700 °C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived from gasification and combustion of the resultant gas is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the gasified compounds were obtained from biomass. The advantage of gasification is that using the syngas (synthesis gas H2/CO)","title":"Gasification"},{"id":"9122627","text":"content in biomass, annual production, this corresponds to about 6% atmospheric carbon content in the form of CO (for the current 400 ppm). Thermal conversion processes use heat as the dominant mechanism to convert biomass into another chemical form. Also known as thermal oil heating, it is a type of indirect heating in which a liquid phase heat transfer medium is heated and circulated to one or more heat energy users within a closed loop system. The basic alternatives of combustion (torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification) are separated principally by the extent to which the chemical reactions involved are allowed to","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"1489537","text":"Wood gas Wood gas is a syngas fuel which can be used as a fuel for furnaces, stoves and vehicles in place of gasoline, diesel or other fuels. During the production process biomass or other carbon-containing materials are gasified within the oxygen-limited environment of a wood gas generator to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These gases can then be burnt as a fuel within an oxygen rich environment to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat. In some gasifiers this process is preceded by pyrolysis, where the biomass or coal is first converted to char, releasing methane and tar rich in","title":"Wood gas"},{"id":"296509","text":"Natural gas Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas. Natural gas is a fossil fuel used as a source of energy for heating,","title":"Natural gas"},{"id":"9122616","text":"Biomass Biomass is waste material from plants or animals that is not used for food or feed; it can be waste from farming (like wheat stalks) or horticulture (yard waste), food processing (like corn cobs), animal farming (manure rich in nitrogen and phosphorus), or human waste from sewage plants. It is used in various industrial processes, like energy production or as raw materials for manufacturing chemicals. Burning biomass releases carbon emissions, but has been classed as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks, because plant stocks can be replaced with new growth. It has become popular","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"10717657","text":"many of the biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticised for their adverse impacts on the natural environment, food security, and land use. Biomass is biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials. As a renewable energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or indirectly once or converted into another type of energy product such as biofuel. Biomass can be converted to energy in three ways: \"thermal conversion\", \"chemical conversion\", and \"biochemical conversion\". Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,","title":"Fossil fuel phase-out"},{"id":"9122641","text":"to the water steam power process just with an organic working medium. Such small power plants can be found in Europe. On combustion, the carbon from biomass is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO). The amount of carbon stored in dry wood is approximately 50% by weight. However, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, plant matter used as a fuel can be replaced by planting for new growth. When the biomass is from forests, the time to recapture the carbon stored is generally longer, and the carbon storage capacity of the forest may","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"4882211","text":"anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, gasification to produce syngas or by direct combustion. Examples of biodegradable wastes include straw, timber, manure, rice husks, sewage, and food waste. The use of biomass fuels can therefore contribute to waste management as well as fuel security and help to prevent or slow down climate change, although alone they are not a comprehensive solution to these problems. Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas—also called \"landfill gas\" or \"biogas.\" Crops,","title":"Bioenergy"},{"id":"9122623","text":"electricity in the US between 2000 and 2020. Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas, also called landfill gas or biogas. Crops such as corn and sugarcane can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from leftover food products like vegetable oils and animal fats. Several biodiesel companies simply collect used restaurant cooking oil and convert it into biodiesel. Also, biomass-to-liquids (called \"BTLs\") and cellulosic ethanol are still","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"12625610","text":"Staged reforming Staged reforming is a thermochemical process to convert organic material or bio waste such as wood, dung or hay into combustible gases containing methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The single-stage reforming of bio materials results in high dust and tar yields in the produced gas restricting its use, hence the use of staged reforming. After reforming the output is approximately 80% fuel gas and 20% cokes. In staged reforming technology, gas conversion is a separate stage after pyrolysis. Organic material is decomposed into gas and coal at approximately 600°C. Gas produced by the first stage is reformed with","title":"Staged reforming"},{"id":"9806197","text":"is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO). The amount of carbon stored in dry wood is approximately 50% by weight. When from agricultural sources, plant matter used as a fuel can be replaced by planting for new growth. When the biomass is from forests, the time to recapture the carbon stored is generally longer, and the carbon storage capacity of the forest may be reduced overall if destructive forestry techniques are employed. The biomass-is-carbon-neutral proposal put forward in the early 1990s has been superseded by more recent science that recognizes that mature, intact forests sequester carbon more effectively","title":"Biomass heating system"},{"id":"9122634","text":"and other microorganisms to break down biomass into gaseous or liquid fuels, such a biogas or bioethanol. In most cases, microorganisms are used to perform the conversion process: anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and composting. Glycoside hydrolases are the enzymes involved in the degradation of the major fraction of biomass, such as polysaccharides present in starch and lignocellulose. Thermostable variants are gaining increasing roles as catalysts in biorefining applications in the future bioeconomy, since recalcitrant biomass often needs thermal treatment for more efficient degradation. Some examples in today´s processing include the production of monosaccharides for food applications as well as use as","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"9806194","text":"Biomass heating system Biomass heating systems generate heat from biomass.<br> The systems fall under the categories of: The use of biomass in heating systems is beneficial because it uses agricultural, forest, urban and industrial residues and waste to produce heat and electricity with less effect on the environment than fossil fuels. This type of energy production has a limited long-term effect on the environment because the carbon in biomass is part of the natural carbon cycle; while the carbon in fossil fuels is not, and permanently adds carbon to the environment when burned for fuel (carbon footprint). Historically, before the","title":"Biomass heating system"},{"id":"9806210","text":"Biomass heating system Biomass heating systems generate heat from biomass.<br> The systems fall under the categories of: The use of biomass in heating systems is beneficial because it uses agricultural, forest, urban and industrial residues and waste to produce heat and electricity with less effect on the environment than fossil fuels. This type of energy production has a limited long-term effect on the environment because the carbon in biomass is part of the natural carbon cycle; while the carbon in fossil fuels is not, and permanently adds carbon to the environment when burned for fuel (carbon footprint). Historically, before the","title":"Biomass heating system"},{"id":"8722691","text":"Carbon respiration Carbon respiration (also called carbon emissions and carbon releases) is used in combination with carbon fixation to gauge carbon flux (as CO) between atmospheric carbon and the global carbon cycle Carbon is released to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, organic respiration, wood burning, and volcanic eruptions. The uptake of carbon from the atmosphere occurs through carbon dissolution into the oceans, Photosynthesis, and the consequent storing of carbon in various forms such as peat bogs, oil accumulation, and formation of minerals such as coal and copper. It also happens when carbohydrates are changed into carbon dioxide.","title":"Carbon respiration"},{"id":"9122619","text":"tons) of carbon per year, about half in the ocean and half on land. Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today; examples include forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. Wood energy is derived by using lignocellulosic biomass (second-generation biofuels) as fuel. Harvested wood may be used directly as a fuel or collected from wood waste streams to be processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels. Biomass also includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals, including biofuels.","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"7476978","text":"gas emitted to atmosphere in e.g. the US in 1999 was approximately 32% higher than the amount of that would have been emitted by combustion. In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste is biomass. That is, it has biological origin. This material has been formed by plants using atmospheric typically within the last growing season. If these plants are regrown the emitted from their combustion will be taken out from the atmosphere once more. Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate WtE of the biomass part of waste as renewable energy. The rest—mainly plastics and other oil and","title":"Waste-to-energy"},{"id":"8719625","text":"Plasma gasification Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a syngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc, is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas with slag remaining as a byproduct. It is used commercially as a form of waste treatment and has been tested for the gasification of municipal solid waste, biomass, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and solid hydrocarbons, such as coal, oil sands, petcoke and oil shale. Small plasma torches typically use an inert","title":"Plasma gasification"},{"id":"9122631","text":"for furnace oil in direct heat applications. Because any biomass material can undergo gasification, this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production, where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel. In addition, biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste (such as wastes available on a farm) into producer gas, which is a very usable fuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can also be achieved via selective conversion of individual components of biomass. For example, cellulose can be converted to intermediate platform chemical such","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"11655596","text":"limitations such as: Syngas fermentation Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process. In this process, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, known as syngas, is used as carbon and energy sources, and then converted into fuel and chemicals by microorganisms. The main products of syngas fermentation include ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and methane. Certain industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, steel milling, and methods for producing carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol, discharge enormous amounts of waste gases containing mainly CO and into the atmosphere either directly or through combustion.","title":"Syngas fermentation"},{"id":"11655594","text":"Syngas fermentation Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process. In this process, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, known as syngas, is used as carbon and energy sources, and then converted into fuel and chemicals by microorganisms. The main products of syngas fermentation include ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and methane. Certain industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, steel milling, and methods for producing carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol, discharge enormous amounts of waste gases containing mainly CO and into the atmosphere either directly or through combustion. Biocatalysts can be","title":"Syngas fermentation"},{"id":"7611009","text":"Selective non-catalytic reduction Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is a method to lessen nitrogen oxide emissions in conventional power plants that burn biomass, waste and coal. The process involves injecting either ammonia or urea into the firebox of the boiler at a location where the flue gas is between to react with the nitrogen oxides formed in the combustion process. The resulting product of the chemical redox reaction is molecular nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO), and water (HO). Urea (NHCONH) is easier to handle and store than the more dangerous ammonia (NH). In the process it reacts like ammonia: The reduction","title":"Selective non-catalytic reduction"},{"id":"9806195","text":"use of fossil fuels in significant quantities, biomass in the form of wood fuel provided most of humanity's heating. On a large scale, the use of biomass removes agricultural land from food production, reduces the carbon sequestration capacity of forests, and extracts nutrients from the soil. Combustion of biomass creates air pollutants and adds significant quantities of carbon to the atmosphere that may not be returned to the soil for many decades. Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants, in some cases","title":"Biomass heating system"},{"id":"9122622","text":"are wheat, which typically yields 7.5–8 tonnes of grain per hectare, and straw, which typically yields 3.5–5 tonnes per hectare in the UK. The grain can be used for liquid transportation fuels while the straw can be burned to produce heat or electricity. Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a series of chemical treatments, and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first-generation biofuel. The main contributors of waste energy are municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, and landfill gas. Energy derived from biomass is projected to be the largest non-hydroelectric renewable resource of","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"9122628","text":"proceed (mainly controlled by the availability of oxygen and conversion temperature). These processes reduce carbon emissions during processing of biomass while providing useful byproducts which can later be used in several applications. Energy created by burning biomass is particularly suited for countries where the fuel wood grows more rapidly, such as in tropical countries. There are other less common, more experimental or proprietary thermal processes that may offer benefits, such as hydrothermal upgrading. Some have been developed for use on high moisture content biomass, including aqueous slurries, and allow them to be converted into more convenient forms. Some of the","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"74656","text":"This used to be done in underground coal mines, and also to make town gas which was piped to customers to burn for illumination, heating, and cooking. If the refiner wants to produce gasoline, the syngas is routed into a Fischer-Tropsch reaction. This is known as indirect coal liquefaction. If hydrogen is the desired end-product, however, the syngas is fed into the water gas shift reaction, where more hydrogen is liberated: Coal can be converted directly into synthetic fuels equivalent to gasoline or diesel by hydrogenation or carbonization. Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude","title":"Coal"},{"id":"1570774","text":"through the process of photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass (referring to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy-containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels. Biofuels are in theory carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the plants is equal to the carbon dioxide that is released when the fuel","title":"Biofuel"},{"id":"296525","text":"ruminants, and cultivated crops. Other sources of methane, the principal component of natural gas, include landfill gas, biogas, and methane hydrate. When methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic matter (biomass), these are referred to as biogas (or natural biogas). Sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills, as well as agricultural waste materials such as sewage sludge and manure by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation, particularly in cattle. Landfill gas is created by decomposition of waste in landfill sites. Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most","title":"Natural gas"},{"id":"2364387","text":"of feed stocks in some mixture of air, oxygen, or steam, to reduce the latter to hydrogen and carbon dioxide although some destructive distillation may also occur. Manufactured gas can be made by two processes: carbonization or gasification. Carbonization refers to the devolatilization of an organic feedstock to yield gas and char. Gasification is the process of subjecting a feedstock to chemical reactions that produce gas. The first process used was the carbonization and partial pyrolysis of coal. The off gases liberated in the high-temperature carbonization (coking) of coal in coke ovens were collected, scrubbed and used as fuel. Depending","title":"Coal gas"},{"id":"7611012","text":"cost of the catalyst is not there. Selective catalytic reduction Selective non-catalytic reduction Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is a method to lessen nitrogen oxide emissions in conventional power plants that burn biomass, waste and coal. The process involves injecting either ammonia or urea into the firebox of the boiler at a location where the flue gas is between to react with the nitrogen oxides formed in the combustion process. The resulting product of the chemical redox reaction is molecular nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO), and water (HO). Urea (NHCONH) is easier to handle and store than the more dangerous ammonia","title":"Selective non-catalytic reduction"},{"id":"12625611","text":"water vapor and heat energy from the cokes into a dust and residue-free fuel gas. Second stage process steps: Staged reforming Staged reforming is a thermochemical process to convert organic material or bio waste such as wood, dung or hay into combustible gases containing methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The single-stage reforming of bio materials results in high dust and tar yields in the produced gas restricting its use, hence the use of staged reforming. After reforming the output is approximately 80% fuel gas and 20% cokes. In staged reforming technology, gas conversion is a separate stage after pyrolysis. Organic","title":"Staged reforming"},{"id":"5897909","text":"Biomass to liquid Biomass to liquid (BtL or BMtL) is a multi-step process of producing synthetic hydrocarbon fuels made from biomass via a thermochemical route. Such a fuel has been called grassoline. According to a study done by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy, the United States can produce at least 1.3 billion tons of cellulosic biomass each year without decreasing the amount of biomass needed for our food, animal feed, or exports. The Fischer–Tropsch process is used to produce synfuels from gasified biomass. Carbonaceous material is gasified and the gas is processed to make purified","title":"Biomass to liquid"},{"id":"5897910","text":"syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen). The Fischer–Tropsch polymerizes syngas into diesel-range hydrocarbons. While biodiesel and bio-ethanol production so far only use parts of a plant, i.e. oil, sugar, starch or cellulose, BtL production can gasify and utilize the entire plant. Flash pyrolysis—producing bio-oil (pyrolysis oil), char and gas at temperatures between 350–550 °C and residence times < 1 second (also called anhydrous pyrolysis). Catalytic fast pyrolysis is a fast process in which the cellulose is broken down to a liquid biofuel. In this approach the cellulose is heated to 500 degrees Celsius in less than one second","title":"Biomass to liquid"},{"id":"1905652","text":"The CHP plant will generate 2 MW (electricity) and 8 MW (district heating). Examples of demonstration projects include: Gasification Gasification is a process that converts organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures (>700 °C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived from gasification and combustion of the resultant gas is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the","title":"Gasification"},{"id":"7425488","text":"supply contracts. Applications: In contrast to being renewable, biogas creates similar environmental pollutants as ordinary natural gas fuel, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide and particulates. Any unburned gas that escapes contains methane, a long lived greenhouse gas. The key difference from ordinary natural gas is that it is often considered partly or fully carbon neutral, the carbon dioxide contained in the biomass is naturally renewed in each generation of plants, rather than being released from fossil stores and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Renewable natural gas Renewable Natural Gas (RNG), also known as Sustainable Natural Gas","title":"Renewable natural gas"},{"id":"1631190","text":"Syngas Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide. The name comes from its use as intermediates in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG) and for producing ammonia or methanol. Syngas is usually a product of gasification and the main application is electricity generation. Syngas is combustible and often used as a fuel of internal combustion engines. It has less than half the energy density of natural gas. Syngas can be produced from many sources, including natural gas, coal, biomass, or virtually any hydrocarbon feedstock, by reaction with","title":"Syngas"},{"id":"1631194","text":"avoid the dilution effect, producing gas of much higher calorific value. When used as an intermediate in the large-scale, industrial synthesis of hydrogen (principally used in the production of ammonia), it is also produced from natural gas (via the steam reforming reaction) as follows: In order to produce more hydrogen from this mixture, more steam is added and the water gas shift reaction is carried out: The hydrogen must be separated from the to be able to use it. This is primarily done by pressure swing adsorption (PSA), amine scrubbing, and membrane reactors. Conversion of biomass to syngas is typically","title":"Syngas"},{"id":"1489551","text":"hydrogen contents, downdraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high nitrogen concentrations and low tar loads, while updraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high tar loads. Wood gas Wood gas is a syngas fuel which can be used as a fuel for furnaces, stoves and vehicles in place of gasoline, diesel or other fuels. During the production process biomass or other carbon-containing materials are gasified within the oxygen-limited environment of a wood gas generator to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These gases can then be burnt as a fuel within an oxygen rich environment to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat. In some","title":"Wood gas"},{"id":"13831248","text":"carbon efficiency of most processes to convert organic matter to fuel is relatively low. I.e. the proportion of carbon contained in the biomass, which is later contained in the usable end product is relatively low: In poorly designed systems the unused carbon escapes into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, or when fermented as methane. Both gases are considered to be climate-damaging. In addition, heat is released in these processes, which is not generally used. Advanced modern system capture nearly all the gases and use the heat as part of the process or for district heating. The problem with the production","title":"Hydrothermal carbonization"},{"id":"12982513","text":"to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in -equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year. Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes -equivalent. These emissions include from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol. At present, the primary source of emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat. According to the Environmental Protection","title":"Greenhouse gas"},{"id":"655891","text":"sulphide (), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide () can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. Biogas can be compressed, the same way as natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. In the United Kingdom, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of","title":"Biogas"},{"id":"9122617","text":"among coal power stations, which switch from coal to biomass in order to convert to renewable energy generation without wasting existing generating plant and infrastructure. Biomass most often refers to an energy source; biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: \"thermal\", \"chemical\", and \"biochemical\". Some chemical constituents of plant biomass include lignins, cellulose, and hemicellulose. In terms of how biomass is used as fuel, percentages were gathered in the United","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"9806198","text":"than cut-over areas. When a tree’s carbon is released into the atmosphere in a single pulse, it contributes to climate change much more than woodland timber rotting slowly over decades. Current studies indicate that \"even after 50 years the forest has not recovered to its initial carbon storage\" and \"the optimal strategy is likely to be protection of the standing forest\". The oil price increases since 2003 and consequent price increases for natural gas and coal have increased the value of biomass for heat generation. Forest renderings, agricultural waste, and crops grown specifically for energy production become competitive as the","title":"Biomass heating system"},{"id":"17608051","text":"schematic diagram of the process is shown in Figure 1. Gasification is the process of converting biodegradable waste materials into synthetic gas without combustion. This process is first used at the Gussing power plant in Austria based on the steam gasification of biomass in the internally circulating fluidized bed. In the gasification process, fuel will be gasified at 850C in the presence of steam to produce a nitrogen-free and clean synthetic gas. Charcoal will be burnt with air in the combustion chamber to provide the heating for the gasification process as it is an endothermic process. Thermal transfer will take","title":"Circulating fluidized bed"},{"id":"1676746","text":"such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolysis is high temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation). Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a recovered fuel. Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels. Pyrolysis is a process of thermo-chemical","title":"Waste management"},{"id":"8319818","text":"$49). Decomposing food waste generates methane, a notorious greenhouse gas. However, this biogas can be captured and turned into energy through anaerobic digestion, and then sold into the electricity grid. Anaerobic digestion grew in Europe, but is starting to develop in America. Massachusetts is increasing its production of anaerobic digesters. The main environmental threat from biodegradable waste is the production of methane and other greenhouse gases. Biodegradable waste Biodegradable waste includes any organic matter in waste which can be broken down into carbon dioxide, water, methane or simple organic molecules by micro-organisms and other living things by composting, aerobic digestion,","title":"Biodegradable waste"},{"id":"348659","text":"can be burned to produce heat or electricity. Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a series of chemical treatments, and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first generation biofuel. Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy such as methane gas or transportation fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gasalso called landfill gas or biogas. Crops, such as corn and sugarcane, can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food","title":"Renewable energy"},{"id":"9122635","text":"a carbon source for microbial conversion into metabolites such as bioethanol and chemical intermediates, oligocaccharide production for prebiotic (nutrition) applications and production of surfactants alkyl glycoside type. In addition to combustion, biomass/biofuels can be directly converted to electrical energy via electrochemical (electrocatalytic) oxidation of the material. This can be performed directly in a direct carbon fuel cell, direct liquid fuel cells such as direct ethanol fuel cell, a direct methanol fuel cell, a direct formic acid fuel cell, a L-ascorbic Acid Fuel Cell (vitamin C fuel cell), and a microbial fuel cell. The fuel can also be consumed indirectly via","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"2222788","text":"Chemosynthesis In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis. Chemoautotrophs, organisms that obtain carbon through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse, but also groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically-important taxa include the sulfur-oxidizing gamma and epsilon proteobacteria, the Aquificae, the methanogenic archaea and the neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from single carbon","title":"Chemosynthesis"},{"id":"16556608","text":"and other components of the global carbon cycle. Carbon is exchanged with varying speed with the terrestrial biosphere. It is absorbed in the form of carbon dioxide by autotrophs and converted into organic compounds. Carbon is also released from the biosphere into the atmosphere in the course of biological processes. Aerobic respiration converts organic carbon into carbon dioxide and a particular type of anaerobic respiration converts it into methane. After respiration, both carbon dioxide and methane are typically emitted into the atmosphere. Organic carbon is also released into the atmosphere during burning. The residence time of carbon in the terrestrial","title":"Atmospheric carbon cycle"},{"id":"13070780","text":"Hydromethanation Hydromethanation, [hahy-droh- meth-uh-ney-shuhn] is the process by which methane (the main constituent of natural gas) is produced through the combination of steam, carbonaceous solids and a catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. The process, developed over the past 60 years by multiple research groups, enables the highly efficient conversion of coal, petroleum coke and biomass (e.g. switchgrass or wood waste) into clean, pipeline quality methane. The chemistry of catalytic hydromethanation involves reacting steam and carbon to produce methane and carbon dioxide, according to the following reaction: 2C + 2HO -> CH + CO The process utilizes a specially designed","title":"Hydromethanation"},{"id":"5466533","text":"a large synthetic fuel establishment. The numerous processes that can be used to produce synthetic fuels broadly fall into three categories: Indirect, Direct, and Biofuel processes. Indirect conversion has the widest deployment worldwide, with global production totaling around , and many additional projects under active development. Indirect conversion broadly refers to a process in which biomass, coal, or natural gas is converted to a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide known as syngas either through gasification or steam methane reforming, and that syngas is processed into a liquid transportation fuel using one of a number of different conversion techniques depending","title":"Synthetic fuel"},{"id":"4567941","text":"beetles, cow dung can dry out and remain on the pasture, creating an area of grazing land which is unpalatable to livestock. In many parts of the developing world, and in the past in mountain regions of Europe, caked and dried cow dung is used as fuel. Dung may also be collected and used to produce biogas to generate electricity and heat. The gas is rich in methane and is used in rural areas of India and Pakistan and elsewhere to provide a renewable and stable source of electricity. In central Africa, Maasai villages have burned cow dung inside to","title":"Cow dung"},{"id":"63234","text":"in the environment form the carbon cycle. For example, photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation. Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, while some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; if bacteria do not consume it, dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which releases carbon when burned. Carbon can form very long chains","title":"Carbon"},{"id":"5885922","text":"Wood gas generator A wood gas generator is a gasification unit which converts timber or charcoal into wood gas, a syngas consisting of atmospheric nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, traces of methane, and other gases, which - after cooling and filtering - can then be used to power an internal combustion engine or for other purposes. Historically wood gas generators were often mounted on vehicles, but present studies and developments concentrate mostly on stationary plants. Gasification was an important and common technology during the 19th and early 20th century. Town gas produced from coal was widely used, mainly for lighting purposes.","title":"Wood gas generator"},{"id":"8719631","text":"system is scheduled to be shipped to the Huntington Ingalls shipyard for installation on the carrier. Plasma gasification Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a syngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc, is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas with slag remaining as a byproduct. It is used commercially as a form of waste treatment and has been tested for the gasification of municipal solid waste, biomass, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and solid hydrocarbons,","title":"Plasma gasification"},{"id":"2280130","text":"Commercially available LPG is currently derived mainly from fossil fuels. Burning LPG releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The reaction also produces some carbon monoxide. LPG does, however, release less per unit of energy than does coal or oil. It emits 81% of the per kWh produced by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a mix of propane and butane, LPG emits less carbon per joule than butane but more carbon per joule than propane. LPG burns more cleanly than higher molecular weight hydrocarbons because","title":"Liquefied petroleum gas"},{"id":"1631191","text":"steam (steam reforming), carbon dioxide (dry reforming) or oxygen (partial oxidation). Syngas is a crucial intermediate resource for production of hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and synthetic hydrocarbon fuels. Syngas is also used as an intermediate in producing synthetic petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via the Fischer–Tropsch process and previously the Mobil methanol to gasoline process. Production methods include steam reforming of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen, the gasification of coal, biomass, and in some types of waste-to-energy gasification facilities. The chemical composition of syngas varies based on the raw materials and the processes. Syngas produced","title":"Syngas"},{"id":"1489576","text":"as firing coke ovens and blast furnaces, cement and ceramic kilns, or for mechanical power through gas engines. It was characteristically low in heating value but cheap to make, so that large amounts could be made and burnt. In the USA, producer gas may be wood gas produced in a gasifier and used to fire kilns and has been used to power cars and boats, town gas, originally produced from coal, for sale to consumers, and syngas, used as a fuel source or as an intermediate for the production of other chemicals. In the UK, producer gas, also known as","title":"Producer gas"},{"id":"282202","text":"Marsh gas Marsh gas, swamp gas and bog gas is a mixture of methane, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, produced naturally within some geographical marshes, swamps, and bogs. The surface of marshes, swamps and bogs is initially porous vegetation that rots to form a crust that prevents oxygen from reaching the organic material trapped below. That is the condition that allows anaerobic digestion and fermentation of any plant or animal material which incidentally also produces methane. In some cases there is sufficient heat, fuel and oxygen to allow spontaneous combustion and underground fires to smolder for some considerable time as","title":"Marsh gas"},{"id":"6961532","text":"mostly carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The cooled syngas is then converted into usable products through exposure to bacteria or other catalysts. BRI Energy, LLC is a company whose pilot plant in Fayetteville, Arkansas is currently using synthesis gas fermentation to convert a variety of waste into ethanol. After gasification, anaerobic bacteria (\"Clostridium ljungdahlii\") are used to convert the syngas (CO, CO, and H) into ethanol. The heat generated by gasification is also used to co-generate excess electricity. 3 - C.O.R.S. and Grub Composting are sustainable technologies that employ organisms that feed on organic matter to reduce and convert organic waste","title":"Bioconversion"},{"id":"7420525","text":"Energy forestry Energy forestry is a form of forestry in which a fast-growing species of tree or woody shrub is grown specifically to provide biomass or biofuel for heating or power generation. The two forms of energy forestry are short rotation coppice and short rotation forestry: The main advantage of using \"grown fuels\", as opposed to fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil, is that while they are growing they absorb the near-equivalent in carbon dioxide (an important greenhouse gas) to that which is later released in their burning. In comparison, burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric carbon unsustainably,","title":"Energy forestry"},{"id":"655890","text":"Biogas Biogas refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials. This closed system is called an anaerobic digester, biodigester or a bioreactor. Biogas is primarily methane () and carbon dioxide () and may have small amounts of hydrogen","title":"Biogas"},{"id":"13434879","text":"sludge. Incomplete burning of both living and dead organic matter results in the emission of methane. While natural wildfires can contribute to methane emissions, the bulk majority of biomass burning occurs as a result of humans – including everything from accidental burnings by civilians to deliberate burnings used to clear out land to biomass burnings occurring as a result of destroying waste. Methane is a primary component of natural gas, and thus during the production, processing, storage, transmission, and distribution of natural gas, a significant amount of methane is lost into the atmosphere. According to the EPA \"Inventory of U.S","title":"Atmospheric methane"},{"id":"5897911","text":"in a chamber to break apart the oxygen molecules. The catalyst forms chemical reactions that remove oxygen bonds and form carbon rings. After the reaction takes place gasoline is formed along with water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pre-treat process, hot concentrated 15 M ammonia is used to break down sugar molecules, cellulose and hemicellulose significantly more efficiently than enzymes. After, the rapid pressure release cools and ends the treatment. The result is minor biomass degradation with high yields. The process was patented by Bruce Dale, Michigan State University professor. AFEX is generally done in","title":"Biomass to liquid"},{"id":"17219954","text":"reaction, or biological methanation resulting in an extra energy conversion loss of 8%. The methane /SNG may then be fed into the natural gas grid or further converted in to LPG by synthesising SNG with partial reverse hydrogenation at high pressure and low temperature. LPG in turn can be converted into alkylate which is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has exceptional antiknock properties and gives clean burning. The third method uses the output gas of a wood gas generator or a biogas plant, after the biogas upgrader is mixed with the produced hydrogen from the electrolyzer, to upgrade","title":"Power-to-gas"},{"id":"9806196","text":"at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas. Black carbon – a pollutant created by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass – is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming. In 2009 a Swedish study of the giant brown haze that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by biomass burning, and to a lesser extent by fossil-fuel burning. Researchers measured a significant concentration of C, which is associated with recent plant life rather than with fossil fuels. On combustion, the carbon from biomass","title":"Biomass heating system"},{"id":"557864","text":"the chemical process of pyrolysis converts the kerogen in the oil shale to shale oil (synthetic crude oil) and oil shale gas. Most conversion technologies involve heating shale in the absence of oxygen to a temperature at which kerogen decomposes (pyrolyses) into gas, condensable oil, and a solid residue. This usually takes place between and . The process of decomposition begins at relatively low temperatures (), but proceeds more rapidly and more completely at higher temperatures. \"In-situ\" processing involves heating the oil shale underground. Such technologies can potentially extract more oil from a given area of land than \"ex-situ\" processes,","title":"Oil shale"},{"id":"9122618","text":"States of 2016. 5% is considered primary energy in the U.S. Making up that 5% of primary energy, about 48% comes from biofuels (mostly ethanol), 41% from wood based biomass, and around 11% from municipal waste. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the time when people began burning wood to make fire. Even in 2018, biomass is the only source of fuel for domestic use in many developing countries. Biomass is all biologically-produced matter based in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The estimated biomass production in the world is 104.9 petagrams (104.9 × 10 g – about 105 billion metric","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"296553","text":"for oil refineries, and the fuel source in hydrogen vehicles. Protein rich animal and fish feed is produced by feeding natural gas to Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria on commercial scale. Natural gas is also used in the manufacture of fabrics, glass, steel, plastics, paint, and other products. Natural gas is mainly composed of methane. After release to the atmosphere it is removed by gradual oxidation to carbon dioxide and water by hydroxyl radicals () formed in the troposphere or stratosphere, giving the overall chemical reaction + 2 → + 2. While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared","title":"Natural gas"},{"id":"10168101","text":"Wakefield Beach, Sechelt. Biomass power plants use wood and wood by-products from forestry and sawmills, methane from landfills, and animal manure from farms, to generate heat and power. In the simplest method of converting biomass into energy, organic matter is burned in a boiler to make steam, which then turns a turbine generator. Heat can be distributed directly to nearby buildings. The carbon dioxide emitted would have been released by the natural decomposition of the biomass, so the plant does not contribute additional CO emissions. Renewable natural gas is produced when organic material from sources such as landfills, wastewater treatment","title":"FortisBC"},{"id":"12627709","text":"commonly referred to as \"bio-oil\" at 500 °C in 1–2 seconds. Pyrolysis: Biomass + Heat → 0.70VOCs + 0.10Char + 0.15Gases The volatile organics can be collected as a brown, highly acidic liquid for further thermochemical conversion by traditional processes such as steam reforming, gasification, catalytic partial oxidation, catalytic cracking, combustion, or hydrotreating. Catalytic steam reforming: VOCs + HO + Heat + Catalyst → H + CO + Catalyst Catalytic partial oxidation: VOCs + O + Catalyst → H + CO + Heat + Catalyst Catalytic combustion: VOCs + O + Catalyst → CO + HO + Heat + Catalyst","title":"Reactive flash volatilization"},{"id":"15391922","text":"terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems because the atmosphere is more transparent in land than in water. Gases are more available in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems. Those gases include carbon dioxide that serves as a substrate for photosynthesis, oxygen that serves as a substrate in aerobic respiration, and nitrogen that serves as a substrate for nitrogen fixation. Terrestrial environments are segmented into a subterranean portion from which most water and ions are obtained, and an atmospheric portion from which gases are obtained and where the physical energy of light is transformed into the organic energy of carbon-carbon bonds","title":"Terrestrial ecosystem"},{"id":"5528697","text":"Selective catalytic reduction Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a means of converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen () , and water (). A gaseous reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia or urea, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is adsorbed onto a catalyst. Carbon dioxide, is a reaction product when urea is used as the reductant. Selective catalytic reduction of using ammonia as the reducing agent was patented in the United States by the Engelhard Corporation in 1957. Development of SCR technology continued in Japan","title":"Selective catalytic reduction"},{"id":"13689432","text":"Torrefaction Torrefaction of biomass, e.g., wood or grain, is a mild form of pyrolysis at temperatures typically between 200 and 320 °C. Torrefaction changes biomass properties to provide a better fuel quality for combustion and gasification applications. Torrefaction produces a dry product with no biological activity like rotting. Torrefaction combined with densification creates an energy-dense fuel carrier of 20 to 21 GJ/ton lower heating value (LHV). Torrefaction makes the material undergo Maillard reactions. Biomass can be an important energy source. However, nature provides a large diversity of biomass with varying characteristics. To create highly efficient biomass-to-energy chains, torrefaction of biomass","title":"Torrefaction"},{"id":"1905640","text":"large gasification plants worldwide. Additionally, a variety of biomass and waste-derived feedstocks can be gasified, with wood pellets and chips, waste wood, plastics and aluminium, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), agricultural and industrial wastes, sewage sludge, switch grass, discarded seed corn, corn stover and other crop residues all being used. Chemrec has developed a process for gasification of black liquor. Waste gasification has several advantages over incineration: A major challenge for waste gasification technologies is to reach an acceptable (positive) gross electric efficiency. The high efficiency of converting syngas to electric power is counteracted by significant power consumption","title":"Gasification"},{"id":"296578","text":"ANG are: Activated Carbon Fiber (ACF), Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), activated carbon monolith. General: Natural gas Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.","title":"Natural gas"},{"id":"12366448","text":"from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis. Leaves also respire, in a similar way to animals, by burning their biomass to generate chemical energy. This energy is temporarily stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which acts as an energy currency for metabolism in all living things. As a waste product, respiration produces carbon dioxide. For a plant to grow, it must photosynthesise more than it respires. Otherwise, it will eventually exhaust its biomass and die. The potential for plant growth is net","title":"Carnivorous plant"},{"id":"12142551","text":"produces carbon dioxide emissions similar to those from ordinary fossil fuels, the plant feedstock used in the production absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere when it grows. Plants absorb carbon dioxide through a process known as photosynthesis which allows it to store energy from sunlight in the form of sugars and starches. After the biomass is converted into biodiesel and burned as fuel the energy and carbon is released again. Some of that energy can be used to power an engine while the carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. When considering the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions","title":"Environmental impact of biodiesel"},{"id":"13689436","text":"in general provides a low-cost, low-risk route to lower CO-emissions. When high volumes are needed, torrefaction can make biomass from distant sources price competitive because the denser material is easier to store and transport. Wood powder fuel: Large-scale co-firing in coal-fired power plants: Steel production: Residential/decentralized heating: Biomass-to-Liquids: Miscellaneous uses: Torrefaction Torrefaction of biomass, e.g., wood or grain, is a mild form of pyrolysis at temperatures typically between 200 and 320 °C. Torrefaction changes biomass properties to provide a better fuel quality for combustion and gasification applications. Torrefaction produces a dry product with no biological activity like rotting. Torrefaction combined","title":"Torrefaction"},{"id":"17655251","text":"Regasification Regasification is a process of converting liquefied natural gas (LNG) at −162 °C (−260 °F) temperature back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature. LNG gasification plants can be located on land as well as on floating barges. Floating barge mounted plants have the advantage that they can be towed to new offshore locations for better usage in response to changes in the business environment. In a conventional , LNG is heated by sea water to convert it to natural gas / methane gas. In addition to regasification, many valuable industrial byproducts can be produced using cold energy of LNG.","title":"Regasification"},{"id":"68417","text":"catalytic converters may be required by law. Fires occur naturally, ignited by lightning strikes or by volcanic products. Combustion (fire) was the first controlled chemical reaction discovered by humans, in the form of campfires and bonfires, and continues to be the main method to produce energy for humanity. Usually, the fuel is carbon, hydrocarbons or more complicated mixtures such as wood that contains partially oxidized hydrocarbons. The thermal energy produced from combustion of either fossil fuels such as coal or oil, or from renewable fuels such as firewood, is harvested for diverse uses such as cooking, production of electricity or","title":"Combustion"},{"id":"9122633","text":"just to replace the United States’ need for iodomethane. However, an advantage of this method is that it uses NaI rather than I2; NaI is significantly less hazardous than I2. This method may be applied to produce ethylene in the future. Other chemical processes such as converting straight and waste vegetable oils into biodiesel is transesterification. As biomass is a natural material, many highly efficient biochemical processes have developed in nature to break down the molecules of which biomass is composed, and many of these biochemical conversion processes can be harnessed. Biochemical conversion makes use of the enzymes of bacteria","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"14427109","text":"Carbon dioxide reforming Carbon dioxide reformation (also known as dry reformation) is a method of producing synthesis gas (mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) from the reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrocarbons such as methane. Synthesis gas is conventionally produced via the steam reforming reaction. In recent years, increased concerns on the contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming have increased interest in the replacement of steam as reactant with carbon dioxide. The dry reforming reaction may be represented by: Thus, two greenhouse gases are consumed and useful chemical building blocks, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, are produced. A challenge to","title":"Carbon dioxide reforming"},{"id":"3455040","text":"Exhaust gas Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends, diesel fuel, fuel oil, or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an \"exhaust plume\". It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions (and from stationary internal combustion engines), which can also include: Motor vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog","title":"Exhaust gas"},{"id":"312545","text":"room temperature. They are the petroleum gases. Depending on demand and the cost of recovery, these gases are either flared off, sold as liquefied petroleum gas under pressure, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane (CH), is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates, because its high vapor pressure assists with cold starts. Liquified under pressure slightly above atmospheric, it is best known for powering cigarette lighters, but it is also a main fuel source for many developing countries. Propane can be liquified under modest pressure, and is consumed for just about every application","title":"Petroleum"},{"id":"3003064","text":"California Berkeley study, after analyzing six separate studies, concluded that producing ethanol from corn uses much less petroleum than producing gasoline. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is emitted during fermentation and combustion. This is canceled out by the greater uptake of carbon dioxide by the plants as they grow to produce the biomass. When compared to gasoline, depending on the production method, ethanol releases less greenhouse gases. Compared with conventional unleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and aldehydes. The Clean Air Act requires the addition of","title":"Ethanol fuel"},{"id":"17267336","text":"Syngas to gasoline plus Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas, other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, and organic solvents. This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows: The STG+ process uses standard catalysts similar to those used in other gas to liquids technologies, specifically in methanol to gasoline processes. Methanol to gasoline","title":"Syngas to gasoline plus"},{"id":"655903","text":"During storage and when manure has been applied to the land, nitrous oxide is also produced as a byproduct of the denitrification process. Nitrous oxide () is 320 times more aggressive as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide and methane 25 times more than carbon dioxide. By converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion, the millions of cattle in the United States would be able to produce 100 billion kiloWatt hours of electricity, enough to power millions of homes across the United States. In fact, one cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate 3 kiloWatt","title":"Biogas"},{"id":"1594337","text":"thereby replacing charcoal produced illegally inside the national park, and creating significant employment for people living in extreme poverty in conflict affected areas. Biogas digestion harnesses the methane gas that is released when organic waste breaks down in an anaerobic environment. This gas can be retrieved from landfill sites or sewage systems. The gas can be used as a fuel for heat or, more commonly, electricity generation. The methane gas that is collected and refined can be used as an energy source for various products. Hydrogen gas is a completely clean burning fuel; its only by-product is water. It also","title":"Alternative energy"},{"id":"4460596","text":"condition for large scale introduction of renewable biomethane produced through anaerobic digestion (biogas) or gasification and methanation bio-SNG. Substitute natural gas Substitute natural gas (SNG), or synthetic natural gas, is a fuel gas that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal, oil shale, or from biofuels (when it is named bio-SNG) or from renewable electrical energy. The Great Plains Synfuels Plant injects approximately 4.1 million m/day of SNG from lignite coal into the United States national gas grid. The production process of SNG at the Great Plains plant involves gasification, gas cleaning, shift, and methanation. China is","title":"Substitute natural gas"},{"id":"4412514","text":"Coal gasification Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas–a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H), carbon dioxide (CO), methane (CH), and water vapour (HO)–from coal and water, air and/or oxygen. Historically, coal was gasified using early technology to produce coal gas (also known as \"town gas\"), which is a combustible gas traditionally used for municipal lighting and heating before the advent of industrial-scale production of natural gas. In current practice, large-scale instances of coal gasification are primarily for electricity generation, such as in integrated gasification combined cycle power plants, for production of chemical feedstocks, or for","title":"Coal gasification"},{"id":"17267344","text":"to produce approximately 27.8 million gallons of fuel annually. In early 2014, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) allowed Primus Green Energy’s patent covering its single-loop STG+ technology. Syngas to gasoline plus Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas, other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, and organic solvents. This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic","title":"Syngas to gasoline plus"},{"id":"2538428","text":"that is used to produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion. Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. On the negative side, uncontrolled methanogenesis in landfill sites releases large volumes of methane into the atmosphere, where it acts as a powerful greenhouse gas. Sulfate respiration produces hydrogen sulfide, which is responsible for the characteristic 'rotten egg' smell of coast wetlands and has the capacity to precipitate heavy metal ions from solution, leading to the deposition of sulfidic metal ores. Dissimilatory denitrification is widely used in the removal of nitrate and nitrite from municipal wastewater. An excess of","title":"Anaerobic respiration"},{"id":"296526","text":"of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes. If the gas is not removed, the pressure may get so high that it works its way to the surface, causing damage to the landfill structure, unpleasant odor, vegetation die-off, and an explosion hazard. The gas can be vented to the atmosphere, flared or burned to produce electricity or heat. Biogas can also be produced by separating organic materials from waste that otherwise goes to landfills. This method is more efficient than just capturing the landfill gas","title":"Natural gas"},{"id":"12627710","text":"These two sets of chemistries, pyrolysis and catalytic processing, are combined to form the reactive flash volatilization process. Solid hydrocarbons or biomass are contacted with high temperature (500–900 °C) catalysts to generate gases and volatile organic compounds. The volatile species flow into the catalyst with a reactant (H, O, or HO) to convert to desirable products (H, CO, HO, CO, or VOCs). RFV: Biomass + heat + Reactant + Catalyst → Gases + VOCs + Reactant + Catalyst → Products + Catalyst Reactive flash volatilization was demonstrated in 2006 in the journal \"Science\" by the high temperature (700–800 °C) conversion","title":"Reactive flash volatilization"},{"id":"15328960","text":"when they breathe and plants use it for photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is released naturally by decomposition, ocean release and respiration. Humans contribute an increase of carbon dioxide emissions by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement production. Methane (CH) is largely released by coal, oil, and natural gas industries. Although methane is not mass produced like carbon dioxide, it is still very prevalent. Methane is more harmful than carbon dioxide because it traps heat better than CO. Methane is a main component in natural gas. Recently industries as well as consumers have been using natural gas because they believe that it","title":"Greenhouse gas footprint"},{"id":"9122638","text":"considerable number of research activities were taking place mainly in North America, Europe and also in some emerging countries. These tend to use feedstock produced by rapidly reproducing enzymes or bacteria from various sources including excrement grown in cell cultures or hydroponics. There is huge potential for second generation biofuels but non-edible feedstock resources are highly under-utilized. Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas in some","title":"Biomass"},{"id":"12982476","text":"Greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about , rather than the present average of . The atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain greenhouse gases. Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (), from 280 ppm","title":"Greenhouse gas"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9122630\",\n \"text\": \"synthesis, methanol production, olefins (ethylene and propylene), and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks. In most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk. Biomass is more difficult to feed into a pressure vessel than coal or any liquid. Therefore, biomass gasification is frequently done at atmospheric pressure and causes combustion of biomass to produce a combustible gas consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and traces of methane. This gas mixture, called a producer gas, can provide fuel for various vital processes, such as internal combustion engines, as well as substitute\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1905626\",\n \"text\": \"Gasification Gasification is a process that converts organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures (>700 °C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived from gasification and combustion of the resultant gas is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the gasified compounds were obtained from biomass. The advantage of gasification is that using the syngas (synthesis gas H2/CO)\",\n \"title\": \"Gasification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122627\",\n \"text\": \"content in biomass, annual production, this corresponds to about 6% atmospheric carbon content in the form of CO (for the current 400 ppm). Thermal conversion processes use heat as the dominant mechanism to convert biomass into another chemical form. Also known as thermal oil heating, it is a type of indirect heating in which a liquid phase heat transfer medium is heated and circulated to one or more heat energy users within a closed loop system. The basic alternatives of combustion (torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification) are separated principally by the extent to which the chemical reactions involved are allowed to\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489537\",\n \"text\": \"Wood gas Wood gas is a syngas fuel which can be used as a fuel for furnaces, stoves and vehicles in place of gasoline, diesel or other fuels. During the production process biomass or other carbon-containing materials are gasified within the oxygen-limited environment of a wood gas generator to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These gases can then be burnt as a fuel within an oxygen rich environment to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat. In some gasifiers this process is preceded by pyrolysis, where the biomass or coal is first converted to char, releasing methane and tar rich in\",\n \"title\": \"Wood gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"296509\",\n \"text\": \"Natural gas Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas. Natural gas is a fossil fuel used as a source of energy for heating,\",\n \"title\": \"Natural gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122616\",\n \"text\": \"Biomass Biomass is waste material from plants or animals that is not used for food or feed; it can be waste from farming (like wheat stalks) or horticulture (yard waste), food processing (like corn cobs), animal farming (manure rich in nitrogen and phosphorus), or human waste from sewage plants. It is used in various industrial processes, like energy production or as raw materials for manufacturing chemicals. Burning biomass releases carbon emissions, but has been classed as a renewable energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks, because plant stocks can be replaced with new growth. It has become popular\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10717657\",\n \"text\": \"many of the biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticised for their adverse impacts on the natural environment, food security, and land use. Biomass is biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials. As a renewable energy source, biomass can either be used directly, or indirectly once or converted into another type of energy product such as biofuel. Biomass can be converted to energy in three ways: \\\"thermal conversion\\\", \\\"chemical conversion\\\", and \\\"biochemical conversion\\\". Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,\",\n \"title\": \"Fossil fuel phase-out\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122641\",\n \"text\": \"to the water steam power process just with an organic working medium. Such small power plants can be found in Europe. On combustion, the carbon from biomass is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO). The amount of carbon stored in dry wood is approximately 50% by weight. However, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, plant matter used as a fuel can be replaced by planting for new growth. When the biomass is from forests, the time to recapture the carbon stored is generally longer, and the carbon storage capacity of the forest may\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4882211\",\n \"text\": \"anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, gasification to produce syngas or by direct combustion. Examples of biodegradable wastes include straw, timber, manure, rice husks, sewage, and food waste. The use of biomass fuels can therefore contribute to waste management as well as fuel security and help to prevent or slow down climate change, although alone they are not a comprehensive solution to these problems. Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas—also called \\\"landfill gas\\\" or \\\"biogas.\\\" Crops,\",\n \"title\": \"Bioenergy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122623\",\n \"text\": \"electricity in the US between 2000 and 2020. Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas, also called landfill gas or biogas. Crops such as corn and sugarcane can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from leftover food products like vegetable oils and animal fats. Several biodiesel companies simply collect used restaurant cooking oil and convert it into biodiesel. Also, biomass-to-liquids (called \\\"BTLs\\\") and cellulosic ethanol are still\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12625610\",\n \"text\": \"Staged reforming Staged reforming is a thermochemical process to convert organic material or bio waste such as wood, dung or hay into combustible gases containing methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The single-stage reforming of bio materials results in high dust and tar yields in the produced gas restricting its use, hence the use of staged reforming. After reforming the output is approximately 80% fuel gas and 20% cokes. In staged reforming technology, gas conversion is a separate stage after pyrolysis. Organic material is decomposed into gas and coal at approximately 600°C. Gas produced by the first stage is reformed with\",\n \"title\": \"Staged reforming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9806197\",\n \"text\": \"is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO). The amount of carbon stored in dry wood is approximately 50% by weight. When from agricultural sources, plant matter used as a fuel can be replaced by planting for new growth. When the biomass is from forests, the time to recapture the carbon stored is generally longer, and the carbon storage capacity of the forest may be reduced overall if destructive forestry techniques are employed. The biomass-is-carbon-neutral proposal put forward in the early 1990s has been superseded by more recent science that recognizes that mature, intact forests sequester carbon more effectively\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass heating system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122634\",\n \"text\": \"and other microorganisms to break down biomass into gaseous or liquid fuels, such a biogas or bioethanol. In most cases, microorganisms are used to perform the conversion process: anaerobic digestion, fermentation, and composting. Glycoside hydrolases are the enzymes involved in the degradation of the major fraction of biomass, such as polysaccharides present in starch and lignocellulose. Thermostable variants are gaining increasing roles as catalysts in biorefining applications in the future bioeconomy, since recalcitrant biomass often needs thermal treatment for more efficient degradation. Some examples in today´s processing include the production of monosaccharides for food applications as well as use as\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9806194\",\n \"text\": \"Biomass heating system Biomass heating systems generate heat from biomass.<br> The systems fall under the categories of: The use of biomass in heating systems is beneficial because it uses agricultural, forest, urban and industrial residues and waste to produce heat and electricity with less effect on the environment than fossil fuels. This type of energy production has a limited long-term effect on the environment because the carbon in biomass is part of the natural carbon cycle; while the carbon in fossil fuels is not, and permanently adds carbon to the environment when burned for fuel (carbon footprint). Historically, before the\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass heating system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9806210\",\n \"text\": \"Biomass heating system Biomass heating systems generate heat from biomass.<br> The systems fall under the categories of: The use of biomass in heating systems is beneficial because it uses agricultural, forest, urban and industrial residues and waste to produce heat and electricity with less effect on the environment than fossil fuels. This type of energy production has a limited long-term effect on the environment because the carbon in biomass is part of the natural carbon cycle; while the carbon in fossil fuels is not, and permanently adds carbon to the environment when burned for fuel (carbon footprint). Historically, before the\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass heating system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8722691\",\n \"text\": \"Carbon respiration Carbon respiration (also called carbon emissions and carbon releases) is used in combination with carbon fixation to gauge carbon flux (as CO) between atmospheric carbon and the global carbon cycle Carbon is released to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, organic respiration, wood burning, and volcanic eruptions. The uptake of carbon from the atmosphere occurs through carbon dissolution into the oceans, Photosynthesis, and the consequent storing of carbon in various forms such as peat bogs, oil accumulation, and formation of minerals such as coal and copper. It also happens when carbohydrates are changed into carbon dioxide.\",\n \"title\": \"Carbon respiration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122619\",\n \"text\": \"tons) of carbon per year, about half in the ocean and half on land. Wood remains the largest biomass energy source today; examples include forest residues (such as dead trees, branches and tree stumps), yard clippings, wood chips and even municipal solid waste. Wood energy is derived by using lignocellulosic biomass (second-generation biofuels) as fuel. Harvested wood may be used directly as a fuel or collected from wood waste streams to be processed into pellet fuel or other forms of fuels. Biomass also includes plant or animal matter that can be converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals, including biofuels.\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7476978\",\n \"text\": \"gas emitted to atmosphere in e.g. the US in 1999 was approximately 32% higher than the amount of that would have been emitted by combustion. In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste is biomass. That is, it has biological origin. This material has been formed by plants using atmospheric typically within the last growing season. If these plants are regrown the emitted from their combustion will be taken out from the atmosphere once more. Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate WtE of the biomass part of waste as renewable energy. The rest—mainly plastics and other oil and\",\n \"title\": \"Waste-to-energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8719625\",\n \"text\": \"Plasma gasification Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a syngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc, is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas with slag remaining as a byproduct. It is used commercially as a form of waste treatment and has been tested for the gasification of municipal solid waste, biomass, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and solid hydrocarbons, such as coal, oil sands, petcoke and oil shale. Small plasma torches typically use an inert\",\n \"title\": \"Plasma gasification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122631\",\n \"text\": \"for furnace oil in direct heat applications. Because any biomass material can undergo gasification, this process is far more attractive than ethanol or biomass production, where only particular biomass materials can be used to produce a fuel. In addition, biomass gasification is a desirable process due to the ease at which it can convert solid waste (such as wastes available on a farm) into producer gas, which is a very usable fuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can also be achieved via selective conversion of individual components of biomass. For example, cellulose can be converted to intermediate platform chemical such\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11655596\",\n \"text\": \"limitations such as: Syngas fermentation Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process. In this process, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, known as syngas, is used as carbon and energy sources, and then converted into fuel and chemicals by microorganisms. The main products of syngas fermentation include ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and methane. Certain industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, steel milling, and methods for producing carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol, discharge enormous amounts of waste gases containing mainly CO and into the atmosphere either directly or through combustion.\",\n \"title\": \"Syngas fermentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11655594\",\n \"text\": \"Syngas fermentation Syngas fermentation, also known as synthesis gas fermentation, is a microbial process. In this process, a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, known as syngas, is used as carbon and energy sources, and then converted into fuel and chemicals by microorganisms. The main products of syngas fermentation include ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and methane. Certain industrial processes, such as petroleum refining, steel milling, and methods for producing carbon black, coke, ammonia, and methanol, discharge enormous amounts of waste gases containing mainly CO and into the atmosphere either directly or through combustion. Biocatalysts can be\",\n \"title\": \"Syngas fermentation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7611009\",\n \"text\": \"Selective non-catalytic reduction Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is a method to lessen nitrogen oxide emissions in conventional power plants that burn biomass, waste and coal. The process involves injecting either ammonia or urea into the firebox of the boiler at a location where the flue gas is between to react with the nitrogen oxides formed in the combustion process. The resulting product of the chemical redox reaction is molecular nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO), and water (HO). Urea (NHCONH) is easier to handle and store than the more dangerous ammonia (NH). In the process it reacts like ammonia: The reduction\",\n \"title\": \"Selective non-catalytic reduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9806195\",\n \"text\": \"use of fossil fuels in significant quantities, biomass in the form of wood fuel provided most of humanity's heating. On a large scale, the use of biomass removes agricultural land from food production, reduces the carbon sequestration capacity of forests, and extracts nutrients from the soil. Combustion of biomass creates air pollutants and adds significant quantities of carbon to the atmosphere that may not be returned to the soil for many decades. Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants, in some cases\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass heating system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122622\",\n \"text\": \"are wheat, which typically yields 7.5–8 tonnes of grain per hectare, and straw, which typically yields 3.5–5 tonnes per hectare in the UK. The grain can be used for liquid transportation fuels while the straw can be burned to produce heat or electricity. Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a series of chemical treatments, and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first-generation biofuel. The main contributors of waste energy are municipal solid waste, manufacturing waste, and landfill gas. Energy derived from biomass is projected to be the largest non-hydroelectric renewable resource of\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122628\",\n \"text\": \"proceed (mainly controlled by the availability of oxygen and conversion temperature). These processes reduce carbon emissions during processing of biomass while providing useful byproducts which can later be used in several applications. Energy created by burning biomass is particularly suited for countries where the fuel wood grows more rapidly, such as in tropical countries. There are other less common, more experimental or proprietary thermal processes that may offer benefits, such as hydrothermal upgrading. Some have been developed for use on high moisture content biomass, including aqueous slurries, and allow them to be converted into more convenient forms. Some of the\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"74656\",\n \"text\": \"This used to be done in underground coal mines, and also to make town gas which was piped to customers to burn for illumination, heating, and cooking. If the refiner wants to produce gasoline, the syngas is routed into a Fischer-Tropsch reaction. This is known as indirect coal liquefaction. If hydrogen is the desired end-product, however, the syngas is fed into the water gas shift reaction, where more hydrogen is liberated: Coal can be converted directly into synthetic fuels equivalent to gasoline or diesel by hydrogenation or carbonization. Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude\",\n \"title\": \"Coal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1570774\",\n \"text\": \"through the process of photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels are made through the use or conversion of biomass (referring to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy-containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels. Biofuels are in theory carbon-neutral because the carbon dioxide that is absorbed by the plants is equal to the carbon dioxide that is released when the fuel\",\n \"title\": \"Biofuel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"296525\",\n \"text\": \"ruminants, and cultivated crops. Other sources of methane, the principal component of natural gas, include landfill gas, biogas, and methane hydrate. When methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobic decay of non-fossil organic matter (biomass), these are referred to as biogas (or natural biogas). Sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills, as well as agricultural waste materials such as sewage sludge and manure by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation, particularly in cattle. Landfill gas is created by decomposition of waste in landfill sites. Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most\",\n \"title\": \"Natural gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2364387\",\n \"text\": \"of feed stocks in some mixture of air, oxygen, or steam, to reduce the latter to hydrogen and carbon dioxide although some destructive distillation may also occur. Manufactured gas can be made by two processes: carbonization or gasification. Carbonization refers to the devolatilization of an organic feedstock to yield gas and char. Gasification is the process of subjecting a feedstock to chemical reactions that produce gas. The first process used was the carbonization and partial pyrolysis of coal. The off gases liberated in the high-temperature carbonization (coking) of coal in coke ovens were collected, scrubbed and used as fuel. Depending\",\n \"title\": \"Coal gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7611012\",\n \"text\": \"cost of the catalyst is not there. Selective catalytic reduction Selective non-catalytic reduction Selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is a method to lessen nitrogen oxide emissions in conventional power plants that burn biomass, waste and coal. The process involves injecting either ammonia or urea into the firebox of the boiler at a location where the flue gas is between to react with the nitrogen oxides formed in the combustion process. The resulting product of the chemical redox reaction is molecular nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO), and water (HO). Urea (NHCONH) is easier to handle and store than the more dangerous ammonia\",\n \"title\": \"Selective non-catalytic reduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12625611\",\n \"text\": \"water vapor and heat energy from the cokes into a dust and residue-free fuel gas. Second stage process steps: Staged reforming Staged reforming is a thermochemical process to convert organic material or bio waste such as wood, dung or hay into combustible gases containing methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The single-stage reforming of bio materials results in high dust and tar yields in the produced gas restricting its use, hence the use of staged reforming. After reforming the output is approximately 80% fuel gas and 20% cokes. In staged reforming technology, gas conversion is a separate stage after pyrolysis. Organic\",\n \"title\": \"Staged reforming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5897909\",\n \"text\": \"Biomass to liquid Biomass to liquid (BtL or BMtL) is a multi-step process of producing synthetic hydrocarbon fuels made from biomass via a thermochemical route. Such a fuel has been called grassoline. According to a study done by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Energy, the United States can produce at least 1.3 billion tons of cellulosic biomass each year without decreasing the amount of biomass needed for our food, animal feed, or exports. The Fischer–Tropsch process is used to produce synfuels from gasified biomass. Carbonaceous material is gasified and the gas is processed to make purified\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass to liquid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5897910\",\n \"text\": \"syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen). The Fischer–Tropsch polymerizes syngas into diesel-range hydrocarbons. While biodiesel and bio-ethanol production so far only use parts of a plant, i.e. oil, sugar, starch or cellulose, BtL production can gasify and utilize the entire plant. Flash pyrolysis—producing bio-oil (pyrolysis oil), char and gas at temperatures between 350–550 °C and residence times < 1 second (also called anhydrous pyrolysis). Catalytic fast pyrolysis is a fast process in which the cellulose is broken down to a liquid biofuel. In this approach the cellulose is heated to 500 degrees Celsius in less than one second\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass to liquid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1905652\",\n \"text\": \"The CHP plant will generate 2 MW (electricity) and 8 MW (district heating). Examples of demonstration projects include: Gasification Gasification is a process that converts organic- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. This is achieved by reacting the material at high temperatures (>700 °C), without combustion, with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The power derived from gasification and combustion of the resultant gas is considered to be a source of renewable energy if the\",\n \"title\": \"Gasification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7425488\",\n \"text\": \"supply contracts. Applications: In contrast to being renewable, biogas creates similar environmental pollutants as ordinary natural gas fuel, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide and particulates. Any unburned gas that escapes contains methane, a long lived greenhouse gas. The key difference from ordinary natural gas is that it is often considered partly or fully carbon neutral, the carbon dioxide contained in the biomass is naturally renewed in each generation of plants, rather than being released from fossil stores and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Renewable natural gas Renewable Natural Gas (RNG), also known as Sustainable Natural Gas\",\n \"title\": \"Renewable natural gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1631190\",\n \"text\": \"Syngas Syngas, or synthesis gas, is a fuel gas mixture consisting primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide. The name comes from its use as intermediates in creating synthetic natural gas (SNG) and for producing ammonia or methanol. Syngas is usually a product of gasification and the main application is electricity generation. Syngas is combustible and often used as a fuel of internal combustion engines. It has less than half the energy density of natural gas. Syngas can be produced from many sources, including natural gas, coal, biomass, or virtually any hydrocarbon feedstock, by reaction with\",\n \"title\": \"Syngas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1631194\",\n \"text\": \"avoid the dilution effect, producing gas of much higher calorific value. When used as an intermediate in the large-scale, industrial synthesis of hydrogen (principally used in the production of ammonia), it is also produced from natural gas (via the steam reforming reaction) as follows: In order to produce more hydrogen from this mixture, more steam is added and the water gas shift reaction is carried out: The hydrogen must be separated from the to be able to use it. This is primarily done by pressure swing adsorption (PSA), amine scrubbing, and membrane reactors. Conversion of biomass to syngas is typically\",\n \"title\": \"Syngas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489551\",\n \"text\": \"hydrogen contents, downdraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high nitrogen concentrations and low tar loads, while updraft fixed bed gasifiers yield high tar loads. Wood gas Wood gas is a syngas fuel which can be used as a fuel for furnaces, stoves and vehicles in place of gasoline, diesel or other fuels. During the production process biomass or other carbon-containing materials are gasified within the oxygen-limited environment of a wood gas generator to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These gases can then be burnt as a fuel within an oxygen rich environment to produce carbon dioxide, water and heat. In some\",\n \"title\": \"Wood gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13831248\",\n \"text\": \"carbon efficiency of most processes to convert organic matter to fuel is relatively low. I.e. the proportion of carbon contained in the biomass, which is later contained in the usable end product is relatively low: In poorly designed systems the unused carbon escapes into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, or when fermented as methane. Both gases are considered to be climate-damaging. In addition, heat is released in these processes, which is not generally used. Advanced modern system capture nearly all the gases and use the heat as part of the process or for district heating. The problem with the production\",\n \"title\": \"Hydrothermal carbonization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12982513\",\n \"text\": \"to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in -equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year. Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes -equivalent. These emissions include from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol. At present, the primary source of emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat. According to the Environmental Protection\",\n \"title\": \"Greenhouse gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"655891\",\n \"text\": \"sulphide (), moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide () can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat. Biogas can be compressed, the same way as natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. In the United Kingdom, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% of\",\n \"title\": \"Biogas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122617\",\n \"text\": \"among coal power stations, which switch from coal to biomass in order to convert to renewable energy generation without wasting existing generating plant and infrastructure. Biomass most often refers to an energy source; biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: \\\"thermal\\\", \\\"chemical\\\", and \\\"biochemical\\\". Some chemical constituents of plant biomass include lignins, cellulose, and hemicellulose. In terms of how biomass is used as fuel, percentages were gathered in the United\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9806198\",\n \"text\": \"than cut-over areas. When a tree’s carbon is released into the atmosphere in a single pulse, it contributes to climate change much more than woodland timber rotting slowly over decades. Current studies indicate that \\\"even after 50 years the forest has not recovered to its initial carbon storage\\\" and \\\"the optimal strategy is likely to be protection of the standing forest\\\". The oil price increases since 2003 and consequent price increases for natural gas and coal have increased the value of biomass for heat generation. Forest renderings, agricultural waste, and crops grown specifically for energy production become competitive as the\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass heating system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17608051\",\n \"text\": \"schematic diagram of the process is shown in Figure 1. Gasification is the process of converting biodegradable waste materials into synthetic gas without combustion. This process is first used at the Gussing power plant in Austria based on the steam gasification of biomass in the internally circulating fluidized bed. In the gasification process, fuel will be gasified at 850C in the presence of steam to produce a nitrogen-free and clean synthetic gas. Charcoal will be burnt with air in the combustion chamber to provide the heating for the gasification process as it is an endothermic process. Thermal transfer will take\",\n \"title\": \"Circulating fluidized bed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1676746\",\n \"text\": \"such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam. An alternative to pyrolysis is high temperature and pressure supercritical water decomposition (hydrothermal monophasic oxidation). Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a recovered fuel. Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels. Pyrolysis is a process of thermo-chemical\",\n \"title\": \"Waste management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8319818\",\n \"text\": \"$49). Decomposing food waste generates methane, a notorious greenhouse gas. However, this biogas can be captured and turned into energy through anaerobic digestion, and then sold into the electricity grid. Anaerobic digestion grew in Europe, but is starting to develop in America. Massachusetts is increasing its production of anaerobic digesters. The main environmental threat from biodegradable waste is the production of methane and other greenhouse gases. Biodegradable waste Biodegradable waste includes any organic matter in waste which can be broken down into carbon dioxide, water, methane or simple organic molecules by micro-organisms and other living things by composting, aerobic digestion,\",\n \"title\": \"Biodegradable waste\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"348659\",\n \"text\": \"can be burned to produce heat or electricity. Plant biomass can also be degraded from cellulose to glucose through a series of chemical treatments, and the resulting sugar can then be used as a first generation biofuel. Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy such as methane gas or transportation fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel. Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gasalso called landfill gas or biogas. Crops, such as corn and sugarcane, can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food\",\n \"title\": \"Renewable energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122635\",\n \"text\": \"a carbon source for microbial conversion into metabolites such as bioethanol and chemical intermediates, oligocaccharide production for prebiotic (nutrition) applications and production of surfactants alkyl glycoside type. In addition to combustion, biomass/biofuels can be directly converted to electrical energy via electrochemical (electrocatalytic) oxidation of the material. This can be performed directly in a direct carbon fuel cell, direct liquid fuel cells such as direct ethanol fuel cell, a direct methanol fuel cell, a direct formic acid fuel cell, a L-ascorbic Acid Fuel Cell (vitamin C fuel cell), and a microbial fuel cell. The fuel can also be consumed indirectly via\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2222788\",\n \"text\": \"Chemosynthesis In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon-containing molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis. Chemoautotrophs, organisms that obtain carbon through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse, but also groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically-important taxa include the sulfur-oxidizing gamma and epsilon proteobacteria, the Aquificae, the methanogenic archaea and the neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from single carbon\",\n \"title\": \"Chemosynthesis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16556608\",\n \"text\": \"and other components of the global carbon cycle. Carbon is exchanged with varying speed with the terrestrial biosphere. It is absorbed in the form of carbon dioxide by autotrophs and converted into organic compounds. Carbon is also released from the biosphere into the atmosphere in the course of biological processes. Aerobic respiration converts organic carbon into carbon dioxide and a particular type of anaerobic respiration converts it into methane. After respiration, both carbon dioxide and methane are typically emitted into the atmosphere. Organic carbon is also released into the atmosphere during burning. The residence time of carbon in the terrestrial\",\n \"title\": \"Atmospheric carbon cycle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13070780\",\n \"text\": \"Hydromethanation Hydromethanation, [hahy-droh- meth-uh-ney-shuhn] is the process by which methane (the main constituent of natural gas) is produced through the combination of steam, carbonaceous solids and a catalyst in a fluidized bed reactor. The process, developed over the past 60 years by multiple research groups, enables the highly efficient conversion of coal, petroleum coke and biomass (e.g. switchgrass or wood waste) into clean, pipeline quality methane. The chemistry of catalytic hydromethanation involves reacting steam and carbon to produce methane and carbon dioxide, according to the following reaction: 2C + 2HO -> CH + CO The process utilizes a specially designed\",\n \"title\": \"Hydromethanation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5466533\",\n \"text\": \"a large synthetic fuel establishment. The numerous processes that can be used to produce synthetic fuels broadly fall into three categories: Indirect, Direct, and Biofuel processes. Indirect conversion has the widest deployment worldwide, with global production totaling around , and many additional projects under active development. Indirect conversion broadly refers to a process in which biomass, coal, or natural gas is converted to a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide known as syngas either through gasification or steam methane reforming, and that syngas is processed into a liquid transportation fuel using one of a number of different conversion techniques depending\",\n \"title\": \"Synthetic fuel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4567941\",\n \"text\": \"beetles, cow dung can dry out and remain on the pasture, creating an area of grazing land which is unpalatable to livestock. In many parts of the developing world, and in the past in mountain regions of Europe, caked and dried cow dung is used as fuel. Dung may also be collected and used to produce biogas to generate electricity and heat. The gas is rich in methane and is used in rural areas of India and Pakistan and elsewhere to provide a renewable and stable source of electricity. In central Africa, Maasai villages have burned cow dung inside to\",\n \"title\": \"Cow dung\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"63234\",\n \"text\": \"in the environment form the carbon cycle. For example, photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation. Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, while some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; if bacteria do not consume it, dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which releases carbon when burned. Carbon can form very long chains\",\n \"title\": \"Carbon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5885922\",\n \"text\": \"Wood gas generator A wood gas generator is a gasification unit which converts timber or charcoal into wood gas, a syngas consisting of atmospheric nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, traces of methane, and other gases, which - after cooling and filtering - can then be used to power an internal combustion engine or for other purposes. Historically wood gas generators were often mounted on vehicles, but present studies and developments concentrate mostly on stationary plants. Gasification was an important and common technology during the 19th and early 20th century. Town gas produced from coal was widely used, mainly for lighting purposes.\",\n \"title\": \"Wood gas generator\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8719631\",\n \"text\": \"system is scheduled to be shipped to the Huntington Ingalls shipyard for installation on the carrier. Plasma gasification Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process using plasma which converts organic matter into a syngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A plasma torch powered by an electric arc, is used to ionize gas and catalyze organic matter into syngas with slag remaining as a byproduct. It is used commercially as a form of waste treatment and has been tested for the gasification of municipal solid waste, biomass, industrial waste, hazardous waste, and solid hydrocarbons,\",\n \"title\": \"Plasma gasification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2280130\",\n \"text\": \"Commercially available LPG is currently derived mainly from fossil fuels. Burning LPG releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. The reaction also produces some carbon monoxide. LPG does, however, release less per unit of energy than does coal or oil. It emits 81% of the per kWh produced by oil, 70% of that of coal, and less than 50% of that emitted by coal-generated electricity distributed via the grid. Being a mix of propane and butane, LPG emits less carbon per joule than butane but more carbon per joule than propane. LPG burns more cleanly than higher molecular weight hydrocarbons because\",\n \"title\": \"Liquefied petroleum gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1631191\",\n \"text\": \"steam (steam reforming), carbon dioxide (dry reforming) or oxygen (partial oxidation). Syngas is a crucial intermediate resource for production of hydrogen, ammonia, methanol, and synthetic hydrocarbon fuels. Syngas is also used as an intermediate in producing synthetic petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via the Fischer–Tropsch process and previously the Mobil methanol to gasoline process. Production methods include steam reforming of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen, the gasification of coal, biomass, and in some types of waste-to-energy gasification facilities. The chemical composition of syngas varies based on the raw materials and the processes. Syngas produced\",\n \"title\": \"Syngas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1489576\",\n \"text\": \"as firing coke ovens and blast furnaces, cement and ceramic kilns, or for mechanical power through gas engines. It was characteristically low in heating value but cheap to make, so that large amounts could be made and burnt. In the USA, producer gas may be wood gas produced in a gasifier and used to fire kilns and has been used to power cars and boats, town gas, originally produced from coal, for sale to consumers, and syngas, used as a fuel source or as an intermediate for the production of other chemicals. In the UK, producer gas, also known as\",\n \"title\": \"Producer gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282202\",\n \"text\": \"Marsh gas Marsh gas, swamp gas and bog gas is a mixture of methane, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, produced naturally within some geographical marshes, swamps, and bogs. The surface of marshes, swamps and bogs is initially porous vegetation that rots to form a crust that prevents oxygen from reaching the organic material trapped below. That is the condition that allows anaerobic digestion and fermentation of any plant or animal material which incidentally also produces methane. In some cases there is sufficient heat, fuel and oxygen to allow spontaneous combustion and underground fires to smolder for some considerable time as\",\n \"title\": \"Marsh gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6961532\",\n \"text\": \"mostly carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The cooled syngas is then converted into usable products through exposure to bacteria or other catalysts. BRI Energy, LLC is a company whose pilot plant in Fayetteville, Arkansas is currently using synthesis gas fermentation to convert a variety of waste into ethanol. After gasification, anaerobic bacteria (\\\"Clostridium ljungdahlii\\\") are used to convert the syngas (CO, CO, and H) into ethanol. The heat generated by gasification is also used to co-generate excess electricity. 3 - C.O.R.S. and Grub Composting are sustainable technologies that employ organisms that feed on organic matter to reduce and convert organic waste\",\n \"title\": \"Bioconversion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7420525\",\n \"text\": \"Energy forestry Energy forestry is a form of forestry in which a fast-growing species of tree or woody shrub is grown specifically to provide biomass or biofuel for heating or power generation. The two forms of energy forestry are short rotation coppice and short rotation forestry: The main advantage of using \\\"grown fuels\\\", as opposed to fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil, is that while they are growing they absorb the near-equivalent in carbon dioxide (an important greenhouse gas) to that which is later released in their burning. In comparison, burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric carbon unsustainably,\",\n \"title\": \"Energy forestry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"655890\",\n \"text\": \"Biogas Biogas refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green waste or food waste. Biogas is a renewable energy source. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with methanogen or anaerobic organisms, which digest material inside a closed system, or fermentation of biodegradable materials. This closed system is called an anaerobic digester, biodigester or a bioreactor. Biogas is primarily methane () and carbon dioxide () and may have small amounts of hydrogen\",\n \"title\": \"Biogas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13434879\",\n \"text\": \"sludge. Incomplete burning of both living and dead organic matter results in the emission of methane. While natural wildfires can contribute to methane emissions, the bulk majority of biomass burning occurs as a result of humans – including everything from accidental burnings by civilians to deliberate burnings used to clear out land to biomass burnings occurring as a result of destroying waste. Methane is a primary component of natural gas, and thus during the production, processing, storage, transmission, and distribution of natural gas, a significant amount of methane is lost into the atmosphere. According to the EPA \\\"Inventory of U.S\",\n \"title\": \"Atmospheric methane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5897911\",\n \"text\": \"in a chamber to break apart the oxygen molecules. The catalyst forms chemical reactions that remove oxygen bonds and form carbon rings. After the reaction takes place gasoline is formed along with water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pre-treat process, hot concentrated 15 M ammonia is used to break down sugar molecules, cellulose and hemicellulose significantly more efficiently than enzymes. After, the rapid pressure release cools and ends the treatment. The result is minor biomass degradation with high yields. The process was patented by Bruce Dale, Michigan State University professor. AFEX is generally done in\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass to liquid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17219954\",\n \"text\": \"reaction, or biological methanation resulting in an extra energy conversion loss of 8%. The methane /SNG may then be fed into the natural gas grid or further converted in to LPG by synthesising SNG with partial reverse hydrogenation at high pressure and low temperature. LPG in turn can be converted into alkylate which is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has exceptional antiknock properties and gives clean burning. The third method uses the output gas of a wood gas generator or a biogas plant, after the biogas upgrader is mixed with the produced hydrogen from the electrolyzer, to upgrade\",\n \"title\": \"Power-to-gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9806196\",\n \"text\": \"at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas. Black carbon – a pollutant created by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass – is possibly the second largest contributor to global warming. In 2009 a Swedish study of the giant brown haze that periodically covers large areas in South Asia determined that it had been principally produced by biomass burning, and to a lesser extent by fossil-fuel burning. Researchers measured a significant concentration of C, which is associated with recent plant life rather than with fossil fuels. On combustion, the carbon from biomass\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass heating system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"557864\",\n \"text\": \"the chemical process of pyrolysis converts the kerogen in the oil shale to shale oil (synthetic crude oil) and oil shale gas. Most conversion technologies involve heating shale in the absence of oxygen to a temperature at which kerogen decomposes (pyrolyses) into gas, condensable oil, and a solid residue. This usually takes place between and . The process of decomposition begins at relatively low temperatures (), but proceeds more rapidly and more completely at higher temperatures. \\\"In-situ\\\" processing involves heating the oil shale underground. Such technologies can potentially extract more oil from a given area of land than \\\"ex-situ\\\" processes,\",\n \"title\": \"Oil shale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122618\",\n \"text\": \"States of 2016. 5% is considered primary energy in the U.S. Making up that 5% of primary energy, about 48% comes from biofuels (mostly ethanol), 41% from wood based biomass, and around 11% from municipal waste. Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since the time when people began burning wood to make fire. Even in 2018, biomass is the only source of fuel for domestic use in many developing countries. Biomass is all biologically-produced matter based in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The estimated biomass production in the world is 104.9 petagrams (104.9 × 10 g – about 105 billion metric\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"296553\",\n \"text\": \"for oil refineries, and the fuel source in hydrogen vehicles. Protein rich animal and fish feed is produced by feeding natural gas to Methylococcus capsulatus bacteria on commercial scale. Natural gas is also used in the manufacture of fabrics, glass, steel, plastics, paint, and other products. Natural gas is mainly composed of methane. After release to the atmosphere it is removed by gradual oxidation to carbon dioxide and water by hydroxyl radicals () formed in the troposphere or stratosphere, giving the overall chemical reaction + 2 → + 2. While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared\",\n \"title\": \"Natural gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10168101\",\n \"text\": \"Wakefield Beach, Sechelt. Biomass power plants use wood and wood by-products from forestry and sawmills, methane from landfills, and animal manure from farms, to generate heat and power. In the simplest method of converting biomass into energy, organic matter is burned in a boiler to make steam, which then turns a turbine generator. Heat can be distributed directly to nearby buildings. The carbon dioxide emitted would have been released by the natural decomposition of the biomass, so the plant does not contribute additional CO emissions. Renewable natural gas is produced when organic material from sources such as landfills, wastewater treatment\",\n \"title\": \"FortisBC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12627709\",\n \"text\": \"commonly referred to as \\\"bio-oil\\\" at 500 °C in 1–2 seconds. Pyrolysis: Biomass + Heat → 0.70VOCs + 0.10Char + 0.15Gases The volatile organics can be collected as a brown, highly acidic liquid for further thermochemical conversion by traditional processes such as steam reforming, gasification, catalytic partial oxidation, catalytic cracking, combustion, or hydrotreating. Catalytic steam reforming: VOCs + HO + Heat + Catalyst → H + CO + Catalyst Catalytic partial oxidation: VOCs + O + Catalyst → H + CO + Heat + Catalyst Catalytic combustion: VOCs + O + Catalyst → CO + HO + Heat + Catalyst\",\n \"title\": \"Reactive flash volatilization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15391922\",\n \"text\": \"terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems because the atmosphere is more transparent in land than in water. Gases are more available in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems. Those gases include carbon dioxide that serves as a substrate for photosynthesis, oxygen that serves as a substrate in aerobic respiration, and nitrogen that serves as a substrate for nitrogen fixation. Terrestrial environments are segmented into a subterranean portion from which most water and ions are obtained, and an atmospheric portion from which gases are obtained and where the physical energy of light is transformed into the organic energy of carbon-carbon bonds\",\n \"title\": \"Terrestrial ecosystem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5528697\",\n \"text\": \"Selective catalytic reduction Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is a means of converting nitrogen oxides, also referred to as with the aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen () , and water (). A gaseous reductant, typically anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia or urea, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is adsorbed onto a catalyst. Carbon dioxide, is a reaction product when urea is used as the reductant. Selective catalytic reduction of using ammonia as the reducing agent was patented in the United States by the Engelhard Corporation in 1957. Development of SCR technology continued in Japan\",\n \"title\": \"Selective catalytic reduction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13689432\",\n \"text\": \"Torrefaction Torrefaction of biomass, e.g., wood or grain, is a mild form of pyrolysis at temperatures typically between 200 and 320 °C. Torrefaction changes biomass properties to provide a better fuel quality for combustion and gasification applications. Torrefaction produces a dry product with no biological activity like rotting. Torrefaction combined with densification creates an energy-dense fuel carrier of 20 to 21 GJ/ton lower heating value (LHV). Torrefaction makes the material undergo Maillard reactions. Biomass can be an important energy source. However, nature provides a large diversity of biomass with varying characteristics. To create highly efficient biomass-to-energy chains, torrefaction of biomass\",\n \"title\": \"Torrefaction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1905640\",\n \"text\": \"large gasification plants worldwide. Additionally, a variety of biomass and waste-derived feedstocks can be gasified, with wood pellets and chips, waste wood, plastics and aluminium, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Refuse-derived fuel (RDF), agricultural and industrial wastes, sewage sludge, switch grass, discarded seed corn, corn stover and other crop residues all being used. Chemrec has developed a process for gasification of black liquor. Waste gasification has several advantages over incineration: A major challenge for waste gasification technologies is to reach an acceptable (positive) gross electric efficiency. The high efficiency of converting syngas to electric power is counteracted by significant power consumption\",\n \"title\": \"Gasification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"296578\",\n \"text\": \"ANG are: Activated Carbon Fiber (ACF), Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), activated carbon monolith. General: Natural gas Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium. It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.\",\n \"title\": \"Natural gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12366448\",\n \"text\": \"from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis. Leaves also respire, in a similar way to animals, by burning their biomass to generate chemical energy. This energy is temporarily stored in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which acts as an energy currency for metabolism in all living things. As a waste product, respiration produces carbon dioxide. For a plant to grow, it must photosynthesise more than it respires. Otherwise, it will eventually exhaust its biomass and die. The potential for plant growth is net\",\n \"title\": \"Carnivorous plant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12142551\",\n \"text\": \"produces carbon dioxide emissions similar to those from ordinary fossil fuels, the plant feedstock used in the production absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere when it grows. Plants absorb carbon dioxide through a process known as photosynthesis which allows it to store energy from sunlight in the form of sugars and starches. After the biomass is converted into biodiesel and burned as fuel the energy and carbon is released again. Some of that energy can be used to power an engine while the carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. When considering the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions\",\n \"title\": \"Environmental impact of biodiesel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13689436\",\n \"text\": \"in general provides a low-cost, low-risk route to lower CO-emissions. When high volumes are needed, torrefaction can make biomass from distant sources price competitive because the denser material is easier to store and transport. Wood powder fuel: Large-scale co-firing in coal-fired power plants: Steel production: Residential/decentralized heating: Biomass-to-Liquids: Miscellaneous uses: Torrefaction Torrefaction of biomass, e.g., wood or grain, is a mild form of pyrolysis at temperatures typically between 200 and 320 °C. Torrefaction changes biomass properties to provide a better fuel quality for combustion and gasification applications. Torrefaction produces a dry product with no biological activity like rotting. Torrefaction combined\",\n \"title\": \"Torrefaction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17655251\",\n \"text\": \"Regasification Regasification is a process of converting liquefied natural gas (LNG) at −162 °C (−260 °F) temperature back to natural gas at atmospheric temperature. LNG gasification plants can be located on land as well as on floating barges. Floating barge mounted plants have the advantage that they can be towed to new offshore locations for better usage in response to changes in the business environment. In a conventional , LNG is heated by sea water to convert it to natural gas / methane gas. In addition to regasification, many valuable industrial byproducts can be produced using cold energy of LNG.\",\n \"title\": \"Regasification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"68417\",\n \"text\": \"catalytic converters may be required by law. Fires occur naturally, ignited by lightning strikes or by volcanic products. Combustion (fire) was the first controlled chemical reaction discovered by humans, in the form of campfires and bonfires, and continues to be the main method to produce energy for humanity. Usually, the fuel is carbon, hydrocarbons or more complicated mixtures such as wood that contains partially oxidized hydrocarbons. The thermal energy produced from combustion of either fossil fuels such as coal or oil, or from renewable fuels such as firewood, is harvested for diverse uses such as cooking, production of electricity or\",\n \"title\": \"Combustion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122633\",\n \"text\": \"just to replace the United States’ need for iodomethane. However, an advantage of this method is that it uses NaI rather than I2; NaI is significantly less hazardous than I2. This method may be applied to produce ethylene in the future. Other chemical processes such as converting straight and waste vegetable oils into biodiesel is transesterification. As biomass is a natural material, many highly efficient biochemical processes have developed in nature to break down the molecules of which biomass is composed, and many of these biochemical conversion processes can be harnessed. Biochemical conversion makes use of the enzymes of bacteria\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427109\",\n \"text\": \"Carbon dioxide reforming Carbon dioxide reformation (also known as dry reformation) is a method of producing synthesis gas (mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) from the reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrocarbons such as methane. Synthesis gas is conventionally produced via the steam reforming reaction. In recent years, increased concerns on the contribution of greenhouse gases to global warming have increased interest in the replacement of steam as reactant with carbon dioxide. The dry reforming reaction may be represented by: Thus, two greenhouse gases are consumed and useful chemical building blocks, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, are produced. A challenge to\",\n \"title\": \"Carbon dioxide reforming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3455040\",\n \"text\": \"Exhaust gas Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline, petrol, biodiesel blends, diesel fuel, fuel oil, or coal. According to the type of engine, it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling nozzle. It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an \\\"exhaust plume\\\". It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions (and from stationary internal combustion engines), which can also include: Motor vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog\",\n \"title\": \"Exhaust gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"312545\",\n \"text\": \"room temperature. They are the petroleum gases. Depending on demand and the cost of recovery, these gases are either flared off, sold as liquefied petroleum gas under pressure, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane (CH), is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates, because its high vapor pressure assists with cold starts. Liquified under pressure slightly above atmospheric, it is best known for powering cigarette lighters, but it is also a main fuel source for many developing countries. Propane can be liquified under modest pressure, and is consumed for just about every application\",\n \"title\": \"Petroleum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3003064\",\n \"text\": \"California Berkeley study, after analyzing six separate studies, concluded that producing ethanol from corn uses much less petroleum than producing gasoline. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is emitted during fermentation and combustion. This is canceled out by the greater uptake of carbon dioxide by the plants as they grow to produce the biomass. When compared to gasoline, depending on the production method, ethanol releases less greenhouse gases. Compared with conventional unleaded gasoline, ethanol is a particulate-free burning fuel source that combusts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and aldehydes. The Clean Air Act requires the addition of\",\n \"title\": \"Ethanol fuel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267336\",\n \"text\": \"Syngas to gasoline plus Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas, other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, and organic solvents. This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic gasoline are as follows: The STG+ process uses standard catalysts similar to those used in other gas to liquids technologies, specifically in methanol to gasoline processes. Methanol to gasoline\",\n \"title\": \"Syngas to gasoline plus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"655903\",\n \"text\": \"During storage and when manure has been applied to the land, nitrous oxide is also produced as a byproduct of the denitrification process. Nitrous oxide () is 320 times more aggressive as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide and methane 25 times more than carbon dioxide. By converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion, the millions of cattle in the United States would be able to produce 100 billion kiloWatt hours of electricity, enough to power millions of homes across the United States. In fact, one cow can produce enough manure in one day to generate 3 kiloWatt\",\n \"title\": \"Biogas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1594337\",\n \"text\": \"thereby replacing charcoal produced illegally inside the national park, and creating significant employment for people living in extreme poverty in conflict affected areas. Biogas digestion harnesses the methane gas that is released when organic waste breaks down in an anaerobic environment. This gas can be retrieved from landfill sites or sewage systems. The gas can be used as a fuel for heat or, more commonly, electricity generation. The methane gas that is collected and refined can be used as an energy source for various products. Hydrogen gas is a completely clean burning fuel; its only by-product is water. It also\",\n \"title\": \"Alternative energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4460596\",\n \"text\": \"condition for large scale introduction of renewable biomethane produced through anaerobic digestion (biogas) or gasification and methanation bio-SNG. Substitute natural gas Substitute natural gas (SNG), or synthetic natural gas, is a fuel gas that can be produced from fossil fuels such as lignite coal, oil shale, or from biofuels (when it is named bio-SNG) or from renewable electrical energy. The Great Plains Synfuels Plant injects approximately 4.1 million m/day of SNG from lignite coal into the United States national gas grid. The production process of SNG at the Great Plains plant involves gasification, gas cleaning, shift, and methanation. China is\",\n \"title\": \"Substitute natural gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4412514\",\n \"text\": \"Coal gasification Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas–a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H), carbon dioxide (CO), methane (CH), and water vapour (HO)–from coal and water, air and/or oxygen. Historically, coal was gasified using early technology to produce coal gas (also known as \\\"town gas\\\"), which is a combustible gas traditionally used for municipal lighting and heating before the advent of industrial-scale production of natural gas. In current practice, large-scale instances of coal gasification are primarily for electricity generation, such as in integrated gasification combined cycle power plants, for production of chemical feedstocks, or for\",\n \"title\": \"Coal gasification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17267344\",\n \"text\": \"to produce approximately 27.8 million gallons of fuel annually. In early 2014, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) allowed Primus Green Energy’s patent covering its single-loop STG+ technology. Syngas to gasoline plus Syngas to gasoline plus (STG+) is a thermochemical process to convert natural gas, other gaseous hydrocarbons or gasified biomass into drop-in fuels, such as gasoline, diesel fuel or jet fuel, and organic solvents. This process follows four principal steps in one continuous integrated loop, comprising four fixed bed reactors in a series in which a syngas is converted to synthetic fuels. The steps for producing high-octane synthetic\",\n \"title\": \"Syngas to gasoline plus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2538428\",\n \"text\": \"that is used to produce methane gas by anaerobic digestion. Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. On the negative side, uncontrolled methanogenesis in landfill sites releases large volumes of methane into the atmosphere, where it acts as a powerful greenhouse gas. Sulfate respiration produces hydrogen sulfide, which is responsible for the characteristic 'rotten egg' smell of coast wetlands and has the capacity to precipitate heavy metal ions from solution, leading to the deposition of sulfidic metal ores. Dissimilatory denitrification is widely used in the removal of nitrate and nitrite from municipal wastewater. An excess of\",\n \"title\": \"Anaerobic respiration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"296526\",\n \"text\": \"of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes. If the gas is not removed, the pressure may get so high that it works its way to the surface, causing damage to the landfill structure, unpleasant odor, vegetation die-off, and an explosion hazard. The gas can be vented to the atmosphere, flared or burned to produce electricity or heat. Biogas can also be produced by separating organic materials from waste that otherwise goes to landfills. This method is more efficient than just capturing the landfill gas\",\n \"title\": \"Natural gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12627710\",\n \"text\": \"These two sets of chemistries, pyrolysis and catalytic processing, are combined to form the reactive flash volatilization process. Solid hydrocarbons or biomass are contacted with high temperature (500–900 °C) catalysts to generate gases and volatile organic compounds. The volatile species flow into the catalyst with a reactant (H, O, or HO) to convert to desirable products (H, CO, HO, CO, or VOCs). RFV: Biomass + heat + Reactant + Catalyst → Gases + VOCs + Reactant + Catalyst → Products + Catalyst Reactive flash volatilization was demonstrated in 2006 in the journal \\\"Science\\\" by the high temperature (700–800 °C) conversion\",\n \"title\": \"Reactive flash volatilization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15328960\",\n \"text\": \"when they breathe and plants use it for photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is released naturally by decomposition, ocean release and respiration. Humans contribute an increase of carbon dioxide emissions by burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement production. Methane (CH) is largely released by coal, oil, and natural gas industries. Although methane is not mass produced like carbon dioxide, it is still very prevalent. Methane is more harmful than carbon dioxide because it traps heat better than CO. Methane is a main component in natural gas. Recently industries as well as consumers have been using natural gas because they believe that it\",\n \"title\": \"Greenhouse gas footprint\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9122638\",\n \"text\": \"considerable number of research activities were taking place mainly in North America, Europe and also in some emerging countries. These tend to use feedstock produced by rapidly reproducing enzymes or bacteria from various sources including excrement grown in cell cultures or hydroponics. There is huge potential for second generation biofuels but non-edible feedstock resources are highly under-utilized. Using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, NOx (nitrogen oxides), VOCs (volatile organic compounds), particulates and other pollutants at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas in some\",\n \"title\": \"Biomass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12982476\",\n \"text\": \"Greenhouse gas A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth's surface would be about , rather than the present average of . The atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain greenhouse gases. Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 40% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (), from 280 ppm\",\n \"title\": \"Greenhouse gas\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"land conversion through burning of biomass releases which gas"}}},{"rowIdx":173,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["internal energy"],"string":"[\n \"internal energy\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2201270","text":"the reference state to the given state. It is the energy needed to create the given state of the system from the reference state. From a non-relativistic microscopic point of view, it may be divided into microscopic potential energy, , and microscopic kinetic energy, , components: The microscopic kinetic energy of a system arises as the sum of the motions of all the system's particles with respect to the center-of-mass frame, whether it be the motion of atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei, electrons, or other particles. The microscopic potential energy algebraic summative components are those of the chemical and nuclear particle","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"195053","text":"physics. The Hamiltonian is the sum of the kinetic energies of all the particles, plus the potential energy of the particles associated with the system. For different situations or number of particles, the Hamiltonian is different since it includes the sum of kinetic energies of the particles, and the potential energy function corresponding to the situation. By analogy with classical mechanics, the Hamiltonian is commonly expressed as the sum of operators corresponding to the kinetic and potential energies of a system in the form where is the potential energy operator and is the kinetic energy operator in which \"m\" is","title":"Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)"},{"id":"13506237","text":"all physical systems. Any function which generates the correct equations of motion, in agreement with physical laws, can be taken as a Lagrangian. It is nevertheless possible to construct general expressions for large classes of applications. The \"non-relativistic\" Lagrangian for a system of particles can be defined by where is the total kinetic energy of the system, equalling the sum Σ of the kinetic energies of the particles, and \"V\" is the potential energy of the system. Kinetic energy is the energy of the system's motion, and \"v\" = v · v is the magnitude squared of velocity, equivalent to","title":"Lagrangian mechanics"},{"id":"126439","text":"or lose energy in association with matter transfer (both of these process are illustrated by fueling an auto, a system which gains in energy thereby, without addition of either work or heat). Denoting this energy by formula_16, one may write Internal energy is the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is the energy needed to create the system. It is related to the potential energy, e.g., molecular structure, crystal structure, and other geometric aspects, as well as the motion of the particles, in form of kinetic energy. Thermodynamics is chiefly concerned with changes in internal","title":"Energy"},{"id":"1617796","text":"coordinates , where each component of the coordinate is indexed to the frame of reference of the system. The time evolution of the system is uniquely defined by Hamilton's equations: </math> where is the Hamiltonian, which often corresponds to the total energy of the system. For a closed system, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy in the system. In Newtonian mechanics, the time evolution is obtained by computing the total force being exerted on each particle of the system, and from Newton's second law, the time-evolutions of both position and velocity are computed. In contrast, in","title":"Hamiltonian mechanics"},{"id":"448241","text":"of the system results from a potential energy that is proportional to some power of the interparticle distance , the virial theorem takes the simple form Thus, twice the average total kinetic energy equals times the average total potential energy . Whereas represents the potential energy between two particles, represents the total potential energy of the system, i.e., the sum of the potential energy over all pairs of particles in the system. A common example of such a system is a star held together by its own gravity, where equals −1. Although the virial theorem depends on averaging the total","title":"Virial theorem"},{"id":"126443","text":"two points in the oscillation cycle it is entirely kinetic, and at two points it is entirely potential. Over the whole cycle, or over many cycles, net energy is thus equally split between kinetic and potential. This is called equipartition principle; total energy of a system with many degrees of freedom is equally split among all available degrees of freedom. This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given","title":"Energy"},{"id":"1295615","text":"inertial frames may result in a change of the total energy (relativistic energy) for systems, and this quantity determines the relativistic mass. The principle that the mass of a system of particles must be equal to the sum of their rest masses, even though true in classical physics, may be false in special relativity. The reason that rest masses cannot be simply added is that this does not take into account other forms of energy, such as kinetic and potential energy, and massless particles such as photons, all of which may (or may not) affect the total mass of systems.","title":"Conservation of mass"},{"id":"2201274","text":"mechanics has demonstrated that even at zero temperature particles maintain a residual energy of motion, the zero point energy. A system at absolute zero is merely in its quantum-mechanical ground state, the lowest energy state available. At absolute zero a system of given composition has attained its minimum attainable entropy. The microscopic kinetic energy portion of the internal energy gives rise to the temperature of the system. Statistical mechanics relates the pseudo-random kinetic energy of individual particles to the mean kinetic energy of the entire ensemble of particles comprising a system. Furthermore, it relates the mean microscopic kinetic energy to","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"195056","text":"can only be written as above: a function of all the spatial positions of each particle. For non-interacting particles, i.e. particles which do not interact mutually and move independently, the potential of the system is the sum of the separate potential energy for each particle, that is The general form of the Hamiltonian in this case is: where the sum is taken over all particles and their corresponding potentials; the result is that the Hamiltonian of the system is the sum of the separate Hamiltonians for each particle. This is an idealized situation - in practice the particles are almost","title":"Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)"},{"id":"1409492","text":"frame, where net momentum is zero, the magnitude of the system's invariant mass is not equal to the sum of the rest masses of the particles within it. The kinetic energy of such particles and the potential energy of the force fields increase the total energy above the sum of the particle rest masses, and both terms contribute to the invariant mass of the system. The sum of the particle kinetic energies as calculated by an observer is smallest in the center of momentum frame (again, called the \"rest frame\" if the system is bound). They will often also interact","title":"Invariant mass"},{"id":"2201289","text":"extent. Under conditions of constant \"T\" and \"p\", because of the extensive nature of U and its independent variables, using Euler's homogeneous function theorem, the differential d\"U\" may be integrated and yields an expression for the internal energy: The sum over the composition of the system is the Gibbs free energy: that arises from changing the composition of the system at constant temperature and pressure. For a single component system, the chemical potential equals the Gibbs energy per amount of substance, i.e. particles or moles according to the original definition of the unit for formula_48. For an elastic medium the","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"2774220","text":"Equipartition theorem In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is shared equally among all of its various forms; for example, the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom in translational motion of a molecule should equal that in rotational motion. The equipartition theorem makes quantitative predictions. Like the virial theorem, it gives the total average kinetic and potential energies for a system","title":"Equipartition theorem"},{"id":"6210346","text":"König's theorem (kinetics) In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculation of kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles. The theorem expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles. Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the center of mass. The theorem","title":"König's theorem (kinetics)"},{"id":"2201271","text":"bonds, and the physical force fields within the system, such as due to internal induced electric or magnetic dipole moment, as well as the energy of deformation of solids (stress-strain). Usually, the split into microscopic kinetic and potential energies is outside the scope of macroscopic thermodynamics. Internal energy does not include the energy due to motion or location of a system as a whole. That is to say, it excludes any kinetic or potential energy the body may have because of its motion or location in external gravitational, electrostatic, or electromagnetic fields. It does, however, include the contribution of such","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"231348","text":"the total kinetic energy of a system of objects cannot be reduced to zero by a suitable choice of the inertial reference frame, unless all the objects have the same velocity. In any other case, the total kinetic energy has a non-zero minimum, as no inertial reference frame can be chosen in which all the objects are stationary. This minimum kinetic energy contributes to the system's invariant mass, which is independent of the reference frame. The total kinetic energy of a system depends on the inertial frame of reference: it is the sum of the total kinetic energy in a","title":"Kinetic energy"},{"id":"2201266","text":"density called \"specific internal energy\" which is internal energy per unit of mass (kilogram) of the system in question. The SI unit of specific internal energy is J/kg. If the specific internal energy is expressed relative to units of amount of substance (mol), then it is referred to as \"molar internal energy\" and the unit is J/mol. From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the sum of the microscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system. The internal energy, , expresses the thermodynamics of a system in the \"energy-language\", or in","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"2201265","text":"system's particles (translations, rotations, vibrations). The other is the potential energy associated with the microscopic forces, including the chemical bonds, between the particles; this is for ordinary physics and chemistry. If thermonuclear reactions are specified as a topic of concern, then the static rest mass energy of the constituents of matter is also counted. There is no simple universal relation between these quantities of microscopic energy and the quantities of energy gained or lost by the system in work, heat, or matter transfer. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). Sometimes it is convenient to use a corresponding","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"4068049","text":"the pressure, formula_6 is the volume of the vessel containing the particles, formula_7 is Boltzmann's constant, formula_8 is the absolute temperature, formula_9 is the fugacity, with formula_10 the chemical potential. The quantity formula_11 is the canonical partition function of a subsystem of formula_12 particles: Here formula_14 is the Hamiltonian (energy operator) of a subsystem of formula_12 particles. The Hamiltonian is a sum of the kinetic energies of the particles and the total formula_12-particle potential energy (interaction energy). The latter includes pair interactions and possibly 3-body and higher-body interactions. The grand partition function formula_17 can be expanded in a sum of","title":"Virial coefficient"},{"id":"520991","text":"the thermodynamic temperature to a very high degree of accuracy. Roughly, the temperature of a body at rest is a measure of the mean of the energy of the translational, vibrational and rotational motions of matter's particle constituents, such as molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles. The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, make up the total internal energy of a substance. Internal energy is loosely called the heat energy or thermal energy in conditions when no work is done upon the","title":"Thermodynamic temperature"},{"id":"3498277","text":"steam engine converts heat energy to mechanical energy. Energy is a scalar quantity and the mechanical energy of a system is the sum of the potential energy which is measured by the position of the parts of the system. The kinetic energy which is also called the energy of motion: The potential energy, \"U\", depends on the position of an object subjected to a conservative force. It is defined as the object's ability to do work and is increased as the object is moved in the opposite direction of the direction of the force. If \"F\" represents the conservative force","title":"Mechanical energy"},{"id":"1617798","text":"describe simple systems such as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes from kinetic to potential and back again over time, its strength is shown in more complex dynamic systems, such as planetary orbits in celestial mechanics. The more degrees of freedom the system has, the more complicated its time evolution is and, in most cases, it becomes chaotic. A simple interpretation of Hamiltonian mechanics comes from its application on a one-dimensional system consisting of one particle of mass . The Hamiltonian represents the total energy of the system, which is the sum of","title":"Hamiltonian mechanics"},{"id":"701678","text":"probability the particles are in some spatial configuration at some instant of time. Solving the equation for can be used to predict how the particles will behave under the influence of the specified potential and with each other. The Schrödinger equation was developed principally from the De Broglie hypothesis, a wave equation that would describe particles, and can be constructed as shown informally in the following sections. For a more rigorous description of Schrödinger's equation, see also Resnick \"et al\". The total energy of a particle is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy , this sum is also","title":"Schrödinger equation"},{"id":"2201260","text":"Internal energy In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is the energy contained within the system, excluding the kinetic energy of motion, of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields. It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state. The internal energy of a system can be changed by transfers of matter or heat or by doing work. When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable containing walls, the system is said to be","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"13506272","text":"follows by direct calculation, or use of Euler's theorem for homogenous functions, that Under all these circumstances, the constant is the \"total conserved energy\" of the system. The kinetic and potential energies still change as the system evolves, but the motion of the system will be such that their sum, the total energy, is constant. This is a valuable simplification, since the energy \"E\" is a constant of integration that counts as an arbitrary constant for the problem, and it may be possible to integrate the velocities from this energy relation to solve for the coordinates. In the case the","title":"Lagrangian mechanics"},{"id":"231345","text":"sum of the kinetic energies of its moving parts, and is thus given by: where: (In this equation the moment of inertia must be taken about an axis through the center of mass and the rotation measured by ω must be around that axis; more general equations exist for systems where the object is subject to wobble due to its eccentric shape). A system of bodies may have internal kinetic energy due to the relative motion of the bodies in the system. For example, in the Solar System the planets and planetoids are orbiting the Sun. In a tank of","title":"Kinetic energy"},{"id":"231346","text":"gas, the molecules are moving in all directions. The kinetic energy of the system is the sum of the kinetic energies of the bodies it contains. A macroscopic body that is stationary (i.e. a reference frame has been chosen to correspond to the body's center of momentum) may have various kinds of internal energy at the molecular or atomic level, which may be regarded as kinetic energy, due to molecular translation, rotation, and vibration, electron translation and spin, and nuclear spin. These all contribute to the body's mass, as provided by the special theory of relativity. When discussing movements of","title":"Kinetic energy"},{"id":"1156632","text":"Binding energy Binding energy (also called separation energy) is the \"minimum\" energy required to disassemble a system of particles into separate parts. This energy is equal to the mass defect - the amount of energy, or mass, that is released when a bound system (which typically has a lower potential energy than the sum of its constituent parts) is created, and is what keeps the system together. If the energy supplied is more than the binding energy, then the disassembled constituents possess non-zero kinetic energy. In general, binding energy represents the mechanical work that must be done against the forces","title":"Binding energy"},{"id":"126390","text":"example, macroscopic mechanical energy is the sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy in a system neglects the kinetic energy due to temperature, and nuclear energy which combines utilize potentials from the nuclear force and the weak force), among others. The word \"energy\" derives from the , which possibly appears for the first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th century BC. In contrast to the modern definition, energeia was a qualitative philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such as happiness and pleasure. In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the","title":"Energy"},{"id":"2201275","text":"the macroscopically observed empirical property that is expressed as temperature of the system. This energy is often referred to as the \"thermal energy\" of a system, relating this energy, like the temperature, to the human experience of hot and cold. Statistical mechanics considers any system to be statistically distributed across an ensemble of \"N\" microstates. Each microstate has an energy \"E\" and is associated with a probability \"p\". The internal energy is the mean value of the system's total energy, i.e., the sum of all microstate energies, each weighted by their probability of occurrence: This is the statistical expression of","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"3498283","text":"mechanical energy is conserved – the sum of the mechanical energies of the colliding objects is the same before and after the collision. After an inelastic collision, however, the mechanical energy of the system will have changed. Usually, the mechanical energy before the collision is greater than the mechanical energy after the collision. In inelastic collisions, some of the mechanical energy of the colliding objects is transformed into kinetic energy of the constituent particles. This increase in kinetic energy of the constituent particles is perceived as an increase in temperature. The collision can be described by saying some of the","title":"Mechanical energy"},{"id":"6210348","text":"to the inertial frame N. König's theorem (kinetics) In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculation of kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles. The theorem expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles. Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the","title":"König's theorem (kinetics)"},{"id":"2201273","text":"especially through thermodynamics, it is impossible to calculate the total internal energy. Therefore, a convenient null reference point may be chosen for the internal energy. The internal energy is an extensive property: it depends on the size of the system, or on the amount of substance it contains. At any temperature greater than absolute zero, microscopic potential energy and kinetic energy are constantly converted into one another, but the sum remains constant in an isolated system (cf. table). In the classical picture of thermodynamics, kinetic energy vanishes at zero temperature and the internal energy is purely potential energy. However, quantum","title":"Internal energy"},{"id":"448242","text":"kinetic and potential energies, the presentation here postpones the averaging to the last step. In 1870, Rudolf Clausius delivered the lecture \"On a Mechanical Theorem Applicable to Heat\" to the Association for Natural and Medical Sciences of the Lower Rhine, following a 20-year study of thermodynamics. The lecture stated that the mean vis viva of the system is equal to its virial, or that the average kinetic energy is equal to the average potential energy. The virial theorem can be obtained directly from Lagrange's identity as applied in classical gravitational dynamics, the original form of which was included in Lagrange's","title":"Virial theorem"},{"id":"7916520","text":"Grand potential The grand potential is a quantity used in statistical mechanics, especially for irreversible processes in open systems. The grand potential is the characteristic state function for the grand canonical ensemble. Grand potential is defined by where U is the internal energy, \"T\" is the temperature of the system, \"S\" is the entropy, μ is the chemical potential, and \"N\" is the number of particles in the system. The change in the grand potential is given by where \"P\" is pressure and \"V\" is volume, using the fundamental thermodynamic relation (combined first and second thermodynamic laws); When the system","title":"Grand potential"},{"id":"886310","text":"ceases and particles come completely to rest. In fact, however, kinetic energy is retained by particles even at the lowest possible temperature. The random motion corresponding to this zero-point energy never vanishes as a consequence of the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. The uncertainty principle states that no object can ever have precise values of position and velocity simultaneously. The total energy of a quantum mechanical object (potential and kinetic) is described by its Hamiltonian which also describes the system as a harmonic oscillator, or wave function, that fluctuates between various energy states (see wave-particle duality). All quantum mechanical systems","title":"Zero-point energy"},{"id":"2719718","text":"length of the energy momentum four-vector, a length which is associated with rest mass or invariant mass in systems. Where \"m\" > 0 and \"p\" = 0, this equation again expresses the mass-energy equivalence \"E\" = \"m\". The rest mass of a composite system is not the sum of the rest masses of the parts, unless all the parts are at rest. The total mass of a composite system includes the kinetic energy and field energy in the system. The total energy \"E\" of a composite system can be determined by adding together the sum of the energies of its","title":"Mass in special relativity"},{"id":"1295617","text":"the system, which remains both conserved and invariant (unchanging), even for different observers who view the entire system. Invariant mass is a system combination of energy and momentum, which is invariant for any observer, because in any inertial frame, the energies and momenta of the various particles always add to the same quantity (the momentum may be negative, so the addition amounts to a subtraction). The invariant mass is the relativistic mass of the system when viewed in the center of momentum frame. It is the minimum mass which a system may exhibit, as viewed from all possible inertial frames.","title":"Conservation of mass"},{"id":"1650087","text":"(not independent, the last two implies the first) conservation laws: Note that the invariant mass of a system of particles may be more than the sum of the particles' rest masses, since kinetic energy in the system center-of-mass frame and potential energy from forces between the particles contribute to the invariant mass. As an example, two particles with four-momenta and each have (rest) mass 3 GeV/\"c\" separately, but their total mass (the system mass) is 10 GeV/\"c\". If these particles were to collide and stick, the mass of the composite object would be 10 GeV/\"c\". One practical application from particle","title":"Four-momentum"},{"id":"7916524","text":"Generally in small systems, or systems with long range interactions (those outside the thermodynamic limit), formula_15. Grand potential The grand potential is a quantity used in statistical mechanics, especially for irreversible processes in open systems. The grand potential is the characteristic state function for the grand canonical ensemble. Grand potential is defined by where U is the internal energy, \"T\" is the temperature of the system, \"S\" is the entropy, μ is the chemical potential, and \"N\" is the number of particles in the system. The change in the grand potential is given by where \"P\" is pressure and \"V\"","title":"Grand potential"},{"id":"1719773","text":"all other species' concentrations in the mixture remaining constant. The molar chemical potential is also known as partial molar free energy. When both temperature and pressure are held constant, chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. In semiconductor physics, the chemical potential of a system of electrons at a temperature of zero Kelvin is known as the Fermi energy. Particles tend to move from higher chemical potential to lower","title":"Chemical potential"},{"id":"12785352","text":"as a statistical ensemble of microstates. As a collection of classical material particles, temperature is a measure of the mean energy of motion, called kinetic energy, of the particles, whether in solids, liquids, gases, or plasmas. The kinetic energy, a concept of classical mechanics, is half the mass of a particle times its speed squared. In this mechanical interpretation of thermal motion, the kinetic energies of material particles may reside in the velocity of the particles of their translational or vibrational motion or in the inertia of their rotational modes. In monatomic perfect gases and, approximately, in most gases, temperature","title":"Temperature"},{"id":"6870716","text":"of the system will remain constant while energy is transferred as work to the external agent. The total energy of the system at any value of \"x\" is given by the internal energy of the gas plus the potential energy of the weight: where \"T\" is temperature, \"S\" is entropy, \"P\" is pressure, μ is the chemical potential, \"N\" is the number of particles in the gas, and the volume has been written as \"V=Ax\". Since the system is closed, the particle number \"N\" is constant and a small change in the energy of the system would be given by:","title":"Principle of minimum energy"},{"id":"12378332","text":"from all of these gas particle collisions. Pressure is the sum of all the normal components of force exerted by the particles impacting the walls of the container divided by the surface area of the wall. The symbol used to represent \"temperature\" in equations is \"T\" with SI units of kelvins. The speed of a gas particle is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of the balloon in the video shrinks when the trapped gas particles slow down with the addition of extremely cold nitrogen. The temperature of any physical system is related to the motions of the particles","title":"Gas"},{"id":"886309","text":"as the combination of all zero-point fields. In quantum field theory this combination of fields is called the vacuum state, its associated zero-point energy is called the vacuum energy and the average energy value is called the vacuum expectation value (VEV) also called its condensate. In classical mechanics all particles can be thought of as having some energy made up of their potential energy and kinetic energy. Temperature, for example, arises from the intensity of random particle motion caused by kinetic energy (known as brownian motion). As temperature is reduced to absolute zero, it might be thought that all motion","title":"Zero-point energy"},{"id":"4030925","text":"Microcanonical ensemble In statistical mechanics, a microcanonical ensemble is the statistical ensemble that is used to represent the possible states of a mechanical system that have an exactly specified total energy. The system is assumed to be isolated in the sense that the system cannot exchange energy or particles with its environment, so that (by conservation of energy) the energy of the system remains exactly known as time goes on. The system's energy, composition, volume, and shape are kept the same in all possible states of the system. The macroscopic variables of the microcanonical ensemble are quantities that influence the","title":"Microcanonical ensemble"},{"id":"4030926","text":"nature of the system's internal states such as the total number of particles