.0 wt. %. The amount of PEO mixed with PA may be varied from 10 to 80 wt. % in one embodiment.
In one embodiment, a Taylor cone is established with a potential of 4500 V applied to a 20 ul dropet and the counter electrode. Nanofibers may be generated for approximately 5 to 10 seconds. The length of the nanofiber is controlled by the volume of the droplet loaded on the tip. The length may also be controlled by controlling the potential. Removing the potential at desired times results in removing the Taylor cone, and hence stopping production of the nanofiber at a desired time and distance. Nanofibers are deposited immediately after the polymeric solution is loaded to reduce effects of evaporation. In addition to the arrow shaped tip, triangle-shaped and straight metal wire tips may be employed. It may be more difficult to establish a Taylor cone with some tip shapes.
Diameters of nanofibers deposited from the various solutions may be in the 100 to 200 nm range for the 5% solution, 200-300 nm range for 10%, 300-500 nm for 20% and 500 to 1800 nm range for 30%. The polymer viscosity increases with concentration. The viscosity of a 30% solution is very high. Lower viscosity solutions appear to result in smaller diameter fibers.
Deposition distance may also be varied. In one embodiment, the distance is varied between 0.5 to 1.5 cm with a PEO solution of 10%. The counter electrode is not spun in this embodiment. Changes may be observed in the nanofiber morphology. In the case of a 0.5 cm deposition distance, deposited polymer resembles a membrane. This may be the result of the short transit distance, in which the polymer may arrive at the counter electrode as a wet polymer, allowing them to merge to form larger fibers, or bond together to make a fibrous web. At a distance of 0.75 cm, cylindrical nanofibers may be formed of diameter 200 to 850 nm range. In this case, the nanofibers appear to have partially dried while traveling to the counter electrode. At 1.0 cm distances, thinner nanofibers appear to be created, having average diameters of approximately 153 nm. A 5% solution resulted in nanofibers as small as 45 nm.
In further embodiments, the motion of the tip relative to the counter electrode is used to control nanofiber orientation. A linear velocity of approximately less than approximately 168 cm per second produced slightly bent nanofibers, instead of fairly straight nanofibers. Higher linear velocities produced fairly straight nanofibers for a 10% solution. In further embodiments, the linear velocity used to produce substantially straight nanofibers may depend at least on the potential and solution used.
Composite materials may also be deposited by electro spraying a mixture of PEO and colloidal particles, such as the fluorescent nanospheres with 100 nm and 500 nm diameters. In one embodiment, such colloidal suspensions were spun with a relative tip to counter electrode velocity sufficient to provide straightened nanofibers with a 30 degree variation along the rotational direction, rather than a random orientation. Latex nanospheres may be confined in the nanofibers and are self assembled along the nanofibers. The diameter of the nanofibers may be in the 100 to 300 nm range, or other ranges depending on distance and percent solutions utilized. In one embodiment, a line density of nanospheres confined in the nanofibers is approximately 0.75 particles per um for 100 nm nanospheres, and approximately 0.68 particles per um for 500 nm nanospheres.
In one embodiment, the tips may be reused after surface cleaning. A wide range of polymeric material, such as highly viscous polymeric solutions can be electro spun from the tip. The short deposition distance as compared to syringe based electrospinning provides for easy control of the orientation of the nanofibers. The tips also provide the capability of electrospinning of colloidal suspensions mixed with a polymer solution to fabricate nanofibers composite materials. In addition to the formation of nanofibers, scanning tips may be used to electrospray liquids, chemicals and for particulate deposition on a surface.
In still further embodiments, a solution of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is used for fiber formation. 4 wt. % and 5.5 wt. % PMMA solutions may be prepared by dissolving 67.2 mg and 92.4 mg of PMMA (Mw 495,000) in 2 ml of anisole (phenyl methyl ether), respectively. A pipette or other type of applicator may be utilized to provide 30 ul of solution on the silicon tip. A voltage of 4000 to 7000 V may be applied between the tip and counter electrode to establish the Taylor cone and extract a liquid jet from its apex. By rotating a target substrate on the counter electrode at approximately 500 rpm, the relative scanned motion of the counter electrode to the electrospinning source (the tip) controls orientation of the deposited PMMA nanofibers on the surface of the target substrate. A distance of approximately 1.5 cm between tip and target substrate was adequate to produce desired nanofibers.
Target substrates may include many different materials, such as silicon, aluminum, thin film aluminum on silicon, and non-conducting substrates, such as silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, glass slides, cover slips and others. Such non-conductive substrates are mounted on the counter electrode in the path of the extracted liquid jet.
With highly volatile solvents in the solution used to form a Taylor cone may be stable only for several seconds prior to evaporation. A side effect of such volatile solvents appears to be the formation of more than one polymer liquid jet being extracted from a silicon tip per deposition cycle. This may lead to fibers of different sizes being deposited on the same substrate. When multiple polymer jets are extracted, the diameters of such jets may have very small diameters. Reducing the size of the microfabricated tip may also consistently create nanofibers with very small diameters.
In one embodiment, using the 4 wt. % solution of PMMA in anisole, fibers were produced having an average diameter of approximately 85.2 nm. Fibers deposited using 4 wt. % solution of PMMA range from 81.4 to 326.5 nm with an average of 190 nm. Fibers deposited using 5.5 wt. % solution of PMMA range from 88.5 to 346 nm with an average of 206 nm.
The smallest diameter fibers extracted from the solutions were deposited when more than one polymer jet was extracted from the silicon tip. The multiple jets produced fibers of various sizes, instead of a single jet producing fibers of approximately the same size.
FIGS. 12A, 12B and 12C are block diagrams illustrating formation of a nanostructure according to an example embodiment. A PMMA nanofiber or mask 1210 is deposited on a substrate 1215, such as silicon. In one embodiment, the fiber 1210 is heated to 110 C on a hot plate for 10 minutes to remove any remaining solvent. Other methods may be used to remove remaining solvent if desired. The substrate was then cooled and placed in a reactive ion etcher, where a CF4 plasma chemistry was run for 1 minute to etch the underlying silicon substrate as seen in FIG. 12B, leaving a ridge 1220 of silicon beneath the fiber 1210. Etch selectivity of the PMMA mask 1210 to silicon substrate is 1.3 to 1 in one embodiment. The remaining PMMA mask 1210 may be removed in an oxygen plasma, leaving behind the ridge 1220 in FIG. 12c. In one embodiment, the ridge is a silicon structure with a width and height of 86.5 and 71.5 nm, respectively. Small variations in the width of the structure may be similar to those seen in structures defined by PMMA that were patterned by electron beam lithography. In further embodiments, different size structures may be created using wider or narrower nanofiber masks, along with variations of etching. Multiple nanofibers of various dimensions and orientations may be deposited, and even nanofiber meshes and random patterns may be used to crease a wide variety of etch masks. An x,y,z stepper may be used for moving the target substrate in desired manners during deposition of the nanofibers to provide even greater flexibility in mask pattern creation.
In another example embodiment of a nanostructure, a rounded channel has an elliptical cross section with major and minor radii of less than 100 nm. In one embodiment, a heat depolymerizable polycarbonate (HDPC) nanofiber is electro spun from a tip onto a substrate. A capping layer is formed on top of the substrate, and encapsulates the nanofiber. In one embodiment, the capping layer is silicon dioxide, selected for biocompatibility reasons.
The HDPC in one embodiment is a 20 wt. % solution of HDPC (Mw=100,000) in chlorobenzene. It is dispensed onto the silicon tip, and potential of approximately 6000 to 8000 volts is applied to form a Taylor cone and corresponding polymer jet. Target substrates include but are not limited to silicon, thin film silicon dioxide on silicon and glass. The substrate is mounted on the target electrode which is located approximately 1.5 cm from the source tip.
A photoresist is spun on the capping layer, and removed at two ends of the nanofiber by use of a photo mask or mechanically removed by wiping with a swab, wetted with acetone. The capping layer is then dry etched down to the substrate in a CHF3/O2 plasma chemistry to provide reservoirs for accessing the nanofiber. The remaining photoresist is removed in either an oxygen plasma or by using a solvent such as acetone. The substrate is then heated at 325° C. for approximately 24 hours or other suitable time to allow by-products of nanofiber polymer decomposition to diffuse out, forming a nanochannel from the depolymerized nanofiber, which effectively acts as a sacrificial layer. Conventional silicon processing techniques utilize temperatures above the glass transition temperature, Tg=120° C., of HDPC. Processing the fibers above their Tg may cause the fibers to deform from their cylindrical shape, leading to corners in the resulting channels. Alternative, lower temperature processes include the use of silicon dioxide capping layer formed by evaporation over the fibers. Even though this does not require direct heating of the substrate, radiative heading from the silicon dioxide source may cause the channels to show similar heat induced characteristics, such as being flat on the bottom side that contacts the substrate.
Other materials with lower melting temperatures may also be evaporated or other wise formed on the substrate for use as a capping layer. Aluminum may also be used, resulting in a rounder channel, but still possibly slightly flat on the bottom. Aluminum may not be suitable for use where optical inspections of material in the channels is required, such as applications involving the use of fluorescently labeled biomaterials.
A further alternative capping layer uses spin-on glass. Use of this material results in a fairly elliptical shaped channel, with example major and minor diameters of 168 and 98 nm respectively. The spin-on glass may be dispensed on the surface of the substrate using a pipette, or other mechanism. The substrate is then spun at 1500 rpm for 60 seconds, baked on a hot plate at 70° C. for 5 minutes, then ramped to 250° C. in 15 minutes. This may result in substantially elliptical channels with minor diameters perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. With such elliptical shapes, the channel provides simple boundary conditions for finite element simulations of flow fields at a 100 nm length scale. Also, with no corners or acute angles, the channels may be useful for high resolution separation of biomaterials.
A scanned electro spinning technique has been described that may be used to form a variety of one dimensional nano structures. It may enable rapid fabrication of oriented polymeric nanowires/nanofibers as well as their integration with lithographically defined surfaces. It also provides new opportunities for the manufacture of nanowires devices, including nanochannels of elliptical shape.
Patent applications by Harold G. Craighead, Ithaca, NY US
Patent applications by Jun Kameoka, College Station, TX US
Patent applications by Cornell Research Foundation, Inc.
Patent applications in class Resist material applied in particulate form or spray
Patent applications in all subclasses Resist material applied in particulate form or spray
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Tissue-specific mtDNA abundance from exome data and its correlation with mitochondrial transcription, mass and respiratory activity.
Eukaryotic cells contain a population of mitochondria, variable in number and shape, which in turn contain multiple copies of a tiny compact genome (mtDNA) whose expression and function is strictly coordinated with the nuclear one. mtDNA copy number varies between different cell or tissues types, both in response to overall metabolic and bioenergetics demands and as a consequence or cause of specific pathological conditions. Here we present a novel and reliable methodology to assess the effective mtDNA copy number per diploid genome by investigating off-target reads obtained by whole-exome sequencing (WES) experiments. We also investigate whether and how mtDNA copy number correlates with mitochondrial mass, respiratory activity and expression levels. Analyzing six different tissues from three age- and sex-matched human individuals, we found a highly significant linear correlation between mtDNA copy number estimated by qPCR and the frequency of mtDNA off target WES reads. Furthermore, mtDNA copy number showed highly significant correlation with mitochondrial gene expression levels as measured by RNA-Seq as well as with mitochondrial mass and respiratory activity. Our methodology makes thus feasible, at a large scale, the investigation of mtDNA copy number in diverse cell-types, tissues and pathological conditions or in response to specific treatments.
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def for_PENTAGON():
"""printing symbole 'PENTAGON' using for loop"""
for row in range(7):
for col in range(9):
if col==4 or col in(3,5) and row!=0 or col in(2,6) and row not in(0,1) or row==4 or row in(3,5) and col not in(0,8):
print("*",end=" ")
else:
print(" ",end=" ")
print()
def while_PENTAGON():
"""printing symbole 'PENTAGON' using while loop"""
i=0
while i<7:
j=0
while j<9:
if j==4 or j in(3,5) and i!=0 or j in(2,6) and i not in(0,1) or i==4 or i in(3,5) and j not in(0,8):
print("*",end=" ")
else:
print(" ",end=" ")
j+=1
i+=1
print()
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# coding: utf-8
from __future__ import absolute_import
from swagger_server.models.upload_file_data import UploadFileData
from .base_model_ import Model
from datetime import date, datetime
from typing import List, Dict
from ..util import deserialize_model
class PartAttachement(Model):
"""
NOTE: This class is auto generated by the swagger code generator program.
Do not edit the class manually.
"""
def __init__(self, source_name=None, storage_path=None, id=None, description=None):
"""
PartAttachement - a model defined in Swagger
:param source_name: The source_name of this PartAttachement.
:type source_name: str
:param storage_path: The storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:type storage_path: str
:param id: The id of this PartAttachement.
:type id: int
:param description: The description of this PartAttachement.
:type description: str
"""
self.swagger_types = {
'source_name': str,
'storage_path': str,
'id': int,
'description': str
}
self.attribute_map = {
'source_name': 'source_name',
'storage_path': 'storage_path',
'id': 'id',
'description': 'description'
}
self._source_name = source_name
self._storage_path = storage_path
self._id = id
self._description = description
@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, dikt):
"""
Returns the dict as a model
:param dikt: A dict.
:type: dict
:return: The PartAttachement of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: PartAttachement
"""
return deserialize_model(dikt, cls)
@property
def source_name(self):
"""
Gets the source_name of this PartAttachement.
:return: The source_name of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._source_name
@source_name.setter
def source_name(self, source_name):
"""
Sets the source_name of this PartAttachement.
:param source_name: The source_name of this PartAttachement.
:type source_name: str
"""
self._source_name = source_name
@property
def storage_path(self):
"""
Gets the storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:return: The storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._storage_path
@storage_path.setter
def storage_path(self, storage_path):
"""
Sets the storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:param storage_path: The storage_path of this PartAttachement.
:type storage_path: str
"""
self._storage_path = storage_path
@property
def id(self):
"""
Gets the id of this PartAttachement.
:return: The id of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: int
"""
return self._id
@id.setter
def id(self, id):
"""
Sets the id of this PartAttachement.
:param id: The id of this PartAttachement.
:type id: int
"""
if id is None:
raise ValueError("Invalid value for `id`, must not be `None`")
self._id = id
@property
def description(self):
"""
Gets the description of this PartAttachement.
:return: The description of this PartAttachement.
:rtype: str
"""
return self._description
@description.setter
def description(self, description):
"""
Sets the description of this PartAttachement.
:param description: The description of this PartAttachement.
:type description: str
"""
self._description = description
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Diagnostic imaging is critical to the staging of patients with peritoneal malignancy. This aggressive cancer develops in a thin layer of tissue that lines the abdomen, and may also cover the uterus, bladder and rectum. Radiological findings help physicians determine patients who may benefit from cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).
CT scan of an 88-year-old woman with breast cancer showing (A) Small-
bowel serosal metastases (arrow) and (B, C) right hydronephrosis (asterisk)
from right distal ureteric metastases (arrow). Though at first look these images
illustrate localized disease, this patient had multifocal small and large bowel
serosal metastases and liver metastases making her less likely to benefit
from CRS and HIPEC.
A team of radiologists and surgeons from the Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital in Basingstoke, England, have developed a method of reporting key imaging features that would potentially alter the treatment of patients with peritoneal malignancy. They have summarized this with an acronym: PAUSE, representing the five key elements that describe the primary tumor and the presence and extent of metastases. The PAUSE protocol is described in detail in Clinical Radiology.
P: Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) and site/extent of primary tumor
The most common peritoneal malignancies treated by CRS and HIPIC are colorectal-peritoneal metastases, and peritoneal mesothelioma. The PCI is the most accepted method of estimating tumor burden in these patients, and it correlates closely with the prognosis and outcome of patients who receive this treatment. A summed numeric score (from 0-39) assigned to the largest lesion in 13 anatomical sites that include nine locations in the peritoneal cavity and four small bowel and mesenteric locations.
Although computed tomography (CT) is known to consistently underestimate PCI compared to surgical assessment, CT will remain the most widely used exam, according to lead author Anuradha Chandramohan, MD. The authors report that CT is a good screening method to detect extensive disease and to help identify patients who would not clinically benefit from CRS and HIPEC. They use a protocol that consists of an intravenous contrast-enhanced CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis with positive oral contrast to opacify the small bowel.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) has a reported overall higher sensitivity, but it may not be feasible for patients who cannot tolerate long scanning times or have contraindications. The value of positron-emission tomography (PET) combined with CT is still being debated.
A: Ascites and abdominal wall involvement
The presence of malignant ascites correlated with a high tumor burden. If extensive, a patient has a very poor prognosis with survival of six months or less. The presence of abdominal wall metastases may cause surgical risks and morbidities and necessitate complex reconstructive surgery.
U: Unfavorable sites of involvement
The authors have prepared a detailed list of anatomical sites that radiologists should carefully scrutinize and report. Their article includes a useful table on unfavorable sites where imaging findings have been classified according to the implications they may have on the management of the patient.
S: Small bowel and mesenteric disease
The authors detail the radiology findings that indicate small-bowel and mesenteric disease on CT, along with imaging techniques used to best visualize specific disease. When identified, the ability to achieve complete CRS may be compromised. Detail of reporting is extremely important for surgical planning.
E: Extra-peritoneal disease
When disseminated systemic disease is identified in the form of retroperitoneal lymph nodes and metastases to the liver, lung, adrenals, bones or the brain, a patient is an unlikely candidate for cytoreductive surgery. The authors report that an exception may be synchronous resectable liver/lung and colorectal peritoneal metastases. PET-CT is useful in patients being considered for CRS and HIPEC in order to exclude extra-peritoneal metastases.
“We wrote an article that deals with a method of communicating imaging findings in complex condition such as peritoneal malignancy in a fashion that is useful to the treating physician,” said Dr. Chandramohan.
PAUSE: A protocol to standardize radiology reporting of peritoneal malignancy. Appl Radiol.
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Thanks again Bob, but how do you solve for h?
Thank you for this, Bob. Can you give me a reference for the second question, and I am not sure about "F".
2nd order differential equation
Find the analytic solution for this equation in terms of two constants by integrating twice.
d/dx(h * dh/dx) = 0
h(0) = 40 ; h(10000) = 40
d²h/dx² = -R/K = 2 x 10-5
h(0) = 1000 ; h(10000) = 1000
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This workshop is devoted to analytical aspects of morphogenesis (shape formation), arising as a consequence of the inelastic effects associated with growth, swelling, shrinkage or plasticity. Such effects result in a local and heterogeneous incompatibility of strains and naturally lead to the non-trivial shapes, seen even in the absence of any external forces, in a variety of science and technology situations.
A large body of experimental data, as well as numerous formal derivations, present in physics and mechanics literature, suggest various approaches to coupling between residual strain and the ultimate shape of an object. On the other hand, the rigorous results are sparse, and call for a more detailed analysis.
During the workshop, we hope to stimulate discussions and enhance further interactions between applied mathematicians, physicists, analysts and geometers, who pursue research around problems in strain-induced morphogenesis.
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राजकोट. मोरबी सौ ओरडी क्षेत्र में प्रेमिका के पति की हत्या का मामला सामने आया है। पत्नी के प्रेमी सहित तीन जनों ने समाधान के लिए बुलाने के बाद युवक की हत्या कर ली।
मोरबी के माळिया वनाळिया रोड निवासी महेश हेमंत बारोट (३५) पर बुधवार रात को हमलावरों ने चाकू से वार कर हत्या कर दी। घटना के बाद मृतक की पत्नी जयाबेन बारोट शव को लेकर अस्पताल पहुंची। बी डिवीजन पुलिस भी अस्पताल में पहुंची और जयाबेन से पूछताछ की।
प्रारंभिक पूछताछ में सामने आया है कि जयाबेन व पड़ोसी मनसुख उर्फ प्रवीण खीमजी सोलंकी के बीच एक वर्ष से प्रेम संबंध थे। इसकी जानकारी महेश को होने से उन्होंने महेश के साथ झगड़ा किया था। इस दौरान बुधवार रात को झगड़े के समाधान के लिए मनसुख ने महेश को बुलाया था, जहां झगड़ा बढऩे से मनसुख, मनसुख की पत्नी जयश्रीबेन एवं शामजी खीमजी सोलंकी ने मिलकर महेश की हत्या कर दी। पुलिस ने मृतका की पत्नी की शिकायत के आधार पर तीनों हमलावरों के विरुद्ध हत्या का मामला दर्ज किया है।
भुज/गांधीधाम. कच्छ जिले की नखत्राणा तहसील के कोटडा रोहा गांव में दो पुत्रों के साथ माता मीनाबा करणसिंह सोढ़ा (२३) के आत्मदाह प्रकरण में ससुरालवालों पर प्रताडऩा का आरोप लगाया है।
मृतका की माता सुखपर निवासी कैलाशबा जाडेजा ने नखत्राणा पुलिस थाने में दर्ज कराई प्राथमिकी में आरोप लगाया है कि पुत्री मीनाबा का विवाह कोटडा रोहा गांव निवासी करणसिंह सोढ़ा के साथ हुआ था, जिसके दो बच्चे भी थे। पिछले दो महीने से करणसिंह, उनके पिता खानुभा एवं माता पताबा रसोई बनाने के मामले में मीनाबा को परेशान करते थे। साथ ही पीहर से दहेज नहीं लाई थी, इस प्रकार कहकर मीनाबा को शारीरिक एवं मानसिक रूप से प्रताडि़त करते थे, जिससे परेशान होकर मीनाबा ने दोनों बच्चों के साथ आत्मदाह कर लिया था। पुलिस ने मामला दर्ज किया है।
कोटडा रोहा गांव निवासी मीनाबा करणसिंह सोढ़ा (२३) ने घर में दो बच्चों धैर्यराज (ढाई वर्ष) व लक्ष्यराज (चार वर्ष) के साथ गत शुक्रवार रात को केरोसिन छिड़ककर आग लगा ली थी। गंभीर रूप से झुलसे दोनों बच्चों को घटनास्थल पर ही मौत हो गई थी, जबकि मीनाबा की मंगलवार रात को अस्पताल में मौत हो गई थी।
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What's the most exotic item in your numismatic collection?
In terms of items that fall strictly within the parameters of the US Coin Forum, it would probably be my Lesher Referendum Dollar.
Lesher was a pioneer in Colorado. Among other vocations, he was a silver miner. He thought silver was trading below at its then roughly 65 cents per ounce value. So around the turn of the century, he began minting his own large silver coins, hoping to spur interest and business for the silver mines in the region. His earlier pieces were a full ounce, which he expected to trade at $1.25. The pieces made a year later were the same weight as a US silver dollar and bore a $1 valuation. He arranged for various businesses to exchange his pieces, the recipients of whom could either accept or reject the pieces as they wished (the "referendum" part of their name). He even allowed people to redeem the pieces at the local Victor, Colorado bank for "lawful" money in the same way a check was cashed. Interestingly, silver wouldn't reach his $1.25 target until 45 years after his death. Perhaps even more interestingly: none of the approximately 2,000 Lesher Referendum Dollars thought to have been made were ever redeemed.
But from my collection as a whole, it would probably be this large handmade, hand stamped woodblock print 100 Srang note from Tibet during WWII. The rough cut paper and colors are amazing, and it contains dozens of examples of Tibetan religious iconography. From Numistma:
Two holy men are seated under a lime tree. Two cranes, symbolizing longevity, and two deer symbolizing prosperity, lie on the ground in front of the Lamas. One holy man holds a magic bottle, which symbolizes fertilizing the Earth. Above are two flying bats, symbolizing felicity and fortune.
--Severian the Lame
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हैंडसेट निर्माता कंपनी ऑप्पो के सब ब्रांड रियलमी ने पिछले महीने रियामे च१ के नए अवतार रियामे च१ (20१9) को भारत में लॉन्च किया था। लॉन्च होने के बाद से रियलमी सी१ (20१9) को फ्लैश सेल के जरिए बेचा जा रहा था। अगर आप फ्लैश सेल के जरिए फोन को नहीं खरीद पाएं तो अब रियामे च१ (20१9) को खरीदने के लिए सेल का इंतजार नहीं करना होगा। रियामे च१ (20१9) अब भारत में ओपन सेल केे जरिए उपलब्ध है। रियामे ब्रांड का यह हैंडसेट एक्सक्लूसिव तौर पर ई-कॉमर्स साइट फ्लीपकर्ट पर बेचा जाता है। बीते साल सितंबर महीने में लॉन्च किए गए रियामे च१ की तुलना में 20१9 एडिशन में कंपनी ने रैम और स्टोरेज में ही बदलाव किया है। भारतीय बाजार में रियामे च१(20१9) की सीधी भिड़ंत सैमसंग गलक्सी म१0 से होगी। रियलमी सीईओ माधव सेठ ने मंगलवार को ट्विटकरके इस बात की जानकारी दी कि रियलमी सी१ (20१9) अब ओपन सेल में बेचा जाएगा।
रियलमी सी१ (२0१9) के दो वेरिएंट मार्केट में उतारे गए हैं। इस फोन की कीमत ७,४९९ रुपये से शुरू होती है। इस दाम में रियामे च१ (२0१9) का २ जीबी रैम और ३२ जीबी स्टोरेज वेरिएंट मिलेगा। रियलमी सी१ के ३ जीबी रैम और ३२ जीबी स्टोरेज वेरिएंट का दाम ८,४९९ रुपये है। दोनों ही मॉडल डीप ब्लैक और ओसियन ब्लू रंग में फ्लीपकर्ट पर उपलब्ध हैं।फ्लीपकर्टयाद करा दें कि रियामे च१ (२0१9) को पिछले महीने लाँच किया गया था। यह पिछले साल सितंबर में लाँच हुए रियलमी सी१ का अपग्रेड वर्जन है। रियामे च१ के २ जीबी रैम/ १६ जीबी स्टोरेज वेरिएंट को ६,९९९ रुपये में उतारा गया था। नवंबर महीने में इसकी कीमत ७,९९९ रुपये कर दी गई थी।रियामे च१ (२0१9) स्पेसिफिकेशन डुअल-सिम वाले रियलमी सी१ में ६.२ इंच डिस्प्ले है। इस हैंडसेट में आपको इफोन क्स जैसा डिस्प्ले नॉच डिजाइन देखने को मिलेगा। स्पीड और मल्टीटास्किंग के लिए यह हैंडसेट ऑक्टा-कोर स्नैपड्रैगन ४५० चिपसेट के साथ आता है। जैसा कि हमने आपको पहले बताया, रैम और स्टोरेज पर आधारित रियामे च१ (२0१9) के दो वेरिएंट होंगे- २ जीबी रैम/ ३२ जीबी स्टोरेज और ३ जीबी रैम/ ३२ जीबी स्टोरेज।
फोटोग्राफी के लिए इसमें दो रियर कैमरे मिलेंगे, एक सेंसर १३ मेगापिक्सल का है और दूसरा सेंसर २ मेगापिक्सल का। सेल्फी और वीडियो कॉलिंग के लिए ५ मेगापिक्सल सेंसर के साथ एआई फेस अनलॉक सपोर्ट दिया गया है। पावर बैकअप के लिए आपको ४,२30 एमएएच की बैटरी मिलेगी।अब तक रियामे ब्रांड के चार स्मार्टफोन भारतीय मार्केट में उपलब्ध रहे हैं। हम रियामे उ१, रियामे २, रियामे २ प्रो और रियामे च१ की बात कर रहे हैं।
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What is peer pressure:
- Peers are people who belong to the same age group or same social group.