in the system (symbol: ), the system's volume (symbol: ), as well as the total energy in the system (symbol: ). This ensemble is therefore sometimes called the ensemble, as each of these three quantities is a constant of the ensemble. In simple terms, the microcanonical ensemble is defined by assigning an equal probability to every microstate whose energy falls within a range centered at . All other microstates are given a probability of zero. Since the probabilities must add up to 1, the probability is the","title":"Microcanonical ensemble"},{"id":"1829297","text":"very simple principle: where formula_5 is the action; the integral of the Lagrangian of the physical system between two times \"t\" and \"t\". The kinetic energy of the system is \"T\" (a function of the rate of change of the configuration of the system), and potential energy is \"V\" (a function of the configuration and its rate of change). The configuration of a system which has \"N\" degrees of freedom is defined by generalized coordinates q = (\"q\", \"q\", ... \"q\"). There are generalized momenta conjugate to these coordinates, p = (\"p\", \"p\", ..., \"p\"), where: The action and Lagrangian","title":"Scientific law"},{"id":"13622780","text":"the state \"q\", and therefore varies with time. Lagrangian mechanics yields an ordinary differential equation (actually, a system of coupled differential equations) that describes the evolution of a system in terms of an arbitrary vector of generalized coordinates that completely defines the position of every particle in the system. The kinetic energy formula above is one term of that equation, that represents the total kinetic energy of all the particles. For example, consider a system consisting of two point-like masses confined to a straight track. The state of that systems can be described by a vector \"q\" of two generalized","title":"Mass matrix"},{"id":"13506275","text":"another Lagrangian \"L\" containing information about the interaction, This may be physically motivated by taking the non-interacting Lagrangians to be kinetic energies only, while the interaction Lagrangian is the system's total potential energy. Also, in the limiting case of negligible interaction, \"L\" tends to zero reducing to the non-interacting case above. The extension to more than two non-interacting subsystems is straightforward – the overall Lagrangian is the sum of the separate Lagrangians for each subsystem. If there are interactions, then interaction Lagrangians may be added. The following examples apply Lagrange's equations of the second kind to mechanical problems. A particle","title":"Lagrangian mechanics"},{"id":"12574607","text":"to uniquely characterize the state of the system: they need not be (although they could be) the coordinates of the particles in the system. Instead, they could be the angles and extensions of links in a robot arm, for instance. If a mechanical system consists of \"N\" particles and there are \"m\" independent kinematical conditions imposed, it is possible to characterize the system uniquely by \"n\" = 3\"N - m\" independent generalized coordinates {\"q\"}. In classical mechanics, the Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy, formula_21, of the system minus its potential energy, formula_22. In symbols, Under conditions that are","title":"Mechanics of planar particle motion"},{"id":"12556951","text":"function can be calculated (for the classical case) as From the partition function, one can calculate the Helmholtz free energy formula_3 and, from that, all the thermodynamic properties of the system, like the entropy, the internal energy, the chemical potential etc. When the particles of the system interact, an exact calculation of the partition function is usually not possible. For low density, the interactions can be approximated with a sum of two-particle potentials: For this interaction potential, the partition function can be written as and the free energy is where Q is the configuration integral: The configuration integral formula_8 cannot","title":"Cluster expansion"},{"id":"3449702","text":"rate is converted to tissue equivalent dose using a factor of Sv/Gy (air) = 1.21 for Cs 137 at 0.662 MeV. Kerma (physics) Kerma is an acronym for \"kinetic energy released per unit mass\", defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation (i.e., indirectly ionizing radiation such as photons and neutrons) in a sample of matter, divided by the mass of the sample. It is defined by the quotient formula_1. The SI unit of kerma is the gray (Gy) (or joule per kilogram), the same as the unit of","title":"Kerma (physics)"},{"id":"126431","text":"constant unless energy is transferred in or out by work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant. While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas,","title":"Energy"},{"id":"2641421","text":"a system. In an ideal gas, the internal energy is the sum total of the gas particles' kinetic energy, and it is this kinetic motion that is the source and the effect of the transfer of heat across a system's boundary. For this reason, the term \"thermal energy\" is sometimes used synonymously with internal energy. (Heat and work depend on the way in which an energy transfer occurred, whereas internal energy is a property of the state of a system and can thus be understood even without knowing how the energy got there.) The term \"thermal energy\" is also applied","title":"Thermal energy"},{"id":"1458243","text":"the temperature \"T\" is invariant.) where the index \"s\" runs through all microstates of the system. \"Z\" is sometimes called the Boltzmann sum over states (or \"Zustandsumme\" in the original German). If we index the summation via the energy eigenvalues instead of all possible states, degeneracy must be taken into account. The probability of our system having energy formula_88 is simply the sum of the probabilities of all corresponding microstates: where, with obvious modification, this is the same result as before. Comments on this derivation: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the average distribution of non-interacting material particles","title":"Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics"},{"id":"9515525","text":"Statistical weight In statistical mechanics, the statistical weight is the relative probability of a particular feature of a state. It refers to the Configuration entropy of a system . The configuration is the instantaneous arrangement of all the particles of the system throughout the distinct energy levels of the system. The macrostate of the system will reflect those configurations of the particles which are more likely; we assume that the probability of a particle being at each level is equal. It is denoted \"W\" which can also be referred to as multiplicity and is the tenet of entropy. W =","title":"Statistical weight"},{"id":"7458204","text":"mean force formula_63 by: If the particles interact via identical pairwise potentials: formula_64, the average internal energy per particle is: Developing the virial equation yields the pressure equation of state: The radial distribution function is an important measure because several key thermodynamic properties, such as potential energy and pressure can be calculated from it. For a 3-D system where particles interact via pairwise potentials, the potential energy of the system can be calculated as follows: formula_65 Where N is the number of particles in the system, formula_66 is the number density, formula_67 is the pair potential. The pressure of the","title":"Radial distribution function"},{"id":"2774281","text":"which a large number of identical particles occupy the lowest-energy state) can form; such superfluid electrons are responsible for superconductivity. Equipartition theorem In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is shared equally among all of its various forms; for example, the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom in translational motion of a molecule should equal that in rotational motion. The equipartition","title":"Equipartition theorem"},{"id":"396205","text":"Systems theory Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems. A system is a cohesive conglomeration of interrelated and interdependent parts that is either natural or man-made. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose or nature and expressed in its functioning. In terms of its effects, a system can be more than the sum of its parts if it expresses synergy or emergent behavior. Changing one part of the system usually affects other parts and the whole system, with predictable patterns of behavior. For systems","title":"Systems theory"},{"id":"16920151","text":"also true that if the Lagrangian is explicitly independent of time and the potential \"V\"(r) independent of velocities, then the total relativistic energy is conserved, although the identification is less obvious since the first term is the relativistic energy of the particle which includes the rest mass of the particle, not merely the relativistic kinetic energy. Also, the argument for homogenous functions does not apply to relativistic Lagrangians. The extension to \"N\" particles is straightforward, the relativistic Lagrangian is just a sum of the \"free particle\" terms, minus the potential energy of their interaction; where all the positions and velocities","title":"Relativistic Lagrangian mechanics"},{"id":"2774224","text":"to suggest that energy in the oscillators in an object, which emit light, were quantized, a revolutionary hypothesis that spurred the development of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. The name \"equipartition\" means \"equal division,\" as derived from the Latin \"equi\" from the antecedent, æquus (\"equal or even\"), and partition from the noun, \"partitio\" (\"division, portion\"). The original concept of equipartition was that the total kinetic energy of a system is shared equally among all of its independent parts, \"on the average\", once the system has reached thermal equilibrium. Equipartition also makes quantitative predictions for these energies. For example, it","title":"Equipartition theorem"},{"id":"409080","text":"state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. For example, the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively. The five most well known potentials are: where formula_1 is the temperature, formula_2 the entropy, formula_3 the pressure, formula_4 the volume, formula_5 the chemical potential, formula_6 the number of particles in the system, and formula_7 is the count of particles types in the system. Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy","title":"Thermodynamics"},{"id":"126424","text":"these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever. Energy is also transferred from potential energy (formula_8) to kinetic energy (formula_9) and then back to potential energy constantly. This is referred to as conservation of energy. In this closed system, energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. This can be demonstrated by the following: The equation can then be simplified further since formula_10 (mass times acceleration due to gravity times the height) and formula_11 (half mass times velocity squared). Then the total amount of","title":"Energy"},{"id":"2719706","text":"allowed across it.) The term \"relativistic mass\" is also sometimes used. This is the sum total quantity of energy in a body or system (divided by \"c\"). As seen from the center of momentum frame, the relativistic mass is also the invariant mass, as discussed above (just as the relativistic energy of a single particle is the same as its rest energy, when seen from its rest frame). For other frames, the relativistic mass (of a body or system of bodies) includes a contribution from the \"net\" kinetic energy of the body (the kinetic energy of the center of mass","title":"Mass in special relativity"},{"id":"8823190","text":"+ \"q\", where \"q\" = −\"eN\", with \"N\" equal to the number of electrons. Electrons and nuclei are, to a very good approximation, point charges and point masses. The molecular Hamiltonian is a sum of several terms: its major terms are the kinetic energies of the electrons and the Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions between the two kinds of charged particles. The Hamiltonian that contains only the kinetic energies of electrons and nuclei, and the Coulomb interactions between them, is known as the Coulomb Hamiltonian. From it are missing a number of small terms, most of which are due to electronic and","title":"Molecular Hamiltonian"},{"id":"326130","text":"gravitational binding energy of each body. The potential energy of the system of bodies as such is the negative of the energy needed to separate the bodies from each other to infinity, while the gravitational binding energy is the energy needed to separate all particles from each other to infinity. therefore, As with all potential energies, only differences in gravitational potential energy matter for most physical purposes, and the choice of zero point is arbitrary. Given that there is no reasonable criterion for preferring one particular finite \"r\" over another, there seem to be only two reasonable choices for the","title":"Potential energy"},{"id":"5290205","text":"It should be noted that the invariant mass of a system is different from the sum of the rest masses of the particles of which it is composed due to kinetic energy and binding energy. Rest mass is not a conserved quantity in special relativity unlike the situation in Newtonian physics. However, even if an object is changing internally, so long as it does not exchange energy with surroundings, then its rest mass will not change, and can be calculated with the same result in any frame of reference. A particle whose rest mass is zero is called \"massless\". Photons","title":"Relativistic mechanics"},{"id":"448250","text":"for the system under consideration, the averaging need not be taken over time; an ensemble average can also be taken, with equivalent results. Although originally derived for classical mechanics, the virial theorem also holds for quantum mechanics, as first shown by Fock using the Ehrenfest theorem. Evaluate the commutator of the Hamiltonian with the product of the position operator and the momentum operator of particle , Summing over all particles, one finds for the commutator amounts to where formula_30 is the kinetic energy. The left-hand side of this equation is just , according to the Heisenberg equation of motion. The","title":"Virial theorem"},{"id":"448245","text":"the time derivative of this moment of inertia In turn, the time derivative of can be written where is the mass of the th particle, is the net force on that particle, and is the total kinetic energy of the system The total force on particle is the sum of all the forces from the other particles in the system where is the force applied by particle on particle . Hence, the virial can be written Since no particle acts on itself (i.e., for ), we split the sum in terms below and above this diagonal (proof of this equation):","title":"Virial theorem"},{"id":"3099029","text":"space whose points are marked by the pair of vectors formula_11 is called the phase space of the dynamical system (). The configuration space and the phase space of the dynamical system () both are Euclidean spaces, i. e. they are equipped with a Euclidean structure. The Euclidean structure of them is defined so that the kinetic energy of the single multidimensional particle with the unit mass formula_9 is equal to the sum of kinetic energies of the three-dimensional particles with the masses formula_3: In some cases the motion of the particles with the masses formula_3 can be constrained. Typical","title":"Newtonian dynamics"},{"id":"1756747","text":"of the energies dissipated in resistors per cycle. In mechanical systems, the stored energy is the maximum possible stored energy, or the total energy, i.e. the sum of the potential and kinetic energies at some point in time; the lost energy is the work done by an external conservative force, per cycle, to maintain amplitude. More generally and in the context of reactive component specification (especially inductors), the frequency-dependent definition of \"Q\" is used: where \"ω\" is the angular frequency at which the stored energy and power loss are measured. This definition is consistent with its usage in describing circuits","title":"Q factor"},{"id":"126398","text":"Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy \"minus\" the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction). Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation","title":"Energy"},{"id":"3304624","text":"space or in internal coordinates, and can also be assigned velocities in dynamical simulations. The atomic velocities are related to the temperature of the system, a macroscopic quantity. The collective mathematical expression is termed a potential function and is related to the system internal energy (U), a thermodynamic quantity equal to the sum of potential and kinetic energies. Methods which minimize the potential energy are termed energy minimization methods (e.g., steepest descent and conjugate gradient), while methods that model the behaviour of the system with propagation of time are termed molecular dynamics. This function, referred to as a potential function,","title":"Molecular modelling"},{"id":"6204346","text":"particular frame, the four-momenta in this frame can be added; and then take the norm; to obtain the relation for a many particle system: where is the invariant mass of the whole system, and is not equal to the sum of the rest masses of the particles unless all particles are at rest (see mass in special relativity for more detail). Substituting and rearranging gives the generalization of (); The energies and momenta in the equation are all frame-dependent, while is frame-independent. In the center-of-momentum frame (COM frame), by definition we have: with the implication from () that the invariant","title":"Energy–momentum relation"},{"id":"1409499","text":"self energy corresponding to the product of a geometric matter current and a generalized potential as part of a single definition of mass in a geometric unified theory. Invariant mass The invariant mass, rest mass, intrinsic mass, proper mass, or in the case of bound systems simply mass, is the portion of the total mass of an object or system of objects that is independent of the overall motion of the system. More precisely, it is a characteristic of the system's total energy and momentum that is the same in all frames of reference related by Lorentz transformations. If a","title":"Invariant mass"},{"id":"13506238","text":"the dot product of the velocity with itself. The kinetic energy is a function only of the velocities v, not the positions r nor time \"t\", so \"T\" = \"T\"(v, v, ...). The potential energy of the system reflects the energy of interaction between the particles, i.e. how much energy any one particle will have due to all the others and other external influences. For conservative forces (e.g. Newtonian gravity), it is a function of the position vectors of the particles only, so \"V\" = \"V\"(r, r, ...). For those non-conservative forces which can be derived from an appropriate potential","title":"Lagrangian mechanics"},{"id":"2506906","text":"no net momentum). The rest and invariant masses are the smallest possible value of the mass of the object or system. They also are conserved quantities, so long as the system is isolated. Because of the way they are calculated, the effects of moving observers are subtracted, so these quantities do not change with the motion of the observer. The rest mass is almost never additive: the rest mass of an object is not the sum of the rest masses of its parts. The rest mass of an object is the total energy of all the parts, including kinetic energy,","title":"Mass–energy equivalence"},{"id":"520998","text":"energy of the translational, vibrational and rotational motions of matter's particle constituents (molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles). The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, contribute the total internal energy (loosely, the thermal energy) of a substance. Thus, internal energy may be stored in a number of ways (degrees of freedom) within a substance. When the degrees of freedom are in the classical regime (\"unfrozen\") the temperature is very simply related to the average energy of those degrees of freedom at equilibrium.","title":"Thermodynamic temperature"},{"id":"7994596","text":"Threshold energy In particle physics, the threshold energy for production of a particle is the minimum kinetic energy a pair of traveling particles must have when they collide. The threshold energy is always greater than or equal to the rest energy of the desired particle. In most cases, since momentum is also conserved, the threshold energy is significantly greater than the rest energy of the desired particle - and thus there will still be considerable kinetic energy in the final particles. Consider the collision of a mobile proton with a stationary proton so that a formula_1 meson is produced: formula_2","title":"Threshold energy"},{"id":"126417","text":"the two original particles. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called pair creation – in which the rest mass of particles is created from the radiant energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In general relativity, the stress–energy tensor serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic Newtonian approximation. Energy and mass are manifestations of one and the same underlying physical property of a system. This property is responsible for the inertia and strength of gravitational interaction of the system","title":"Energy"},{"id":"5290209","text":"energy–momentum equation has p = 0, and thus gives the invariant mass of the system as merely the total energy of all parts of the system, divided by \"c\" This is the invariant mass of any system which is measured in a frame where it has zero total momentum, such as a bottle of hot gas on a scale. In such a system, the mass which the scale weighs is the invariant mass, and it depends on the total energy of the system. It is thus more than the sum of the rest masses of the molecules, but also includes","title":"Relativistic mechanics"},{"id":"203458","text":"have the same physical properties, the \"n\"'s run over the same range of values. Let \"ε\"(\"n\") denote the energy of a particle in state \"n\". As the particles do not interact, the total energy of the system is the sum of the single-particle energies. The partition function of the system is where \"k\" is Boltzmann's constant and \"T\" is the temperature. This expression can be factored to obtain where If the particles are identical, this equation is incorrect. Consider a state of the system, described by the single particle states [\"n\", ..., \"n\"]. In the equation for \"Z\", every possible","title":"Identical particles"},{"id":"4017213","text":"Grand canonical ensemble In statistical mechanics, a grand canonical ensemble is the statistical ensemble that is used to represent the possible states of a mechanical system of particles that are in thermodynamic equilibrium (thermal and chemical) with a reservoir. The system is said to be open in the sense that the system can exchange energy and particles with a reservoir, so that various possible states of the system can differ in both their total energy and total number of particles. The system's volume, shape, and other external coordinates are kept the same in all possible states of the system. The","title":"Grand canonical ensemble"},{"id":"2661868","text":"the direction of the velocity vector. Non-holonomic constraints can also involve next-order derivatives such as generalized accelerations. The total kinetic energy of the system is the energy of the system's motion, defined as in which · is the dot product. The kinetic energy is a function only of the velocities v, not the coordinates r themselves. By contrast an important observation is which illustrates the kinetic energy is in general a function of the generalized velocities, coordinates, and time if the constraints also vary with time, so \"T\" = \"T\"(q, \"d\"q/\"dt\", \"t\"). In the case the constraints on the particles","title":"Generalized coordinates"},{"id":"17150498","text":"S-matrix. Alternatively, the path integral formulation of quantum field theory represents the transition amplitude as a weighted sum of all possible histories of the system from the initial to the final state, in terms of either particles or fields. The transition amplitude is then given as the matrix element of the S-matrix between the initial and the final states of the quantum system. Initial and final state radiation In particle physics, initial and final state radiation refers to certain kinds of radiative emissions that are not due to particle annihilation. It is important in experimental and theoretical studies of interactions","title":"Initial and final state radiation"},{"id":"6756539","text":"Particle statistics Particle statistics is a particular description of multiple particles in statistical mechanics. Its core concept is a statistical ensemble that emphasizes properties of a large system as a whole at the expense of knowledge about parameters of separate particles. When an ensemble consists of particles with similar properties, their number is called the particle number and usually denoted by \"N\". In classical mechanics, all particles (fundamental and composite particles, atoms, molecules, electrons, etc.) in the system are considered distinguishable. This means that individual particles in a system can be tracked. As a consequence, changing the position of any","title":"Particle statistics"},{"id":"3449697","text":"Kerma (physics) Kerma is an acronym for \"kinetic energy released per unit mass\", defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation (i.e., indirectly ionizing radiation such as photons and neutrons) in a sample of matter, divided by the mass of the sample. It is defined by the quotient formula_1. The SI unit of kerma is the gray (Gy) (or joule per kilogram), the same as the unit of absorbed dose. However, kerma can be different from absorbed dose, depending on the energies involved. This is because ionization energy is","title":"Kerma (physics)"},{"id":"6818262","text":"Minimum total potential energy principle The minimum total potential energy principle is a fundamental concept used in physics and engineering. It dictates that at low temperatures a structure or body shall deform or displace to a position that (locally) minimizes the total potential energy, with the lost potential energy being converted into kinetic energy (specifically heat). The total potential energy, formula_1, is the sum of the elastic strain energy, U, stored in the deformed body and the potential energy, V, associated to the applied forces: This energy is at a stationary position when an infinitesimal variation from such position involves","title":"Minimum total potential energy principle"},{"id":"231342","text":"of reference frame. Different observers moving with different reference frames would however disagree on the value of this conserved energy. The kinetic energy of such systems depends on the choice of reference frame: the reference frame that gives the minimum value of that energy is the center of momentum frame, i.e. the reference frame in which the total momentum of the system is zero. This minimum kinetic energy contributes to the invariant mass of the system as a whole. The work done in accelerating a particle with mass \"m\" during the infinitesimal time interval \"dt\" is given by the dot","title":"Kinetic energy"},{"id":"173903","text":"nature, now called \"Poincaré symmetry\", that replaced the old Galilean (see above) symmetry. Special Relativity exerted another long-lasting effect on dynamics. Although initially it was credited with the \"unification of mass and energy\", it became evident that relativistic dynamics established a firm \"distinction\" between rest mass, which is an invariant (observer independent) property of a particle or system of particles, and the energy and momentum of a system. The latter two are separately conserved in all situations but not invariant with respect to different observers. The term \"mass\" in particle physics underwent a semantic change, and since the late 20th","title":"History of physics"},{"id":"1617818","text":"get So the Hamiltonian is From this we get the force equation (equivalent to the Euler–Lagrange equation) from which one can derive An equivalent expression for the Hamiltonian as function of the relativistic (kinetic) momentum, , is This has the advantage that can be measured experimentally whereas cannot. Notice that the Hamiltonian (total energy) can be viewed as the sum of the relativistic energy (kinetic+rest), , plus the potential energy, . Hamiltonian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics is a theory developed as a reformulation of classical mechanics and predicts the same outcomes as non-Hamiltonian classical mechanics. It uses a different mathematical formalism,","title":"Hamiltonian mechanics"},{"id":"2719722","text":"to make measurements of the mass of particles like the Z boson or the top quark. Total energy is an additive conserved quantity (for single observers) in systems and in reactions between particles, but rest mass (in the sense of being a sum of particle rest masses) may not be conserved through an event in which rest masses of particles are converted to other types of energy, such as kinetic energy. Finding the sum of individual particle rest masses would require multiple observers, one for each particle rest inertial frame, and these observers ignore individual particle kinetic energy. Conservation laws","title":"Mass in special relativity"},{"id":"3498275","text":"Mechanical energy In physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to conservative forces, the mechanical energy is constant. If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well. In all real systems, however,","title":"Mechanical energy"},{"id":"15346365","text":"sense is chosen to correspond to the more usual meaning of system, such as a particular machine. In the study of quantum coherence, the \"system\" may refer to the microscopic properties of an object (e.g. the mean of a pendulum bob), while the relevant \"environment\" may be the internal degrees of freedom, described classically by the pendulum's thermal vibrations. Physical system In physics, a physical system is a portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment. The environment is ignored except for its effects on the system. The split between system","title":"Physical system"},{"id":"9504873","text":"for the partial molar Gibbs free energy (or the partial Gibbs free energy, depending on whether N is in units of moles or particles). Thus the Gibbs free energy of a system can be calculated by collecting moles together carefully at a specified T, P and at a constant molar ratio composition (so that the chemical potential doesn't change as the moles are added together), i.e. The total differential of this expression is Combining the two expressions for the total differential of the Gibbs free energy gives which simplifies to the Gibbs–Duhem relation: Another way of deriving the Gibbs-Duhem equation","title":"Gibbs–Duhem equation"},{"id":"1458217","text":"in terms of single-particle stationary states, we can thus say that two fermions cannot occupy the same stationary state. These stationary states will typically be distinct in energy. To find the ground state of the whole system, we start with an empty system, and add particles one at a time, consecutively filling up the unoccupied stationary states with the lowest energy. When all the particles have been put in, the Fermi energy is the kinetic energy of the highest occupied state. As a consequence, even if we have extracted all possible energy from a Fermi gas by cooling it to","title":"Fermi energy"},{"id":"231338","text":"the mass of the body as well as its speed. The kinetic energy is equal to 1/2 the product of the mass and the square of the speed. In formula form: where formula_2 is the mass and formula_3 is the speed (or the velocity) of the body. In SI units, mass is measured in kilograms, speed in metres per second, and the resulting kinetic energy is in joules. For example, one would calculate the kinetic energy of an 80 kg mass (about 180 lbs) traveling at 18 metres per second (about 40 mph, or 65 km/h) as When a person","title":"Kinetic energy"},{"id":"6478193","text":"is volume, formula_19 is the chemical potential of the formula_12-th particle type, and formula_21 is the number of formula_12-type particles in the system. Here, the temperature, pressure, and chemical potential are the generalized forces, which drive the generalized changes in entropy, volume, and particle number respectively. These parameters all affect the internal energy of a thermodynamic system. A small change formula_23 in the internal energy of the system is given by the sum of the flow of energy across the boundaries of the system due to the corresponding conjugate pair. These concepts will be expanded upon in the following sections.","title":"Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)"},{"id":"252864","text":"particle can be attributed to it. In a Lorentz invariant theory, the same formulas that apply to ordinary slower-than-light particles (sometimes called \"bradyons\" in discussions of tachyons) must also apply to tachyons. In particular the energy–momentum relation: (where p is the relativistic momentum of the bradyon and m is its rest mass) should still apply, along with the formula for the total energy of a particle: This equation shows that the total energy of a particle (bradyon or tachyon) contains a contribution from its rest mass (the \"rest mass–energy\") and a contribution from its motion, the kinetic energy. When \"v\"","title":"Mass"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2201270\",\n \"text\": \"the reference state to the given state. It is the energy needed to create the given state of the system from the reference state. From a non-relativistic microscopic point of view, it may be divided into microscopic potential energy, , and microscopic kinetic energy, , components: The microscopic kinetic energy of a system arises as the sum of the motions of all the system's particles with respect to the center-of-mass frame, whether it be the motion of atoms, molecules, atomic nuclei, electrons, or other particles. The microscopic potential energy algebraic summative components are those of the chemical and nuclear particle\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"195053\",\n \"text\": \"physics. The Hamiltonian is the sum of the kinetic energies of all the particles, plus the potential energy of the particles associated with the system. For different situations or number of particles, the Hamiltonian is different since it includes the sum of kinetic energies of the particles, and the potential energy function corresponding to the situation. By analogy with classical mechanics, the Hamiltonian is commonly expressed as the sum of operators corresponding to the kinetic and potential energies of a system in the form where is the potential energy operator and is the kinetic energy operator in which \\\"m\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13506237\",\n \"text\": \"all physical systems. Any function which generates the correct equations of motion, in agreement with physical laws, can be taken as a Lagrangian. It is nevertheless possible to construct general expressions for large classes of applications. The \\\"non-relativistic\\\" Lagrangian for a system of particles can be defined by where is the total kinetic energy of the system, equalling the sum Σ of the kinetic energies of the particles, and \\\"V\\\" is the potential energy of the system. Kinetic energy is the energy of the system's motion, and \\\"v\\\" = v · v is the magnitude squared of velocity, equivalent to\",\n \"title\": \"Lagrangian mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"126439\",\n \"text\": \"or lose energy in association with matter transfer (both of these process are illustrated by fueling an auto, a system which gains in energy thereby, without addition of either work or heat). Denoting this energy by formula_16, one may write Internal energy is the sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a system. It is the energy needed to create the system. It is related to the potential energy, e.g., molecular structure, crystal structure, and other geometric aspects, as well as the motion of the particles, in form of kinetic energy. Thermodynamics is chiefly concerned with changes in internal\",\n \"title\": \"Energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1617796\",\n \"text\": \"coordinates , where each component of the coordinate is indexed to the frame of reference of the system. The time evolution of the system is uniquely defined by Hamilton's equations: </math> where is the Hamiltonian, which often corresponds to the total energy of the system. For a closed system, it is the sum of the kinetic and potential energy in the system. In Newtonian mechanics, the time evolution is obtained by computing the total force being exerted on each particle of the system, and from Newton's second law, the time-evolutions of both position and velocity are computed. In contrast, in\",\n \"title\": \"Hamiltonian mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"448241\",\n \"text\": \"of the system results from a potential energy that is proportional to some power of the interparticle distance , the virial theorem takes the simple form Thus, twice the average total kinetic energy equals times the average total potential energy . Whereas represents the potential energy between two particles, represents the total potential energy of the system, i.e., the sum of the potential energy over all pairs of particles in the system. A common example of such a system is a star held together by its own gravity, where equals −1. Although the virial theorem depends on averaging the total\",\n \"title\": \"Virial theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"126443\",\n \"text\": \"two points in the oscillation cycle it is entirely kinetic, and at two points it is entirely potential. Over the whole cycle, or over many cycles, net energy is thus equally split between kinetic and potential. This is called equipartition principle; total energy of a system with many degrees of freedom is equally split among all available degrees of freedom. This principle is vitally important to understanding the behaviour of a quantity closely related to energy, called entropy. Entropy is a measure of evenness of a distribution of energy between parts of a system. When an isolated system is given\",\n \"title\": \"Energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1295615\",\n \"text\": \"inertial frames may result in a change of the total energy (relativistic energy) for systems, and this quantity determines the relativistic mass. The principle that the mass of a system of particles must be equal to the sum of their rest masses, even though true in classical physics, may be false in special relativity. The reason that rest masses cannot be simply added is that this does not take into account other forms of energy, such as kinetic and potential energy, and massless particles such as photons, all of which may (or may not) affect the total mass of systems.\",\n \"title\": \"Conservation of mass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2201274\",\n \"text\": \"mechanics has demonstrated that even at zero temperature particles maintain a residual energy of motion, the zero point energy. A system at absolute zero is merely in its quantum-mechanical ground state, the lowest energy state available. At absolute zero a system of given composition has attained its minimum attainable entropy. The microscopic kinetic energy portion of the internal energy gives rise to the temperature of the system. Statistical mechanics relates the pseudo-random kinetic energy of individual particles to the mean kinetic energy of the entire ensemble of particles comprising a system. Furthermore, it relates the mean microscopic kinetic energy to\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"195056\",\n \"text\": \"can only be written as above: a function of all the spatial positions of each particle. For non-interacting particles, i.e. particles which do not interact mutually and move independently, the potential of the system is the sum of the separate potential energy for each particle, that is The general form of the Hamiltonian in this case is: where the sum is taken over all particles and their corresponding potentials; the result is that the Hamiltonian of the system is the sum of the separate Hamiltonians for each particle. This is an idealized situation - in practice the particles are almost\",\n \"title\": \"Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1409492\",\n \"text\": \"frame, where net momentum is zero, the magnitude of the system's invariant mass is not equal to the sum of the rest masses of the particles within it. The kinetic energy of such particles and the potential energy of the force fields increase the total energy above the sum of the particle rest masses, and both terms contribute to the invariant mass of the system. The sum of the particle kinetic energies as calculated by an observer is smallest in the center of momentum frame (again, called the \\\"rest frame\\\" if the system is bound). They will often also interact\",\n \"title\": \"Invariant mass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2201289\",\n \"text\": \"extent. Under conditions of constant \\\"T\\\" and \\\"p\\\", because of the extensive nature of U and its independent variables, using Euler's homogeneous function theorem, the differential d\\\"U\\\" may be integrated and yields an expression for the internal energy: The sum over the composition of the system is the Gibbs free energy: that arises from changing the composition of the system at constant temperature and pressure. For a single component system, the chemical potential equals the Gibbs energy per amount of substance, i.e. particles or moles according to the original definition of the unit for formula_48. For an elastic medium the\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2774220\",\n \"text\": \"Equipartition theorem In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is shared equally among all of its various forms; for example, the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom in translational motion of a molecule should equal that in rotational motion. The equipartition theorem makes quantitative predictions. Like the virial theorem, it gives the total average kinetic and potential energies for a system\",\n \"title\": \"Equipartition theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6210346\",\n \"text\": \"König's theorem (kinetics) In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculation of kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles. The theorem expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles. Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the center of mass. The theorem\",\n \"title\": \"König's theorem (kinetics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2201271\",\n \"text\": \"bonds, and the physical force fields within the system, such as due to internal induced electric or magnetic dipole moment, as well as the energy of deformation of solids (stress-strain). Usually, the split into microscopic kinetic and potential energies is outside the scope of macroscopic thermodynamics. Internal energy does not include the energy due to motion or location of a system as a whole. That is to say, it excludes any kinetic or potential energy the body may have because of its motion or location in external gravitational, electrostatic, or electromagnetic fields. It does, however, include the contribution of such\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"231348\",\n \"text\": \"the total kinetic energy of a system of objects cannot be reduced to zero by a suitable choice of the inertial reference frame, unless all the objects have the same velocity. In any other case, the total kinetic energy has a non-zero minimum, as no inertial reference frame can be chosen in which all the objects are stationary. This minimum kinetic energy contributes to the system's invariant mass, which is independent of the reference frame. The total kinetic energy of a system depends on the inertial frame of reference: it is the sum of the total kinetic energy in a\",\n \"title\": \"Kinetic energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2201266\",\n \"text\": \"density called \\\"specific internal energy\\\" which is internal energy per unit of mass (kilogram) of the system in question. The SI unit of specific internal energy is J/kg. If the specific internal energy is expressed relative to units of amount of substance (mol), then it is referred to as \\\"molar internal energy\\\" and the unit is J/mol. From the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the sum of the microscopic kinetic and potential energies of the system. The internal energy, , expresses the thermodynamics of a system in the \\\"energy-language\\\", or in\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2201265\",\n \"text\": \"system's particles (translations, rotations, vibrations). The other is the potential energy associated with the microscopic forces, including the chemical bonds, between the particles; this is for ordinary physics and chemistry. If thermonuclear reactions are specified as a topic of concern, then the static rest mass energy of the constituents of matter is also counted. There is no simple universal relation between these quantities of microscopic energy and the quantities of energy gained or lost by the system in work, heat, or matter transfer. The SI unit of energy is the joule (J). Sometimes it is convenient to use a corresponding\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4068049\",\n \"text\": \"the pressure, formula_6 is the volume of the vessel containing the particles, formula_7 is Boltzmann's constant, formula_8 is the absolute temperature, formula_9 is the fugacity, with formula_10 the chemical potential. The quantity formula_11 is the canonical partition function of a subsystem of formula_12 particles: Here formula_14 is the Hamiltonian (energy operator) of a subsystem of formula_12 particles. The Hamiltonian is a sum of the kinetic energies of the particles and the total formula_12-particle potential energy (interaction energy). The latter includes pair interactions and possibly 3-body and higher-body interactions. The grand partition function formula_17 can be expanded in a sum of\",\n \"title\": \"Virial coefficient\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"520991\",\n \"text\": \"the thermodynamic temperature to a very high degree of accuracy. Roughly, the temperature of a body at rest is a measure of the mean of the energy of the translational, vibrational and rotational motions of matter's particle constituents, such as molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles. The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, make up the total internal energy of a substance. Internal energy is loosely called the heat energy or thermal energy in conditions when no work is done upon the\",\n \"title\": \"Thermodynamic temperature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3498277\",\n \"text\": \"steam engine converts heat energy to mechanical energy. Energy is a scalar quantity and the mechanical energy of a system is the sum of the potential energy which is measured by the position of the parts of the system. The kinetic energy which is also called the energy of motion: The potential energy, \\\"U\\\", depends on the position of an object subjected to a conservative force. It is defined as the object's ability to do work and is increased as the object is moved in the opposite direction of the direction of the force. If \\\"F\\\" represents the conservative force\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanical energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1617798\",\n \"text\": \"describe simple systems such as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes from kinetic to potential and back again over time, its strength is shown in more complex dynamic systems, such as planetary orbits in celestial mechanics. The more degrees of freedom the system has, the more complicated its time evolution is and, in most cases, it becomes chaotic. A simple interpretation of Hamiltonian mechanics comes from its application on a one-dimensional system consisting of one particle of mass . The Hamiltonian represents the total energy of the system, which is the sum of\",\n \"title\": \"Hamiltonian mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"701678\",\n \"text\": \"probability the particles are in some spatial configuration at some instant of time. Solving the equation for can be used to predict how the particles will behave under the influence of the specified potential and with each other. The Schrödinger equation was developed principally from the De Broglie hypothesis, a wave equation that would describe particles, and can be constructed as shown informally in the following sections. For a more rigorous description of Schrödinger's equation, see also Resnick \\\"et al\\\". The total energy of a particle is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy , this sum is also\",\n \"title\": \"Schrödinger equation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2201260\",\n \"text\": \"Internal energy In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is the energy contained within the system, excluding the kinetic energy of motion, of the system as a whole and the potential energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields. It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system that are due to changes in its internal state. The internal energy of a system can be changed by transfers of matter or heat or by doing work. When matter transfer is prevented by impermeable containing walls, the system is said to be\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13506272\",\n \"text\": \"follows by direct calculation, or use of Euler's theorem for homogenous functions, that Under all these circumstances, the constant is the \\\"total conserved energy\\\" of the system. The kinetic and potential energies still change as the system evolves, but the motion of the system will be such that their sum, the total energy, is constant. This is a valuable simplification, since the energy \\\"E\\\" is a constant of integration that counts as an arbitrary constant for the problem, and it may be possible to integrate the velocities from this energy relation to solve for the coordinates. In the case the\",\n \"title\": \"Lagrangian mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"231345\",\n \"text\": \"sum of the kinetic energies of its moving parts, and is thus given by: where: (In this equation the moment of inertia must be taken about an axis through the center of mass and the rotation measured by ω must be around that axis; more general equations exist for systems where the object is subject to wobble due to its eccentric shape). A system of bodies may have internal kinetic energy due to the relative motion of the bodies in the system. For example, in the Solar System the planets and planetoids are orbiting the Sun. In a tank of\",\n \"title\": \"Kinetic energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"231346\",\n \"text\": \"gas, the molecules are moving in all directions. The kinetic energy of the system is the sum of the kinetic energies of the bodies it contains. A macroscopic body that is stationary (i.e. a reference frame has been chosen to correspond to the body's center of momentum) may have various kinds of internal energy at the molecular or atomic level, which may be regarded as kinetic energy, due to molecular translation, rotation, and vibration, electron translation and spin, and nuclear spin. These all contribute to the body's mass, as provided by the special theory of relativity. When discussing movements of\",\n \"title\": \"Kinetic energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1156632\",\n \"text\": \"Binding energy Binding energy (also called separation energy) is the \\\"minimum\\\" energy required to disassemble a system of particles into separate parts. This energy is equal to the mass defect - the amount of energy, or mass, that is released when a bound system (which typically has a lower potential energy than the sum of its constituent parts) is created, and is what keeps the system together. If the energy supplied is more than the binding energy, then the disassembled constituents possess non-zero kinetic energy. In general, binding energy represents the mechanical work that must be done against the forces\",\n \"title\": \"Binding energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"126390\",\n \"text\": \"example, macroscopic mechanical energy is the sum of translational and rotational kinetic and potential energy in a system neglects the kinetic energy due to temperature, and nuclear energy which combines utilize potentials from the nuclear force and the weak force), among others. The word \\\"energy\\\" derives from the , which possibly appears for the first time in the work of Aristotle in the 4th century BC. In contrast to the modern definition, energeia was a qualitative philosophical concept, broad enough to include ideas such as happiness and pleasure. In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the\",\n \"title\": \"Energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2201275\",\n \"text\": \"the macroscopically observed empirical property that is expressed as temperature of the system. This energy is often referred to as the \\\"thermal energy\\\" of a system, relating this energy, like the temperature, to the human experience of hot and cold. Statistical mechanics considers any system to be statistically distributed across an ensemble of \\\"N\\\" microstates. Each microstate has an energy \\\"E\\\" and is associated with a probability \\\"p\\\". The internal energy is the mean value of the system's total energy, i.e., the sum of all microstate energies, each weighted by their probability of occurrence: This is the statistical expression of\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3498283\",\n \"text\": \"mechanical energy is conserved – the sum of the mechanical energies of the colliding objects is the same before and after the collision. After an inelastic collision, however, the mechanical energy of the system will have changed. Usually, the mechanical energy before the collision is greater than the mechanical energy after the collision. In inelastic collisions, some of the mechanical energy of the colliding objects is transformed into kinetic energy of the constituent particles. This increase in kinetic energy of the constituent particles is perceived as an increase in temperature. The collision can be described by saying some of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanical energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6210348\",\n \"text\": \"to the inertial frame N. König's theorem (kinetics) In kinetics, König's theorem or König's decomposition is a mathematical relation derived by Johann Samuel König that assists with the calculation of kinetic energy of bodies and systems of particles. The theorem expresses the kinetic energy of a system of particles in terms of the velocities of the individual particles. Specifically, it states that the kinetic energy of a system of particles is the sum of the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the center of mass and the kinetic energy associated to the movement of the particles relative to the\",\n \"title\": \"König's theorem (kinetics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2201273\",\n \"text\": \"especially through thermodynamics, it is impossible to calculate the total internal energy. Therefore, a convenient null reference point may be chosen for the internal energy. The internal energy is an extensive property: it depends on the size of the system, or on the amount of substance it contains. At any temperature greater than absolute zero, microscopic potential energy and kinetic energy are constantly converted into one another, but the sum remains constant in an isolated system (cf. table). In the classical picture of thermodynamics, kinetic energy vanishes at zero temperature and the internal energy is purely potential energy. However, quantum\",\n \"title\": \"Internal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"448242\",\n \"text\": \"kinetic and potential energies, the presentation here postpones the averaging to the last step. In 1870, Rudolf Clausius delivered the lecture \\\"On a Mechanical Theorem Applicable to Heat\\\" to the Association for Natural and Medical Sciences of the Lower Rhine, following a 20-year study of thermodynamics. The lecture stated that the mean vis viva of the system is equal to its virial, or that the average kinetic energy is equal to the average potential energy. The virial theorem can be obtained directly from Lagrange's identity as applied in classical gravitational dynamics, the original form of which was included in Lagrange's\",\n \"title\": \"Virial theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7916520\",\n \"text\": \"Grand potential The grand potential is a quantity used in statistical mechanics, especially for irreversible processes in open systems. The grand potential is the characteristic state function for the grand canonical ensemble. Grand potential is defined by where U is the internal energy, \\\"T\\\" is the temperature of the system, \\\"S\\\" is the entropy, μ is the chemical potential, and \\\"N\\\" is the number of particles in the system. The change in the grand potential is given by where \\\"P\\\" is pressure and \\\"V\\\" is volume, using the fundamental thermodynamic relation (combined first and second thermodynamic laws); When the system\",\n \"title\": \"Grand potential\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886310\",\n \"text\": \"ceases and particles come completely to rest. In fact, however, kinetic energy is retained by particles even at the lowest possible temperature. The random motion corresponding to this zero-point energy never vanishes as a consequence of the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics. The uncertainty principle states that no object can ever have precise values of position and velocity simultaneously. The total energy of a quantum mechanical object (potential and kinetic) is described by its Hamiltonian which also describes the system as a harmonic oscillator, or wave function, that fluctuates between various energy states (see wave-particle duality). All quantum mechanical systems\",\n \"title\": \"Zero-point energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2719718\",\n \"text\": \"length of the energy momentum four-vector, a length which is associated with rest mass or invariant mass in systems. Where \\\"m\\\" > 0 and \\\"p\\\" = 0, this equation again expresses the mass-energy equivalence \\\"E\\\" = \\\"m\\\". The rest mass of a composite system is not the sum of the rest masses of the parts, unless all the parts are at rest. The total mass of a composite system includes the kinetic energy and field energy in the system. The total energy \\\"E\\\" of a composite system can be determined by adding together the sum of the energies of its\",\n \"title\": \"Mass in special relativity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1295617\",\n \"text\": \"the system, which remains both conserved and invariant (unchanging), even for different observers who view the entire system. Invariant mass is a system combination of energy and momentum, which is invariant for any observer, because in any inertial frame, the energies and momenta of the various particles always add to the same quantity (the momentum may be negative, so the addition amounts to a subtraction). The invariant mass is the relativistic mass of the system when viewed in the center of momentum frame. It is the minimum mass which a system may exhibit, as viewed from all possible inertial frames.