- Peer pressure means the influence the social group has on people. It is the pressure to do the same things as the others of their age. For example, teenagers often choose clothing styles that are similar to their friends.
Points to speak:
- People of all ages experience peer pressure. But some age groups are more influenced by peers. Kids and adolescents are more likely to feel peer pressure more than adults because in general with age people learn to handle it.
- Peer pressure can influence people to do things, which may or may not be right. For example, peer pressure forces students to study well and also to try drinking and smoking. It can also influence teenagers to spend lavishly to look fashionable. Even if some people do not want to get influenced by peer pressure, they may eventually get influenced by it to avoid feeling left out.
- Peer pressure can influence teens to try wrong things and hence teens are more prone to addictions such as drinking alcohol, smoking and drug abuse.
- Parents can guide their children about peer pressure so that children can understand what they are going through and how to deal with it well. People with high self-esteem will less likely to take wrong steps to impress others. So, parents must take steps to improve self-esteem in their kids.
- Even adults experience peer pressure, especially in the issues of marital life, career and success. Even senior citizens experience peer pressure in the issues of their children’s and grandchildren’s success. But many will learn with age that everyone’s life is different and comparisons are just a waste of time.
- Peer pressure can encourage unhealthy competition too. Now, with the rise of social media, there are more chances of falling victim to peer pressure. But it depends on how we take it. Social media and peer pressure together can motivate people to follow a healthy lifestyle.
Peer pressure can motivate us to do things to impress our peers. It can influence us to take right or wrong steps. High self-esteem can save us from taking wrong steps to impress our peers. Moreover, parents should guide their children on the good and bad sides of peer pressure, so that they learn to handle that well.
What are your thoughts on peer pressure? Express your point of view through the comment section below. And subscribe to our blog to read answers to the trending GD topics.
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चाय बेचने के बाद कुछ वक्त ग्राहकों के लिए निकालते हैं, डायरी में बकायदा कलेक्शन की एंट्री करते हैं 25 दिनों या ज़रूरत पड़ने पर पूरे वापस कर देते हैं। कोई ब्याज नहीं देते और ना ही कोई मेहनताना लेते हैं। भारत के साथ तनाव के बीच पाकिस्तान ने वहां से आई 33 लाख डॉलर मूल्य की 10,000 कपास गांठ की एक खेप नामंजूर कर थी। डीपीपी के एक अधिकारी ने बताया, डीपीपी ने वाघा सीमा के माध्यम से कपास आयात के लिए परमिट जारी करना शुरू कर दिया है। लेकिन डीपीपी ने आयातकों को स्पष्ट किया है कि कपास की केवल उन्हीं खेपों को आने की मंजूरी दी जाएगी जिनमें बीज नहीं होंगे। उन्होंने कहा कि यदि हम इसका कड़ाई से अनुपालन करेंगे तो भारत क्या हम विश्व में कहीं से भी कपास आयात नहीं कर पाएंगे क्योंकि पूरी तरह कपास के बीजों से मुक्त खेप उपलब्ध ही नहीं होगी। पिछले साल पाकिस्तान ने 80 करोड़ डॉलर मूल्य का कपास आयात किया था जो भारत के कपास निर्यात का दो तिहाई हिस्सा है। फ्रंट का दावा है कि उसने इन दस लोगों की हत्या के लिए अभियान शुरू कर दिया है। नाटोर के एसपी श्यामल मुखर्जी ने कहा कि</s>
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From an AskScience Reddit thread:
But keeping to the hypothetical, a fertility rate of six with 4 surviving to reproduce themselves on a similar basis would lead to exponential population growth; the survival of the species would be pretty much assured if they could keep this up for only a few generations simply due to force of numbers. A couple having four children survive to adulthood is a doubling of population each generation.
As a purely mathematical fiction, presuming an average generation gap of 16 years and that this average of four children per couple surviving to reproduce held solidly (it wouldn’t, of course) it would only take a little over 500 years for this original couple to have repopulated the earth to the present level of 7bn (that’s exponential growth for you.) Of course plenty would happen in between to slow the exponential growth.
Assuming no wars, famine, disease – yes, and in only 500 years. Of course, human history shows that many things do get in the way of humans rapidly multiplying like we theoretically could.
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Athletic success comes after years of hard work and dedication. The marginal gains mentality encourages the athlete to leave no stone unturned in the search for the competitive edge. For an athlete transitioning into a world beyond competitive sport, developing a deliberate practice of contentment can help balance a mind.
This article on successfully transitioning into retirement includes information on:
- The challenges faced by athletes when their careers come to an end
- How to successfully cope with impending retirement
- The skills needed to thrive in the real world and achieve a sense of fulfilment
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Cordova Island, also known as Isla de Córdoba, is not a true island, but is located on both sides of the current channel of the Rio Grande in El Paso and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. In 1899 the United States and Mexico dug a channel across the heel of the horseshoe-shaped peninsula to control the flood-prone Rio Grande, but left the original riverbed, which wound to the north around the island, as the international boundary. Thus the 385-acre tract was part of Mexico, though it lay north of the Rio Grande, for most of the twentieth century. During prohibition Cordova Island was a notorious haven for smugglers; it was almost completely surrounded by American soil, but lay outside the city limits of Juárez. The famous Hole in the Wall, a saloon and gambling parlor, flourished just a few yards from the border in defiance of United States and Mexican authorities, before it was finally torn down in January 1931. In 1963 the treaty that settled the Chamizal Dispute transferred 193 acres on Cordova Island to the United States in exchange for an equal area further downstream. In the 1990s the channel of the Rio Grande bisected the old island from east to west, and Interstate Highway 110 crossed it from north to south.
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Corfe Castle Dorset View of the village and the ruins of the castle destroyed by Parliamentarian forces in after its resistance to their siege during the English Civil War The oldest parts of the ruins date from the th century although there is evidence of earlier fortification predating the Norman Conquest The castle was a royal fortress until it was sold during the reign of Elizabeth I
This photographic print leverages sophisticated digital technology to capture a level of detail that is absolutely stunning. The colors are vivid and pure. The high-quality archival paper, a favorite choice among professional photographers, has a refined luster quality.
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# How to use the NORMSDIST formula in Google Sheets
In this post, learn how to calculate the normal cumulative distribution by using the NORMSDIST formulin Google Sheets. The normal cumulative distribution is one of the most widely used probability distributions in statistics. We can derive a specialized case of normal cumulative distribution when mean is zero and the variance is 1. This is called the standard normal cumulative distribution function. Here’s how the function looks like when we plot it on the graph – the red curve is what we have been talking about.
Now, if we were to know the value of the standard normal cumulative distribution function against the normally distributed variable (x), we can use the NORMSDIST formula in Google Sheets.
### Syntax
NORMSDIST(x)
• x – is the input value or cell reference that we pass to the standard normal cumulative distribution function.
The formula has one of the simplest syntaxes in all of Google Sheets. All it takes is the value of one single parameter, and it returns the value of the standard normal cumulative distribution function corresponding to that input value.
### Usage: NORMSDIST formula in Google Sheets
Now that we learned the syntax, let us practically apply the formula in Google Sheets application. And we may compare the graph with that of the output values. Please have a look at the following snapshot.
Like most other Google Sheets formulas, the NORMSDIST formula also is capable of accepting direct numeric values. And also references to the cells consisting of these numeric values. The first example has an input that is a direct numeric value. Whereas all other examples have cell references for its input.
Now let’s observe the output values the formula returned. If we made a quick comparison of the output values against those in the graph, it certainly looks the same. We can get a little creative and try to plot these output values on a graph using Google Sheets charts. And here’s how it looks like.
Without a doubt, it does resemble the red curve graph shown in the very first image.
This is how you use the NORMSDIST formula in Google Sheets. Note that there is also a way to do the opposite. That is to find the value of the distributed variable, given the value of the distribution itself. The NORMSINV formula in Google Sheetshelps us achieve this calculation.
## How to use the LOG formula in Google Sheets
Needing to calculate the logarithm of your data inside spreadsheets? No need for a calculator;...
## How to use the YIELD formula in Google Sheets
Google Sheets is a powerful tool that offers a wide range of benefits for its users. In addition...
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लखनऊ। आसाराम के खिलाफ नाबालिग लड़की से रेप मामले में आज जोधपुर की विशेष अदालत अपना फैसला सुनाएगी। ऐसे में पांच साल से पीड़िता का परिवार इंसाफ का इंसाफ के लिए इंतजार आज खत्म हो सकता है। पीड़िता के पिता का कहना है कि मेरी बेटी ने अपना कर्तव्य निभाया है, वह इस पूरे मामले की सुनवाई के दौरान अपने बयान पर कायम रही और अब हमे इंसाफ का इंतजार है। आपको बता दें कि पांच साल पहले शाहजहांपुर की रहने वाली नाबालिग लड़की से रेप का आसाराम पर आरोप लगा था, जिसके बाद उन्हें आज कोर्ट इस मामले में सजा सुना सकती है।
पीड़िता के पिता का कहना है कि मेरी बेटी अब सामान्य जीवन में वापस लौट आई है और वह एक बार फिर से वह सब मानसिक दुख नहीं झेलना चाहती है जो उसे पिछले पांच साल झेलना पड़ा। आसाराम पर आरोप है कि २०१३ में उन्होंने पीड़िता के साथ आश्रम में रेप किया था। रेप के अलावा आसाराम पर मानव तस्करी के तहत भी मामला चल रहा है। उनके खिलाफ पॉस्को एक्ट के तहत मामला दर्ज किया गया था। ऐसे में आसाराम को उम्र कैद की भी सजा हो सकती है।
पिछले पांच साल में पीड़िता के परिवार को काफी मानसिक दबाव से गुजरना पड़ा है। दरअसल जब इस मामले में चश्मदीदों ने अपना बयान दिया था तो उनपर कोर्ट में हमला हुआ था। रेप सहित कुल दो मामलों में ९ चश्मदीद सामने आए हैं, जिन्होंने कोर्ट में अपना बयान दिया थे। जिसमे से तीन चश्मदीदों की हत्या कर दी गई है। लेकिन इन सबके बावजूद पीड़िता अपने बयान से पीछे नहीं हटी और अपने बयान पर कायम रही। एक महीने तक पीड़िता और उसके परिवार ने कोर्ट में अपना बयान दर्ज कराया और लगातार अपने बयान पर कायम रही।
पीड़िता के पिता ने कहा कि इन लोगों ने हमे खरीदने की भी कोशिश की, लेकिन जब हमने इनकार कर दिया तो इन लोगों ने हमे धमकी दी, इसके बाद हमे सुरक्षा मुहैया कराई गई। लेकिन पुलिस की लापरवाही के चलते इस मामले में एक गवाह की हत्या कर दी गई। किरपाल सिंह जोकि इस मामले में चश्मदीद थे उसकी पीड़िता के घर से एक किलोमीटर दूर गोली मारकर हत्या कर दी गई। इस मामले में पुलिस ने कार्तिक हलदर को गिरफ्तार कर लिया था। जबकि दूसरा आरोपी नारायण पांडे फरार है।
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गैरसंचारी रोगों से निपटने के लिए रोगियों की सुरक्षा और संक्रामक रोग मॉडलिंग, भविष्यवाणी और पूर्वानुमान में सुधार। बेटी से बहाने से बुलवा कर बुरी तरह से पीटा बेटी का प्रेमी सांसद धर्मबीर सिंह ने कहा कि श्रीकृष्ण जिदल एक समाजसेवी हैं। उन्हीं के प्रयासों से गावं सूई का विकास शहरों की तर्ज पर किया जा रहा है। यह गांव धीरेधीरे पर्यटक स्थल के रूप में विकसित हो रहा है। उन्होंने बताया कि श्रीकृष्ण जिदल अपने ट्रस्ट के माध्यम से गांव में शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य व खेलों पर विशेष ध्यान दे रहे हैं। उन्होंने कहा कि की इच्छा है कि वे 100 करोड़ की राशि से गांव सूई को खेल विश्वविद्यालय या खेल क्षेत्र में कोई बड़ा प्रोजेक्ट दें ताकि भिवानी जिले में अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर की खिलाड़ियों को तकनीक व सुविधा हासिल हो सके। छात्रछात्राएं देंगी सांस्कृति प्रस्तुतियां अजमेर। राजस्थान के सूचना एवं जनसम्पर्क राज्यमंत्री डॉ सुभाष गर्ग ने कहा है कि कांग्रेस जोड़ तोड़ की राजनीति नहीं करती और न ही खरीद फरोख्त में विश्वास करती है। पुलिस ने जांच पड़ताल के बाद दर्ज की रिपोर्ट शुक्रवार से उपभोक्ता को रसोई गैस सिलेंडर के 646.50 रुपए देने पड़ेंगे, लेकिन अब उनके खातों में सब्सिडी बढ़कर 225 रुपए जमा होगी. उपभोक्ताओं</s>
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रहने के लिए नियमित व्यायाम करें और फास्ट फूड से परहेज करें, ताकि हमारे परिवार में हमेशा खुशहाली छाई रहे। रागिनी चौधरी, राजनगर भिड लिए दो पदाधिकारी अभिनेता के कई फैंस उनके ट्वीट को खूब पसंद कर रहे हैं। साथ ही कमेंट अपनी प्रतिक्रिया भी दे रहे हैं। गौरतलब है कि बुधवार को मैच में केकेआर की टीम पर दोहरी मार पड़ी, क्योंकि टीम को पहले तो हार का सामना करना पड़ा और फिर भारतीय क्रिकेट कंट्रोल बोर्ड यानी बीसीसीआइ और आइपीएल के आयोजकों ने कोलकाता की टीम कप्तान इयोन मोर्गन पर जुर्माना लगा दिया। धमतरी। नईदुनिया प्रतिनिधि बहुजन समाज पार्टी ने सोमवार को पार्टी की राष्ट्रीय अध्यक्ष व यूपी की पूर्व मुख्यमंत्री मायावती का 62वां जन्मदिन जनकल्याणकारी दिवस के रूप में मनाया। इस अवसर पर आयोजित कार्यक्रम में शामिल होने दूरदूर से पार्टी से जुड़े लोग पहुंचे। नगर पंचायत भखारा के पुराना बाजार चौक के पास आयोजित इस कार्यक्रम के मुख्य अतिथि रायपुर जोन लाना ने पिछले साल विमेंस डिवीजन में अपनी छाप छोड़ी थी लेकिन अब इसमें द फोर हॉर्सविमेन का कब्ज़ा है। अब यह देखना रोचक होगा कि अगले महीने होने वाले ड्राफ्ट से लाना विमेंस डिवीजन में वापसी कर पाती हैं या नहीं। जयशंकर के साथ</s>
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One of the most frightening and strangest phenomena that you can experience is sleeping paralysis. Even though it doesn’t hurt you physically, it leaves the body paralyzed for a few seconds to a few minutes.
This sleeping disorder typically occurs during adolescent years and becomes more frequent during the 20s and 30s. It can occur during two sleeping stages: ‘hypnagogic’ – happens before falling asleep, and ‘hypnopompic’ – happens when a person wakes from REM sleep.
Falling asleep makes our mind less aware and the body relaxes. Typically, during hypnagogic sleep paralysis, the mind doesn’t become less aware while the body becomes relaxed, causing panic.
In the case of hypnopompic sleep paralysis, the brain wakes sooner and the person is aware but cannot control their muscles voluntarily.
This phenomenon occurs rarely and only 8% of the population has frequent problems with sleep paralysis. The most prone people to sleep paralysis are ones with mental disorders like depression or anxiety.
The risk factors which can induce sleep paralysis are:
- Sleeping on the back
- Not sleeping regularly or lack of sleep
- Mental conditions (Anxiety, depression, stress, bipolar disorder)
- Changes in the sleeping schedule (frequent ones)
- Substance abuse
- Medications used for certain disorders like ADHD
- Problems during sleep like nighttime leg cramps or narcolepsy
Common Signs and Symptoms
When experiencing sleep paralysis, you’ll usually experience most of these symptoms:
- Difficulty breathing
- Pressure in the chest area
- Inability to move your body either while falling asleep or waking up as well as not being able to speak
- Hallucinations and sensations which can lead to panic
- Headaches or muscle pain
- Paranoia (feeling like a demon or death is approaching you)
Because sleep paralysis occurs naturally, there is no prescribed treatment for it. However, the doctor can give you tips or some other prescription that can help during frequent episodes. A great way to stop it is by implementing a sleeping schedule, using sleeping aids, and reducing stress. Other prescriptions that the doctor can give you are treatments for underlying sleeping disorders or anti-depressants. He can also refer you to a sleep specialist or mental health professional. If you have frequent episodes of sleep paralysis, it’s recommended to stay away from caffeine, alcohol, drugs, and nicotine.
Just like the name suggests, sleeping disorders are problems people experience while sleeping or changes in the way that you sleep. Aside from not getting enough sleep, these disorders can impact your health, safety, and quality of life. If your work requires you to drive, you’ll have lots of problems, especially if you’re sleep-deprived.
The main symptoms of sleep disorders are excessive daytime sleepiness, increased movement during sleep, or irregular breathing before falling asleep. You can also experience an irregular wake or sleep cycle and difficulty falling asleep.
There are many different types of sleeping disorders and they are grouped depending on how they affect you and why they happen. The most common sleeping disorders are:
- Insomnia – difficulty falling or staying asleep.
- Restless leg syndrome (RLS) – also called Willis-Ekbom disease, it causes an uncomfortable sensation and urges to move the legs while you’re falling asleep.
- Narcolepsy – extreme sleepiness or falling asleep during the day (does not mean naps).
- Sleep apnea – abnormal patterns of breathing while asleep.
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#!/usr/bin/env python
'''
Input: dstat cpu csv data (e.g. "dstat -t --cpu -C 0,1 --output dstat_fn 1"
Output: json file
'''
import sys
import os
import json
from datetime import datetime
from common import csv_to_json
def parse_line(line):
fields = line.split(',')
t = datetime.strptime(fields.pop(0), '%d-%m %H:%M:%S')
vals = []
# for each CPU, fields are:
# "usr","sys","idl","wai","hiq","siq"
while fields:
cpu_usr = float(fields[0])
cpu_sys = float(fields[1])
val = cpu_usr + cpu_sys
vals.append(val)
fields = fields[6:]
return (t, vals)
def main(dstat_fn):
'''
First parse into CSV string, then convert to JSON
'''
with open(dstat_fn, 'r') as fid:
blob = fid.read()
fid.close()
blob = "system" + blob.split('"system"')[1].strip()
lines = blob.split('\n')
line = lines.pop(0)
cpu_list = [i.strip(' usage",,,,,') for i in line.split(',"')[1:]]
csv_str = 'time.sec,' + ','.join(cpu_list) + '\n'
line = lines.pop(0) # header row
# Parse first line and set t0
(t0, vals) = parse_line(lines.pop(0))
csv_str += '0,' + ','.join([str(val) for val in vals]) + '\n'
while lines:
(t, vals) = parse_line(lines.pop(0))
csv_str += str(round((t - t0).total_seconds(), 1)) + ','
csv_str += ','.join([str(val) for val in vals]) + '\n'
out_fn = dstat_fn.replace('data/raw', 'data/final')
out_fn += '.csv'
with open(out_fn, 'w') as fid:
fid.write(csv_str)
# Convert and save JSON object
obj = csv_to_json(csv_str)
out_fn = out_fn.replace('.csv', '.json')
with open(out_fn, 'w') as fid:
fid.write(json.dumps(obj))
if __name__ == '__main__':
if (len(sys.argv) < 2):
sys.stderr.write("USAGE: ./parse_cpu_heatmap.py <fn>\n")
sys.exit(1)
main(sys.argv[1])
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- To assist students develop/clarify their academic and career interests, and their short and long-term goals through individual counseling and group sessions.
- To assist students develop and implement successful job search strategies.
- To work with faculty members, department Heads and administration to integrate career planning and academic curriculum as well as coordinate Project Work/ Summer Training/internship programs.
- To assist students for industrial training at the end of fourth and sixth semester.
- To assist employers to achieve their hiring goals.
- To serve the community by providing access to our campus wide activities & career resources.
- To empower students with life-long career decision-making skills.
- To provide resources and activities to facilitate the career planning process.
- To Act as a link between students, alumni and the employment community
- Up gradation of the students communication skills and personality development by inviting experts from outside for seminars/classes.
- To assist our students in obtaining final placement in reputed companies.
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REGRESSION The SPSS procedure REGRESSION computes ordinary least squares regression for assessing the effects of one or more independent variables on a continuous dependent variable. The regression coefficients for an independent variable summarize the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable when the effects of the other independent variables included in the regression analysis are controlled for or held constant. Thus, given the complexities of the real world in which many social phenonmenon are the result of several factors, multiple regression (two or more independent variables) is an especially powerful analytic tool for data analysis. There are many technical statistical terms associated with regression analysis of which only a few of the more important ones will be highlighted here. Students are encouraged to consult their statistical texts and/or their SPSS manuals for a more thorough discussion of regression concepts. In the multivariate case (two or more independent variables) the equation for calculating a straight line is written as follows: Y = a + B1X1 + B2X2 + B3X3 + e Where: a = the constant (point at which line crosses Y axis) B1 = slope (regression coefficeint) for variable X1 B2 = slope for variable X2 B3 = slope for variable X3 e = error (or residual) value We add an error term to our regression equation because the independent variables by themselves cannot fully account for all the observed variation in the dependent variable. This error term consists of two components: the effects on the dependent variable of independent variables not included in the regression equation and random or residual variation. Regression analysis produces two types of statistics. One set of statistics provides information about the individual independent variables included in the analysis and summarizes the relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable. A second set of regression statistics provides information about the regression model as a whole, summarizing the extent to which all of the variables included in the regression model explain variation in the dependent variable. Statistics for Independent Variables Unstandardized regression coefficient Standardized regression coefficient (beta weight) Significance test for individual regression coefficients Statistics for Regression Equation Multiple R , R Square, and Adjusted R Square Standard Error Significance test for equation (5 of 12) SPSS offers several methods for regression model building, four of which will be reviewed here. The choice of which method to use is ultimately one the individual researcher must make and should be guided by one's theoretical understandings regarding the relationships among the variables included in the analysis and the purposes of the analysis. Model building refers to the selection of the most parisminous set of variables that explain the variation in the dependent variable. Each of the regression method options is designed to assist the researcher in identifying this set of variables. The available methods include: Forward Selection Backward Selection Stepwise Selection Forced Entry Regression Syntax At a minimum, the SPSS command for REGRESSION must include three subcommands: (1) a VARIABLES subcommand that indentifies the variables to be included in the analysis, (2) a DEPENDENT subcommand that identifies which of the variables is to be treated as the dependent variable, and (3) a METHOD subcommand that specifies which of the various model-building procedures will be used for estimating the regression equation. Optional commands are available that allow the researcher to set specific entry and/or removal criteria, receive additional regression and descriptive statistics, and to conduct several diagnostic procedures involving analysis of the residuals. For example, to assess the relative importance of unemployment, poverty, and crime in explaining the distribution of federal aid to cities in 1990 using the stepwise method, one would include the following commands: REGRESSION VARIABLES=FEDAID, UNEMP, POVERTY, CRIME /DEPENDENT=FEDAID /METHOD=STEPWISE
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Adjusting Text Layers
When you add a text layer, you may find that it's not aligned to the centre of your composition. The best way to tackle this is by adjusting the Text Anchor or Text Position through the Controller panel - this will adjust all of your text layers at once, so you don't have to keep adjusting each layer!
Source Text Layer
Once you've set up your Text layers with the Font and Size that you want, you can use the Source Text Layer control to keep the text within each layer the same. Simply choose a text layer from your composition, and every other Vigoro text layer will take on the same Text value as the one selected!
The Wiggler has a huge amount of options to play with! You can use it to wiggle your text layers around for lots of cool effects.
If you don't want all of your layers to be wiggling, no problem! You can adjust the top and bottom layer wiggles, and the layers in between will fade between the two values.
You can also change the Character Correlation to adjust how each character wiggles relative to the one next to it!
Rundown of Text Layer Options!
Source Text Layer: This lets you choose a layer that all the text layers will follow for their source text. So if you have 5 different text layers, you can set the source text layer to one of them, and when you change that layer's text, the rest will follow! If you set this to a non-text layer nothing will happen.
Adjust Text Anchor: Lets you adjust the Anchor Point of all text layers simultaneously. Great for adjusting the positioning if you have a lot of the same text.