\",\n \"title\": \"Conservation of mass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1650087\",\n \"text\": \"(not independent, the last two implies the first) conservation laws: Note that the invariant mass of a system of particles may be more than the sum of the particles' rest masses, since kinetic energy in the system center-of-mass frame and potential energy from forces between the particles contribute to the invariant mass. As an example, two particles with four-momenta and each have (rest) mass 3 GeV/\\\"c\\\" separately, but their total mass (the system mass) is 10 GeV/\\\"c\\\". If these particles were to collide and stick, the mass of the composite object would be 10 GeV/\\\"c\\\". One practical application from particle\",\n \"title\": \"Four-momentum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7916524\",\n \"text\": \"Generally in small systems, or systems with long range interactions (those outside the thermodynamic limit), formula_15. Grand potential The grand potential is a quantity used in statistical mechanics, especially for irreversible processes in open systems. The grand potential is the characteristic state function for the grand canonical ensemble. Grand potential is defined by where U is the internal energy, \\\"T\\\" is the temperature of the system, \\\"S\\\" is the entropy, μ is the chemical potential, and \\\"N\\\" is the number of particles in the system. The change in the grand potential is given by where \\\"P\\\" is pressure and \\\"V\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Grand potential\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1719773\",\n \"text\": \"all other species' concentrations in the mixture remaining constant. The molar chemical potential is also known as partial molar free energy. When both temperature and pressure are held constant, chemical potential is the partial molar Gibbs free energy. At chemical equilibrium or in phase equilibrium the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. In semiconductor physics, the chemical potential of a system of electrons at a temperature of zero Kelvin is known as the Fermi energy. Particles tend to move from higher chemical potential to lower\",\n \"title\": \"Chemical potential\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12785352\",\n \"text\": \"as a statistical ensemble of microstates. As a collection of classical material particles, temperature is a measure of the mean energy of motion, called kinetic energy, of the particles, whether in solids, liquids, gases, or plasmas. The kinetic energy, a concept of classical mechanics, is half the mass of a particle times its speed squared. In this mechanical interpretation of thermal motion, the kinetic energies of material particles may reside in the velocity of the particles of their translational or vibrational motion or in the inertia of their rotational modes. In monatomic perfect gases and, approximately, in most gases, temperature\",\n \"title\": \"Temperature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6870716\",\n \"text\": \"of the system will remain constant while energy is transferred as work to the external agent. The total energy of the system at any value of \\\"x\\\" is given by the internal energy of the gas plus the potential energy of the weight: where \\\"T\\\" is temperature, \\\"S\\\" is entropy, \\\"P\\\" is pressure, μ is the chemical potential, \\\"N\\\" is the number of particles in the gas, and the volume has been written as \\\"V=Ax\\\". Since the system is closed, the particle number \\\"N\\\" is constant and a small change in the energy of the system would be given by:\",\n \"title\": \"Principle of minimum energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12378332\",\n \"text\": \"from all of these gas particle collisions. Pressure is the sum of all the normal components of force exerted by the particles impacting the walls of the container divided by the surface area of the wall. The symbol used to represent \\\"temperature\\\" in equations is \\\"T\\\" with SI units of kelvins. The speed of a gas particle is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of the balloon in the video shrinks when the trapped gas particles slow down with the addition of extremely cold nitrogen. The temperature of any physical system is related to the motions of the particles\",\n \"title\": \"Gas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"886309\",\n \"text\": \"as the combination of all zero-point fields. In quantum field theory this combination of fields is called the vacuum state, its associated zero-point energy is called the vacuum energy and the average energy value is called the vacuum expectation value (VEV) also called its condensate. In classical mechanics all particles can be thought of as having some energy made up of their potential energy and kinetic energy. Temperature, for example, arises from the intensity of random particle motion caused by kinetic energy (known as brownian motion). As temperature is reduced to absolute zero, it might be thought that all motion\",\n \"title\": \"Zero-point energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4030925\",\n \"text\": \"Microcanonical ensemble In statistical mechanics, a microcanonical ensemble is the statistical ensemble that is used to represent the possible states of a mechanical system that have an exactly specified total energy. The system is assumed to be isolated in the sense that the system cannot exchange energy or particles with its environment, so that (by conservation of energy) the energy of the system remains exactly known as time goes on. The system's energy, composition, volume, and shape are kept the same in all possible states of the system. The macroscopic variables of the microcanonical ensemble are quantities that influence the\",\n \"title\": \"Microcanonical ensemble\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4030926\",\n \"text\": \"nature of the system's internal states such as the total number of particles in the system (symbol: ), the system's volume (symbol: ), as well as the total energy in the system (symbol: ). This ensemble is therefore sometimes called the ensemble, as each of these three quantities is a constant of the ensemble. In simple terms, the microcanonical ensemble is defined by assigning an equal probability to every microstate whose energy falls within a range centered at . All other microstates are given a probability of zero. Since the probabilities must add up to 1, the probability is the\",\n \"title\": \"Microcanonical ensemble\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1829297\",\n \"text\": \"very simple principle: where formula_5 is the action; the integral of the Lagrangian of the physical system between two times \\\"t\\\" and \\\"t\\\". The kinetic energy of the system is \\\"T\\\" (a function of the rate of change of the configuration of the system), and potential energy is \\\"V\\\" (a function of the configuration and its rate of change). The configuration of a system which has \\\"N\\\" degrees of freedom is defined by generalized coordinates q = (\\\"q\\\", \\\"q\\\", ... \\\"q\\\"). There are generalized momenta conjugate to these coordinates, p = (\\\"p\\\", \\\"p\\\", ..., \\\"p\\\"), where: The action and Lagrangian\",\n \"title\": \"Scientific law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13622780\",\n \"text\": \"the state \\\"q\\\", and therefore varies with time. Lagrangian mechanics yields an ordinary differential equation (actually, a system of coupled differential equations) that describes the evolution of a system in terms of an arbitrary vector of generalized coordinates that completely defines the position of every particle in the system. The kinetic energy formula above is one term of that equation, that represents the total kinetic energy of all the particles. For example, consider a system consisting of two point-like masses confined to a straight track. The state of that systems can be described by a vector \\\"q\\\" of two generalized\",\n \"title\": \"Mass matrix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13506275\",\n \"text\": \"another Lagrangian \\\"L\\\" containing information about the interaction, This may be physically motivated by taking the non-interacting Lagrangians to be kinetic energies only, while the interaction Lagrangian is the system's total potential energy. Also, in the limiting case of negligible interaction, \\\"L\\\" tends to zero reducing to the non-interacting case above. The extension to more than two non-interacting subsystems is straightforward – the overall Lagrangian is the sum of the separate Lagrangians for each subsystem. If there are interactions, then interaction Lagrangians may be added. The following examples apply Lagrange's equations of the second kind to mechanical problems. A particle\",\n \"title\": \"Lagrangian mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12574607\",\n \"text\": \"to uniquely characterize the state of the system: they need not be (although they could be) the coordinates of the particles in the system. Instead, they could be the angles and extensions of links in a robot arm, for instance. If a mechanical system consists of \\\"N\\\" particles and there are \\\"m\\\" independent kinematical conditions imposed, it is possible to characterize the system uniquely by \\\"n\\\" = 3\\\"N - m\\\" independent generalized coordinates {\\\"q\\\"}. In classical mechanics, the Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy, formula_21, of the system minus its potential energy, formula_22. In symbols, Under conditions that are\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanics of planar particle motion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12556951\",\n \"text\": \"function can be calculated (for the classical case) as From the partition function, one can calculate the Helmholtz free energy formula_3 and, from that, all the thermodynamic properties of the system, like the entropy, the internal energy, the chemical potential etc. When the particles of the system interact, an exact calculation of the partition function is usually not possible. For low density, the interactions can be approximated with a sum of two-particle potentials: For this interaction potential, the partition function can be written as and the free energy is where Q is the configuration integral: The configuration integral formula_8 cannot\",\n \"title\": \"Cluster expansion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3449702\",\n \"text\": \"rate is converted to tissue equivalent dose using a factor of Sv/Gy (air) = 1.21 for Cs 137 at 0.662 MeV. Kerma (physics) Kerma is an acronym for \\\"kinetic energy released per unit mass\\\", defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation (i.e., indirectly ionizing radiation such as photons and neutrons) in a sample of matter, divided by the mass of the sample. It is defined by the quotient formula_1. The SI unit of kerma is the gray (Gy) (or joule per kilogram), the same as the unit of\",\n \"title\": \"Kerma (physics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"126431\",\n \"text\": \"constant unless energy is transferred in or out by work or heat, and that no energy is lost in transfer. The total inflow of energy into a system must equal the total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system. Whenever one measures (or calculates) the total energy of a system of particles whose interactions do not depend explicitly on time, it is found that the total energy of the system always remains constant. While heat can always be fully converted into work in a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas,\",\n \"title\": \"Energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2641421\",\n \"text\": \"a system. In an ideal gas, the internal energy is the sum total of the gas particles' kinetic energy, and it is this kinetic motion that is the source and the effect of the transfer of heat across a system's boundary. For this reason, the term \\\"thermal energy\\\" is sometimes used synonymously with internal energy. (Heat and work depend on the way in which an energy transfer occurred, whereas internal energy is a property of the state of a system and can thus be understood even without knowing how the energy got there.) The term \\\"thermal energy\\\" is also applied\",\n \"title\": \"Thermal energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1458243\",\n \"text\": \"the temperature \\\"T\\\" is invariant.) where the index \\\"s\\\" runs through all microstates of the system. \\\"Z\\\" is sometimes called the Boltzmann sum over states (or \\\"Zustandsumme\\\" in the original German). If we index the summation via the energy eigenvalues instead of all possible states, degeneracy must be taken into account. The probability of our system having energy formula_88 is simply the sum of the probabilities of all corresponding microstates: where, with obvious modification, this is the same result as before. Comments on this derivation: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the average distribution of non-interacting material particles\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9515525\",\n \"text\": \"Statistical weight In statistical mechanics, the statistical weight is the relative probability of a particular feature of a state. It refers to the Configuration entropy of a system . The configuration is the instantaneous arrangement of all the particles of the system throughout the distinct energy levels of the system. The macrostate of the system will reflect those configurations of the particles which are more likely; we assume that the probability of a particle being at each level is equal. It is denoted \\\"W\\\" which can also be referred to as multiplicity and is the tenet of entropy. W =\",\n \"title\": \"Statistical weight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7458204\",\n \"text\": \"mean force formula_63 by: If the particles interact via identical pairwise potentials: formula_64, the average internal energy per particle is: Developing the virial equation yields the pressure equation of state: The radial distribution function is an important measure because several key thermodynamic properties, such as potential energy and pressure can be calculated from it. For a 3-D system where particles interact via pairwise potentials, the potential energy of the system can be calculated as follows: formula_65 Where N is the number of particles in the system, formula_66 is the number density, formula_67 is the pair potential. The pressure of the\",\n \"title\": \"Radial distribution function\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2774281\",\n \"text\": \"which a large number of identical particles occupy the lowest-energy state) can form; such superfluid electrons are responsible for superconductivity. Equipartition theorem In classical statistical mechanics, the equipartition theorem relates the temperature of a system to its average energies. The equipartition theorem is also known as the law of equipartition, equipartition of energy, or simply equipartition. The original idea of equipartition was that, in thermal equilibrium, energy is shared equally among all of its various forms; for example, the average kinetic energy per degree of freedom in translational motion of a molecule should equal that in rotational motion. The equipartition\",\n \"title\": \"Equipartition theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"396205\",\n \"text\": \"Systems theory Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems. A system is a cohesive conglomeration of interrelated and interdependent parts that is either natural or man-made. Every system is delineated by its spatial and temporal boundaries, surrounded and influenced by its environment, described by its structure and purpose or nature and expressed in its functioning. In terms of its effects, a system can be more than the sum of its parts if it expresses synergy or emergent behavior. Changing one part of the system usually affects other parts and the whole system, with predictable patterns of behavior. For systems\",\n \"title\": \"Systems theory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16920151\",\n \"text\": \"also true that if the Lagrangian is explicitly independent of time and the potential \\\"V\\\"(r) independent of velocities, then the total relativistic energy is conserved, although the identification is less obvious since the first term is the relativistic energy of the particle which includes the rest mass of the particle, not merely the relativistic kinetic energy. Also, the argument for homogenous functions does not apply to relativistic Lagrangians. The extension to \\\"N\\\" particles is straightforward, the relativistic Lagrangian is just a sum of the \\\"free particle\\\" terms, minus the potential energy of their interaction; where all the positions and velocities\",\n \"title\": \"Relativistic Lagrangian mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2774224\",\n \"text\": \"to suggest that energy in the oscillators in an object, which emit light, were quantized, a revolutionary hypothesis that spurred the development of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. The name \\\"equipartition\\\" means \\\"equal division,\\\" as derived from the Latin \\\"equi\\\" from the antecedent, æquus (\\\"equal or even\\\"), and partition from the noun, \\\"partitio\\\" (\\\"division, portion\\\"). The original concept of equipartition was that the total kinetic energy of a system is shared equally among all of its independent parts, \\\"on the average\\\", once the system has reached thermal equilibrium. Equipartition also makes quantitative predictions for these energies. For example, it\",\n \"title\": \"Equipartition theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"409080\",\n \"text\": \"state. The potential used depends on the constraints of the system, such as constant temperature or pressure. For example, the Helmholtz and Gibbs energies are the energies available in a system to do useful work when the temperature and volume or the pressure and temperature are fixed, respectively. The five most well known potentials are: where formula_1 is the temperature, formula_2 the entropy, formula_3 the pressure, formula_4 the volume, formula_5 the chemical potential, formula_6 the number of particles in the system, and formula_7 is the count of particles types in the system. Thermodynamic potentials can be derived from the energy\",\n \"title\": \"Thermodynamics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"126424\",\n \"text\": \"these processes would be perfect, and the pendulum would continue swinging forever. Energy is also transferred from potential energy (formula_8) to kinetic energy (formula_9) and then back to potential energy constantly. This is referred to as conservation of energy. In this closed system, energy cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the initial energy and the final energy will be equal to each other. This can be demonstrated by the following: The equation can then be simplified further since formula_10 (mass times acceleration due to gravity times the height) and formula_11 (half mass times velocity squared). Then the total amount of\",\n \"title\": \"Energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2719706\",\n \"text\": \"allowed across it.) The term \\\"relativistic mass\\\" is also sometimes used. This is the sum total quantity of energy in a body or system (divided by \\\"c\\\"). As seen from the center of momentum frame, the relativistic mass is also the invariant mass, as discussed above (just as the relativistic energy of a single particle is the same as its rest energy, when seen from its rest frame). For other frames, the relativistic mass (of a body or system of bodies) includes a contribution from the \\\"net\\\" kinetic energy of the body (the kinetic energy of the center of mass\",\n \"title\": \"Mass in special relativity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8823190\",\n \"text\": \"+ \\\"q\\\", where \\\"q\\\" = −\\\"eN\\\", with \\\"N\\\" equal to the number of electrons. Electrons and nuclei are, to a very good approximation, point charges and point masses. The molecular Hamiltonian is a sum of several terms: its major terms are the kinetic energies of the electrons and the Coulomb (electrostatic) interactions between the two kinds of charged particles. The Hamiltonian that contains only the kinetic energies of electrons and nuclei, and the Coulomb interactions between them, is known as the Coulomb Hamiltonian. From it are missing a number of small terms, most of which are due to electronic and\",\n \"title\": \"Molecular Hamiltonian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"326130\",\n \"text\": \"gravitational binding energy of each body. The potential energy of the system of bodies as such is the negative of the energy needed to separate the bodies from each other to infinity, while the gravitational binding energy is the energy needed to separate all particles from each other to infinity. therefore, As with all potential energies, only differences in gravitational potential energy matter for most physical purposes, and the choice of zero point is arbitrary. Given that there is no reasonable criterion for preferring one particular finite \\\"r\\\" over another, there seem to be only two reasonable choices for the\",\n \"title\": \"Potential energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5290205\",\n \"text\": \"It should be noted that the invariant mass of a system is different from the sum of the rest masses of the particles of which it is composed due to kinetic energy and binding energy. Rest mass is not a conserved quantity in special relativity unlike the situation in Newtonian physics. However, even if an object is changing internally, so long as it does not exchange energy with surroundings, then its rest mass will not change, and can be calculated with the same result in any frame of reference. A particle whose rest mass is zero is called \\\"massless\\\". Photons\",\n \"title\": \"Relativistic mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"448250\",\n \"text\": \"for the system under consideration, the averaging need not be taken over time; an ensemble average can also be taken, with equivalent results. Although originally derived for classical mechanics, the virial theorem also holds for quantum mechanics, as first shown by Fock using the Ehrenfest theorem. Evaluate the commutator of the Hamiltonian with the product of the position operator and the momentum operator of particle , Summing over all particles, one finds for the commutator amounts to where formula_30 is the kinetic energy. The left-hand side of this equation is just , according to the Heisenberg equation of motion. The\",\n \"title\": \"Virial theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"448245\",\n \"text\": \"the time derivative of this moment of inertia In turn, the time derivative of can be written where is the mass of the th particle, is the net force on that particle, and is the total kinetic energy of the system The total force on particle is the sum of all the forces from the other particles in the system where is the force applied by particle on particle . Hence, the virial can be written Since no particle acts on itself (i.e., for ), we split the sum in terms below and above this diagonal (proof of this equation):\",\n \"title\": \"Virial theorem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3099029\",\n \"text\": \"space whose points are marked by the pair of vectors formula_11 is called the phase space of the dynamical system (). The configuration space and the phase space of the dynamical system () both are Euclidean spaces, i. e. they are equipped with a Euclidean structure. The Euclidean structure of them is defined so that the kinetic energy of the single multidimensional particle with the unit mass formula_9 is equal to the sum of kinetic energies of the three-dimensional particles with the masses formula_3: In some cases the motion of the particles with the masses formula_3 can be constrained. Typical\",\n \"title\": \"Newtonian dynamics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1756747\",\n \"text\": \"of the energies dissipated in resistors per cycle. In mechanical systems, the stored energy is the maximum possible stored energy, or the total energy, i.e. the sum of the potential and kinetic energies at some point in time; the lost energy is the work done by an external conservative force, per cycle, to maintain amplitude. More generally and in the context of reactive component specification (especially inductors), the frequency-dependent definition of \\\"Q\\\" is used: where \\\"ω\\\" is the angular frequency at which the stored energy and power loss are measured. This definition is consistent with its usage in describing circuits\",\n \"title\": \"Q factor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"126398\",\n \"text\": \"Another energy-related concept is called the Lagrangian, after Joseph-Louis Lagrange. This formalism is as fundamental as the Hamiltonian, and both can be used to derive the equations of motion or be derived from them. It was invented in the context of classical mechanics, but is generally useful in modern physics. The Lagrangian is defined as the kinetic energy \\\"minus\\\" the potential energy. Usually, the Lagrange formalism is mathematically more convenient than the Hamiltonian for non-conservative systems (such as systems with friction). Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation\",\n \"title\": \"Energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3304624\",\n \"text\": \"space or in internal coordinates, and can also be assigned velocities in dynamical simulations. The atomic velocities are related to the temperature of the system, a macroscopic quantity. The collective mathematical expression is termed a potential function and is related to the system internal energy (U), a thermodynamic quantity equal to the sum of potential and kinetic energies. Methods which minimize the potential energy are termed energy minimization methods (e.g., steepest descent and conjugate gradient), while methods that model the behaviour of the system with propagation of time are termed molecular dynamics. This function, referred to as a potential function,\",\n \"title\": \"Molecular modelling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6204346\",\n \"text\": \"particular frame, the four-momenta in this frame can be added; and then take the norm; to obtain the relation for a many particle system: where is the invariant mass of the whole system, and is not equal to the sum of the rest masses of the particles unless all particles are at rest (see mass in special relativity for more detail). Substituting and rearranging gives the generalization of (); The energies and momenta in the equation are all frame-dependent, while is frame-independent. In the center-of-momentum frame (COM frame), by definition we have: with the implication from () that the invariant\",\n \"title\": \"Energy–momentum relation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1409499\",\n \"text\": \"self energy corresponding to the product of a geometric matter current and a generalized potential as part of a single definition of mass in a geometric unified theory. Invariant mass The invariant mass, rest mass, intrinsic mass, proper mass, or in the case of bound systems simply mass, is the portion of the total mass of an object or system of objects that is independent of the overall motion of the system. More precisely, it is a characteristic of the system's total energy and momentum that is the same in all frames of reference related by Lorentz transformations. If a\",\n \"title\": \"Invariant mass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13506238\",\n \"text\": \"the dot product of the velocity with itself. The kinetic energy is a function only of the velocities v, not the positions r nor time \\\"t\\\", so \\\"T\\\" = \\\"T\\\"(v, v, ...). The potential energy of the system reflects the energy of interaction between the particles, i.e. how much energy any one particle will have due to all the others and other external influences. For conservative forces (e.g. Newtonian gravity), it is a function of the position vectors of the particles only, so \\\"V\\\" = \\\"V\\\"(r, r, ...). For those non-conservative forces which can be derived from an appropriate potential\",\n \"title\": \"Lagrangian mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2506906\",\n \"text\": \"no net momentum). The rest and invariant masses are the smallest possible value of the mass of the object or system. They also are conserved quantities, so long as the system is isolated. Because of the way they are calculated, the effects of moving observers are subtracted, so these quantities do not change with the motion of the observer. The rest mass is almost never additive: the rest mass of an object is not the sum of the rest masses of its parts. The rest mass of an object is the total energy of all the parts, including kinetic energy,\",\n \"title\": \"Mass–energy equivalence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"520998\",\n \"text\": \"energy of the translational, vibrational and rotational motions of matter's particle constituents (molecules, atoms, and subatomic particles). The full variety of these kinetic motions, along with potential energies of particles, and also occasionally certain other types of particle energy in equilibrium with these, contribute the total internal energy (loosely, the thermal energy) of a substance. Thus, internal energy may be stored in a number of ways (degrees of freedom) within a substance. When the degrees of freedom are in the classical regime (\\\"unfrozen\\\") the temperature is very simply related to the average energy of those degrees of freedom at equilibrium.\",\n \"title\": \"Thermodynamic temperature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7994596\",\n \"text\": \"Threshold energy In particle physics, the threshold energy for production of a particle is the minimum kinetic energy a pair of traveling particles must have when they collide. The threshold energy is always greater than or equal to the rest energy of the desired particle. In most cases, since momentum is also conserved, the threshold energy is significantly greater than the rest energy of the desired particle - and thus there will still be considerable kinetic energy in the final particles. Consider the collision of a mobile proton with a stationary proton so that a formula_1 meson is produced: formula_2\",\n \"title\": \"Threshold energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"126417\",\n \"text\": \"the two original particles. This is a reversible process – the inverse process is called pair creation – in which the rest mass of particles is created from the radiant energy of two (or more) annihilating photons. In general relativity, the stress–energy tensor serves as the source term for the gravitational field, in rough analogy to the way mass serves as the source term in the non-relativistic Newtonian approximation. Energy and mass are manifestations of one and the same underlying physical property of a system. This property is responsible for the inertia and strength of gravitational interaction of the system\",\n \"title\": \"Energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5290209\",\n \"text\": \"energy–momentum equation has p = 0, and thus gives the invariant mass of the system as merely the total energy of all parts of the system, divided by \\\"c\\\" This is the invariant mass of any system which is measured in a frame where it has zero total momentum, such as a bottle of hot gas on a scale. In such a system, the mass which the scale weighs is the invariant mass, and it depends on the total energy of the system. It is thus more than the sum of the rest masses of the molecules, but also includes\",\n \"title\": \"Relativistic mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"203458\",\n \"text\": \"have the same physical properties, the \\\"n\\\"'s run over the same range of values. Let \\\"ε\\\"(\\\"n\\\") denote the energy of a particle in state \\\"n\\\". As the particles do not interact, the total energy of the system is the sum of the single-particle energies. The partition function of the system is where \\\"k\\\" is Boltzmann's constant and \\\"T\\\" is the temperature. This expression can be factored to obtain where If the particles are identical, this equation is incorrect. Consider a state of the system, described by the single particle states [\\\"n\\\", ..., \\\"n\\\"]. In the equation for \\\"Z\\\", every possible\",\n \"title\": \"Identical particles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4017213\",\n \"text\": \"Grand canonical ensemble In statistical mechanics, a grand canonical ensemble is the statistical ensemble that is used to represent the possible states of a mechanical system of particles that are in thermodynamic equilibrium (thermal and chemical) with a reservoir. The system is said to be open in the sense that the system can exchange energy and particles with a reservoir, so that various possible states of the system can differ in both their total energy and total number of particles. The system's volume, shape, and other external coordinates are kept the same in all possible states of the system. The\",\n \"title\": \"Grand canonical ensemble\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2661868\",\n \"text\": \"the direction of the velocity vector. Non-holonomic constraints can also involve next-order derivatives such as generalized accelerations. The total kinetic energy of the system is the energy of the system's motion, defined as in which · is the dot product. The kinetic energy is a function only of the velocities v, not the coordinates r themselves. By contrast an important observation is which illustrates the kinetic energy is in general a function of the generalized velocities, coordinates, and time if the constraints also vary with time, so \\\"T\\\" = \\\"T\\\"(q, \\\"d\\\"q/\\\"dt\\\", \\\"t\\\"). In the case the constraints on the particles\",\n \"title\": \"Generalized coordinates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17150498\",\n \"text\": \"S-matrix. Alternatively, the path integral formulation of quantum field theory represents the transition amplitude as a weighted sum of all possible histories of the system from the initial to the final state, in terms of either particles or fields. The transition amplitude is then given as the matrix element of the S-matrix between the initial and the final states of the quantum system. Initial and final state radiation In particle physics, initial and final state radiation refers to certain kinds of radiative emissions that are not due to particle annihilation. It is important in experimental and theoretical studies of interactions\",\n \"title\": \"Initial and final state radiation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6756539\",\n \"text\": \"Particle statistics Particle statistics is a particular description of multiple particles in statistical mechanics. Its core concept is a statistical ensemble that emphasizes properties of a large system as a whole at the expense of knowledge about parameters of separate particles. When an ensemble consists of particles with similar properties, their number is called the particle number and usually denoted by \\\"N\\\". In classical mechanics, all particles (fundamental and composite particles, atoms, molecules, electrons, etc.) in the system are considered distinguishable. This means that individual particles in a system can be tracked. As a consequence, changing the position of any\",\n \"title\": \"Particle statistics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3449697\",\n \"text\": \"Kerma (physics) Kerma is an acronym for \\\"kinetic energy released per unit mass\\\", defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation (i.e., indirectly ionizing radiation such as photons and neutrons) in a sample of matter, divided by the mass of the sample. It is defined by the quotient formula_1. The SI unit of kerma is the gray (Gy) (or joule per kilogram), the same as the unit of absorbed dose. However, kerma can be different from absorbed dose, depending on the energies involved. This is because ionization energy is\",\n \"title\": \"Kerma (physics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6818262\",\n \"text\": \"Minimum total potential energy principle The minimum total potential energy principle is a fundamental concept used in physics and engineering. It dictates that at low temperatures a structure or body shall deform or displace to a position that (locally) minimizes the total potential energy, with the lost potential energy being converted into kinetic energy (specifically heat). The total potential energy, formula_1, is the sum of the elastic strain energy, U, stored in the deformed body and the potential energy, V, associated to the applied forces: This energy is at a stationary position when an infinitesimal variation from such position involves\",\n \"title\": \"Minimum total potential energy principle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"231342\",\n \"text\": \"of reference frame. Different observers moving with different reference frames would however disagree on the value of this conserved energy. The kinetic energy of such systems depends on the choice of reference frame: the reference frame that gives the minimum value of that energy is the center of momentum frame, i.e. the reference frame in which the total momentum of the system is zero. This minimum kinetic energy contributes to the invariant mass of the system as a whole. The work done in accelerating a particle with mass \\\"m\\\" during the infinitesimal time interval \\\"dt\\\" is given by the dot\",\n \"title\": \"Kinetic energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"173903\",\n \"text\": \"nature, now called \\\"Poincaré symmetry\\\", that replaced the old Galilean (see above) symmetry. Special Relativity exerted another long-lasting effect on dynamics. Although initially it was credited with the \\\"unification of mass and energy\\\", it became evident that relativistic dynamics established a firm \\\"distinction\\\" between rest mass, which is an invariant (observer independent) property of a particle or system of particles, and the energy and momentum of a system. The latter two are separately conserved in all situations but not invariant with respect to different observers. The term \\\"mass\\\" in particle physics underwent a semantic change, and since the late 20th\",\n \"title\": \"History of physics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1617818\",\n \"text\": \"get So the Hamiltonian is From this we get the force equation (equivalent to the Euler–Lagrange equation) from which one can derive An equivalent expression for the Hamiltonian as function of the relativistic (kinetic) momentum, , is This has the advantage that can be measured experimentally whereas cannot. Notice that the Hamiltonian (total energy) can be viewed as the sum of the relativistic energy (kinetic+rest), , plus the potential energy, . Hamiltonian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics is a theory developed as a reformulation of classical mechanics and predicts the same outcomes as non-Hamiltonian classical mechanics. It uses a different mathematical formalism,\",\n \"title\": \"Hamiltonian mechanics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2719722\",\n \"text\": \"to make measurements of the mass of particles like the Z boson or the top quark. Total energy is an additive conserved quantity (for single observers) in systems and in reactions between particles, but rest mass (in the sense of being a sum of particle rest masses) may not be conserved through an event in which rest masses of particles are converted to other types of energy, such as kinetic energy. Finding the sum of individual particle rest masses would require multiple observers, one for each particle rest inertial frame, and these observers ignore individual particle kinetic energy. Conservation laws\",\n \"title\": \"Mass in special relativity\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3498275\",\n \"text\": \"Mechanical energy In physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy. It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to conservative forces, the mechanical energy is constant. If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the speed (not the velocity) of the object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well. In all real systems, however,\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanical energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15346365\",\n \"text\": \"sense is chosen to correspond to the more usual meaning of system, such as a particular machine. In the study of quantum coherence, the \\\"system\\\" may refer to the microscopic properties of an object (e.g. the mean of a pendulum bob), while the relevant \\\"environment\\\" may be the internal degrees of freedom, described classically by the pendulum's thermal vibrations. Physical system In physics, a physical system is a portion of the physical universe chosen for analysis. Everything outside the system is known as the environment. The environment is ignored except for its effects on the system. The split between system\",\n \"title\": \"Physical system\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9504873\",\n \"text\": \"for the partial molar Gibbs free energy (or the partial Gibbs free energy, depending on whether N is in units of moles or particles). Thus the Gibbs free energy of a system can be calculated by collecting moles together carefully at a specified T, P and at a constant molar ratio composition (so that the chemical potential doesn't change as the moles are added together), i.e. The total differential of this expression is Combining the two expressions for the total differential of the Gibbs free energy gives which simplifies to the Gibbs–Duhem relation: Another way of deriving the Gibbs-Duhem equation\",\n \"title\": \"Gibbs–Duhem equation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1458217\",\n \"text\": \"in terms of single-particle stationary states, we can thus say that two fermions cannot occupy the same stationary state. These stationary states will typically be distinct in energy. To find the ground state of the whole system, we start with an empty system, and add particles one at a time, consecutively filling up the unoccupied stationary states with the lowest energy. When all the particles have been put in, the Fermi energy is the kinetic energy of the highest occupied state. As a consequence, even if we have extracted all possible energy from a Fermi gas by cooling it to\",\n \"title\": \"Fermi energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"231338\",\n \"text\": \"the mass of the body as well as its speed. The kinetic energy is equal to 1/2 the product of the mass and the square of the speed. In formula form: where formula_2 is the mass and formula_3 is the speed (or the velocity) of the body. In SI units, mass is measured in kilograms, speed in metres per second, and the resulting kinetic energy is in joules. For example, one would calculate the kinetic energy of an 80 kg mass (about 180 lbs) traveling at 18 metres per second (about 40 mph, or 65 km/h) as When a person\",\n \"title\": \"Kinetic energy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6478193\",\n \"text\": \"is volume, formula_19 is the chemical potential of the formula_12-th particle type, and formula_21 is the number of formula_12-type particles in the system. Here, the temperature, pressure, and chemical potential are the generalized forces, which drive the generalized changes in entropy, volume, and particle number respectively. These parameters all affect the internal energy of a thermodynamic system. A small change formula_23 in the internal energy of the system is given by the sum of the flow of energy across the boundaries of the system due to the corresponding conjugate pair. These concepts will be expanded upon in the following sections.