Adjust Text Position: Lets you adjust the Position of all text layers simultaneously. If you want to keep the text centred for size offsets etc., change this value instead of the Text Anchor!
Same as Shape: Check this and the text will take on the same appearance as set in the main Appearance panel! Note that dashed lines will not work with text.
Text Fill: Check this to enable or disable the Text Fill color.
Text Fill Opacity: Adjust the opacity of the fill in Text layers.
Text Stroke: Check this to enable or disable the Text Stroke.
Stroke Opacity: Use this to adjust the opacity of the stroke on Text layers.
Stroke Size: Choose the thickness of the stroke on Text layers!
Stroke Offset: Offset the stroke thickness on Text layers - have the stroke thicken towards the back of the stack or vice-versa!
Tracking: Adjust the tracking on all of the Text layers simultaneously.
Tracking Offset: Offsets the tracking of each Text layer against each other!
Character Offset: This will offset the character of each text layer to make a randomised text effect!
The Text Wiggler is an awesome way to add some excitement to your Text layers. It lets you wiggle individual characters (or whole words) around with a ton of customisation!
Enable Wiggle: Check this to enable the Text Wiggler!
Wiggle Amount: Changes the wiggle amount across all layers.
Top Layer Wiggle: If you have multiple Text layers, this will set the wiggle amount on the top layer of text. It will then fade towards the Bottom Layer Wiggle amount on the next layers, so you can have a static top layer and a wiggling bottom layer!
Bottom Layer Wiggle: If you have multiple Text layers, this will set the wiggle amount on the bottom layer of text. It will then fade towards the Top Layer Wiggle amount.
Wiggles/Second: The number of wiggles a second!
Character Correlation: The correlation between characters (duh!). If you set this to 0%, the characters in each text layer will move completely independently, and if it's set to 100% all of the text on that layer will wiggle at the same time.
Temporal Phase: Lets you adjust the Temporal (time) phase of the wiggle.
Spacial Phase: Lets you adjust the Spacial (space) phase of the wiggle.
Lock Dimensions: When this is checked, characters will keep their dimensions. When unticked they won't! So when using a scale wiggle for example, characters may stretch and squash.
Random Seed: The Random Seed for the wiggle. Changing this will change the way the layers wiggle!
Layers Random Wiggle: When this is checked, all Text layers will wiggle separately from each other. If it's unchecked, the layers will all wiggle at the same time in the same space!
Anchor Point Wiggle: Wiggles the Anchor point of each character. If you use this alongside a Rotation or Scale Wiggle, it will change the point that the transformations happen around.
Position Wiggle: Wiggles the Position of each character.
Scale Wiggle: Wiggles the Scale of each character. If Lock dimensions is unchecked it will also squash and stretch the characters!
Skew Wiggle: Wiggles the skew of each character (Basically slants them!)
Skew Axis Wiggle: Change the axis of the Skew, to change the direction the character slants at.
Rotation Wiggle: Wiggle the rotation of each character around the text's Anchor Point.
Opacity Wiggle: Wiggle the opacity of each Character!
Tracking Wiggle: Wiggles the tracking of the characters.
Character Offset: Offsets each character. Setting this and then animating the wiggle amount down to 0% will create a 'decoding' type effect!
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Can You Change Your Name in Just One Discord Server?
If you’re an active member of the popular messaging and voice chat platform, Discord, you may have wondered if it’s possible to change your name only in one server while keeping your username the same across all other servers. Well, the good news is that Discord indeed allows you to customize your nickname independently on each server you join.
Why Change Your Name in a Specific Server?
There are various reasons why you might want to change your name on a specific Discord server. For instance:
- Showcasing Different Roles: Many servers have specific roles or positions that users can take up. By changing your nickname, you can highlight your role within that particular community.
- Respecting Server Guidelines: Some servers have guidelines or naming conventions that users are expected to follow. Changing your name can ensure you comply with these rules.
- Anonymity: If you prefer to maintain different identities or remain anonymous in certain communities while using the same username elsewhere, changing your nickname can help achieve this.
How to Change Your Name in One Discord Server
To change your nickname for a specific server on Discord, follow these simple steps:
- Select the Server: From the left-hand sidebar, click on the server where you want to change your name.
- Access Server Settings: Right-click on the server’s name at the top-left corner of the screen and choose “Server Settings” from the dropdown menu.
- Navigate to “Nickname”: In the left sidebar of the Server Settings menu, click on “Nickname. “
- Change Your Nickname: Enter your desired nickname in the provided text box.
You can use different fonts, emojis, and special characters. However, keep in mind that some servers may have restrictions on certain characters or excessive use of formatting.
- Save Changes: Once you’ve entered your new nickname, click the “Save” button to apply your changes.
While Discord allows you to change your nickname on a per-server basis, there are a few things to keep in mind:
- Globally Unique Username: Your username remains the same across all servers and is what identifies you universally on Discord.
- Nickname Visibility: Only members within the specific server will see your changed nickname. Other servers and direct messages will still display your original username.
- Server-Specific Restrictions: Some servers may restrict or limit users from changing their nicknames to maintain order and prevent abuse. Respect the rules set by each server you join.
In conclusion, Discord offers the flexibility to change your nickname independently in each server you join while keeping your username consistent across all other servers. This feature allows for personalization and adaptability based on different communities’ requirements and preferences.
Remember to use this functionality responsibly and consider any guidelines set forth by individual servers. Now go ahead and customize your nickname to better express yourself within different Discord communities!
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Bilateral teleoperation system through network is negatively affected to stability by communication delay. In this paper, bilateral teleoperation system is researched toward a delay free bilateral teleoperation. By using 2ch bilateral control which is transmitting and controlling only positions, the stability of bilateral teleoperation system is enhanced. However, the bilateral teleoperation controlling only position increases force needed to operate master system. So, the operationality comes down, and teleoperation becomes difficult. Therefore, in order to enhance the operationality, local force feedback loop is added, and external force is controlled to 0. So, the proposed method enhances the stability while keeping good operationality. As a result, it turns out that the bilateral control system can enhance the performance of communication delay by reducing connectability of master and slave.
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Hampshire County D.A.R.E. Program
What Is ???
D.A.R.E. stands for Drug Abuse Resistance Education. It is a drug
abuse prevention education program designed to equip elementary,
and middle school children with knowledge about drug abuse, the
consequences of abuse, and skills for resisting peer pressure to
experiment with drugs, alcohol and tobacco. Based on the premise that
prevention is the only long-term answer to drug abuse, the program
includes all 50 states and 53 countries. The D.A.R.E. program is taught
in over 75% of the nation’s school districts, creating a positive
atmosphere for students to interact with uniformed law enforcement
This unique program uses uniformed law enforcement officers to teach
a formal curriculum to students in a classroom setting.
D.A.R.E. provides life-skills
D.A.R.E. lesson plans focus on four major areas:
- Providing accurate information about drugs, alcohol and
- Teaching students good decision-making skills.
- Showing students how to recognize and resist peer pressure.
- Giving students ideas for positive alternatives to drug use.
D.A.R.E officers work with children to raise their self-esteem, teach
them how to make decisions on their own, and help them identify
positive alternatives to drugs. Through role-playing, the D.A.R.E.,
curriculum emphasizes the negative consequences of drug use, and
reinforces the skills to resist peer pressure and intimidation.
What D.A.R.E. is NOT
- Scare tactics - D.A.R.E. relies on accurate information and a
D.A.R.E. students are taught to say "someone I know . . . "
- A "Witch Hunt" - D.A.R.E. Officers NEVER encourage students
to "turn in" family or friends who may be breaking the law.
when sharing stories; never using real names.
- "Hands on drugs" - How drugs are used (methods) are not
taught. Drugs are never taken into a classroom as part of
D.A.R.E. on Facebook
and become a FAN
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The 1930s: Drastic Times Call For Drastic Measures
Tenth graders analyze the causes of the Great Depression. They analyze the causes and the consequences of the Dust Bowl. Pupils examine how the Great Depression helped change the role of the federal government in the American economy. Students examine the change approach to the Depression from the early years of the Hover Administration through the Second New Deal.
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# Find most common element in a 2D list in Python
A 2D list has list as its element. In other words it is a list of lists. In this article we are required to find the element which is most common among all the lists inside a list.
## With max and count
We design a follow with a in condition to check for the presence of an element in a given sublist. Then we apply the max function along with the count function to get the the element with maximum frequency.
## Example
Live Demo
def highest_freq(lst):
SimpleList = [el for sublist in lst for el in sublist]
return max( SimpleList, key= SimpleList.count)
# Given list
listA = [[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20,13, 9]]
print("Given List:\n",listA)
print("Element with highest frequency:\n",highest_freq(listA))
## Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
Given List:
[[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20, 13, 9]]
Element with highest frequency:
20
## With chain
Here we take a similar approach as the above one. But we use the chain function from the itertools the module.
## Example
Live Demo
from itertools import chain
def highest_freq(lst):
SimpleList = list(chain.from_iterable(lst))
return max( SimpleList, key= SimpleList.count)
# Given list
listA = [[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20,13, 9]]
print("Given List:\n",listA)
print("Element with highest frequency:\n",highest_freq(listA))
## Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
Given List:
[[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20, 13, 9]]
Element with highest frequency:
20
## With Counter and chain
In this approach the counter function from collections keeps the count of the element that is retrieved using the chain function from itertools.
## Example
Live Demo
from itertools import chain
from collections import Counter
def highest_freq(lst):
SimpleList = chain.from_iterable(lst)
return Counter(SimpleList).most_common(1)[0][0]
# Given list
listA = [[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20,13, 9]]
print("Given List:\n",listA)
print("Element with highest frequency:\n",highest_freq(listA))
## Output
Running the above code gives us the following result −
Given List:
[[45, 20, 11], [20, 17, 45], [20, 13, 9]]
Element with highest frequency:
20
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Teaching your kids how to properly care for their teeth is an important part of being a parent. Your child’s dental health will affect the rest of their body if not properly tended, so protect your kids with the right information.
If you want to be sure you’re teaching your kids the best advice about their dental health, research is the best way. Start now, and check out a quick look at some of the most useful dental health tips you should be passing along to your children.
Teach your kids to go to the dentist
Regular visits to the dentist are imperative for maintaining a healthy smile. You can only do so much for your teeth from home. A dentist has the expertise and special tools needed to be more thorough.
Use the web to find a dentist closeby, and schedule a regular visit at least twice per year. Every six months, your dentist can clean your teeth, scan them for cavities, and check the quality and health of your gums.
Teach them how to brush properly
Your kids will easily understand the general concept of brushing their teeth, but learning how to brush properly is important. Simply pushing the toothbrush across your enamel isn’t thorough enough to keep cavities away.
Teach your kids to brush in gentle circles. Brushing too rough can damage your gums and cause bleeding. Brushing in circles will help to remove more food and plaque buildup in the crevices of your mouth.
Flossing is an important routine
Your kids should learn while they’re young that flossing is a necessary evil. There’s not really anything fun about flossing, but it’s great for your mouth.
If you want to ward off bad breath and gingivitis, flossing is the key. Again, it’s important that you’re not rough. Floss gently to avoid cutting your gums.
Help your kids understand the dangers of sugar
Sugar is a kid’s best friend, but it’s not the healthiest way to feed your hunger. It’s important that you teach your kids to limit their sugar intake throughout the day.
An hour before bed, sugar should be cut out entirely. You don’t want to sleep all night while sugar is sitting on your teeth. Don’t send the kids to bed with sugary drinks, and always teach them to brush in the morning and at night.
Explain the importance of proper dental hygiene
Help your kids understand the true importance behind what you’re trying to teach them. They need to understand that dental hygiene is a crucial part of maintaining a healthy body and life. Start introducing proper dental hygiene early, and your kids will grow into adults with nice smiles.
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रमेश पोखरियाल निशंक पर निशाना साधते हुए कहा कि केदारनाथ पूजा को लेकर जिस तरह का बयान भाजपा नेताओं द्वारा दिया जा रहा है, उसके लिए उन्हें जनता से माफी मांगनी चाहिए। उन्होंने कहा कि इस तरह के बयान देकर भाजपा नेता जनता को गुमराह करने में लगे हुए है। पत्रकार वार्ता में पवक्ता राजीव महर्षि के अलावा शंकर चंद रमोला, अरूण चमोली मुख्य रूप से मौजूद थे। लोर्गट ने कहा कि महेंद्रसिंह धोनी और उनकी टीम ने काफी शानदार प्रदर्शन किया और मैं यह भी देख सकता हूँ कि आईसीसी रैंकिंग प्रणाली किस तरह काम कर रही है। पहले ऑस्ट्रेलिया ने इसमें दबदबा बनाया, फिर दक्षिण अफ्रीका और अब भारत नंबर एक पर पहुँच गया। उन्होंने कहा कि शीर्ष तीन टीमों के बीच एक दूसरे में काफी कम अंतर है, जिससे शीर्ष स्थान पर प्रतिस्पर्धा के स्तर की बात पता चलती है। उत्तरी रेलवे से करने वाले है सफर तो खुद को कर लें अपडेट, आज से 297 ट्रेनों का बदला समय 5 ईवा सामने पहियों समायोज्य सदमे अवशोषक स्वतंत्र रूप से या 360 कुंडा का उपयोग जल्दी लेबंद गाड़ी का अचल धुरा 5.510 ईवा रियरपहियों एकटच जुड़ा हुआ पैर ब्रेक का उपयोग कर सकते हैं जल्दी रिलीज गाड़ी</s>
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# Convert gon to sextant
Learn how to convert 1 gon to sextant step by step.