\",\n \"title\": \"Conjugate variables (thermodynamics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252864\",\n \"text\": \"particle can be attributed to it. In a Lorentz invariant theory, the same formulas that apply to ordinary slower-than-light particles (sometimes called \\\"bradyons\\\" in discussions of tachyons) must also apply to tachyons. In particular the energy–momentum relation: (where p is the relativistic momentum of the bradyon and m is its rest mass) should still apply, along with the formula for the total energy of a particle: This equation shows that the total energy of a particle (bradyon or tachyon) contains a contribution from its rest mass (the \\\"rest mass–energy\\\") and a contribution from its motion, the kinetic energy. When \\\"v\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Mass\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all particles in the system is called the"}}},{"rowIdx":174,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Confederate States of America","United States"],"string":"[\n \"Confederate States of America\",\n \"United States\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4960028","text":"Springfield Model 1861 The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket shoulder-arm used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the \"Springfield\" (after its original place of production, Springfield, Massachusetts), it was the most widely used U.S. Army weapon during the Civil War, favored for its range, accuracy, and reliability. The barrel was forty inches (102 cm) long, firing a .58 caliber Minié ball, and the total weight was approximately nine pounds (4,9 kg). The Springfield had a general effective range of 200 to 300 yards (183–274 m) but","title":"Springfield Model 1861"},{"id":"12209856","text":"brought out of storage for similar reasons. These old and obsolete weapons were replaced by newer weapons as they became available. The second most widely used weapon of the Civil War, and the most widely used weapon by the Confederates, was the British Pattern 1853 Enfield. Like the Springfield, this was a three-band, single-shot, muzzle-loading rifle musket. It was the standard weapon for the British Army between 1853 and 1867. Confederate soldiers liked it because its .577 cal. barrel allowed the use of .58 cal. ammunition used by both sides. The Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, England, was forbidden","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"15344520","text":"Springfield Model 1855 The Springfield Model 1855 was a rifle musket widely used in the American Civil War. It exploited the advantages of the new conical Minié ball, which could be deadly at over 1,000 yards. About 60,000 of these rifles were made, and it was a standard infantry weapon for Union and Confederates alike, until the Model 1861 supplanted it, obviating the use of the insufficiently waterproof Maynard tape primer. The Model 1855 Springfield was a rifled musket used in the mid 19th century. It was manufactured by the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts and at the Harper's Ferry in","title":"Springfield Model 1855"},{"id":"15344530","text":"Springfield Model 1855 The Springfield Model 1855 was a rifle musket widely used in the American Civil War. It exploited the advantages of the new conical Minié ball, which could be deadly at over 1,000 yards. About 60,000 of these rifles were made, and it was a standard infantry weapon for Union and Confederates alike, until the Model 1861 supplanted it, obviating the use of the insufficiently waterproof Maynard tape primer. The Model 1855 Springfield was a rifled musket used in the mid 19th century. It was manufactured by the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts and at the Harper's Ferry in","title":"Springfield Model 1855"},{"id":"12209863","text":"was eventually replaced in the Union ranks by 1861 Springfields). The Model 1841 Mississippi Rifle, the progenitor of the Model 1855 and 1861 Springfield, was still used in the Civil War to a fair degree, especially by Confederate non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and sharpshooters. The Confederacy also produced a variety of weapons itself, standardizing on .58 caliber in 1862. These were usually clones of existing designs and tended to be poor quality due to shortages of raw material and skilled labor. Some such weapons included clones of the Sharps carbine, the Richmond/Fayetteville rifles (a Springfield clone) and imitations of Enfield rifles","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506926","text":"by the Civil War, ensured that the rifled shoulder weapon would be the basic weapon used by infantrymen in both the Federal and Confederate armies. The standard and most common shoulder weapon used in the American Civil War was the Springfield .58‑caliber rifle musket, models 1855, 1861, and 1863. In 1855, the US Army adopted this weapon to replace the .69‑caliber smoothbore musket and the .54‑caliber rifle. In appearance, the rifle musket was similar to the smoothbore musket. Both were single‑shot muzzleloaders, but the rifled bore of the new weapon substantially increased its range and accuracy. The rifling system chosen","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209853","text":"the Model 1861 reverted to the more reliable percussion lock. The first Model 1861 Springfields were delivered late in that year and during 1862 gradually became the most common weapon carried by Union infantry in the eastern theater. Western armies were slower to obtain Springfield rifles, and they were not widely used there until the middle of 1863. Rifles were more accurate than smooth bore muskets, and could have been made using shorter barrels. However, the military was still using tactics such as firing by ranks, and feared that shorter barrels would result in soldiers in the back ranks accidentally","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209855","text":"Along with a revised 1863 model, it was the last muzzle-loading weapon ever adopted by the US Army. By the end of the war, approximately 1.5 million Springfield rifle muskets had been produced by the Springfield Armory and 20 subcontractors. Since the South lacked sufficient manufacturing capability, most of the Springfields in Southern hands were captured on the battlefields during the war. Many older Springfield rifle muskets, such as the Model 1855 and 1842, were brought out of storage and used due to arms shortages. Many smooth bore muskets dating all the way back to the Springfield Model 1812 were","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209865","text":"in the war (April 1865) and likely was never used in action. However, it established the single-shot metallic cartridge breechloader as a standard infantry weapon, which eventually all modern armies adopted in one form or another. The US adopted the breechloading 1866 Springfield \"Trapdoor\" infantry rifle built from surplus rifle-musket parts after the war. The new repeater rifles would see fairly limited use in the Civil War. The first such weapon used by the US Army was the Model 1855 Colt Revolving Rifle (and a companion carbine), but it had a serious defect in that the gun would sometimes discharge","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"4960037","text":"Indian Wars and all U.S. military actions until the end of the 19th century. The Springfield Model 1861 is very popular today among Civil War reenactors and collectors alike for its accuracy, reliability and historical background. Original antique Springfields are expensive, so companies such as Davide Pedersoli & C., Armi Sport and Euro Arms make modern reproductions at much more affordable prices. Springfield Model 1861 The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket shoulder-arm used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the \"Springfield\" (after its original place of","title":"Springfield Model 1861"},{"id":"2408728","text":"used during the American Civil War may also be referred to as \"Springfield rifles\". Springfield rifle The term Springfield rifle may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces. In modern usage, the term \"Springfield rifle\" most commonly refers to the Springfield Model 1903 for its use in both world wars. Rifled musket: Single-shot rifle: Repeating rifle: Autoloading rifle: There were also numerous limited production, experimental, marksmanship, and sporting rifles produced by the Springfield Armory which are referred to as \"Springfield rifles\". Some examples","title":"Springfield rifle"},{"id":"4592","text":"action involving steam-powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history. Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle, Spencer rifle, Colt revolving rifle, Triplett & Scott carbine and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle-loading and single-shot firearms in warfare, as well as the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun. General reference Union Confederacy Ethnic articles Topical articles National articles State articles Memorials American Civil War The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the","title":"American Civil War"},{"id":"15344525","text":"was captured by the Confederate Army in early 1861. The captured machinery to produce rifle muskets was taken to Richmond, where it formed the \"backbone\" of Confederate weapon manufacturing capability. The Rifle machinery was taken to Fayetteville, North Carolina where it too was put to use for significant arms production throughout the War. As a result of using the original arsenal machinery, the Richmond rifle muskets and the Fayetteville rifles were two of the finest weapons produced by the Confederacy. The Model 1855 was in production until 1860 and was the standard-issue firearm of the regular army in the pre-Civil","title":"Springfield Model 1855"},{"id":"12209857","text":"to sell arms to the Confederacy, but private contractors who manufactured the weapon under license were not. Approximately 900,000 of these muskets were imported during 1861–1865, seeing use in every major battle from Shiloh onward. Many officers preferred Springfield muskets over the Enfield — largely due to the interchangeability of parts that the machine-made Springfields offered. But some soldiers liked the Enfield better because its blued steel barrel and fittings did not have to be continually polished to ward off rust like the bright metal of the Springfield did. The Enfield had a stepped flip-up rear sight, which was adjustable","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209864","text":"and musketoons. The only breech-loading rifle (not built as a carbine like the Burnside) firing a primed-metallic cartridge (a .50 cal. rimfire) made by the Federal Government (at Springfield Armory) and actually designed for issue to infantrymen was the Model 1865 Springfield Joslyn Rifle, of which only 3,007 were made. In fact, this rifle was the first breechloader ever made in any national armory that fired a primed metallic cartridge. It was basically a Joslyn Carbine action mated to a heavily modified 1863 Springfield barrel and stock. It was issued to disabled soldiers of the Veteran Reserve Corps very late","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209825","text":"Rifles in the American Civil War During the American Civil War, an assortment of small arms found their way onto the battlefield. Though the muzzle-loading percussion cap rifle was the most numerous weapon, being standard-issue forth the Union and Confederate armies, many other firearms, ranging from the single shot breech-loading Sharps and Burnside rifles to the Spencer and the Henry rifles, two of the world's first repeating rifles, were issued by the hundreds of thousands, mostly by the Union. The civil war brought many advancements in gun technology, most notably the wide spread use of rifled barrels. In the decades","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209861","text":"the user's eye due to the rifle's recoil. Other rifles used during the Civil War included the British P-1841-Bored Brunswick Rifle (not common), Burnside carbine (used only by cavalry), Henry rifle (very limited issue; many brought privately by individuals), and the Spencer rifle (used almost exclusively by cavalry). There were also the New Model 1859, 1863, and 1865 Sharps rifles and carbines, single-shot breechloaders. 12,000 rifles were issued to U.S. Army and Navy including to the 1st United States Sharpshooters and 2nd United States Sharpshooters under Hiram Berdan. However, the Sharps carbine was very common, with over 90,000 produced. The","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209838","text":"the war escalated those arms stockpiles were quickly diminished. Soldiers were often forced to use older smoothbore and flintlock muskets, which had been considered to be obsolete, simply because the newer rifles were not available in sufficient quantities. Many soldiers were forced to use their own personal hunting rifles, which were typically Kentucky or Pennsylvania type rifles. These rifles, while more accurate than smoothbore muskets, had been designed for hunting, and fired less deadly smaller caliber ammunition. In April 1861, Virginia militia commanded by Stonewall Jackson occupied the town of Harper's Ferry, Virginia (later West Virginia) and seized the Federal","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506963","text":"(.577 caliber), U.S. Model 1840/45 rifles (.58 caliber), Dresden and Suhl rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), and Sharps breechloading carbines (.52 caliber). Approximately thirty-five Federal regiments (roughly one-quarter of the total) were armed primarily with \"second class\" weapons, such as Austrian rifle-muskets in .54, .577, and .58 calibers; U.S. Model 1841 rifled muskets (.69 caliber); U.S. Model 1816 rifled muskets altered to percussion (.69 caliber); Belgian and French rifled muskets (.69 and .71 calibers); Belgian or Vincennes rifles (.70 and .71 calibers); and both Austrian and Prussian rifled muskets in .69 and .70 calibers. Only one Federal regiment, the 101st Illinois Infantry,","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209868","text":"to a lack of ammunition (the Confederacy had insufficient supplies of copper to manufacture the Spencer's ammunition). 200,000 were produced between 1860 and 1869, making it the most numerous repeating rifle of the war. The 1860 Henry rifle saw service primarily with Union infantry during the war, with many soldiers purchasing their own Henry rifle. Though reliable, the widespread adoption of the 16-shot Henry was hindered by its inability to fire powerful ammunition. While most shoulder fired rifles during the time fired a bullet between 350 and 500 grains propelled by 40 to 60 grains of powder, the Henry rifle's","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209845","text":"muskets, as well as M1822 and 1842 muskets converted for percussion and often rifling in addition to the \"first class\" weapons such as the M1861 Springfield. The Army of the Cumberland had a similar situation, and not until the second half of 1863 did the Western armies become uniformly equipped with .58 caliber rifles. The Confederate armies in the West were much worse off; almost half the Army of Tennessee still had smoothbore muskets at the Battle of Stones River at the end of 1862. By the start of the Atlanta Campaign in spring 1864, the Army of the Tennessee","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209847","text":"Army of the Potomac's cavalry had virtually standardized on Spencer rifles. The first regiment in the Army of the Potomac to receive Spencer rifles was the 13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, which got them in May 1863 and carried them at Gettysburg. They were used by the Army of the Cumberland at Chickamauga 2-1/2 months later and were more common in the Western armies than the Army of the Potomac. A few repeater rifles were acquired by the Confederates through battlefield pickups, but lack of ammunition made them largely useless. The US government did not purchase Henry rifles, so any soldiers","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"10328132","text":"Whitworth rifle The Whitworth rifle was an English-made muzzle-loading single-shot rifled musket used in the latter half of the 19th century. Possessing excellent long range accuracy for its time, the Whitworth, when used with a scope, was the world's first sniper rifle, and saw use with Confederate sharpshooters in the American Civil War, claiming the lives of several Union generals including John F. Reynolds (killed on July 1, 1863 at Gettysburg) and John Sedgwick (killed on May 9, 1864 at Spotsylvania), two of the highest-ranking Union officers killed during the Civil War. On October, 2017 a surviving example of a","title":"Whitworth rifle"},{"id":"19506930","text":"the percussion cap on the cone or nipple, which, when struck by the hammer, ignited the gunpowder. The average rate of fire was three rounds per minute. A well‑trained soldier could possibly load and fire four times per minute, but in the confusion of battle, the rate of fire was probably slower, two to three rounds per minute. In addition to the Springfields, over 100 types of muskets, rifles, rifle muskets, and rifled muskets—ranging up to .79 caliber—were used during the American Civil War. The numerous American-made weapons were supplemented early in the conflict by a wide variety of imported","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209844","text":"the Battle of Gettysburg was the first engagement in which the army had no smoothbore muskets. Enfield and Springfield rifles were the primary infantry arms in the Army of Northern Virginia during the second half of the war, along with some Confederate clones of the Springfield such as the Richmond rifle. In the Western theater, Union armies still carried a significant number of smoothbore muskets into 1863, during the Vicksburg Campaign, Ulysses Grant's Army of The Tennessee had numerous \"mule guns\" and \"pumpkin slingers\" (nicknames for inferior shoulder arms). These included a high percentage of Liege rifles and M1809 Potsdam","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506936","text":"by the US Army in any quantity, it was purchased privately by soldiers during the war. The Henry was a 16‑shot, .44‑caliber rimfire cartridge repeater. It was 43½ inches long and weighed 9¼ pounds. The tubular magazine located directly beneath the barrel had a 15‑round capacity with an additional round in the chamber. Of the approximately 13,500 Henrys produced, probably 10,000 saw limited service. The government purchased only 1,731. The Colt repeating rifle, model 1855 (or revolving carbine), also was available to Civil War soldiers in limited numbers. The weapon was produced in several lengths and calibers, the lengths varying","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209862","text":"rifles differed from each other mainly in the different \"actions\" they had. Almost all rifles were made with iron barrels, while only some, like the Burnside, used steel, which then was expensive. The Frank Wesson .44 caliber rimfire breech-loader was bought by state governments or individuals, and used almost exclusively by cavalry. Model 1855 rifles were fairly common. Most of the regular army was equipped with them in 1861, and the Confederates had a few thousand that had been stored in Southern arsenals. They acquired more through battlefield pickups and would use them throughout the war (although the 1855 rifle","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"5095291","text":"rifles therefore represented a significant cost savings to the U.S. military. Springfield Model 1863 The Springfield Model 1863 is a .58 caliber rifled musket manufactured by the Springfield Armory between 1863 and 1865. The Model 1863 was only a minor improvement over the Springfield Model 1861. As such, it is sometimes classified as just a variant of the Model 1861. The Model 1861, with all of its variants, was the most commonly used longarm in the American Civil War, with over 700,000 manufactured. The Model 1863 also has the distinction of being the last muzzle-loading longarm produced by the Springfield","title":"Springfield Model 1863"},{"id":"12209870","text":"were named for the state they were formed/served in such as the 37th Georgia Regiment was part of the Army of Tennessee. and battles were named after the nearest town i.e., Battle of Manasas Junction named by the South was also The Battle of Bull Run Creek in the North. C.W. Cason, Civil War Re-enactor and Historian. Rifles in the American Civil War During the American Civil War, an assortment of small arms found their way onto the battlefield. Though the muzzle-loading percussion cap rifle was the most numerous weapon, being standard-issue forth the Union and Confederate armies, many other","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506928","text":"weapon of the Civil War, although two subsequent models in 1863 were produced in about equal quantities. The model 1861 was 56 inches long overall, had a 40‑inch barrel, and weighed 9 pounds 2 ounces with its bayonet. The 21-inch socket bayonet consisted of an 18‑inch triangular blade and 3‑inch socket. The Springfield had a rear sight graduated to 500 yards. The maximum effective range of this weapon was approximately 500 yards, although it had killing power at 1,000 yards. The round could penetrate 11 inches of white-pine board at 200 yards and 3¼ inches at 1,000 yards, with a","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209869","text":".44 bullet was propelled by 26 grains of black powder, giving the Henry relatively short range and hitting power, especially compared to its contemporary, the Spencer, which was much more rugged, durable, and suitable as a military rifle in general. Despite its flaws as a military rifle, 15,000 Henrys were produced, and, when its high capacity and ability to fire rapidly were proper exploited, it could be devastating, as was the case at the Battle of Nashville. Union Battles and Armies were named after geographical locations on a map i.e., Army of the Potomac, Army of the Tennessee. Confederate Armies","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209854","text":"shooting front rank soldiers in the back of the head. Bayonet fighting was also important at this time, which also made militaries reluctant to shorten the barrels. The Springfield Model 1861 therefore used a three-band barrel, making it just as long as the smoothbore muskets that it had replaced. The 38-inch-long rifled barrel made it a very accurate weapon, and it was possible to hit a man sized target with a Minié ball as far away as . To reflect this longer range, the Springfield was fitted with two flip up sights, one set for and the other for 500.","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209867","text":"more ammunition. The Spencer rifle was the first successful magazine-fed repeating rifle used by the US Army. After attending a demonstration firing organized by the rifle's designer, Christopher Spencer, President Abraham Lincoln was impressed enough to give it his approval and ordered its adoption. Firing the .56-56 Spencer cartridge, the seven-shot Spencer was produced in rifle and carbine versions; the latter was much more common, as the Spencer saw most of its service with cavalry units. By 1864, some Union companies were armed with them, although rarely whole regiments. A few fell into Confederate hands, but proved largely unusable due","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"665955","text":"Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. The Springfield, manufactured in a .45-70 long rifle version for the infantry and a .45-55 light carbine version for the cavalry, was judged a solid firearm that met the long-term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces. British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever-action repeater designs, deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies, or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict. Gallear's analysis minimizes the allegation that","title":"Battle of the Little Bighorn"},{"id":"19506956","text":"10-inch howitzers; and mortars of 10- and 13-inches. Wartime additions to the Federal seacoast artillery inventory included Parrott rifles, ranging from 6.4-inch to 10-inch (300-pounder). New columbiads, developed by Ordnance Lieutenant Thomas J. Rodman, included 8-inch, 10-inch, and 15-inch models. The Confederates produced some new seacoast artillery of their ownBrooke rifles in 6.4-inch and 7-inch versions. They also imported weapons from England, including 7- and 8-inch Armstrong rifles, 6.3-tol2.5-inch Blakely rifles, and 5-inch Whitworth rifles. Seacoast artillery fired the same projectiles as siege artillery but with one addition - hot shot. As its name implies, hot shot was solid shot","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"8312522","text":"and civilian designs. The trials were held at Governors Island, New York. Despite protests from domestic inventors and arms manufacturers—two designers, Russell and Livermore, even sued the U.S. government over the choice—the Krag–Jørgensen design was chosen by the board of officers. Approximately 500,000 \"Krags\" were produced at the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts from 1894 to 1904. It was the U.S. Army's primary rifle from 1894 to 1903 (when it was replaced by the M1903 Springfield rifle with its ballistically similar .30-03 cartridge), and found use in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. In this later war the rifle was","title":"Springfield Model 1892–99"},{"id":"12209848","text":"equipped with them would have bought them from private sellers. To combat the arms shortage, the Union and Confederacy both had imported large quantities of rifles from Europe, with each side buying whatever they could get. The relatively poor South only bought 50,000 by August 1862, while the North bought 726,000. Accordingly, during the first two years of the war soldiers from both sides used a wide variety of rifles, including many that were over 50 years old and were considered obsolete. At the same time, Northern rifle and gun manufacturers such as Sharps, Colt, Remington, and the United States","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209843","text":"continued using Model 1842 muskets into 1864. However, ordnance reports show that 40 regiments in the Army of the Potomac still carried .69 caliber muskets at Gettysburg and some as late as the Overland Campaign. Beginning in the spring of 1863, the War Department required regiments to submit monthly ordnance returns. Information on the weapons that Union regiments carried prior to that time is inferred from various other official documents, letters, regimental histories, and personal recollections of veterans. The Army of Northern Virginia steadily acquired modern weapons through battlefield pickups, however its chief of ordnance Edward Porter Alexander reported that","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209839","text":"arsenal there. The arsenal boasted state-of-the-art machine tools for manufacturing firearms and the Confederates managed to dismantle all of the equipment and transport it by rail to Richmond and Fayetteville, North Carolina, where it became central to the Confederate war effort. At the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861, US Regular Army regiments had Model 1855 Springfield rifles and some companies also had Model 1841 \"Mississippi\" rifles, however most soldiers in both armies had smoothbore muskets, primarily the Model 1842 musket or percussion-converted Model 1816/1822 musket (as well as some muskets still using the original flintlock mechanism). The","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"5619455","text":"10- and 20-pounder versions were used by both armies in the field. The smaller size was much more prevalent; it was made in two bore sizes, and . Confederate forces used both bore sizes during the war, which added to the complication of supplying the appropriate ammunition to its batteries. Until 1864, Union batteries used only the 2.9 inch Parrott, but they also employed 3\" Ordnance rifles. During the first day of the battle of Gettysburg, three Parrott rifles were temporarily unusable when 3\" ammunition was mistakenly issued to the battery. Following this, plans were made to re-bore all of","title":"Field artillery in the American Civil War"},{"id":"5619449","text":"\"Napoleon\" was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. It was named after Napoleon III of France and was widely admired because of its safety, reliability, and killing power, especially at close range. In Union Ordnance manuals it was referred to as the \"light 12-pounder gun\" to distinguish it from the heavier and longer 12 pounder gun (which was virtually unused in field service.) It did not reach America until 1857. It was the last cast bronze gun used by an American army. The Federal version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of","title":"Field artillery in the American Civil War"},{"id":"4569","text":"of the war for the Union army) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle, soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open. This led to the adoption of trench warfare, a style of fighting that defined much of World War I. The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state","title":"American Civil War"},{"id":"19507024","text":"capability could have permitted the Federals eventually to produce and outfit their forces with repeating arms, the best of which had been patented before 1861. Initially, however, the North's conservative Ordnance Bureau would not risk switching to a new, unproven standard weapon that could lead to soldiers wasting huge quantities of ammunition in the midst of an expanding war. By 1864, after the retirement of Chief of Ordnance James Ripley and with President Lincoln's urging, Federal cavalry received seven‑shot Spencer repeating carbines, which greatly increased battle capabilities. Both sides initially relied on the states and local districts to provide some","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12818235","text":"had their barrels rifled during this same period, if the barrel was deemed to be thick enough to be structurally sound after rifling. The model 1835 was used by both the North and South during the American Civil War. The model 1835 was also used in the Mexican–American War. Springfield Model 1835 The Springfield Model 1835 Musket was a .69 caliber flintlock musket used in the United States during the early 19th Century. The Model 1835 was manufactured by the United States Armory and Arsenal at Springfield, and was also produced by the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harper's","title":"Springfield Model 1835"},{"id":"5619460","text":"General annual report recorded 82 rifled bronze pieces (44 of those specified as \"3.80 bore [James rifles]\") out of a total of 162 of all field artillery types. Unusual or out-of-favor types migrated to the Western theaters. James rifles disappeared from the Army of the Potomac early on, but they were heavily used in the Western armies through 1863 and some batteries still had them during the Atlanta Campaign. The Whitworth, designed by Joseph Whitworth and manufactured in England, was a rare gun during the war, but was an interesting precursor to modern artillery in that it was loaded from","title":"Field artillery in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209860","text":"Union purchased 226,924 Lorenz rifles, and the Confederacy bought as many as 100,000. The Whitworth rifle was designed by Sir Joseph Whitworth, and was manufactured in Manchester, England. The Whitworth rifle featured a unique hexagonal shaped bullet (with a matching hexagonal barrel) that gave it superior accuracy. This rifle was mostly used by Confederate snipers. The accuracy of the Whitworth was often exaggerated, but it was capable of hitting a man sized target beyond 1,000 yards. Whitworth rifles were equipped with either Enfield style sights or telescopic sights. The telescopic sights were more accurate, but had a reputation for bruising","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"8312369","text":"Springfield model 1871 The Springfield model 1871 rolling-block U.S. Army rifle was manufactured in 1871–72 by Springfield Armory, using the design originated by Remington Arms Company, under a royalty agreement. During the U.S. Civil War, Joseph Rider experimented with several breech loading weapon designs. In 1865, he was issued the first patent for what would evolve into the Remington rolling block action. The Remingtons continued to invest in Rider's work, and met with Ordnance Department officials in the hope of interesting them in this new design. The U.S. Navy Ordnance Department became interested in the design, and purchased several different","title":"Springfield model 1871"},{"id":"4960033","text":"1861 was relatively scarce in the early years of the Civil War (many troops were still using Model 1842 smoothbored muskets and Model 1816/1822 muskets converted to percussion cap primers, both in .69 caliber). It is unlikely that any of these were available for use in the First Battle of Bull Run. However, over time, more and more regiments began receiving Model 1861 rifled muskets, though this upgrade appeared somewhat quicker in the Eastern Theater of Operations. Over 1,000,000 Model 1861 rifles were produced, with the Springfield Armory increasing its production during the war by contracting out to twenty other","title":"Springfield Model 1861"},{"id":"2398386","text":"M1 rifles to arm all troops. It also remained in service as a sniper rifle during World War II, the Korean War, and even in the early stages of the Vietnam War. It remains popular as a civilian firearm, historical collector's piece, and as a military drill rifle. During the 1898 war with Spain, the M1893 Mauser used by the Spanish Army gained a deadly reputation, particularly from the Battle of San Juan Hill where 750 Spanish regulars significantly delayed the advance of 15,000 U.S. troops armed with outclassed Springfield Model 1892–99 Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifles and older single-shot Springfield rifles.","title":"M1903 Springfield"},{"id":"19506964","text":"was armed with \"third class\" weapons, such as the U.S. Model 1842 smoothbore musket (.69 caliber), Austrian, Prussian, and French smoothbore muskets (.69 caliber), and Austrian and Prussian smoothbore muskets of.72 caliber. After the surrender of Vicksburg, the 101 st Illinois, along with about twenty regiments armed with \"second class\" arms, exchanged its obsolete weapons for captured Confederate rifle-muskets. Although the Confederate records are incomplete, it seems that some 50,000 shoulder weapons were surrendered at Vicksburg, mostly British-made Enfields. Other weapons included a mix of various .58-caliber \"minié\" rifles (Springfield, Richmond, Mississippi and Fayetteville models), Austrian and French rifle-muskets in","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"9002648","text":"of a brigade in line one behind the other in close formation), and other formations. Trained in the era of short-range smoothbore muskets, such as the Springfield Model 1842, which was issued to many units immediately prior to the war, many generals often did not fully appreciate or understand the importance and power of the new weapons introduced during the war, such as the 1861 Springfield rifled musket and comparable rifles which had longer range and were more powerful than the weapons used by the antebellum armies. Its barrel contained several rifled grooves that provided increased accuracy, and fired a","title":"Infantry in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506935","text":"and carbine models. The rifle was 47‑ inches long and weighed 10 pounds, while the carbine was 39‑inches long and weighed 8¼ pounds. The Spencer was also the first weapon adopted by the US Army that fired a metallic rim‑fire, self‑contained cartridge. Soldiers loaded rounds through an opening in the butt of the stock, which fed into the chamber through a tubular magazine by the action of the trigger guard. The hammer still had to be cocked manually before each shot. The Henry rifle was, in some ways, even better than either the Sharps or the Spencer. Although never adopted","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"169429","text":"Gatling gun The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire spring loaded, hand cranked weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun and rotary cannon. Invented by Richard Gatling, it saw occasional use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in numerous military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the assault on San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American War. It was also used by the Pennsylvania militia in episodes of the Great Railroad","title":"Gatling gun"},{"id":"14706116","text":"Richard Gatling, it saw occasional use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in numerous military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the assault on San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American War. It was also used by the Pennsylvania militia in episodes of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, specifically in Pittsburgh. The Gatling gun's operation centered on a cyclic multi-barrel design which facilitated cooling and synchronized the firing-reloading sequence. Each barrel fired a single shot","title":"Multiple-barrel firearm"},{"id":"19506971","text":"arms than the Army of the Potomac. In fact, some regiments of the famous Pennsylvania Reserves Brigade were still equipped with smoothbore muskets. In any case, both armies relied heavily on the Springfield and Enfield, which were the most common weapons used (although almost every other type of Civil War small arms could be found in the campaign). The variety of weapons and calibers of ammunition required on the battlefield by each army presented sustainment challenges that ranged from production and procurement to supplying soldiers in the field. Amazingly, operations were not often affected by the need to resupply a","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12725068","text":"fire 16 rounds before reloading made the Henry's lack of long range capability even less of an issue. The .44 Henry cartridge was used most notably in the Henry Model 1860 repeating rifle. This rifle was first used in the American Civil War, mainly by Union cavalry troops, although only in very limited numbers. It was also used by the very few Confederate troops who managed to capture one of these rifles along with a supply of ammunition, which was impossible to find in the Confederate south. After the Civil War, the Henry cartridge was used in the Winchester Model","title":".44 Henry"},{"id":"5643601","text":"Henry rifle The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine rifle famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle of the American Wild West. Designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company. It was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War, favored for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West, notably in the","title":"Henry rifle"},{"id":"9002653","text":"equipment. With the exception of some volunteer regiments receiving extra funding from their state or wealthy commander, the small numbers of rapid-fire weapons in service with US infantrymen, often skirmishers, were mostly purchased privately by soldiers themselves. Despite President Lincoln's enthusiasm for these types of weapons, the mass adoption of repeating rifles for the infantry was resisted by some senior Union officers. The most common concerns cited about the weapons were their high-cost, massive use of ammunition and the considerable extra smoke produced on the battlefield. The most influential detractor of these new rifles was 67-year-old General James Ripley, the","title":"Infantry in the American Civil War"},{"id":"1331577","text":"a few miles southwest of town. The battle was a Confederate victory, and Nathaniel Lyon became the first Union General killed in Civil War. Union troops retreated to Lebanon to regroup. When they returned, they found that most of the Confederate army had withdrawn. On October 25, 1861, Union Major Charles Zagonyi led an attack against the remaining Confederates in the area, in a battle known as the First Battle of Springfield, or Zagonyi's Charge. Zagonyi's men removed the Confederate flag from Springfield's public square and returned to camp. It was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861.","title":"Springfield, Missouri"},{"id":"19506981","text":"rifle musket. This new weapon greatly increased the infantry's range and accuracy and loaded as fast as a musket. By the beginning of the Civil War, rifle muskets were available in moderate numbers. It was the weapon of choice in both the Union and Confederate armies during the war; by 1864, the vast majority of infantry troops on both sides had rifle muskets of good quality. Official tactical doctrine prior to the beginning of the Civil War did not clearly recognize the potential of the new rifle musket. Prior to 1855, the most influential tactical guide was General Winfield Scott's","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"8310830","text":"Springfield Model 1865 The Springfield Model 1865 was an early breech-loading rifle manufactured by U.S. Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was a modification of the Springfield rifled musket Model 1861. It was later replaced with the Model 1866. During the U.S. Civil War, the advantage of breech-loading rifles became obvious. The rifled muskets used during the war had a rate of fire of 2 or 3 rounds per minute. Breech-loading rifles increased the rate of fire to 8 to 10 rounds per minute with the additional advantage that they can be easily loaded from a prone, rather than standing, position,","title":"Springfield Model 1865"},{"id":"4960035","text":"been overstated. While more accurate in the hands of an experienced marksman, the rifled musket's accuracy was often lost in the hands of recruits who received only limited marksmanship training (the emphasis was on rate of fire). Further, most Civil War firefights were waged at a relatively close range using massed-fire tactics, minimizing the effect of the new rifle's long-range accuracy. Lastly, the .58 caliber bullet, when fired, followed a rainbow-like trajectory. As a result, many inexperienced soldiers who did not adjust their sights would shoot over their enemies' heads in combat. There are numerous accounts of this happening in","title":"Springfield Model 1861"},{"id":"10328138","text":"always available. In 1860, the British National Rifle Association held its first annual meeting at Wimbledon. Queen Victoria fired the first shot from a Whitworth rifle on a machine rest at 400 yards, and struck the bull's-eye 1-1/4 inch from its center. Britain was officially neutral during the American Civil War, but private arms manufacturers were not required to remain neutral. The Whitworth Rifle Company, for example, sold the rifle to the Confederacy. The Confederate soldiers that used these rifles were referred to as Whitworth Sharpshooters. They accompanied regular infantrymen, and were usually used to eliminate Union artillery gun crews.","title":"Whitworth rifle"},{"id":"2398385","text":"M1903 Springfield The M1903 Springfield, formally the United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903, is an American five-round magazine fed, bolt-action service repeating rifle, used primarily during the first half of the 20th century. It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 19, 1903, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the standard infantry rifle by the faster-firing semi-automatic eight-round M1 Garand starting in 1936. However, the M1903 Springfield remained in service as a standard issue infantry rifle during World War II, since the U.S. entered the war without sufficient","title":"M1903 Springfield"},{"id":"5095288","text":"Springfield Model 1863 The Springfield Model 1863 is a .58 caliber rifled musket manufactured by the Springfield Armory between 1863 and 1865. The Model 1863 was only a minor improvement over the Springfield Model 1861. As such, it is sometimes classified as just a variant of the Model 1861. The Model 1861, with all of its variants, was the most commonly used longarm in the American Civil War, with over 700,000 manufactured. The Model 1863 also has the distinction of being the last muzzle-loading longarm produced by the Springfield Armory. The Model 1863 was produced in two variants. The Type","title":"Springfield Model 1863"},{"id":"4450","text":"American Civil War The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate","title":"American Civil War"},{"id":"5643612","text":"Shooters and Civil War reenactors, as well as competition shooters in the North-South Skirmish Association(N-SSA). Notes Bibliography Henry rifle The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine rifle famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle of the American Wild West. Designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company. It was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War, favored for","title":"Henry rifle"},{"id":"19506939","text":"the South's limited industrial capacity, Confederate cavalrymen had a more difficult time arming themselves. Nevertheless, they too embraced the firepower revolution, choosing shotguns and muzzle-loading carbines as well as multiple sets of revolvers as their primary weapons. In addition, Confederate cavalrymen made extensive use of battlefield salvage by recovering Federal weapons. However, the South's difficulties in producing the metallic‑rimmed cartridges required by many of these recovered weapons limited their usefulness. In 1841, the US Army selected bronze as the standard material for fieldpieces and at the same time adopted a new system of field artillery. The 1841 field artillery system","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12739072","text":"muzzle swell. Confederate Napoleons were produced in at least six variations, most of which had straight muzzles, but at least eight cataloged survivors of 133 identified have muzzle swells. Additionally, four iron Confederate Napoleons produced by Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast. The Minié rifle and Minié ball comprised the most widely used firearms system of the American Civil War. The Minié system was used extensively by various manufacturers, such as Springfield. The Springfield Model 1861 was most widely used rifle of the American Civil War. The Minié ball produced terrible wounds,","title":"French weapons in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209852","text":"at least three categories; Rifles, First Class; Breech-Loading Carbines; and Muzzle Loading Carbines. These were specified as follows: This was a single shot, muzzle-loading gun that used the percussion cap firing mechanism. It had a rifled barrel, and fired the .58 caliber Minié ball. The first rifled muskets had used a larger .69 caliber Minié ball, since they had simply taken .69 caliber smooth bore muskets and rifled their barrels. Tests conducted by the U.S. Army indicated that the .58 caliber was more accurate at a distance. After experimenting with the failed Maynard primer system on the Model 1855 musket,","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12304119","text":"of original Civil War small arms. Six major types of small arms are used in N-SSA competition. The standard infantry arm of the American Civil War was the rifle-Musket. These arms were muzzle-loading rifles firing the Minie ball. Major types of musket used by combatants during the Civil War were the Model 1861 and 1863 Springfield, as well as the British-made Pattern 1853 and 1858 Enfield. Although the long 'three-band' muskets (so called because they had three bands fastening the barrel to the stock) were the most widely issued, many N-SSA competitors favor the shorter 'two-band' muskets due to their","title":"North-South Skirmish Association"},{"id":"14632595","text":"accounting for as many as a third or more of all battlefield casualties. The more accurate rifled muskets of the Civil War and the switch to breech loading weapons in the years after the Civil War made older bayonet tactics obsolete. Many military leaders believed that soldiers would benefit more from a bayonet that functioned more as a trench digging instrument than a traditional combat style bayonet. Many of these new trowel type bayonets were fielded. However, in the late 1870s the U.S. Army high command remained unconvinced of the usefulness of this style of bayonet, and informed commanders in","title":"Springfield model 1880"},{"id":"9002652","text":"cotton haversack for food, and a knife or similar sidearm, as well as their musket. One primary account of the typical infantryman came from James Gall, a representative of the United States Sanitary Commission, who observed Confederate infantrymen of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in camp in the occupied borough of York, Pennsylvania, in late June 1863, sometime after the Second Battle of Winchester. While thousands of repeating rifles and breechloaders, such as the 7-shot Spencer and 15-shot Henry models, were fielded to Union cavalry in the war, no significant funds were allocated to furnish Union infantry with the same","title":"Infantry in the American Civil War"},{"id":"12209841","text":"weapons, followed by the Army of the Potomac. Other Union armies were considered lower priority for receiving the latest and best equipment. At the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, the Union armies were fairly well equipped with .58 caliber rifles, however smoothbores were still common along with assorted European muskets such as the M1854 Austrian Lorenz Rifle and Belgian Liege rifles. The Confederates were much worse off, being armed with mostly smoothbore muskets, including some flintlocks, and even shotguns and hunting rifles. Approximately 5400 Confederates at Shiloh had Enfield rifles, and it is recorded that the soldiers of the","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"11124934","text":"USS Springfield (1862) USS \"Springfield\" (1862) was a steamship purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat assigned to patrol Confederate waterways. \"Springfield\"—a stern wheel river steamer built at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1862—was purchased by the Navy at that city on 20 November 1862; and was commissioned at Cairo, Illinois, on 12 January 1863, Lt. Henry A. Glassford in command. The light draft gunboat operated on the Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers escorting transports and protecting Union Army lines of communication and supply, from time to time engaging","title":"USS Springfield (1862)"},{"id":"4749488","text":"weapon on the lawn of the White House. Lincoln was impressed with the weapon, and ordered Gen. James Wolfe Ripley to adopt it for production, after which Ripley disobeyed him and stuck with the single-shot rifles. The Spencer repeating rifle was first adopted by the United States Navy, and later by the United States Army, and it was used during the American Civil War, where it was a popular weapon. The Confederates occasionally captured some of these weapons and ammunition, but, as they were unable to manufacture the cartridges because of shortages of copper, their ability to take advantage of","title":"Spencer repeating rifle"},{"id":"365090","text":"by cavalry units. Both sides of the American Civil War employed shotguns. U.S. cavalry used the shotgun extensively during the Indian Wars in the latter half of the 19th century. Mounted units favored the shotgun for its moving target effectiveness, and devastating close-range firepower. The shotgun was also favored by citizen militias and similar groups. With the exception of cavalry units, the shotgun saw less and less use throughout the 19th century on the battlefield. As a defense weapon it remained popular with guards and lawmen, however, and the shotgun became one of many symbols of the American Old West.","title":"Shotgun"},{"id":"12209840","text":"only soldiers at First Bull Run who may have had foreign muskets were Wade Hampton's Hampton Legion, as he had ordered Enfield rifles from England to arm it with, however it is unclear if any reached his troops in time for the battle. Late in the year, the first shipments of European muskets began arriving, which included a wide range of weapons ranging from the modern (Model 1853 Enfield rifles) to antiquated ones from the Napoleonic Wars (Model 1809 Potsdam muskets). By early 1862, the first significant deliveries of Model 1861 Springfields began. The regular army received first pick of","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"2598113","text":"distance of 1,400 yards. During the American Civil War, the Confederate sharpshooters equipped with Whitworth rifles were tasked to eliminate Union field artillery crews, and were responsible for killing Major General John Sedgwick — one of the highest-ranking officers killed during the Civil War — at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed for fitting onto the rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by Chance Brothers of Birmingham. This allowed a marksman to more accurately observe and target objects at","title":"Sniper rifle"},{"id":"15344527","text":"were destroyed when the Confederates captured the Harper's Ferry Arsenal in April 1861, and several thousand more were in Southern hands. Approximately 10,000 rifles had also been shipped to California, and therefore were useless for the Union war effort. The Model 1855 got its first test in September 1858 in the Pacific Northwest at the Battle of Four Lakes (Spokane Plains) where the Northern tribes greatly outnumbered U.S. troops. The attacking Native Americans were dispatched by U.S. troops armed with the Model 1855 rifle-musket before they could get in range with their smoothbores. Lt. Lawrence Kip noted: \"Strange to say,","title":"Springfield Model 1855"},{"id":"12209846","text":"mostly had rifles, although perhaps 15% of its soldiers continued using smoothbore muskets and a few regiments still had them as late as the Battle of Franklin. The Vicksburg garrison by comparison was well-equipped with Enfield rifles at a time when Grant's army still had a high percentage of second class muskets. After the fall of the city in July 1863, Grant's troops were able to rearm themselves with captured rifles. Late in the war, repeating five and seven shot Spencer and Henry rifles became available to Union troops, mostly cavalry regiments; by the start of the Overland Campaign, the","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506944","text":"a long‑tubed, wrought‑iron piece that had a 3‑inch bore with seven lands and grooves. Ordnance rifles were sturdier and considered superior in accuracy and reliability to the 10-pound Parrott. A new weapon that made its first appearance in the war during the Overland Campaign was the 24-pound Coehorn mortar. Used exclusively by the North, the Coehorn fired a projectile in a high arcing trajectory and was ideal for lobbing shells into trenches in siege warfare. The Coehorn was used briefly during the fighting at the “bloody angle” at Spotsylvania and later in the trench lines at Cold Harbor. By 1860,","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"2398427","text":"sights, to take all his big game, including lions, on his first African safari in 1933. That safari is the subject of \"Green Hills of Africa\", published in 1935. M1903 Springfield The M1903 Springfield, formally the United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903, is an American five-round magazine fed, bolt-action service repeating rifle, used primarily during the first half of the 20th century. It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 19, 1903, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the standard infantry rifle by the faster-firing semi-automatic eight-round M1","title":"M1903 Springfield"},{"id":"4745302","text":"First Battle of Springfield The First Battle of Springfield or Zagonyi's Charge was a battle of the American Civil War that occurred on October 25, 1861, in Greene County, Missouri. It was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861. Having accomplished little since taking command of the Western Department with headquarters in St. Louis, Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont formulated a plan to clear Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's Confederates from the state and then, if possible, carry the war into Arkansas and Louisiana. Leaving St. Louis on October 7, 1861, Frémont's combined force eventually numbered more than 20,000.","title":"First Battle of Springfield"},{"id":"19506927","text":"by the United States was designed by Claude Minié, a French Army officer. Whereas earlier rifles fired a round nonexpanding ball, the Minié system used a hollow‑based cylindro‑conoidal projectile slightly smaller than the bore that dropped easily into the barrel. When the powder charge was ignited by a fulminate of mercury percussion cap, the released powder gases expanded the base of the bullet into the rifled grooves, giving the projectile a ballistic spin. The model 1855 Springfield rifle musket was the first regulation arm to use the hollow‑base .58‑caliber minie bullet. The slightly modified model 1861 was the principal infantry","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"19506962","text":"in the South. The Confederacy also produced a 9-inch version of the Dahlgren shellgun that apparently found use both afloat and ashore. The wide variety of infantry weapons available to Civil War armies is clearly evident at Vicksburg. A review of the Quarterly Returns of Ordnance for April-June 1863 reveals that approximately three-quarters of Grant's Army of the Tennessee carried \"first class\" shoulder weapons, the most numerous of which were British 1853 Enfield rifle-muskets (.577 caliber). Other \"first class\" weapons used in the Vicksburg campaign included American-made Springfield rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), French rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), French \"light\" or \"Liege\" rifles","title":"Armies in the American Civil War"},{"id":"1331578","text":"The increased military activity in the area set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in northern Arkansas in March 1862. On January 8, 1863, Confederate forces under General John S. Marmaduke advanced to take control of Springfield and an urban fight ensued. But that evening, the Confederates withdrew. This became known as the Second Battle of Springfield. Marmaduke sent a message to the Union forces asking that the Confederate casualties have a proper burial. The city remained under Union control for the remainder of the war. The US army used Springfield as a supply base and central point","title":"Springfield, Missouri"},{"id":"4960034","text":"firms in the Union. The number of Model 1861 muskets produced by the Springfield Armory was 265,129 between January 1, 1861 and December 31, 1863. According to United States Muskets, Rifles and Carbines by Arcadi Gluckman Colonel Infantry, United States Army, published 1949. The Model 1861 was certainly a step forward in U.S. small arms design, being the first rifled shoulder weapon to be produced on such a large scale (relatively few Model 1855 rifled muskets were produced, and the 1803 Harper's Ferry rifle was, and is, genuinely rare). However, some argue that its impact on the Civil war has","title":"Springfield Model 1861"},{"id":"5643604","text":"home would call them \"Sixteen\" or \"Seventeen\"-shooters, depending whether a round was loaded in the chamber. Just 1,731 of the standard rifles were purchased by the government during the Civil War. The Commonwealth of Kentucky purchased a further 50. However 6,000 to 7,000 saw use by the Union on the field through private purchases by soldiers who could afford it. The relative fragility of Henrys compared to Spencers hampered their official acceptance. Many infantry soldiers purchased Henrys with their reenlistment bounties of 1864. Most of these units were associated with Sherman's Western troops. When used correctly, the brass-receiver rifles had","title":"Henry rifle"},{"id":"9071617","text":"the various state militias into the present National Guard system. On the morning of 21 July 1861, the Union Army under the command of Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, in an effort to cripple the newly assembled Confederate Army at Manassas, Virginia, fired the opening shots of the first major battle of the Civil War. Both armies were largely made up of volunteer militia with regiments of both sides wearing blue and gray uniforms. The brunt of the Union attack fell on the Confederate left flank. Confederate Brig. Gen Barnard Bee, having recently resigned from the U. S. Army and still","title":"Alabama Army National Guard"},{"id":"12209849","text":"armory at Springfield, Massachusetts quickly increased their production of rifles; Springfield alone increased its annual output from 20,000 to 200,000. The North was thus able to supply its own small arms needs while the South had to continue to rely on foreign sources, eventually purchasing 580,000 rifles. Various modifications were made to standard rifle and musket ammunition in the Civil War. One such practice with Minie balls was to carve an X in them so the round would expand more when it hit the target. In addition, exploding bullets were occasionally employed by drilling a hole in a rifle bullet,","title":"Rifles in the American Civil War"},{"id":"14999934","text":"Joslyn rifle The term Joslyn Rifle refers to a series of rifles produced in the mid-19th century. The term is often used to refer specifically to the Joslyn Model 1861/1862, which was the first mass-produced breech-loading rifle produced at the Springfield Armory. Benjamin Franklin Joslyn was known as one of the most interesting gun designers during the U.S. Civil War, but he was known more for his constant clashes with sub-contractors and the Federal Government than he was for the quality of his arms. His disputes with the government lasted long after the Civil War had ended. In 1855, Joslyn","title":"Joslyn rifle"},{"id":"12921128","text":"the original percussion lock. The model 1863 featured only minor improvements to the Model 1861, and is often considered to be a variant of that model. After the U.S. Civil War, many Model 1861/1863 muskets were converted to breech-loading weapons, creating the Model 1865 rifle. After the change from muzzle-loading to breech-loading, these weapons were no longer referred to as rifled muskets and instead were simply referred to as rifles. Springfield musket Springfield musket may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces. In","title":"Springfield musket"},{"id":"18203730","text":"time, the cost of this carbine was $40 each. The 48th Illinois Infantry carried an unknown number of Wesson carbines, and ran out of ammunition for these rifles during the Battle of Ezra Church (part of the Atlanta campaign) on July 28, 1864. During that battle, some regiments expended 100 bullets per soldier. At the Battle of Westport, also during Price's Raid, some men of the 19th Kansas State Militia carried this rifle. The primary advantages of rimfire breech-loading rifles during the American Civil War were that the rifle could be loaded easily, that the ammunition was self-contained, and that","title":"Frank Wesson Rifles"},{"id":"9002651","text":"combat armed with shotguns, pistols, knives, and assorted other killing instruments. Very early in the war, a few companies were armed with pikes. However, by the end of 1862, most infantrymen were armed with rifles, including imports from Great Britain, Belgium, and other European countries. The typical Union soldier carried his musket, percussion cap box, cartridge box, a canteen, a knapsack, and other accouterments, in addition to any personal effects. By contrast, many Southern soldiers carried their possessions in a blanket roll worn around the shoulder and tied at the waist. They might have a wooden canteen, a linen or","title":"Infantry in the American Civil War"},{"id":"8310834","text":"production order was completed, a less complex rifle was already being tested. This caused the Model 1865 to be called the \"First Allin\", and the following revised model, the Springfield Model 1866, to be called the \"Second Allin\". The Springfield model 1865 fired a rimfire .58-60-500 cartridge (.58 inch bullet, of black powder), the caliber matching that of the Civil War Minié ball, which was originally used in these rifles. The Model 1865 quickly became obsolete, and most of them were sold in the 1870s to several American arms dealers. At the time, there was a large demand in the","title":"Springfield Model 1865"},{"id":"9855871","text":"paper cartridges (Civil War era), all combinations being ignited by a fulminate percussion cap applied to the nipples at the rear of the chamber. The Colt Army Model 1860 is a 6-shot muzzle-loaded cap & ball .44-caliber single-action revolver used during the American Civil War made by Colt's Manufacturing Company. It was used as a side arm by cavalry, infantry, artillery troops, and naval forces. More than 200,000 were manufactured from 1860 through 1873. Colt's biggest customer was the US Government with no less than 129,730 units being purchased and issued to the troops. The weapon was a single-action, six-shot","title":"Handgun"},{"id":"3581813","text":"for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West and was famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle which are still made to this day. The Henry and Winchester rifles would go on to see service with a number of militaries including Turkey. Switzerland and Italy adopted similar designs. The first magazine-fed firearm to achieve widespread success was the Spencer repeating rifle, which saw service in the American Civil War. The Spencer used a tubular magazine located in the butt","title":"Magazine (firearms)"},{"id":"169451","text":"20th century to the present, the largest of these being the 30mm GAU-8 Avenger autocannon. Gatling gun The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire spring loaded, hand cranked weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun and rotary cannon. Invented by Richard Gatling, it saw occasional use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in numerous military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the assault on San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American","title":"Gatling gun"},{"id":"7442160","text":"a 42-inch (107 cm) barrel and a 54-inch (137 cm) stock, and a total length of 57-inch (145 cm). The Model 1812 was produced only at Springfield: the M1795 would continue in production at Harpers Ferry into 1818. The Model 1812 was produced in a quantity of almost 30,000 between the years 1814 and 1816. It was replaced by the Model 1816 Musket. However, the Model 1812 remained in service for many years, and was even used in the American Civil War, mostly by the Confederate forces. By the start of the Civil war, the weapon was considered to be","title":"Springfield Model 1812 Musket"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4960028\",\n \"text\": \"Springfield Model 1861 The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket shoulder-arm used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the \\\"Springfield\\\" (after its original place of production, Springfield, Massachusetts), it was the most widely used U.S. Army weapon during the Civil War, favored for its range, accuracy, and reliability. The barrel was forty inches (102 cm) long, firing a .58 caliber Minié ball, and the total weight was approximately nine pounds (4,9 kg). The Springfield had a general effective range of 200 to 300 yards (183–274 m) but\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1861\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209856\",\n \"text\": \"brought out of storage for similar reasons. These old and obsolete weapons were replaced by newer weapons as they became available. The second most widely used weapon of the Civil War, and the most widely used weapon by the Confederates, was the British Pattern 1853 Enfield. Like the Springfield, this was a three-band, single-shot, muzzle-loading rifle musket. It was the standard weapon for the British Army between 1853 and 1867. Confederate soldiers liked it because its .577 cal. barrel allowed the use of .58 cal. ammunition used by both sides. The Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, England, was forbidden\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15344520\",\n \"text\": \"Springfield Model 1855 The Springfield Model 1855 was a rifle musket widely used in the American Civil War. It exploited the advantages of the new conical Minié ball, which could be deadly at over 1,000 yards. About 60,000 of these rifles were made, and it was a standard infantry weapon for Union and Confederates alike, until the Model 1861 supplanted it, obviating the use of the insufficiently waterproof Maynard tape primer. The Model 1855 Springfield was a rifled musket used in the mid 19th century. It was manufactured by the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts and at the Harper's Ferry in\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1855\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15344530\",\n \"text\": \"Springfield Model 1855 The Springfield Model 1855 was a rifle musket widely used in the American Civil War. It exploited the advantages of the new conical Minié ball, which could be deadly at over 1,000 yards. About 60,000 of these rifles were made, and it was a standard infantry weapon for Union and Confederates alike, until the Model 1861 supplanted it, obviating the use of the insufficiently waterproof Maynard tape primer. The Model 1855 Springfield was a rifled musket used in the mid 19th century. It was manufactured by the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts and at the Harper's Ferry in\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1855\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209863\",\n \"text\": \"was eventually replaced in the Union ranks by 1861 Springfields). The Model 1841 Mississippi Rifle, the progenitor of the Model 1855 and 1861 Springfield, was still used in the Civil War to a fair degree, especially by Confederate non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and sharpshooters. The Confederacy also produced a variety of weapons itself, standardizing on .58 caliber in 1862. These were usually clones of existing designs and tended to be poor quality due to shortages of raw material and skilled labor. Some such weapons included clones of the Sharps carbine, the Richmond/Fayetteville rifles (a Springfield clone) and imitations of Enfield rifles\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506926\",\n \"text\": \"by the Civil War, ensured that the rifled shoulder weapon would be the basic weapon used by infantrymen in both the Federal and Confederate armies. The standard and most common shoulder weapon used in the American Civil War was the Springfield .58‑caliber rifle musket, models 1855, 1861, and 1863. In 1855, the US Army adopted this weapon to replace the .69‑caliber smoothbore musket and the .54‑caliber rifle. In appearance, the rifle musket was similar to the smoothbore musket. Both were single‑shot muzzleloaders, but the rifled bore of the new weapon substantially increased its range and accuracy. The rifling system chosen\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209853\",\n \"text\": \"the Model 1861 reverted to the more reliable percussion lock. The first Model 1861 Springfields were delivered late in that year and during 1862 gradually became the most common weapon carried by Union infantry in the eastern theater. Western armies were slower to obtain Springfield rifles, and they were not widely used there until the middle of 1863. Rifles were more accurate than smooth bore muskets, and could have been made using shorter barrels. However, the military was still using tactics such as firing by ranks, and feared that shorter barrels would result in soldiers in the back ranks accidentally\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209855\",\n \"text\": \"Along with a revised 1863 model, it was the last muzzle-loading weapon ever adopted by the US Army. By the end of the war, approximately 1.5 million Springfield rifle muskets had been produced by the Springfield Armory and 20 subcontractors. Since the South lacked sufficient manufacturing capability, most of the Springfields in Southern hands were captured on the battlefields during the war. Many older Springfield rifle muskets, such as the Model 1855 and 1842, were brought out of storage and used due to arms shortages. Many smooth bore muskets dating all the way back to the Springfield Model 1812 were\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209865\",\n \"text\": \"in the war (April 1865) and likely was never used in action. However, it established the single-shot metallic cartridge breechloader as a standard infantry weapon, which eventually all modern armies adopted in one form or another. The US adopted the breechloading 1866 Springfield \\\"Trapdoor\\\" infantry rifle built from surplus rifle-musket parts after the war. The new repeater rifles would see fairly limited use in the Civil War. The first such weapon used by the US Army was the Model 1855 Colt Revolving Rifle (and a companion carbine), but it had a serious defect in that the gun would sometimes discharge\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4960037\",\n \"text\": \"Indian Wars and all U.S. military actions until the end of the 19th century. The Springfield Model 1861 is very popular today among Civil War reenactors and collectors alike for its accuracy, reliability and historical background. Original antique Springfields are expensive, so companies such as Davide Pedersoli & C., Armi Sport and Euro Arms make modern reproductions at much more affordable prices. Springfield Model 1861 The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket shoulder-arm used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the \\\"Springfield\\\" (after its original place of\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1861\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2408728\",\n \"text\": \"used during the American Civil War may also be referred to as \\\"Springfield rifles\\\". Springfield rifle The term Springfield rifle may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces. In modern usage, the term \\\"Springfield rifle\\\" most commonly refers to the Springfield Model 1903 for its use in both world wars. Rifled musket: Single-shot rifle: Repeating rifle: Autoloading rifle: There were also numerous limited production, experimental, marksmanship, and sporting rifles produced by the Springfield Armory which are referred to as \\\"Springfield rifles\\\". Some examples\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4592\",\n \"text\": \"action involving steam-powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history. Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle, Spencer rifle, Colt revolving rifle, Triplett & Scott carbine and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle-loading and single-shot firearms in warfare, as well as the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun. General reference Union Confederacy Ethnic articles Topical articles National articles State articles Memorials American Civil War The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15344525\",\n \"text\": \"was captured by the Confederate Army in early 1861. The captured machinery to produce rifle muskets was taken to Richmond, where it formed the \\\"backbone\\\" of Confederate weapon manufacturing capability. The Rifle machinery was taken to Fayetteville, North Carolina where it too was put to use for significant arms production throughout the War. As a result of using the original arsenal machinery, the Richmond rifle muskets and the Fayetteville rifles were two of the finest weapons produced by the Confederacy. The Model 1855 was in production until 1860 and was the standard-issue firearm of the regular army in the pre-Civil\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1855\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209857\",\n \"text\": \"to sell arms to the Confederacy, but private contractors who manufactured the weapon under license were not. Approximately 900,000 of these muskets were imported during 1861–1865, seeing use in every major battle from Shiloh onward. Many officers preferred Springfield muskets over the Enfield — largely due to the interchangeability of parts that the machine-made Springfields offered. But some soldiers liked the Enfield better because its blued steel barrel and fittings did not have to be continually polished to ward off rust like the bright metal of the Springfield did. The Enfield had a stepped flip-up rear sight, which was adjustable\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209864\",\n \"text\": \"and musketoons. The only breech-loading rifle (not built as a carbine like the Burnside) firing a primed-metallic cartridge (a .50 cal. rimfire) made by the Federal Government (at Springfield Armory) and actually designed for issue to infantrymen was the Model 1865 Springfield Joslyn Rifle, of which only 3,007 were made. In fact, this rifle was the first breechloader ever made in any national armory that fired a primed metallic cartridge. It was basically a Joslyn Carbine action mated to a heavily modified 1863 Springfield barrel and stock. It was issued to disabled soldiers of the Veteran Reserve Corps very late\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209825\",\n \"text\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War During the American Civil War, an assortment of small arms found their way onto the battlefield. Though the muzzle-loading percussion cap rifle was the most numerous weapon, being standard-issue forth the Union and Confederate armies, many other firearms, ranging from the single shot breech-loading Sharps and Burnside rifles to the Spencer and the Henry rifles, two of the world's first repeating rifles, were issued by the hundreds of thousands, mostly by the Union. The civil war brought many advancements in gun technology, most notably the wide spread use of rifled barrels. In the decades\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209861\",\n \"text\": \"the user's eye due to the rifle's recoil. Other rifles used during the Civil War included the British P-1841-Bored Brunswick Rifle (not common), Burnside carbine (used only by cavalry), Henry rifle (very limited issue; many brought privately by individuals), and the Spencer rifle (used almost exclusively by cavalry). There were also the New Model 1859, 1863, and 1865 Sharps rifles and carbines, single-shot breechloaders. 12,000 rifles were issued to U.S. Army and Navy including to the 1st United States Sharpshooters and 2nd United States Sharpshooters under Hiram Berdan. However, the Sharps carbine was very common, with over 90,000 produced. The\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209838\",\n \"text\": \"the war escalated those arms stockpiles were quickly diminished. Soldiers were often forced to use older smoothbore and flintlock muskets, which had been considered to be obsolete, simply because the newer rifles were not available in sufficient quantities. Many soldiers were forced to use their own personal hunting rifles, which were typically Kentucky or Pennsylvania type rifles. These rifles, while more accurate than smoothbore muskets, had been designed for hunting, and fired less deadly smaller caliber ammunition. In April 1861, Virginia militia commanded by Stonewall Jackson occupied the town of Harper's Ferry, Virginia (later West Virginia) and seized the Federal\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506963\",\n \"text\": \"(.577 caliber), U.S. Model 1840/45 rifles (.58 caliber), Dresden and Suhl rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), and Sharps breechloading carbines (.52 caliber). Approximately thirty-five Federal regiments (roughly one-quarter of the total) were armed primarily with \\\"second class\\\" weapons, such as Austrian rifle-muskets in .54, .577, and .58 calibers; U.S. Model 1841 rifled muskets (.69 caliber); U.S. Model 1816 rifled muskets altered to percussion (.69 caliber); Belgian and French rifled muskets (.69 and .71 calibers); Belgian or Vincennes rifles (.70 and .71 calibers); and both Austrian and Prussian rifled muskets in .69 and .70 calibers. Only one Federal regiment, the 101st Illinois Infantry,\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209868\",\n \"text\": \"to a lack of ammunition (the Confederacy had insufficient supplies of copper to manufacture the Spencer's ammunition). 200,000 were produced between 1860 and 1869, making it the most numerous repeating rifle of the war. The 1860 Henry rifle saw service primarily with Union infantry during the war, with many soldiers purchasing their own Henry rifle. Though reliable, the widespread adoption of the 16-shot Henry was hindered by its inability to fire powerful ammunition. While most shoulder fired rifles during the time fired a bullet between 350 and 500 grains propelled by 40 to 60 grains of powder, the Henry rifle's\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209845\",\n \"text\": \"muskets, as well as M1822 and 1842 muskets converted for percussion and often rifling in addition to the \\\"first class\\\" weapons such as the M1861 Springfield. The Army of the Cumberland had a similar situation, and not until the second half of 1863 did the Western armies become uniformly equipped with .58 caliber rifles. The Confederate armies in the West were much worse off; almost half the Army of Tennessee still had smoothbore muskets at the Battle of Stones River at the end of 1862. By the start of the Atlanta Campaign in spring 1864, the Army of the Tennessee\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209847\",\n \"text\": \"Army of the Potomac's cavalry had virtually standardized on Spencer rifles. The first regiment in the Army of the Potomac to receive Spencer rifles was the 13th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, which got them in May 1863 and carried them at Gettysburg. They were used by the Army of the Cumberland at Chickamauga 2-1/2 months later and were more common in the Western armies than the Army of the Potomac. A few repeater rifles were acquired by the Confederates through battlefield pickups, but lack of ammunition made them largely useless. The US government did not purchase Henry rifles, so any soldiers\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10328132\",\n \"text\": \"Whitworth rifle The Whitworth rifle was an English-made muzzle-loading single-shot rifled musket used in the latter half of the 19th century. Possessing excellent long range accuracy for its time, the Whitworth, when used with a scope, was the world's first sniper rifle, and saw use with Confederate sharpshooters in the American Civil War, claiming the lives of several Union generals including John F. Reynolds (killed on July 1, 1863 at Gettysburg) and John Sedgwick (killed on May 9, 1864 at Spotsylvania), two of the highest-ranking Union officers killed during the Civil War. On October, 2017 a surviving example of a\",\n \"title\": \"Whitworth rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506930\",\n \"text\": \"the percussion cap on the cone or nipple, which, when struck by the hammer, ignited the gunpowder. The average rate of fire was three rounds per minute. A well‑trained soldier could possibly load and fire four times per minute, but in the confusion of battle, the rate of fire was probably slower, two to three rounds per minute. In addition to the Springfields, over 100 types of muskets, rifles, rifle muskets, and rifled muskets—ranging up to .79 caliber—were used during the American Civil War. The numerous American-made weapons were supplemented early in the conflict by a wide variety of imported\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209844\",\n \"text\": \"the Battle of Gettysburg was the first engagement in which the army had no smoothbore muskets. Enfield and Springfield rifles were the primary infantry arms in the Army of Northern Virginia during the second half of the war, along with some Confederate clones of the Springfield such as the Richmond rifle. In the Western theater, Union armies still carried a significant number of smoothbore muskets into 1863, during the Vicksburg Campaign, Ulysses Grant's Army of The Tennessee had numerous \\\"mule guns\\\" and \\\"pumpkin slingers\\\" (nicknames for inferior shoulder arms). These included a high percentage of Liege rifles and M1809 Potsdam\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506936\",\n \"text\": \"by the US Army in any quantity, it was purchased privately by soldiers during the war. The Henry was a 16‑shot, .44‑caliber rimfire cartridge repeater. It was 43½ inches long and weighed 9¼ pounds. The tubular magazine located directly beneath the barrel had a 15‑round capacity with an additional round in the chamber. Of the approximately 13,500 Henrys produced, probably 10,000 saw limited service. The government purchased only 1,731. The Colt repeating rifle, model 1855 (or revolving carbine), also was available to Civil War soldiers in limited numbers. The weapon was produced in several lengths and calibers, the lengths varying\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209862\",\n \"text\": \"rifles differed from each other mainly in the different \\\"actions\\\" they had. Almost all rifles were made with iron barrels, while only some, like the Burnside, used steel, which then was expensive. The Frank Wesson .44 caliber rimfire breech-loader was bought by state governments or individuals, and used almost exclusively by cavalry. Model 1855 rifles were fairly common. Most of the regular army was equipped with them in 1861, and the Confederates had a few thousand that had been stored in Southern arsenals. They acquired more through battlefield pickups and would use them throughout the war (although the 1855 rifle\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5095291\",\n \"text\": \"rifles therefore represented a significant cost savings to the U.S. military. Springfield Model 1863 The Springfield Model 1863 is a .58 caliber rifled musket manufactured by the Springfield Armory between 1863 and 1865. The Model 1863 was only a minor improvement over the Springfield Model 1861. As such, it is sometimes classified as just a variant of the Model 1861. The Model 1861, with all of its variants, was the most commonly used longarm in the American Civil War, with over 700,000 manufactured. The Model 1863 also has the distinction of being the last muzzle-loading longarm produced by the Springfield\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1863\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209870\",\n \"text\": \"were named for the state they were formed/served in such as the 37th Georgia Regiment was part of the Army of Tennessee. and battles were named after the nearest town i.e., Battle of Manasas Junction named by the South was also The Battle of Bull Run Creek in the North. C.W. Cason, Civil War Re-enactor and Historian. Rifles in the American Civil War During the American Civil War, an assortment of small arms found their way onto the battlefield. Though the muzzle-loading percussion cap rifle was the most numerous weapon, being standard-issue forth the Union and Confederate armies, many other\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506928\",\n \"text\": \"weapon of the Civil War, although two subsequent models in 1863 were produced in about equal quantities. The model 1861 was 56 inches long overall, had a 40‑inch barrel, and weighed 9 pounds 2 ounces with its bayonet. The 21-inch socket bayonet consisted of an 18‑inch triangular blade and 3‑inch socket. The Springfield had a rear sight graduated to 500 yards. The maximum effective range of this weapon was approximately 500 yards, although it had killing power at 1,000 yards. The round could penetrate 11 inches of white-pine board at 200 yards and 3¼ inches at 1,000 yards, with a\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209869\",\n \"text\": \".44 bullet was propelled by 26 grains of black powder, giving the Henry relatively short range and hitting power, especially compared to its contemporary, the Spencer, which was much more rugged, durable, and suitable as a military rifle in general. Despite its flaws as a military rifle, 15,000 Henrys were produced, and, when its high capacity and ability to fire rapidly were proper exploited, it could be devastating, as was the case at the Battle of Nashville. Union Battles and Armies were named after geographical locations on a map i.e., Army of the Potomac, Army of the Tennessee. Confederate Armies\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209854\",\n \"text\": \"shooting front rank soldiers in the back of the head. Bayonet fighting was also important at this time, which also made militaries reluctant to shorten the barrels. The Springfield Model 1861 therefore used a three-band barrel, making it just as long as the smoothbore muskets that it had replaced. The 38-inch-long rifled barrel made it a very accurate weapon, and it was possible to hit a man sized target with a Minié ball as far away as . To reflect this longer range, the Springfield was fitted with two flip up sights, one set for and the other for 500.\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209867\",\n \"text\": \"more ammunition. The Spencer rifle was the first successful magazine-fed repeating rifle used by the US Army. After attending a demonstration firing organized by the rifle's designer, Christopher Spencer, President Abraham Lincoln was impressed enough to give it his approval and ordered its adoption. Firing the .56-56 Spencer cartridge, the seven-shot Spencer was produced in rifle and carbine versions; the latter was much more common, as the Spencer saw most of its service with cavalry units. By 1864, some Union companies were armed with them, although rarely whole regiments. A few fell into Confederate hands, but proved largely unusable due\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"665955\",\n \"text\": \"Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. The Springfield, manufactured in a .45-70 long rifle version for the infantry and a .45-55 light carbine version for the cavalry, was judged a solid firearm that met the long-term and geostrategic requirements of the United States fighting forces. British historian Mark Gallear maintains that US government experts rejected the lever-action repeater designs, deeming them ineffective in the event of a clash with fully equipped European armies, or in case of an outbreak of another American civil conflict. Gallear's analysis minimizes the allegation that\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of the Little Bighorn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506956\",\n \"text\": \"10-inch howitzers; and mortars of 10- and 13-inches. Wartime additions to the Federal seacoast artillery inventory included Parrott rifles, ranging from 6.4-inch to 10-inch (300-pounder). New columbiads, developed by Ordnance Lieutenant Thomas J. Rodman, included 8-inch, 10-inch, and 15-inch models. The Confederates produced some new seacoast artillery of their ownBrooke rifles in 6.4-inch and 7-inch versions. They also imported weapons from England, including 7- and 8-inch Armstrong rifles, 6.3-tol2.5-inch Blakely rifles, and 5-inch Whitworth rifles. Seacoast artillery fired the same projectiles as siege artillery but with one addition - hot shot. As its name implies, hot shot was solid shot\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8312522\",\n \"text\": \"and civilian designs. The trials were held at Governors Island, New York. Despite protests from domestic inventors and arms manufacturers—two designers, Russell and Livermore, even sued the U.S. government over the choice—the Krag–Jørgensen design was chosen by the board of officers. Approximately 500,000 \\\"Krags\\\" were produced at the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts from 1894 to 1904. It was the U.S. Army's primary rifle from 1894 to 1903 (when it was replaced by the M1903 Springfield rifle with its ballistically similar .30-03 cartridge), and found use in the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. In this later war the rifle was\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1892–99\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209848\",\n \"text\": \"equipped with them would have bought them from private sellers. To combat the arms shortage, the Union and Confederacy both had imported large quantities of rifles from Europe, with each side buying whatever they could get. The relatively poor South only bought 50,000 by August 1862, while the North bought 726,000. Accordingly, during the first two years of the war soldiers from both sides used a wide variety of rifles, including many that were over 50 years old and were considered obsolete. At the same time, Northern rifle and gun manufacturers such as Sharps, Colt, Remington, and the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209843\",\n \"text\": \"continued using Model 1842 muskets into 1864. However, ordnance reports show that 40 regiments in the Army of the Potomac still carried .69 caliber muskets at Gettysburg and some as late as the Overland Campaign. Beginning in the spring of 1863, the War Department required regiments to submit monthly ordnance returns. Information on the weapons that Union regiments carried prior to that time is inferred from various other official documents, letters, regimental histories, and personal recollections of veterans. The Army of Northern Virginia steadily acquired modern weapons through battlefield pickups, however its chief of ordnance Edward Porter Alexander reported that\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209839\",\n \"text\": \"arsenal there. The arsenal boasted state-of-the-art machine tools for manufacturing firearms and the Confederates managed to dismantle all of the equipment and transport it by rail to Richmond and Fayetteville, North Carolina, where it became central to the Confederate war effort. At the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861, US Regular Army regiments had Model 1855 Springfield rifles and some companies also had Model 1841 \\\"Mississippi\\\" rifles, however most soldiers in both armies had smoothbore muskets, primarily the Model 1842 musket or percussion-converted Model 1816/1822 musket (as well as some muskets still using the original flintlock mechanism). The\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5619455\",\n \"text\": \"10- and 20-pounder versions were used by both armies in the field. The smaller size was much more prevalent; it was made in two bore sizes, and . Confederate forces used both bore sizes during the war, which added to the complication of supplying the appropriate ammunition to its batteries. Until 1864, Union batteries used only the 2.9 inch Parrott, but they also employed 3\\\" Ordnance rifles. During the first day of the battle of Gettysburg, three Parrott rifles were temporarily unusable when 3\\\" ammunition was mistakenly issued to the battery. Following this, plans were made to re-bore all of\",\n \"title\": \"Field artillery in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5619449\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Napoleon\\\" was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. It was named after Napoleon III of France and was widely admired because of its safety, reliability, and killing power, especially at close range. In Union Ordnance manuals it was referred to as the \\\"light 12-pounder gun\\\" to distinguish it from the heavier and longer 12 pounder gun (which was virtually unused in field service.) It did not reach America until 1857. It was the last cast bronze gun used by an American army. The Federal version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of\",\n \"title\": \"Field artillery in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4569\",\n \"text\": \"of the war for the Union army) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle, soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open. This led to the adoption of trench warfare, a style of fighting that defined much of World War I. The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19507024\",\n \"text\": \"capability could have permitted the Federals eventually to produce and outfit their forces with repeating arms, the best of which had been patented before 1861. Initially, however, the North's conservative Ordnance Bureau would not risk switching to a new, unproven standard weapon that could lead to soldiers wasting huge quantities of ammunition in the midst of an expanding war. By 1864, after the retirement of Chief of Ordnance James Ripley and with President Lincoln's urging, Federal cavalry received seven‑shot Spencer repeating carbines, which greatly increased battle capabilities. Both sides initially relied on the states and local districts to provide some\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12818235\",\n \"text\": \"had their barrels rifled during this same period, if the barrel was deemed to be thick enough to be structurally sound after rifling. The model 1835 was used by both the North and South during the American Civil War. The model 1835 was also used in the Mexican–American War. Springfield Model 1835 The Springfield Model 1835 Musket was a .69 caliber flintlock musket used in the United States during the early 19th Century. The Model 1835 was manufactured by the United States Armory and Arsenal at Springfield, and was also produced by the United States Armory and Arsenal at Harper's\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1835\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5619460\",\n \"text\": \"General annual report recorded 82 rifled bronze pieces (44 of those specified as \\\"3.80 bore [James rifles]\\\") out of a total of 162 of all field artillery types. Unusual or out-of-favor types migrated to the Western theaters. James rifles disappeared from the Army of the Potomac early on, but they were heavily used in the Western armies through 1863 and some batteries still had them during the Atlanta Campaign. The Whitworth, designed by Joseph Whitworth and manufactured in England, was a rare gun during the war, but was an interesting precursor to modern artillery in that it was loaded from\",\n \"title\": \"Field artillery in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209860\",\n \"text\": \"Union purchased 226,924 Lorenz rifles, and the Confederacy bought as many as 100,000. The Whitworth rifle was designed by Sir Joseph Whitworth, and was manufactured in Manchester, England. The Whitworth rifle featured a unique hexagonal shaped bullet (with a matching hexagonal barrel) that gave it superior accuracy. This rifle was mostly used by Confederate snipers. The accuracy of the Whitworth was often exaggerated, but it was capable of hitting a man sized target beyond 1,000 yards. Whitworth rifles were equipped with either Enfield style sights or telescopic sights. The telescopic sights were more accurate, but had a reputation for bruising\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8312369\",\n \"text\": \"Springfield model 1871 The Springfield model 1871 rolling-block U.S. Army rifle was manufactured in 1871–72 by Springfield Armory, using the design originated by Remington Arms Company, under a royalty agreement. During the U.S. Civil War, Joseph Rider experimented with several breech loading weapon designs. In 1865, he was issued the first patent for what would evolve into the Remington rolling block action. The Remingtons continued to invest in Rider's work, and met with Ordnance Department officials in the hope of interesting them in this new design. The U.S. Navy Ordnance Department became interested in the design, and purchased several different\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield model 1871\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4960033\",\n \"text\": \"1861 was relatively scarce in the early years of the Civil War (many troops were still using Model 1842 smoothbored muskets and Model 1816/1822 muskets converted to percussion cap primers, both in .69 caliber). It is unlikely that any of these were available for use in the First Battle of Bull Run. However, over time, more and more regiments began receiving Model 1861 rifled muskets, though this upgrade appeared somewhat quicker in the Eastern Theater of Operations. Over 1,000,000 Model 1861 rifles were produced, with the Springfield Armory increasing its production during the war by contracting out to twenty other\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1861\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2398386\",\n \"text\": \"M1 rifles to arm all troops. It also remained in service as a sniper rifle during World War II, the Korean War, and even in the early stages of the Vietnam War. It remains popular as a civilian firearm, historical collector's piece, and as a military drill rifle. During the 1898 war with Spain, the M1893 Mauser used by the Spanish Army gained a deadly reputation, particularly from the Battle of San Juan Hill where 750 Spanish regulars significantly delayed the advance of 15,000 U.S. troops armed with outclassed Springfield Model 1892–99 Krag–Jørgensen bolt-action rifles and older single-shot Springfield rifles.\",\n \"title\": \"M1903 Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506964\",\n \"text\": \"was armed with \\\"third class\\\" weapons, such as the U.S. Model 1842 smoothbore musket (.69 caliber), Austrian, Prussian, and French smoothbore muskets (.69 caliber), and Austrian and Prussian smoothbore muskets of.72 caliber. After the surrender of Vicksburg, the 101 st Illinois, along with about twenty regiments armed with \\\"second class\\\" arms, exchanged its obsolete weapons for captured Confederate rifle-muskets. Although the Confederate records are incomplete, it seems that some 50,000 shoulder weapons were surrendered at Vicksburg, mostly British-made Enfields. Other weapons included a mix of various .58-caliber \\\"minié\\\" rifles (Springfield, Richmond, Mississippi and Fayetteville models), Austrian and French rifle-muskets in\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002648\",\n \"text\": \"of a brigade in line one behind the other in close formation), and other formations. Trained in the era of short-range smoothbore muskets, such as the Springfield Model 1842, which was issued to many units immediately prior to the war, many generals often did not fully appreciate or understand the importance and power of the new weapons introduced during the war, such as the 1861 Springfield rifled musket and comparable rifles which had longer range and were more powerful than the weapons used by the antebellum armies. Its barrel contained several rifled grooves that provided increased accuracy, and fired a\",\n \"title\": \"Infantry in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506935\",\n \"text\": \"and carbine models. The rifle was 47‑ inches long and weighed 10 pounds, while the carbine was 39‑inches long and weighed 8¼ pounds. The Spencer was also the first weapon adopted by the US Army that fired a metallic rim‑fire, self‑contained cartridge. Soldiers loaded rounds through an opening in the butt of the stock, which fed into the chamber through a tubular magazine by the action of the trigger guard. The hammer still had to be cocked manually before each shot. The Henry rifle was, in some ways, even better than either the Sharps or the Spencer. Although never adopted\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"169429\",\n \"text\": \"Gatling gun The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire spring loaded, hand cranked weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun and rotary cannon. Invented by Richard Gatling, it saw occasional use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in numerous military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the assault on San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American War. It was also used by the Pennsylvania militia in episodes of the Great Railroad\",\n \"title\": \"Gatling gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14706116\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Gatling, it saw occasional use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in numerous military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the assault on San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American War. It was also used by the Pennsylvania militia in episodes of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, specifically in Pittsburgh. The Gatling gun's operation centered on a cyclic multi-barrel design which facilitated cooling and synchronized the firing-reloading sequence. Each barrel fired a single shot\",\n \"title\": \"Multiple-barrel firearm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506971\",\n \"text\": \"arms than the Army of the Potomac. In fact, some regiments of the famous Pennsylvania Reserves Brigade were still equipped with smoothbore muskets. In any case, both armies relied heavily on the Springfield and Enfield, which were the most common weapons used (although almost every other type of Civil War small arms could be found in the campaign). The variety of weapons and calibers of ammunition required on the battlefield by each army presented sustainment challenges that ranged from production and procurement to supplying soldiers in the field. Amazingly, operations were not often affected by the need to resupply a\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12725068\",\n \"text\": \"fire 16 rounds before reloading made the Henry's lack of long range capability even less of an issue. The .44 Henry cartridge was used most notably in the Henry Model 1860 repeating rifle. This rifle was first used in the American Civil War, mainly by Union cavalry troops, although only in very limited numbers. It was also used by the very few Confederate troops who managed to capture one of these rifles along with a supply of ammunition, which was impossible to find in the Confederate south. After the Civil War, the Henry cartridge was used in the Winchester Model\",\n \"title\": \".44 Henry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5643601\",\n \"text\": \"Henry rifle The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine rifle famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle of the American Wild West. Designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company. It was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War, favored for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West, notably in the\",\n \"title\": \"Henry rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002653\",\n \"text\": \"equipment. With the exception of some volunteer regiments receiving extra funding from their state or wealthy commander, the small numbers of rapid-fire weapons in service with US infantrymen, often skirmishers, were mostly purchased privately by soldiers themselves. Despite President Lincoln's enthusiasm for these types of weapons, the mass adoption of repeating rifles for the infantry was resisted by some senior Union officers. The most common concerns cited about the weapons were their high-cost, massive use of ammunition and the considerable extra smoke produced on the battlefield. The most influential detractor of these new rifles was 67-year-old General James Ripley, the\",\n \"title\": \"Infantry in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1331577\",\n \"text\": \"a few miles southwest of town. The battle was a Confederate victory, and Nathaniel Lyon became the first Union General killed in Civil War. Union troops retreated to Lebanon to regroup. When they returned, they found that most of the Confederate army had withdrawn. On October 25, 1861, Union Major Charles Zagonyi led an attack against the remaining Confederates in the area, in a battle known as the First Battle of Springfield, or Zagonyi's Charge. Zagonyi's men removed the Confederate flag from Springfield's public square and returned to camp. It was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861.\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506981\",\n \"text\": \"rifle musket. This new weapon greatly increased the infantry's range and accuracy and loaded as fast as a musket. By the beginning of the Civil War, rifle muskets were available in moderate numbers. It was the weapon of choice in both the Union and Confederate armies during the war; by 1864, the vast majority of infantry troops on both sides had rifle muskets of good quality. Official tactical doctrine prior to the beginning of the Civil War did not clearly recognize the potential of the new rifle musket. Prior to 1855, the most influential tactical guide was General Winfield Scott's\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8310830\",\n \"text\": \"Springfield Model 1865 The Springfield Model 1865 was an early breech-loading rifle manufactured by U.S. Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was a modification of the Springfield rifled musket Model 1861. It was later replaced with the Model 1866. During the U.S. Civil War, the advantage of breech-loading rifles became obvious. The rifled muskets used during the war had a rate of fire of 2 or 3 rounds per minute. Breech-loading rifles increased the rate of fire to 8 to 10 rounds per minute with the additional advantage that they can be easily loaded from a prone, rather than standing, position,\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1865\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4960035\",\n \"text\": \"been overstated. While more accurate in the hands of an experienced marksman, the rifled musket's accuracy was often lost in the hands of recruits who received only limited marksmanship training (the emphasis was on rate of fire). Further, most Civil War firefights were waged at a relatively close range using massed-fire tactics, minimizing the effect of the new rifle's long-range accuracy. Lastly, the .58 caliber bullet, when fired, followed a rainbow-like trajectory. As a result, many inexperienced soldiers who did not adjust their sights would shoot over their enemies' heads in combat. There are numerous accounts of this happening in\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1861\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10328138\",\n \"text\": \"always available. In 1860, the British National Rifle Association held its first annual meeting at Wimbledon. Queen Victoria fired the first shot from a Whitworth rifle on a machine rest at 400 yards, and struck the bull's-eye 1-1/4 inch from its center. Britain was officially neutral during the American Civil War, but private arms manufacturers were not required to remain neutral. The Whitworth Rifle Company, for example, sold the rifle to the Confederacy. The Confederate soldiers that used these rifles were referred to as Whitworth Sharpshooters. They accompanied regular infantrymen, and were usually used to eliminate Union artillery gun crews.