## Calculation Breakdown
Set up the equation
$$1.0\left(gon\right)={\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}\left(sextant\right)$$
Define the base values of the selected units in relation to the SI unit $$\left(radian\right)$$
$$\text{Left side: 1.0 } \left(gon\right) = {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}\left(radian\right)} = {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}\left(rad\right)}$$
$$\text{Right side: 1.0 } \left(sextant\right) = {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}\left(radian\right)} = {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}\left(rad\right)}$$
Insert known values into the conversion equation to determine $${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}$$
$$1.0\left(gon\right)={\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}\left(sextant\right)$$
$$\text{Insert known values } =>$$
$$1.0 \times {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}} \times {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \left(radian\right)} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}}} \times {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \left(radian\right)}$$
$$\text{Or}$$
$$1.0 \cdot {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}} \cdot {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \left(rad\right)} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \cdot {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}} \cdot {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \left(rad\right)}$$
$$\text{Cancel SI units}$$
$$1.0 \times {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}} \cdot {\color{rgb(89,182,91)} \cancel{\left(rad\right)}} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \dfrac{π}{3.0}} \times {\color{rgb(125,164,120)} \cancel{\left(rad\right)}}$$
$$\text{Conversion Equation}$$
$$\dfrac{π}{2.0 \times 10^{2}} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{π}{3.0}$$
Cancel factors on both sides
$$\text{Cancel factors}$$
$$\dfrac{{\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{π}}}{2.0 \times 10^{2}} = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{{\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{π}}}{3.0}$$
Switch sides
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{1.0}{3.0} = \dfrac{1.0}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}$$
Isolate $${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}$$
Multiply both sides by $$\left(\dfrac{3.0}{1.0}\right)$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{1.0}{3.0} \times \dfrac{3.0}{1.0} = \dfrac{1.0}{2.0 \times 10^{2}} \times \dfrac{3.0}{1.0}$$
$$\text{Cancel}$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} \times \dfrac{{\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{1.0}} \times {\color{rgb(99,194,222)} \cancel{3.0}}}{{\color{rgb(99,194,222)} \cancel{3.0}} \times {\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{1.0}}} = \dfrac{{\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{1.0}} \times 3.0}{2.0 \times 10^{2} \times {\color{rgb(255,204,153)} \cancel{1.0}}}$$
$$\text{Simplify}$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} = \dfrac{3.0}{2.0 \times 10^{2}}$$
Rewrite equation
$$\dfrac{1.0}{10^{2}}\text{ can be rewritten to }10^{-2}$$
$$\text{Rewrite}$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} = \dfrac{10^{-2} \times 3.0}{2.0}$$
Solve $${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x}$$
$${\color{rgb(20,165,174)} x} = 1.5 \times 10^{-2}$$
$$\text{Conversion Equation}$$
$$1.0\left(gon\right) = {\color{rgb(20,165,174)} 1.5 \times 10^{-2}}\left(sextant\right)$$
# Other Conversion Examples
### Cookie Policy
PLEASE READ AND ACCEPT OUR COOKIE POLICY.
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Gold-based heterogeneous catalysts have attracted significant attention due to their selective partial oxidation capabilities, providing promising alternatives for the traditional industrial homogeneous catalysts. In the current study, the energetics of adsorption/desorption of alcohols (CH3OH/methanol, CH3CH2OH/ethanol, CH3CH2CH2OH/n-propanol) and esters (HCOOCH3/methyl formate, CH3COOCH3/methyl acetate, and CH3COOCH2CH3/ethyl acetate) on a planar Au(111) surface was investigated in conjunction with oxidative coupling reactions by means of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results reveal a complex interplay between inter-molecular and surface-molecule interactions, both mediated by weak van der Waals forces, which dictates their relative stability on the gold surface. Both experimental and theoretical adsorption/desorption energies of the investigated esters are lower than those of the alcohols from which they originate through oxidative coupling reactions. This result can be interpreted as an important indication in favor of the selectivity of Au surfaces in alcohol oxidative coupling/partial oxidation reactions, allowing facile removal of partial oxidation products immediately after their generation preventing their complete oxidation to higher oxygenates.
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What is Reasonable Doubt
Reasonable doubt is the standard of proof that must be exceeded to secure a conviction in a criminal case. “Beyond a reasonable doubt” means that the evidence presented and arguments put forth by the prosecutor in a criminal case establishes the defendant’s guilt to such an extent that a reasonable person could have no reasonable doubt about the guilt of the accused. If the judge or jury has a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt, the defendant cannot be convicted.
Reasonable doubt is the highest standard of proof used in court, and is used exclusively in criminal cases because a criminal conviction could deprive the defendant of liberty or even life.
BREAKING DOWN Reasonable Doubt
Compared with reasonable doubt, civil cases require a much lower standard of proof. “Preponderance of evidence” means that one side has more evidence in its favor than the other; one side can prevail with as little as 51% probability that the evidence presented by it is true. “Clear and convincing evidence” is evidence that establishes a high probability that the facts presented by one party are true; it is a higher standard than preponderance of evidence.
According to the U.S. Supreme Court, the reasonable doubt standard of proof is based on “a fundamental value determination of our society that it is far worse to convict an innocent man than to let a guilty man go free.” Since the burden of proof rests with the prosecution to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, in numerous cases, the defense has successfully established alternative theories that sound plausible enough to sow the seeds of doubt in the minds of the jury about the defendant’s guilt. As a result, a case that may appear to be a slam-dunk for the prosecution not infrequently results in an acquittal.
Example of the Concept of Reasonable Doubt
The 1995 O.J. Simpson case provides a good example of the concept of reasonable doubt in practice. Simpson was accused of the murder of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman. There was a substantial amount of incriminating evidence against Simpson, including his DNA at the crime scene, blood in his car and eyewitnesses. To counter this mountain of evidence, Simpson assembled a legal “Dream Team” that set about trying to create doubts in the jurors’ minds about his guilt.
One of the highlights of the trial occurred in the courtroom when Simpson tried on the bloody leather glove that was found at the murder scene, and showed his hand could not fit into it. In his closing arguments, lead defense counsel Johnnie Cochrane famously declared that “If it doesn’t fit, you must acquit.” He also listed 15 points of reasonable doubt in the case. After less than four days of deliberations, the jury found Simpson not guilty on both counts of murder. However, a year later, the families of both victims filed a wrongful death civil lawsuit against Simpson. Based on the lower “Preponderance of Evidence” standard of proof, the jury found Simpson liable for the deaths and awarded the families $8.5 million in damages.
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There are many ways to use this activity you can give students an email to read and then ask them to supply the replies or the conversations. You can ask the students to fold the page in half write an email inviting someone to a party. The students hand the sheet to the person on their left who writes a reply and then hands it back.
I’m sure there are hundreds of more good ideas for it. Have fun!
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- What is the recovery time for the coronavirus disease?
- What happens when you get the coronavirus disease?
- Can coronavirus disease spread through raw food?
- How severe the illness of coronavirus disease can be?
- Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted in hot or humid climates?
- Can I breastfeed my child if I am severely ill with coronavirus disease?
- Should coronavirus disease patients be isolated in hospitals?
- Is there any approved treatment for coronavirus?
- Will I get more severe symptoms of COVID-19 if I drink alcohol?
- What are the psychological effects on people who are at risk for a severe course of the coronavirus disease?
- What percentage of people get severe disease and long term complications from COVID-19?
- Are the elderly more vulnerable to the coronavirus disease?
- Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food?
- How dangerous is the coronavirus disease?
- What should I do if I test positive for the coronavirus disease?
- Is headache a symptom of the coronavirus disease?
- Can you contract the coronavirus disease by touching a surface?
- Can the coronavirus spread via feces?
What is the recovery time for the coronavirus disease?
Using available preliminary data, the median time from onset to clinical recovery for mild cases is approximately 2 weeks and is 3-6 weeks for patients with severe or critical disease..
What happens when you get the coronavirus disease?
People with COVID-19 generally develop signs and symptoms, including mild respiratory symptoms and fever, on an average of 5-6 days after infection (mean incubation period 5-6 days, range 1-14 days). Most people infected with COVID-19 virus have mild disease and recover.
Can coronavirus disease spread through raw food?
As a general rule, the consumption of raw or undercooked animal products should be avoided. Raw meat, raw milk or raw animal organs should be handled with care to avoid cross- contamination with uncooked foods.
How severe the illness of coronavirus disease can be?
While most people with COVID-19 develop only mild or uncomplicated illness, approximately 14% develop severe disease that requires hospitalization and oxygen support, and 5% require admission to an intensive care unit (1). In severe cases, COVID-19 can be complicated by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and septic shock, multiorgan failure, including acute kidney injury and cardiac injury (2).
Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted in hot or humid climates?
From the evidence so far, the COVID-19 virus can be transmitted in ALL AREAS, including areas with hot and humid weather. Regardless of climate, adopt protective measures if you live in, or travel to an area reporting COVID-19. The best way to protect yourself against COVID-19 is by frequently cleaning your hands. By doing this you eliminate viruses that may be on your hands and avoid infection that could occur by then touching your eyes, mouth, and nose.
Can I breastfeed my child if I am severely ill with coronavirus disease?
If you are severely ill with COVID-19 or suffer from other complications that prevent you from caring for your infant or continuing direct breastfeeding, express milk to safely provide breastmilk to your infant.If you are too unwell to breastfeed or express breastmilk, you should explore the possibility of relactation (restarting breastfeeding after a gap), wet nursing (another woman breastfeeding or caring for your child), or using donor human milk.
Should coronavirus disease patients be isolated in hospitals?
WHO advises that all confirmed cases, even mild cases, should be isolated in health facilities, to prevent transmission and provide adequate care.But we recognize that many countries have already exceeded their capacity to care for mild cases in dedicated health facilities. In that situation, countries should prioritize older patients and those with underlying conditions.
Is there any approved treatment for coronavirus?
There is currently no licensed medication to cure COVID-19. If you have symptoms, call your health care provider or COVID-19 hotline for assistance.
Will I get more severe symptoms of COVID-19 if I drink alcohol?
Consuming alcohol will not destroy the virus, and its consumption is likely to increase the health risks if a person becomes infected with the virus.Alcohol (at a concentration of at least 60% by volume) works as a disinfectant on your skin, but it has no such effect within your system when ingested.
What are the psychological effects on people who are at risk for a severe course of the coronavirus disease?
Regarding older people and also those with underlying health conditions, having been identified as more vulnerable to COVID-19, and to be told that you are very vulnerable, can be extremely frightening and very fear-inducing. The psychological impacts for these populations can include anxiety and feeling stressed or angry. Its impacts can be particularly difficult for older people who may be experiencing cognitive decline or dementia. And some older people may already be socially isolated and experiencing loneliness which can worsen mental health.
What percentage of people get severe disease and long term complications from COVID-19?
• Most people with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms or moderate illness.• Approximately 10-15% of cases progress to severe disease, and about 5% becomecritically ill.• Typically people recover from COVID-19 after 2 to 6 weeks. (See figure below)• For some people, some symptoms may linger or recur for weeks or months followinginitial recovery. This can also happen in people with mild disease. People are notinfectious to others during this time.• Some patients develop medical complications that may have lasting health effects.
Are the elderly more vulnerable to the coronavirus disease?
The COVID-19 pandemic is impacting the global population in drastic ways. In many countries, older people are facing the most threats and challenges at this time. Although all age groups are at risk of contracting COVID-19, older people face significant risk of developing severe illness if they contract the disease due to physiological changes that come with ageing and potential underlying health conditions.
Can the coronavirus disease be transmitted from food?
It is highly unlikely that people can contract COVID-19 from food or food packaging. COVID-19 is a respiratory illness and the primary transmission route is through person-to- person contact and through direct contact with respiratory droplets generated when an infected person coughs or sneezes.There is no evidence to date of viruses that cause respiratory illnesses being transmitted via food or food packaging.
How dangerous is the coronavirus disease?
Although for most people COVID-19 causes only mild illness, it can make some people very ill. More rarely, the disease can be fatal. Older people, and those with pre- existing medical conditions (such as high blood pressure, heart problems or diabetes) appear to be more vulnerable.
What should I do if I test positive for the coronavirus disease?
If people test positive, they should be isolated and the people they have been in close contact with up to 2 days before they developed symptoms should be sought out, and those people should be tested too if they show symptoms of COVID-19.WHO also advises that all confirmed cases, even mild cases, should be isolated in health facilities, to prevent transmission and provide adequate care. But we recognize that many countries have already exceeded their capacity to care for mild cases in dedicated health facilities.
Is headache a symptom of the coronavirus disease?
The virus can cause a range of symptoms, from ranging from mild illness to pneumonia. Symptoms of the disease are fever, cough, sore throat and headaches.
Can you contract the coronavirus disease by touching a surface?
People could catch COVID-19 by touching contaminated surfaces or objects – and then touching their eyes, nose or mouth.
Can the coronavirus spread via feces?
There is some evidence that COVID-19 infection may lead to intestinal infection and be present in faeces. However, to date only one study has cultured the COVID-19 virus from a single stool specimen. There have been no reports of faecal−oral transmission of the COVID-19 virus to date.
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The antibacterial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Carum copticum on IMP-type metallo-betalactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa- Fatemeh Fallah- Shahid Beheshti University
Aim: Carbapenem resistance due to acquired metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) is considered to be more serious than other resistance mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Zataria multiflora Boiss and Carum copticum plants on IMP-producing P. aeruginosa strains. This experimental study was carried out on hospitalized burn patients during 2011 and 2012. Antibiotics and extracts susceptibility tests were performed by disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. MBL detection was performed by combination disk diffusion test (CDDT). The bla(VIM) and bla(IMP) genes were detected by PCR and sequencing methods. Using combination disk diffusion test method, it was found that among 83 imipenem resistant P. aeruginosa strains, 48 (57.9%) were MBL producers. PCR and sequencing methods proved that these isolates were positive for blaIMP-1 genes, whereas none were positive for bla(VIM) genes. The mortality rate of hospitalized patients with MBL-producing Pseudomonas infection was 4/48 (8.3%). It was shown that Zataria multiflora and Carum copticum extracts had a high antibacterial effect on regular and IMPproducing P. aeruginosa strains in 6.25 mg/ml concentration. The incidence of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa in burn patients is very high. In our study, all MBL-producing isolates carry the blaIMP-1 gene. Therefore, detection of MBL-producing isolates is of great importance in identifying drug resistance patterns in P. aeruginosa, and in prevention and control of infections. In this study, it was shown that extracts of Z. multiflora and C. copticum have high antibacterial effects on ß-lactamase producing P. aeruginosa strains.
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Kurt Laitner (Sensorica):
"The governance equation is a mechanism to establish heterogeneous fluid governance of a Nondominium. Governance is fluid in that behaviors and contributions determine decision making authority in real time. Governance is heterogeneous in that different methods for determining authority can exist for each decision type identified for the Nondominium. While there will be standardized decision types available for use, a specific Nondominium may establish their own. The only required decision type is to establish the authority to define decision types.
The governance equation is a standardized, extensible set of measurable dimensions of governance. These dimensions will have considerable if not complete overlap with those of the Value Equation. A particular Nondominium agreement may use some or all of those dimensions, and may assign weights to them to incent the emergence of their desired organizational form. A governance equation apportions decision making rights (authority) to individuals based on their accrued holdings of the dimensions that make up the governance equation and the weights assigned to those dimensions in proportion to other members. An example of democratic decision making could be based solely on membership. An example that used the value equation to determine voting rights would be a meritocracy.
Governance is implemented through the identification of decision types, and the association of a governance equation to each decision type. The primary governance equation for a decision type determines who has decision making authority. There may be subordinate governance equations that determine who should be consulted prior to a decision (must reply), informed of a proposed decision (may reply), or merely informed of the actual outcome of the decision. Decision types also specify the decision scope, decision mechanism, decision process, required inputs, voting rules, minimum open time, available outcomes, monitoring and compliance mechanisms and appropriate sanctions for non-compliance." ()
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In the light-initiated and light-driven physico-chemical process of photosynthesis — an activity performed only by certain types of organisms — an organism synthesizes its own constituent, energy-rich organic compounds from inorganic starting materials using sunlight as the ultimate source of energy, energy that enables the organism to perform the work required to implement the organosynthesis, as well to implement all of its cellular activities, including those that generate and maintain the molecular mechanisms of the photosynthetic process itself.
An abundance of photosynthesis-capable organisms generate not only their own constituent organic compounds but also generate the oxygen required to release the energy from those compounds that enables their work of living — via the process of cellular respiration — with enough oxygen leftover to replenish the oxygen in the atmosphere consumed by non-photosynthesis-capable organisms whose life depends on that oxygen. The life of nearly all non-photosynthesis-capable organisms, including humans, depend absolutely on the existence of photosynthesis-capable organisms.
Photosynthesis-capable organisms contribute to removing carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere by non-photosynthesis-capable organisms, carbon dioxide serving as the inorganic carbon source for the light-energy-driven synthesis of organic carbon compounds that ultimately provide organic substrates and biologically useful energy for nearly all of Earth's lifeforms.
The term 'photosynthesis' derives from Greek roots for 'light' and 'putting together' or 'assembling', referring to sunlight energy utilized to assemble organic compounds, light energy transformed into the chemical energy of bonding electrons.
Metaphorically, the photosynthesis-capable organism sustains its living state by harvesting and eating the sun, qualifying it as a so-called autotroph, specifically a photoautotroph, eating a diet solely of inorganic compounds using solar energy — the 'inorg-an' equivalent of a 'veg-an'. In so doing it serves as a source of energy-rich organic compounds, as food, for Earth's non-photosynthesis-capable organisms, referred to as heterotrophs.
Our current scientific understanding considers the oxygen-generating-carbon-dioxide-consuming-type of photosynthesis our biosphere's most important bio-physico-chemical process, necessary for maintaining biosphere vitality, modulating the composition of the atmosphere, and providing a food source for non-photosynthesis-capable organisms, among other services it offers the biosphere. A photosynthesis-capable organism resides in a downhill energy gradient — a downhill flow of energetic solar photons — harvesting some of it to perform the work of living, reducing its internal entropy through self-organization, increasing its information content, remaining for a lifetime far from the equilibrium state wherein the organism becomes lifeless. Its natural lifespan may never actualize, as it enters the food chain of the non-photosynthesis-capable organisms abundant in the biosphere.
In sum, a photosynthesis-capable organism captures a portion of the energy of sunlight, converting (transducing) it to, and storing it as, chemical energy (in the form of energy-rich organic compounds), which the organism uses in its cellular processes for growth, maintenance, and reproduction, thereby obviating any need for the organism, a so-called autotroph, or photoautotroph, to feed on other organisms for organic matter to meet its substrate and energy needs. A large number and variety of organisms (e.g., plants, algae and certain bacteria — so-called phototrophic bacteria) carry out a type of photosynthesis, and in so constructing themselves from inorganic chemicals supply the source of food for the rest of the living world.
An estimated half the genera of organisms alive 65 million years ago purportedly perished due to a temporary shutting down of photosynthesis caused by a global blocking of sunlight reaching Earth's surface due to a dense atmospheric dust produced by an asteroid impacting the planet — a phenomenon that indicates the fundamental importance of photosynthetic organisms in sustaining the living world. (See also Blankenship (2002), Chapter 1, page 1)
In the familiar example of green plants, but also in phototropic algae and bacteria, the photosynthetic process utilizes special photon-absorbing pigment molecules, called chlorophylls, to enable the energy of photons radiated from the sun to energize electrons in those molecules, electrons ultimately supplied by the splitting of water molecules in a reaction that also converts water's oxygen atoms to molecular oxygen for release into the atmosphere and for use by the plant. The energized electrons subsequently transfer their energy in chemical reactions to energy-carrier molecules — generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) [see figure below], the energy therein used to synthesize organic compounds using the inorganic carbon compound, carbon dioxide, as the carbon source starting material. Besides water and carbon dioxide, the photosynthesizing organism also draws from the environment other inorganic material (e.g., phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur) needed to synthesize organic compounds.
The major starting and replenishing materials — water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) — abound in the environment, H2O providing the electrons for the initial photon-driven electron energizing mechanisms, releasing the H2O´s oxygen into the environment, CO2 providing the carbon source for the energy-storing reduction mechanisms (addition of electrons) that generate the organic molecules. The photosynthesizing organisms, and the non-photosynthesizing organisms that feed on them, ultimately use those energy-rich organic molecules as cellular building blocks and energy sources, enabling the cellular structures and functions that maintain the activities of living for nearly every living system on Earth. Living systems on Earth, with notable exceptions, are "solar powered".
The origin and evolution of photosynthesis rank as major steps in the evolution of living systems, pumping oxygen into the atmosphere, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and for organisms that cannot generate their own food, serving as a source of chemical energy and organic matter. In the absence of photosynthesis, nearly all life on earth as we know it would perish.
Without photosynthesis the luxuriant, awe-inspiring variety of living systems we see in the terrestrial and marine world about us would not exist. Nearly all living systems on Earth depend directly or indirectly on the energy captured by photosynthesis from light energy radiating to our planet from our sun (see below). For us humans, photosynthesis indirectly provides essentially all of our food-energy, as well the bulk of our non-food energy resources, inasmuch as ancient photosynthesizing organisms produced the energy-rich carbon-containing molecules we combust as fossil fuels — oil, natural gas, coal and wood — to generate electricity and other forms of energy we use to support human activity.
Nearly every oxygen atom that we inhale from the atmosphere emerged through photosynthetic liberation from a water molecule, among the countless water molecules covering 70% of the Earth´s surface. The chemical energy our bodies generate using that oxygen in biochemically combusting our food represents, almost literally, the energy that photosynthesis secured from the energy in sunlight. Likewise, the energy we generate with that oxygen in combusting fuels — oil, coal, wood, natural gas — owes its origin to photosynthetic capture of the energy of sunlight. The sun offers the energy of life, and the living process of photosynthesis accepts the offer and distributes it.
Photosynthesis researcher, Rajni Govindjee, puts it this way:
Sun is the source of almost all energy that sustains Life on Earth. Each minute the Sun converts 120 million tons of its mass into electromagnetic radiation and dumps it out into space. One billionth of that reaches the Earth. It takes only 8 minutes for this radiation to travel 93 million miles to reach us. The visible portion of this electromagnetic radiation (VIBGYOR, violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red, the colors in the rainbow) is captured by plants, algae and cyanobacteria. The green color of the leaves is due to the presence of a pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light efficiently, but not green, the transmitted green light gives the leaves their green color. The process by which plants utilize sunlight (absorbed by chlorophyll) to make food (that we need for our lives) and oxygen (that we need to breathe) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water is called Photosynthesis. In addition, past photosynthesis provides the fossil fuels needed to power the industry and automobiles etc.
Aims of article
This article will classify the differing types of photosynthesizing organisms, and describe the details of the differing photosynthetic mechanisms employed by them. It focuses on those photosynthetic organisms and processes that employ chlorophyll molecules for photon absorption, but will briefly discuss a different form of photosynthesis by certain bacteria using a rhodopsin-type molecule, and consider organisms that derive only a part of their energy from light. It will also discuss the implications of photosynthesis in the sciences of biology, geology, oceanography, climatology, and other areas of importance to the life of planet Earth, since without photosynthesis nearly every species on Earth would perish.
Photosynthesis based on chlorophyll-type pigment molecules is the most common type of photosynthesis, using photon-driven energizing and transferring of electrons. Chlorophyll-based photosynthesis is carried out by plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and certain organisms that differ in virtue of not generating oxygen during the process. A simplified overview of chlorophyll-based oxygen-generating photosynthesis is shown in the accompanying illustration.
In green plants, the biological process of photosynthesis typically occurs in leaf cells but also in all green parts of the plant (.e.g., the stems). They capture the energy from photons in sunlight, use it to energize electrons split from water and release a largely 'waste' product, oxygen (O2) — thus defining 'oxygenic' photosynthesis. The captured and transformed energy is then used to drive a set of biochemical reactions that converts carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to a carbohydrate compound, a triose, a 3-carbon sugar..
Triose, as triose phosphates, exit the leaf cell's organelles that synthesizes them — viz., a chloroplast, condense themselves into six-carbon hexose phosphates, ultimately forming dimers like sucrose, or polymers like starch or cellulose, the so-called reduced forms of carbon. Thus, the mass of plants, and their predators in the food chain, is from the enrichment of water's electrons energized by captured photons and the subsequent formation of energy-rich carbon compounds from the carbon dioxide in the air.
Between these two steps, a variety of energy-rich intermediates are formed, some of which can be metabolized by the photosynthetic organism. Light reactions can generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a recirculating and recyclable energy currency of cells. The process also produces other recyclable forms of circulating energy currency (e.g., NADPH). Photosynthesizing cells thus convert light energy to the life-sustaining chemical energy that drives life-sustaining cellular processes.
Organisms that photosynthesize operate as autotrophs — viz., organisms that generate their own source of food-energy — specifically referred to as photoautotrophs. They draw on minerals and other inorganic compounds from the environment and produce an ultimately photon-energy-derived complement of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids that self-organize the photoautotophic organism. In doing so they directly, though blindly, offer themselves as a source of food-energy (e.g., as vegetables, fruits) for consumption by us humans and other organisms, so-called heterotrophs — viz., organisms that feed on other organisms or on their energy-rich structural components — and indirectly provide a source of food-energy in the form of the non-human heterotrophs that we humans consume (e.g., chicken, fish and other animals). Photosynthesizing cells also supply the sufficient amounts of oxygen they and we need to generate ATP and NADPH, and they consume the 'waste' CO2 produced in the process of generating ATP.
Not all photosynthesizing organisms produce oxygen. The specific physico-chemical reactions of those that do biologists refer to as oxygenic photosynthesis, and those that do not as 'anoxygenic' photosynthesis. As noted above, oxygenic photosynthesis accounts for nearly all of the oxygen in the atmosphere.
Photosynthesizing organisms do not eat all of the photons available to them....
References Cited and Notes in Text
- W. Vermass (2007) An Introduction to Photosynthesis and Its Applications.
- Govindjee, Krogmann D. (2004) Discoveries in oxygenic photosynthesis (1727–2003): a perspective. Photosynthesis Research 80:15-57.
- Hall DO, Rao KK. (1999) Photosynthesis. 6th ed. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64257-4. | Google Books preview.
- Blankenship RE (2002) Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0632043210; ISBN 978-0632043217
- Govindjee Photosynthesis
- O. Morton (2008) Eating the Sun: How Plants Power the Planet. Harper Collins. ISBN 0007163649 , ISBN 978-0007163649
- phototroph: 'an organism that obtains energy from light'. Beatty JT. (2002) On the natural selection and evolution of the aerobic phototrophic bacteria. Photosynthesis Research 73:109-114. | For the quote, Beatty cites: Madigan MT, Martinko JM and Parker J (2000) Brock Biology of Microorganisms. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
- Some ocean bottom organisms can utilize energy released by radioactive chemical elements originating deep below the ocean bottom, to assemble their organic constituents, so a fringe of the biosphere might remain vital in the absence of sunlight.
- Alvarez LW, Alvarez W, Asaro F, Michel HV. (1980) Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction. Science 208:1095-1108.
- Hopkins WG. (2006) Photosynthesis and Respiration. Chelsea House. ISBN 978-0-7910-8561-5.
- H.M. Weiss (2008), Appreciating Oxygen. The Journal of Chemical Education 85(9):1218-1219. This article stresses the importance of oxygen as an energy source in chemistry and bioligy.
- M.J. Farabee (2007), What is photosynthesis? Online Biology Book Detailed teatment of photosynthesis in an online biology course textbook. Includes an illustrated glossary.
- Photosynthesis Encyclopedia Britannica, Free Full-Text Article
- John Whitmarsh, Govindjee. The Photosynthetic Process In: Concepts in Photobiology: Photosynthesis and Photomorphogenesis, Edited by G.S. Singhal, G. Renger, S.K. Sopory, K-D Irrgang and Govindjee, Narosa Publishers/New Delhi; and Kluwer Academic/Dordrecht, pp. 11-51. The online text is a revised and modified version of Photosynthesis by J. Whitmarsh and Govindjee (1995), published in Encyclopedia of Applied Physics (Vol. 13, pp. 513-532) by VCH Publishers, Inc. A detailed, comprehensive treatment of photosynthesis in a book chapter online. Includes history and research aspects.
- P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert and S.E. Eichhorn (1999), Photosynthesis, Light, and Life'. Chapter 7. In: Biology of Plants, 6th ed., New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 1-57259-041-6; ISBN 1-57259-611-2
- N.C. Kiang, J. Siefert, Govindjee and R.E. Blankenship (2007). Full text available at Spectral Signatures of Photosynthesis. I. Review of Earth Organisms An overview of: how photosynthesis works, the diversity of photosynthetic organisms, a synthesis of photosynthetic surface spectral signatures, and evolutionary rationales for photosynthetic surface reflectance spectra.
- Note: Summary equations typically depict glucose as the carbohydrate end-product of photosynthesis, whereas photosynthesizing cells generate very little glucose per se; the three-carbon trioses represent the more immediate photosynthetic carbohydrate.
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- Why is my acorn squash white inside?
- What is toxic squash syndrome?
- Why does yellow squash get bumpy?
- What kind of squash is orange and bumpy?
- Is yellow squash supposed to be bumpy?
- Can you eat squash with mosaic virus?
- Why is my crookneck squash orange?
- Is squash good for weight loss?
- Can raw squash make you sick?
- Is it safe to eat bumpy zucchini?
- Is it bad to eat raw squash?
Why is my acorn squash white inside?
Why is my acorn squash white inside.
The seeds should be mostly white or cream-colored and should be covered in the squash flesh while the rest of the squash should be a bright color inside.
If it’s dull at all in color, chances are, it’s not ripe yet or it’s already spoiled..
What is toxic squash syndrome?
Toxic Squash Syndrome Pumpkins are classified as cucurbits, a family of flowering gourd plants that also include cucumbers, melons, and squash. Cucurbit poisoning, also known as toxic squash syndrome, occurs when a person eats a cucurbit that contains an elevated level of cucurbitacin E.
Why does yellow squash get bumpy?
Reasons for Bumpy Squash Rapid growth, boring insects and excess calcium in soil may contribute to lumpy squash plants. However, the majority of these fruit deformities are the result of a mosaic virus. … Cucumber mosaic affects summer squash and produces raised, yellow bumpy squash and warty regions on the fruit’s skin.
What kind of squash is orange and bumpy?
The two most common varieties are the yellow crookneck squash, which has a bumpy surface, and the yellow summer squash, which has a straight neck and smooth skin.
Is yellow squash supposed to be bumpy?
Squash do naturally grow bumps on their skin, which looks unappealing but the bumps don’t affect taste or quality. Squash belong to the same family of plants as cucumbers, pumpkins and melons and can be susceptible to disease. There are some common problems that can cause the yellow crookneck squash to have bumpy skin.
Can you eat squash with mosaic virus?
Yes, you can eat squash and melons that are infected with mosaic virus. These viruses are not harmful to humans and do not cause the fruit to rot.
Why is my crookneck squash orange?
It really sounds like something is interfering with the development of the fruit and it has gone too many days on the vine – small size or not. The proximity to other plants may be a problem especially if they are robbing the squash plant of water.
Is squash good for weight loss?
Butternut squash is rich in important vitamins, minerals, and disease-fighting antioxidants. This low-calorie, fiber-rich winter squash may help you lose weight and protect against conditions like cancer, heart disease, and mental decline. Plus, it’s versatile and easily added to both sweet and savory dishes.
Can raw squash make you sick?
A study published in Clinical Toxicology in 2018 published a study from France that found 353 cases of reported adverse effects reported from eating bitter squashes. Diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain were the most common symptoms.
Is it safe to eat bumpy zucchini?
The fruit is safe to eat; however, the fact the vine is dying may affect ripening. Watch the fruit for ripening. … Re: food safety – I don’t think there is a health issue with eating the bumpy zucchini, but I don’t think the taste / texture will be pleasant. Sometimes fruit affected by diseases becomes woody or bitter.
Is it bad to eat raw squash?
Can You Eat Raw Yellow Squash? Yes, you can eat raw yellow squash. It should be noted, however, that the smaller the squash, the less bitter and more sweet it will taste. It can be used it savory or sweet dishes, just cut it up and toss it in.
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कहकर घर वापस आ रहे है। हिंदी न्यूज़ उत्तराखंड विकासनगर पारिवारिक कलह के चलते युवक ने लगाई फांसी 3. व्हाट्स एप को लॉक करना : धोनी ने वनडे मैचों में 52.20 के औसत से 9,657 रन बनाए हैं जो किसी भारतीय विकेटकीपर बल्लेबाज द्वारा बनाए गए सर्वाधिक रन हैं। उन्होंने इस दौरान 65 अद्र्घशतक जमाए हैं जो दूसरे विकेटकीपर बल्लेबाजों द्वारा बनाए गए कुल अद्र्घशतकों से ज्यादा है। धोनी भले ही मैच फिनिशर के तौर पर मशहूर हैं लेकिन बड़ी पारियों खेलने में भी उनकी रिकॉर्ड कमजोर नहीं है। धोनी ने अपने करियर के शुरुआती दिनों में ही इसका प्रमाण दे दिया था। उन्होंने 2004 में श्रीलंका के खिलाफ 183 रन की पारी खेली थी जो किसी भारतीय विकेटकीपर बल्लेबाज द्वारा बनाया गया सर्वाधिक स्कोर है। इससे पहले उन्होंने चिर प्रतिद्वंद्वी पाकिस्तान के खिलाफ 123 गेंदों में ताबड़तोड़ 148 रन बनाए थे। प्रवेश परीक्षा 14 जून से शुरू होगी और 22 जून तक चलेगी. परीक्षा दो शिफ्टों में करवाई जाएगी मार्निंग और ईवनिंग. आधिकारिक नोटिस के मुताबिक काउंसिलिंग का शिड्यूल और काउंसिलिंग के मोड के बारे में छात्रों को जानकारी दे दी जाएगी. देश का सोने का आयात चालू वित्त वर्ष की पहली छमाही अप्रैलसितंबर, 2021 के दौरान कई गुना</s>
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The financial crisis of recent years and the COVID-19 pandemic have brought many economic and social difficulties for the citizens of Greece, as there have been recorded many job losses and loss of life. Although citizens have equal rights and obligations on the basis of the Constitution, there is discrimination among vulnerable social groups. They are people who face a number of difficulties in their integration into society, either because society cannot accept them, or because of social-economic constraints. The National and Regional Social Inclusion Policy is trying to put these groups under strong social protection. In particular, although the islands of the South Aegean Region are quite supportive of the country’s economy, as they are a global tourist destination, they face restrictions which include, for example, inadequate social services, their understaffing and their spatial fragmentation.
The aim of this survey is to identify the problems arising from the social inclusion process, both in the field of employment and the economy, to identify people in financial difficulties and to address these problems by all the means and tools available to the country at local and regional level. Through the operation of the South Aegean Regional Social Inclusion Observatory, cases concerning social exclusion or financial difficulties can be observed. The responsibility of the Observatory is to record and monitor the conditions through which poverty occurs and to implement actions to address these issues. Finally, the ultimate objective of research is to highlight local needs in terms of social protection, welfare and solidarity policies, to address them, to prevent poverty and eradicate social exclusion.
The study is divided into four parts through which the aim is to present one comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of poverty and its impact on the South Aegean Region population in its temporal, spatial and social dimensions. The first part concerns the European, national and regional framework for social inclusion. It outlines the Europe 2020 Strategy, the National Integration Strategy and refers to the current situation at European and national level. The role of the newly established National Integration Mechanism, the guidelines of the Regional Social Integration Strategy (PESKE) and the position of the South Aegean Regional Observatory are also mentioned. The target groups for monitoring and interventions are described. The second part records the existing conditions in the South Aegean Region. Geographical, demographic, economic and social characteristics, as well as employment and poverty indicators are presented. The study describes the existing social cohesion bodies and organisations, the population of vulnerable groups at regional, municipal and island level and determines the situation in relation to the whole country and the other regions.
The third part concerns the assessments made by the municipal authorities of the South Aegean Region themselves, as well as by the social services of the Region. The results of qualitative surveys in relation to quantitative data are presented with a view to establishing convergences and discrepancies. A comparison of the current situation against the findings of the PESKE is made and a SWOT analysis of the Region’s social inclusion capacity is performed. Finally, the fourth part explains the methodology for defining the evaluation indicators, the table of indicators proposed for the Observatory in order to record, monitor and evaluate actions on social inclusion and social exclusion in the South Aegean Region. The current health trend is also briefly described based on international and national sources, setting the framework for the subsequent studies of the project, whose results are expected to be directly affected by the pandemic, thus also affecting the indicators.
The socio-economic research underlying the study’s methodological approach covers three dimensions. The first dimension was the “geographical dimension of poverty”, linked to the administrative area of implementation of anti-poverty policies. The “social dimension” refers to the horizontal investigation of the phenomena, in terms of their causes and impacts. Finally, the “temporal dimension” refers to the current situation and also includes data from previous years over a 5-year period. Particular emphasis is placed on 2016-2019, in order to reflect the evolution of the phenomena over time in the South Aegean Region.
At European level, the fight against poverty and social exclusion is one of the EU’s specific objectives. From 1975 to 1994 the European Economic Community implemented several programmes to combat poverty. The Treaty of Amsterdam in 1999 enshrined the eradication of social exclusion as an objective of Community social policy. The Lisbon Strategy, launched in 2000, set up a monitoring and coordination mechanism, which included setting targets, measuring poverty against a set of indicators and benchmarks. The Open Method of Coordination, established in 2006, was a new policy framework in the area of social protection and social inclusion. The Europe 2020 Strategy aims to lift at least 20 million people out of poverty and social exclusion and to increase the employment of people aged 20-64 to 75 %.
The European Commission has adopted actions under the Europe 2020 Strategy, such as the European Platform for Poverty and Social Exclusion launched in 2010, the Agenda for New Skills and Jobs and the Social Investment Package. These initiatives have provided Member States with additional guidance on the national reforms they need to deliver on their commitments to reach the agreed Europe 2020 targets.
In Europe in recent years there are still some groups of the population that are particularly exposed to the risk of poverty. In particular, children, young people, single-parent families, dependent families, people with a background of migration, ethnic minorities and people with disabilities.
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