\",\n \"title\": \"Whitworth rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2398385\",\n \"text\": \"M1903 Springfield The M1903 Springfield, formally the United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903, is an American five-round magazine fed, bolt-action service repeating rifle, used primarily during the first half of the 20th century. It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 19, 1903, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the standard infantry rifle by the faster-firing semi-automatic eight-round M1 Garand starting in 1936. However, the M1903 Springfield remained in service as a standard issue infantry rifle during World War II, since the U.S. entered the war without sufficient\",\n \"title\": \"M1903 Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5095288\",\n \"text\": \"Springfield Model 1863 The Springfield Model 1863 is a .58 caliber rifled musket manufactured by the Springfield Armory between 1863 and 1865. The Model 1863 was only a minor improvement over the Springfield Model 1861. As such, it is sometimes classified as just a variant of the Model 1861. The Model 1861, with all of its variants, was the most commonly used longarm in the American Civil War, with over 700,000 manufactured. The Model 1863 also has the distinction of being the last muzzle-loading longarm produced by the Springfield Armory. The Model 1863 was produced in two variants. The Type\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1863\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4450\",\n \"text\": \"American Civil War The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in U.S. history. Primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people, war broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate\",\n \"title\": \"American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5643612\",\n \"text\": \"Shooters and Civil War reenactors, as well as competition shooters in the North-South Skirmish Association(N-SSA). Notes Bibliography Henry rifle The Henry repeating rifle is a lever-action, breech-loading, tubular magazine rifle famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle of the American Wild West. Designed by Benjamin Tyler Henry in 1860, the Henry was introduced in the early 1860s and produced through 1866 in the United States by the New Haven Arms Company. It was adopted in small quantities by the Union in the Civil War, favored for\",\n \"title\": \"Henry rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506939\",\n \"text\": \"the South's limited industrial capacity, Confederate cavalrymen had a more difficult time arming themselves. Nevertheless, they too embraced the firepower revolution, choosing shotguns and muzzle-loading carbines as well as multiple sets of revolvers as their primary weapons. In addition, Confederate cavalrymen made extensive use of battlefield salvage by recovering Federal weapons. However, the South's difficulties in producing the metallic‑rimmed cartridges required by many of these recovered weapons limited their usefulness. In 1841, the US Army selected bronze as the standard material for fieldpieces and at the same time adopted a new system of field artillery. The 1841 field artillery system\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12739072\",\n \"text\": \"muzzle swell. Confederate Napoleons were produced in at least six variations, most of which had straight muzzles, but at least eight cataloged survivors of 133 identified have muzzle swells. Additionally, four iron Confederate Napoleons produced by Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast. The Minié rifle and Minié ball comprised the most widely used firearms system of the American Civil War. The Minié system was used extensively by various manufacturers, such as Springfield. The Springfield Model 1861 was most widely used rifle of the American Civil War. The Minié ball produced terrible wounds,\",\n \"title\": \"French weapons in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209852\",\n \"text\": \"at least three categories; Rifles, First Class; Breech-Loading Carbines; and Muzzle Loading Carbines. These were specified as follows: This was a single shot, muzzle-loading gun that used the percussion cap firing mechanism. It had a rifled barrel, and fired the .58 caliber Minié ball. The first rifled muskets had used a larger .69 caliber Minié ball, since they had simply taken .69 caliber smooth bore muskets and rifled their barrels. Tests conducted by the U.S. Army indicated that the .58 caliber was more accurate at a distance. After experimenting with the failed Maynard primer system on the Model 1855 musket,\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304119\",\n \"text\": \"of original Civil War small arms. Six major types of small arms are used in N-SSA competition. The standard infantry arm of the American Civil War was the rifle-Musket. These arms were muzzle-loading rifles firing the Minie ball. Major types of musket used by combatants during the Civil War were the Model 1861 and 1863 Springfield, as well as the British-made Pattern 1853 and 1858 Enfield. Although the long 'three-band' muskets (so called because they had three bands fastening the barrel to the stock) were the most widely issued, many N-SSA competitors favor the shorter 'two-band' muskets due to their\",\n \"title\": \"North-South Skirmish Association\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14632595\",\n \"text\": \"accounting for as many as a third or more of all battlefield casualties. The more accurate rifled muskets of the Civil War and the switch to breech loading weapons in the years after the Civil War made older bayonet tactics obsolete. Many military leaders believed that soldiers would benefit more from a bayonet that functioned more as a trench digging instrument than a traditional combat style bayonet. Many of these new trowel type bayonets were fielded. However, in the late 1870s the U.S. Army high command remained unconvinced of the usefulness of this style of bayonet, and informed commanders in\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield model 1880\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002652\",\n \"text\": \"cotton haversack for food, and a knife or similar sidearm, as well as their musket. One primary account of the typical infantryman came from James Gall, a representative of the United States Sanitary Commission, who observed Confederate infantrymen of Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in camp in the occupied borough of York, Pennsylvania, in late June 1863, sometime after the Second Battle of Winchester. While thousands of repeating rifles and breechloaders, such as the 7-shot Spencer and 15-shot Henry models, were fielded to Union cavalry in the war, no significant funds were allocated to furnish Union infantry with the same\",\n \"title\": \"Infantry in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209841\",\n \"text\": \"weapons, followed by the Army of the Potomac. Other Union armies were considered lower priority for receiving the latest and best equipment. At the Battle of Shiloh in April 1862, the Union armies were fairly well equipped with .58 caliber rifles, however smoothbores were still common along with assorted European muskets such as the M1854 Austrian Lorenz Rifle and Belgian Liege rifles. The Confederates were much worse off, being armed with mostly smoothbore muskets, including some flintlocks, and even shotguns and hunting rifles. Approximately 5400 Confederates at Shiloh had Enfield rifles, and it is recorded that the soldiers of the\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11124934\",\n \"text\": \"USS Springfield (1862) USS \\\"Springfield\\\" (1862) was a steamship purchased by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Union Navy as a gunboat assigned to patrol Confederate waterways. \\\"Springfield\\\"—a stern wheel river steamer built at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1862—was purchased by the Navy at that city on 20 November 1862; and was commissioned at Cairo, Illinois, on 12 January 1863, Lt. Henry A. Glassford in command. The light draft gunboat operated on the Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers escorting transports and protecting Union Army lines of communication and supply, from time to time engaging\",\n \"title\": \"USS Springfield (1862)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4749488\",\n \"text\": \"weapon on the lawn of the White House. Lincoln was impressed with the weapon, and ordered Gen. James Wolfe Ripley to adopt it for production, after which Ripley disobeyed him and stuck with the single-shot rifles. The Spencer repeating rifle was first adopted by the United States Navy, and later by the United States Army, and it was used during the American Civil War, where it was a popular weapon. The Confederates occasionally captured some of these weapons and ammunition, but, as they were unable to manufacture the cartridges because of shortages of copper, their ability to take advantage of\",\n \"title\": \"Spencer repeating rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"365090\",\n \"text\": \"by cavalry units. Both sides of the American Civil War employed shotguns. U.S. cavalry used the shotgun extensively during the Indian Wars in the latter half of the 19th century. Mounted units favored the shotgun for its moving target effectiveness, and devastating close-range firepower. The shotgun was also favored by citizen militias and similar groups. With the exception of cavalry units, the shotgun saw less and less use throughout the 19th century on the battlefield. As a defense weapon it remained popular with guards and lawmen, however, and the shotgun became one of many symbols of the American Old West.\",\n \"title\": \"Shotgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209840\",\n \"text\": \"only soldiers at First Bull Run who may have had foreign muskets were Wade Hampton's Hampton Legion, as he had ordered Enfield rifles from England to arm it with, however it is unclear if any reached his troops in time for the battle. Late in the year, the first shipments of European muskets began arriving, which included a wide range of weapons ranging from the modern (Model 1853 Enfield rifles) to antiquated ones from the Napoleonic Wars (Model 1809 Potsdam muskets). By early 1862, the first significant deliveries of Model 1861 Springfields began. The regular army received first pick of\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2598113\",\n \"text\": \"distance of 1,400 yards. During the American Civil War, the Confederate sharpshooters equipped with Whitworth rifles were tasked to eliminate Union field artillery crews, and were responsible for killing Major General John Sedgwick — one of the highest-ranking officers killed during the Civil War — at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. During the Crimean War, the first optical sights were designed for fitting onto the rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by Chance Brothers of Birmingham. This allowed a marksman to more accurately observe and target objects at\",\n \"title\": \"Sniper rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15344527\",\n \"text\": \"were destroyed when the Confederates captured the Harper's Ferry Arsenal in April 1861, and several thousand more were in Southern hands. Approximately 10,000 rifles had also been shipped to California, and therefore were useless for the Union war effort. The Model 1855 got its first test in September 1858 in the Pacific Northwest at the Battle of Four Lakes (Spokane Plains) where the Northern tribes greatly outnumbered U.S. troops. The attacking Native Americans were dispatched by U.S. troops armed with the Model 1855 rifle-musket before they could get in range with their smoothbores. Lt. Lawrence Kip noted: \\\"Strange to say,\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1855\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209846\",\n \"text\": \"mostly had rifles, although perhaps 15% of its soldiers continued using smoothbore muskets and a few regiments still had them as late as the Battle of Franklin. The Vicksburg garrison by comparison was well-equipped with Enfield rifles at a time when Grant's army still had a high percentage of second class muskets. After the fall of the city in July 1863, Grant's troops were able to rearm themselves with captured rifles. Late in the war, repeating five and seven shot Spencer and Henry rifles became available to Union troops, mostly cavalry regiments; by the start of the Overland Campaign, the\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506944\",\n \"text\": \"a long‑tubed, wrought‑iron piece that had a 3‑inch bore with seven lands and grooves. Ordnance rifles were sturdier and considered superior in accuracy and reliability to the 10-pound Parrott. A new weapon that made its first appearance in the war during the Overland Campaign was the 24-pound Coehorn mortar. Used exclusively by the North, the Coehorn fired a projectile in a high arcing trajectory and was ideal for lobbing shells into trenches in siege warfare. The Coehorn was used briefly during the fighting at the “bloody angle” at Spotsylvania and later in the trench lines at Cold Harbor. By 1860,\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2398427\",\n \"text\": \"sights, to take all his big game, including lions, on his first African safari in 1933. That safari is the subject of \\\"Green Hills of Africa\\\", published in 1935. M1903 Springfield The M1903 Springfield, formally the United States Rifle, Caliber .30-06, Model 1903, is an American five-round magazine fed, bolt-action service repeating rifle, used primarily during the first half of the 20th century. It was officially adopted as a United States military bolt-action rifle on June 19, 1903, and saw service in World War I. It was officially replaced as the standard infantry rifle by the faster-firing semi-automatic eight-round M1\",\n \"title\": \"M1903 Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4745302\",\n \"text\": \"First Battle of Springfield The First Battle of Springfield or Zagonyi's Charge was a battle of the American Civil War that occurred on October 25, 1861, in Greene County, Missouri. It was the only Union victory in southwestern Missouri in 1861. Having accomplished little since taking command of the Western Department with headquarters in St. Louis, Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont formulated a plan to clear Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's Confederates from the state and then, if possible, carry the war into Arkansas and Louisiana. Leaving St. Louis on October 7, 1861, Frémont's combined force eventually numbered more than 20,000.\",\n \"title\": \"First Battle of Springfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506927\",\n \"text\": \"by the United States was designed by Claude Minié, a French Army officer. Whereas earlier rifles fired a round nonexpanding ball, the Minié system used a hollow‑based cylindro‑conoidal projectile slightly smaller than the bore that dropped easily into the barrel. When the powder charge was ignited by a fulminate of mercury percussion cap, the released powder gases expanded the base of the bullet into the rifled grooves, giving the projectile a ballistic spin. The model 1855 Springfield rifle musket was the first regulation arm to use the hollow‑base .58‑caliber minie bullet. The slightly modified model 1861 was the principal infantry\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19506962\",\n \"text\": \"in the South. The Confederacy also produced a 9-inch version of the Dahlgren shellgun that apparently found use both afloat and ashore. The wide variety of infantry weapons available to Civil War armies is clearly evident at Vicksburg. A review of the Quarterly Returns of Ordnance for April-June 1863 reveals that approximately three-quarters of Grant's Army of the Tennessee carried \\\"first class\\\" shoulder weapons, the most numerous of which were British 1853 Enfield rifle-muskets (.577 caliber). Other \\\"first class\\\" weapons used in the Vicksburg campaign included American-made Springfield rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), French rifle-muskets (.58 caliber), French \\\"light\\\" or \\\"Liege\\\" rifles\",\n \"title\": \"Armies in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1331578\",\n \"text\": \"The increased military activity in the area set the stage for the Battle of Pea Ridge in northern Arkansas in March 1862. On January 8, 1863, Confederate forces under General John S. Marmaduke advanced to take control of Springfield and an urban fight ensued. But that evening, the Confederates withdrew. This became known as the Second Battle of Springfield. Marmaduke sent a message to the Union forces asking that the Confederate casualties have a proper burial. The city remained under Union control for the remainder of the war. The US army used Springfield as a supply base and central point\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield, Missouri\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4960034\",\n \"text\": \"firms in the Union. The number of Model 1861 muskets produced by the Springfield Armory was 265,129 between January 1, 1861 and December 31, 1863. According to United States Muskets, Rifles and Carbines by Arcadi Gluckman Colonel Infantry, United States Army, published 1949. The Model 1861 was certainly a step forward in U.S. small arms design, being the first rifled shoulder weapon to be produced on such a large scale (relatively few Model 1855 rifled muskets were produced, and the 1803 Harper's Ferry rifle was, and is, genuinely rare). However, some argue that its impact on the Civil war has\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1861\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5643604\",\n \"text\": \"home would call them \\\"Sixteen\\\" or \\\"Seventeen\\\"-shooters, depending whether a round was loaded in the chamber. Just 1,731 of the standard rifles were purchased by the government during the Civil War. The Commonwealth of Kentucky purchased a further 50. However 6,000 to 7,000 saw use by the Union on the field through private purchases by soldiers who could afford it. The relative fragility of Henrys compared to Spencers hampered their official acceptance. Many infantry soldiers purchased Henrys with their reenlistment bounties of 1864. Most of these units were associated with Sherman's Western troops. When used correctly, the brass-receiver rifles had\",\n \"title\": \"Henry rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9071617\",\n \"text\": \"the various state militias into the present National Guard system. On the morning of 21 July 1861, the Union Army under the command of Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell, in an effort to cripple the newly assembled Confederate Army at Manassas, Virginia, fired the opening shots of the first major battle of the Civil War. Both armies were largely made up of volunteer militia with regiments of both sides wearing blue and gray uniforms. The brunt of the Union attack fell on the Confederate left flank. Confederate Brig. Gen Barnard Bee, having recently resigned from the U. S. Army and still\",\n \"title\": \"Alabama Army National Guard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12209849\",\n \"text\": \"armory at Springfield, Massachusetts quickly increased their production of rifles; Springfield alone increased its annual output from 20,000 to 200,000. The North was thus able to supply its own small arms needs while the South had to continue to rely on foreign sources, eventually purchasing 580,000 rifles. Various modifications were made to standard rifle and musket ammunition in the Civil War. One such practice with Minie balls was to carve an X in them so the round would expand more when it hit the target. In addition, exploding bullets were occasionally employed by drilling a hole in a rifle bullet,\",\n \"title\": \"Rifles in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14999934\",\n \"text\": \"Joslyn rifle The term Joslyn Rifle refers to a series of rifles produced in the mid-19th century. The term is often used to refer specifically to the Joslyn Model 1861/1862, which was the first mass-produced breech-loading rifle produced at the Springfield Armory. Benjamin Franklin Joslyn was known as one of the most interesting gun designers during the U.S. Civil War, but he was known more for his constant clashes with sub-contractors and the Federal Government than he was for the quality of his arms. His disputes with the government lasted long after the Civil War had ended. In 1855, Joslyn\",\n \"title\": \"Joslyn rifle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12921128\",\n \"text\": \"the original percussion lock. The model 1863 featured only minor improvements to the Model 1861, and is often considered to be a variant of that model. After the U.S. Civil War, many Model 1861/1863 muskets were converted to breech-loading weapons, creating the Model 1865 rifle. After the change from muzzle-loading to breech-loading, these weapons were no longer referred to as rifled muskets and instead were simply referred to as rifles. Springfield musket Springfield musket may refer to any one of several types of small arms produced by the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, for the United States armed forces. In\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield musket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18203730\",\n \"text\": \"time, the cost of this carbine was $40 each. The 48th Illinois Infantry carried an unknown number of Wesson carbines, and ran out of ammunition for these rifles during the Battle of Ezra Church (part of the Atlanta campaign) on July 28, 1864. During that battle, some regiments expended 100 bullets per soldier. At the Battle of Westport, also during Price's Raid, some men of the 19th Kansas State Militia carried this rifle. The primary advantages of rimfire breech-loading rifles during the American Civil War were that the rifle could be loaded easily, that the ammunition was self-contained, and that\",\n \"title\": \"Frank Wesson Rifles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002651\",\n \"text\": \"combat armed with shotguns, pistols, knives, and assorted other killing instruments. Very early in the war, a few companies were armed with pikes. However, by the end of 1862, most infantrymen were armed with rifles, including imports from Great Britain, Belgium, and other European countries. The typical Union soldier carried his musket, percussion cap box, cartridge box, a canteen, a knapsack, and other accouterments, in addition to any personal effects. By contrast, many Southern soldiers carried their possessions in a blanket roll worn around the shoulder and tied at the waist. They might have a wooden canteen, a linen or\",\n \"title\": \"Infantry in the American Civil War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8310834\",\n \"text\": \"production order was completed, a less complex rifle was already being tested. This caused the Model 1865 to be called the \\\"First Allin\\\", and the following revised model, the Springfield Model 1866, to be called the \\\"Second Allin\\\". The Springfield model 1865 fired a rimfire .58-60-500 cartridge (.58 inch bullet, of black powder), the caliber matching that of the Civil War Minié ball, which was originally used in these rifles. The Model 1865 quickly became obsolete, and most of them were sold in the 1870s to several American arms dealers. At the time, there was a large demand in the\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1865\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9855871\",\n \"text\": \"paper cartridges (Civil War era), all combinations being ignited by a fulminate percussion cap applied to the nipples at the rear of the chamber. The Colt Army Model 1860 is a 6-shot muzzle-loaded cap & ball .44-caliber single-action revolver used during the American Civil War made by Colt's Manufacturing Company. It was used as a side arm by cavalry, infantry, artillery troops, and naval forces. More than 200,000 were manufactured from 1860 through 1873. Colt's biggest customer was the US Government with no less than 129,730 units being purchased and issued to the troops. The weapon was a single-action, six-shot\",\n \"title\": \"Handgun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3581813\",\n \"text\": \"for its greater firepower than the standard issue carbine. Many later found their way West and was famed both for its use at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and being the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle which are still made to this day. The Henry and Winchester rifles would go on to see service with a number of militaries including Turkey. Switzerland and Italy adopted similar designs. The first magazine-fed firearm to achieve widespread success was the Spencer repeating rifle, which saw service in the American Civil War. The Spencer used a tubular magazine located in the butt\",\n \"title\": \"Magazine (firearms)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"169451\",\n \"text\": \"20th century to the present, the largest of these being the 30mm GAU-8 Avenger autocannon. Gatling gun The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire spring loaded, hand cranked weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun and rotary cannon. Invented by Richard Gatling, it saw occasional use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later, it was used again in numerous military conflicts, such as the Boshin War, the Anglo-Zulu War, and the assault on San Juan Hill during the Spanish–American\",\n \"title\": \"Gatling gun\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7442160\",\n \"text\": \"a 42-inch (107 cm) barrel and a 54-inch (137 cm) stock, and a total length of 57-inch (145 cm). The Model 1812 was produced only at Springfield: the M1795 would continue in production at Harpers Ferry into 1818. The Model 1812 was produced in a quantity of almost 30,000 between the years 1814 and 1816. It was replaced by the Model 1816 Musket. However, the Model 1812 remained in service for many years, and was even used in the American Civil War, mostly by the Confederate forces. By the start of the Civil war, the weapon was considered to be\",\n \"title\": \"Springfield Model 1812 Musket\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who used the springfield rifle in the civil war"}}},{"rowIdx":175,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["June 23, 2018"],"string":"[\n \"June 23, 2018\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"18433090","text":"My Hero Academia The manga was adapted into an anime television series by Bones. Its first season aired in Japan from April 3 to June 26, 2016, followed by a second season from April 1 to September 30, 2017, then a third season from April 7 to September 29, 2018, and an animated film titled \"\" was released on August 3 of that year. The series has been licensed for English-language release by Viz Media and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology \"Weekly Shonen Jump\" on February 9, 2015. In a world where people with superpowers (known as","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"18433095","text":"Sony Pictures UK handling subsequent seasons after the acquisition of Funimation by Sony Pictures Television. In Australia and New Zealand, the series is distributed by Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, on behalf of Funimation. A second season was announced in the \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" magazine's 30th issue of 2016. It premiered on April 1, 2017 on NTV and YTV, and ended on September 30, 2017, with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles. The first opening theme is performed by Kenshi Yonezu and the first ending theme is , performed by Little Glee Monster.","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"18433097","text":"announced in the 44th issue of \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" magazine of 2018. This was later confirmed with the airing of the final episode to season three on September 29, 2018. On December 19, 2018, the \"My Hero Academia\" website confirmed a release date of October 2019, along with a key visual. An anime film was announced in December 2017 and features an original story set after the manga's \"Final Exam\" arc. Titled , the film had its world premiere at Anime Expo on July 5, 2018, and the Japanese theatrical release began screening on August 3, 2018, with the staff","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"18433096","text":"The second opening theme is performed by amazarashi and the ending theme is by LiSA. A third season was announced in the 44th issue of \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" magazine of 2017. The English dub premiered on April 7, 2018. The first opening theme is \"Odd Future\" by Uverworld, while the first ending theme is by Miwa. The second opening theme is \"Make my Story\" by Lenny Code Fiction and the second ending theme is by Masaki Suda. On April 19, 2018, Funimation announced that the series would air on Cartoon Network's Toonami starting on May 5. A fourth season was","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"18433094","text":"written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and feature character designs by Yoshikiko Umakoshi and music composed by Yuki Hayashi. The anime premiered on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in the Nichigo time slot at 5 P.M. on Sundays in Japan. The opening theme is \"The Day\", performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is \"Heroes\", performed by Brian the Sun. In March 2016, Funimation Entertainment announced they had licensed the international rights for streaming services, home and broadcast release, and the merchandise rights. Universal Pictures UK distributed the first season in the United Kingdom on behalf of Funimation, with","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"20766127","text":"2018. The film premiered in Australia at Madman Anime Festival Melbourne on September 15, 2018, with Madman Entertainment screening a wider release on September 27, 2018 in Australia, and October 17, 2018 in New Zealand. The film premiered in the United Kingdom at Scotland Loves Anime in Glasgow on October 13, 2018, with Manga Entertainment providing a wider theatrical release in the UK and Ireland from December 4, 2018. The film was also distributed theatrically in Singapore and Indonesia through Odex, with limited screenings on October 6 and October 13, 2018 respectively; and wide releases beginning from October 11 and","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"18943876","text":"Man\" and \"Prison School\", and in October 2016 by \"Tokyo Ghoul\" 's 2 OVA and \"All Out!!\", in December 2016 by \"Parasyte\" and \"Death Parade\", in June 2017 by \"The Dragon Dentist\", in July 2017 by \"Drifters\" and the last 6 episodes of \"Hellsing Ultimate\", in October 2017 by \"\" and the second season of \"Attack on Titan\". In May 2018, \"Kill La Kill\" premiered on the platform, followed by \"My Hero Academia\" in August 2018. VVVVID VVVVID is an Italian video on demand service and a virtual community, with an offering that includes international movies, anime, series, music videos,","title":"VVVVID"},{"id":"18433101","text":"season of \"My Hero Academia\" delivers thirteen episodes of fantastic action, elevated by a heartfelt story that's wrapped around a core cast of memorable and relatable characters.\" Osborn went on to state that the villains were underdeveloped. The manga won the Sugoi Japan Award in 2017. It also won the \"Japan Expo Awards\" in the same year. Due to the popularity of the series, characters of \"My Hero Academia\" were used to promote the Marvel Studios film \"\". My Hero Academia The manga was adapted into an anime television series by Bones. Its first season aired in Japan from April","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"20766126","text":"manga by Horikoshi titled \"Vol. Origin All Might: Rising\", as well as character profiles and a \"secret dialogue\" between Horikoshi and Eiichiro Oda. Viz Media later published the \"All Might: Rising\" manga digitally on September 19, 2018. The film will receive 4D screenings in Japan, premiering on January 11, 2019. \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\" has been licensed in North America, Australasia, and the British Isles by Funimation, who premiered the English dub in Los Angeles on September 15, 2018, and a wider theatrical release in 400 theaters in the United States and Canada from September 25 through October 2,","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"18433093","text":"Viz Media's Weekly Shōnen Jump. As of August 7, 2018, 14 volumes have been released. A spin-off series, \"My Hero Academia: Vigilantes\", began being published by \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" in 2017. The series is licensed for the English language release in North America by Viz Media. The first volume was released in English on July 3, 2018. On October 29, 2015, the series' official Twitter announced that \"My Hero Academia\" would receive an anime adaptation produced by Studio Bones. With the anime announced, Toho registered the domain name \"heroaca.com\" as the anime's website. The anime is directed by Kenji Nagasaki,","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"20766123","text":"how Melissa and Midoriya are the next generation of heroes and how the world will be in good hands even after All Might's Quirk is gone. During the credits, scenes are shown of the students and All Might enjoying a barbecue on the island after their victory with the rest of the students from their class Class 1-A, who were also on I-Island when the events of the film happened. Melissa also visits David, who is now in the hospital recovering while the police watch over him. On December 11, 2017, \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" announced that Kōhei Horikoshi's \"My Hero","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"20766125","text":"would be joining the cast as Melissa Shield and Katsuhisa Namase would play David Shield, both original characters. On June 11, 2018, \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" announced that Rikiya Koyama had been cast as the film's villain, Wolfram. Masaki Suda performs the film's theme song , which was written and composed by Hiromu Akita of amazarashi. Funimation and Toho premiered the film at Anime Expo in Los Angeles on July 5, 2018, and it was later released in Japan on August 3 of that year. The first one million audience members to see the movie will receive a special book containing","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"18433092","text":"evil organization established by All Might's archenemy, All For One, to destroy all Heroes and take control of society. \"My Hero Academia\" is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi. It began its serialization in the manga magazine \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" in July 2014. As of September 4, 2018, the series been collected into twenty \"tankōbon\" volumes. The series is licensed for the English language release in North America by Viz Media, who published the first volume on August 4, 2015. As the series is published in Japan, it is also released simultaneously in English digitally by","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"10411020","text":"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd","title":"2007 Nashville Kats season"},{"id":"10409773","text":"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd","title":"2007 Dallas Desperados season"},{"id":"10409878","text":"Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th","title":"2007 New York Dragons season"},{"id":"18433099","text":"video game, titled \"My Hero One's Justice\", was released for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on October 26, 2018. Izuku Midoriya is set to make an appearance in the crossover game \"Jump Force\". The manga was nominated for the 8th Manga Taishō in 2015. It was nominated for the 40th Kodansha Manga Award for \"shōnen\" category in 2016. Before the anime adaptation's premiere, manga author Masashi Kishimoto praised Kōhei Horikoshi's work, believing it would be a success overseas; Horikoshi, meanwhile, has cited Kishimoto's \"Naruto\" series as a primary source of inspiration. Volume 1 reached the 7th","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"10409701","text":"3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter:","title":"2007 Orlando Predators season"},{"id":"7874466","text":"their 4th \"Men's Festival\" concert recording entitled \"Uverworld King's Parade 2017 Saitama Super Arena\". On May 2, 2018, they released 32nd single titled \"Odd Future\" which was chosen as the first opening theme for the third season of the anime series \"My Hero Academia\". It peaked at number three on the Oricon chart, and reached fifth place on the \"Billboard\" Japan Hot 100. On November 7, 2018, they released a new single \"Good and Evil / Eden e\". \"Good and Evil\" was used for the Japanese dubbed version of Marvel's film \"Venom\" which was theatrically released in Japan on November","title":"Uverworld"},{"id":"10416126","text":"Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance:","title":"2007 Utah Blaze season"},{"id":"19377323","text":"20, 2017 and in the UK and Ireland on November 30, 2017. The series formally premieres with two new episodes on Disney Channel on June 9, 2018, followed by two more new episodes on June 10, 2018, with weekly premieres every Saturday through September starting on June 16, 2018 with episodes airing at 7 a.m. starting on September 8. Big Hero 6: The Series Big Hero 6: The Series is an American superhero comedy animated television series, produced by Disney Television Animation and developed by \"Kim Possible\" creators Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley. The series is based on Disney's 2014","title":"Big Hero 6: The Series"},{"id":"14480603","text":"ended filming 27 November 2012. On 5 June 2013, Alicia Banit and Thomas Lacey appeared on ABC3's \"Studio 3\" to announce the series 3 premiere on 8 July 2013. The show is available on streaming sites, including Hulu.com and Netflix.com. Entire episodes of all three seasons are also available, for free, on the show's official YouTube channel, however it is not available in Australia. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation has released all episodes from series one through three on DVD—with series one and two across four volumes and series three over two—as well as series collections and a complete series one","title":"Dance Academy"},{"id":"5789134","text":"2017 on MTV. The 10th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from November 30, 2017 to March 1, 2018 on MTV. The 11th season will consist of 22 episodes and premiered on March 15, 2018 on MTV, two weeks after the end of Season 10. The season resumed on July 12, 2018. The 12th season will consist of 26 episodes and premiered on August 17, 2018 on MTV. The 13th season had filmed in Atlanta from October 29 to November 11, 2018 and will air sometime in 2019 on MTV. Wild 'n Out Nick Cannon Presents:","title":"Wild 'n Out"},{"id":"19539167","text":"1) has been shown on March 3. An English dub of the show premiered December 15, 2017 on Disney Channel Asia. It also premiered on Nickelodeon Sonic in India on July 16, 2018; however it was abruptly taken off the schedule nearly two weeks later for unknown reasons, with the last few episodes remaining to be aired. But in mid-November 2018, the new episodes were aired on Nick HD+ and the entire season was finished on November 18, 2018. The first episode of Season 2 was broadcast September 22, 2017, with episode two, three and four shown on September 29.","title":"Ejen Ali"},{"id":"7846371","text":"was released on October 1, 2008 in New Zealand and Australia. The Season 3 DVD Box set was released in North America on September 1, 2009, and in Australia on September 2, 2009 with an alternative cover, and in the UK on October 12, 2009. The Season 4 DVD Box set was released on August 3, 2010 in the US and on October 4, 2010 in the UK. The Complete Series DVD Box set was released on November 16, 2010 in the US. In Canada, \"Heroes\" episodes run concurrently with the NBC first-run on the Global Television Network, Mondays at","title":"Heroes (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"6197921","text":"and local sports events, which was silently launched earlier on January 1. Hero was relaunched and demoted as a social media portal on February 7, 2018 and is being handled by the Lifestyle team from ABS-CBN Digital Media. Whilst its news content includes anime, gaming and pop culture, it will not carry anime titles nor establish an anime video-on-demand service. Meanwhile, its sister station Yey! has limited airing of some of the anime titles aired on Hero and will carry the last remaining new titles on Yey! channel including \"Ace of Diamond\" and \"My Hero Academia\". Hero had its two-hour","title":"Hero (TV channel)"},{"id":"18433100","text":"place on the weekly Oricon manga chart with 71,575 copies sold. It sold out almost immediately on its first printing. Volume 2 reached the 6th place, with 167,531 copies and, by January 18, 2015, had sold 205,179 copies. As of March 2017, there were over 10 million copies of \"My Hero Academia\" in circulation. As of August 2018, the manga had over 16 million copies in print. The story has been noted to take inspiration from elements in superhero comics, such as the aesthetics of its characters. Alex Osborn of IGN gave the anime series positive marks, saying \"The first","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"18433098","text":"and cast from the anime series returning to reprise their roles. Funimation announced that they would release the film theatrically in the United States and Canada from September 25, 2018 to October 2, 2018. In October 2018, Legendary Entertainment acquired the rights to produce a live action adaptation of \"My Hero Academia\". A video game based on the anime, \"My Hero Academia: Battle for All\", was announced in November 2015. The game was developed by Dimps and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console, where it released in Japan on May 19, 2016. A second","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"20766114","text":"After a reunion with David, All Might becomes tired due to injuries sustained in the past from his battle with the villain All for One and transforms back into his depowered form. By running tests, David realizes that All Might's Quirk is nearly depleted. Meanwhile, Melissa shows Midoriya around the island, and they run into Yaoyorozu, who had been invited to the island and has brought Uraraka and Jirō as her guests. The students later run into Iida, Todoroki, Bakugō, and Kirishima, with the former three having been invited too and Kirishima being brought by Bakugō. Mineta and Kaminari are","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"18581479","text":"September 1974–April 1975 September 1975–April 1976 September 1976–April 1977 September 1977–April 1978 September 1978–April 1979 September 1979–April 1980 September 1980–April 1981 September 1981–April 1982 September 1982–April 1983 September 1983–April 1984 September 1984–April 1985 September 1985–April 1986 September 1986–April 1987 September 1987–April 1988 October 1988–April 1989 September 1989–April 1990 September 1990–April 1991 September 1991–April 1992 September 1992–April 1993 September 1993–April 1994 September 1994–April 1995 September 1995–May 1996 September 1996–May 1997 September 1997–May 1998 September 1998–May 1999 September 1999–May 2000 September 2000–May 2001 September 2001–May 2002 September 2002–May 2003 September 2003–May 2004 September 2004–May 2005 September 2005–May 2006 September 2006–May 2007 September","title":"Top-rated United States television programs by season"},{"id":"20296891","text":"on September 19, 2016 and concluded on June 5, 2017 with a two-hour season finale. The season had two breaks between episodes, with a continuous run between them. The first 11 episodes aired from September 19 to November 28, 2016; three episodes aired from January 16 to January 30, 2017; and the final 8 episodes aired from April 24 to June 5, 2017. In July 2016, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season and showing the debut trailer for the season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 89% based on","title":"Gotham (season 3)"},{"id":"7846372","text":"10 p.m. ET. A Canadian French-dubbed version of season one also airs on TVA, Thursdays at 9:00 p.m. and two episodes of season two on Mystère (addikTV), Mondays at 8:00 p.m. The first season aired in Australia on the Seven Network Wednesday nights at 8:30 p.m. The series debuted strongly, attracting more than 2 million viewers in five of the capital cities. To keep viewer numbers high the Seven Network began showing the second season on Thursday nights at 9:30 p.m. across all areas, a week after the US screening. The third season began airing on October 9, 2008, and","title":"Heroes (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"7846373","text":"Volume 4 began airing on April 23, 2009. Because of low ratings, it was pushed back half-an-hour to 11:00 p.m. after \"Scrubs\" and the season concluded July 9, 2009. The Sci-Fi (available through Foxtel, Optus TV and Austar) screened season two re-runs in late 2009. From June 2010, season three is screening on the Sci-Fi Channel in Australia. Season four aired, approximately one month behind the USA, on Seven's new digital channel 7Two, on November 4, 2009 at the new time of Wednesdays 8:30 p.m. It started with the double premiere and had double episode runs instead of one episode","title":"Heroes (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"20766124","text":"Academia\" manga would be inspiring an anime film in the third quarter of 2018. Horikoshi is supervising the film, and is credited for the original work and character designs. Kenji Nagasaki is returning to direct the film at studio Bones based on a script written by Yōsuke Kuroda. Yoshihiko Umakoshi provides the character designs for the film, and Yuki Hayashi is composing the music. The film is distributed in Japan by Toho. The film's title and release date were revealed during a stage presentation at AnimeJapan on March 25, 2018. On April 10, 2018, it was announced that Mirai Shida","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"19721949","text":"The series officially premiered on September 23, 2017, coinciding with the original show's 30th anniversary. On May 1, 2018, the show moved to the Disney Channel, with new episodes airing on Fridays beginning May 4, 2018. In Canada, the pilot premiered on Disney XD on August 12 and the full series started on September 23, 2017. In Australia and New Zealand, the show premiered on Disney Channel on October 13, 2017. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the pilot premiered on Disney Channel on November 4, 2017. The full series debuted on March 1, 2018 on Disney XD. In Indonesia,","title":"DuckTales (2017 TV series)"},{"id":"20766116","text":"of the island's security system during the party and threatens to kill its residents. He also restrains all of the pro-heroes attending, including All Might, and takes David and his assistant Sam hostage in order to break into the island's vault. As they were running late, Midoriya, Melissa, Iida, Todoroki, Yaoyorozu, Uraraka, Jirō, Mineta, and Kaminari are not restrained alongside the pro-heroes at the party and, in order to take back control of the security system, decide to access it by reaching the 200th floor of the building the party is hosted at. At the same time, Bakugō and Kirishima","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"18858317","text":"a series of invented scenes bearing no relation to the truth.\" The series's first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2016. The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4, 2016. The second season was released on December 8, 2017. The third season is expected to be released in 2019. Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 16, 2017 and released worldwide on November 7, 2017. Season 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 22, 2018 and was","title":"The Crown (TV series)"},{"id":"18778093","text":"on November 24, 2016. The remaining 10 episodes of the third season aired from January 21, 2017 to February 18, 2017. Four special episodes aired from June 26, 2017 to June 29, 2017, marking the end of the series. There is an English-language version of the series being broadcast in Middle Eastern regions, Nordic countries, Hungary and Czech Republic, and South Africa. In South Africa, Season 1 first aired from March 3, 2016 to May 26, 2016; Season 2 from July 7, 2016 to November 3, 2016; Season 3 Part 1 from April 3, 2017 to April 14, 2017; and","title":"Alex & Co."},{"id":"20766128","text":"October 17, 2018 in Singapore and Indonesia respectively. The film was acquired by Pioneer Films in the Philippines, with an initial fan screening occurring on October 16, 2018 and three additional advance screenings on October 20, following a delayed wider release, originally slated for October 17. Viz Media Europe acquired the rights to the film for French, German, and Italian-speaking regions of Europe. \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\" will be released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 13, 2019 in Japan by Toho Pictures. The release will be offered in standard editions, as well as a \"Plus Ultra\" limited edition.","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"16347571","text":"aired. In a similar manner, a 12-episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015. It began airing from 10 May 2016. Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July. The twelve-part series premiered on 4 April 2017. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019. On 5 December 2018, it was","title":"Wentworth (TV series)"},{"id":"18433091","text":") are the norm, Izuku Midoriya has dreams of one day becoming a Hero, despite being bullied by his classmates for not having a Quirk. After being the only one to try and save his childhood friend Katsuki Bakugo from a villain, All Might, the world's greatest Hero, bestows upon him his own Quirk \"One For All\". The story follows Izuku's entrance into , a school that cultivates the next generation of superheroes. As Izuku and his new friends try to balance their Hero training with ordinary school duties, they must face new challenges including the League of Villains, an","title":"My Hero Academia"},{"id":"20318973","text":"it moved to CTV for its fourth and final season, consisting of eight episodes. The first season originally aired from January 29 to April 2, 2014, while the second season aired from January 19 to March 23, 2015. A third season premiered on June 20, 2016, concluding on August 22, and the fourth season premiered on July 31, 2017, and concluded on September 18. In the United States, the series airs on the streaming service Acorn TV, with the first season premiering on January 18, 2016, the second on May 16, the third on October 24, and the fourth on","title":"19-2 (2014 TV series)"},{"id":"9854100","text":"aired on June 21, 2010. The 19 episodes that aired June–August 2009 and March–June 2010 were released collectively as a third and final season. UK: Season 1 began on More4 on Monday 29 August 2009 at 11:00 P.M. Season 2 began after a considerable gap on Thursday 26 January 2012 at 10:35 P.M. Portugal: Season 1 and 2 already have been broadcast on Fox Life. The third season is currently airing on Fox Next which is also rerunning the previous two seasons. In Australia, Season 1 has just begun airing on 9 August 2011 on Channel 10 at midnight most","title":"Saving Grace (TV series)"},{"id":"2251091","text":"while \"Season Two\" was released on 7 August 2007. The sets are now currently out-of-print and no subsequent seasons have been made available on region 1. In the United Kingdom, Series Three was the only series to receive a home video release. The \"Complete Series 3\" was released on VHS on 7 October 2002 via IMC Vision, while two DVD sets, \"Volume 1\" (episodes 1–5 of Series 3), and \"Volume 2\" (episodes 6–10 of Series 3) were also released on 7 October 2002. A DVD set containing \"Complete Series 3\" was additionally made available from IMC Vision on 14 May","title":"My Hero (UK TV series)"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"20766119","text":"the very top. At the top of the tower, they discover David and Sam in the vault as they unlock a suitcase. It is revealed that David and Sam orchestrated the night's events with actors in order to steal back their greatest invention - a headset that maximizes the power of a person's Quirk. I-Island's top men decided that it was too dangerous, took their invention and research away, and locked it up so it wouldn't end up in the wrong hands. Deciding that All Might needed it to remain a hero and keep the world safe, David decided to","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"19539166","text":"They planned to develop this series at least until 5 seasons, then the films will follow. The first episode was broadcast on April 8, 2016, with the second and third episodes shown on April 15 and April 22 respectively. It is shown every Friday, at 5:30 p.m. on TV3. Fourth, fifth and sixth episodes shown on July 22, July 29, and August 5 respectively. Seventh to ninth episodes are shown on October 28, 2016 for three consecutive weeks. Tenth to twelfth episodes are shown on December 30, 2016, January 6 and January 13, 2017. Thirteenth episode (last episode of Season","title":"Ejen Ali"},{"id":"16665886","text":"Romantic Comedy Is Wrong, As I Expected\", Haru Onodera in \"Nisekoi\", and Moa in \"Show by Rock!!\". In 2016, Sakura played the roles of Ochako Uraraka in \"My Hero Academia\", Rena Asteria in \"\", and Ryoka Narusawa in \"Occultic;Nine\". In 2017, she played the roles of Hikari Tsuneki in \"Seiren\", Phoena in \"Chain Chronicle\", and Shizuku Hanaoka in \"Welcome to the Ballroom\". In 2018, Sakura shared the Best Supporting Actress Award at the 12th Seiyu Awards with fellow I'm Enterprise voice actress Saori Ōnishi. She also played the roles of Yū Ōsawa in \"Ms. Koizumi Loves Ramen Noodles\" and Saiko","title":"Ayane Sakura"},{"id":"16736792","text":"finale to properly conclude the series, to air on December 20, 2018. Season 1 aired on NBC in the U.S. and on Global in Canada on Monday nights at 10 p.m. Eastern and Pacific (9 p.m. Central). Season 2 aired on NBC and Global on Sunday nights at 10 p.m. EST/PST. (9 p.m. CST). Episodes can also be streamed online through NBC and Global's respective websites, as well as on Netflix in some countries. Episodes can also be streamed on Hulu in the United States. Starting from December 14, 2016, it aired in the UK on E4 every Wednesday at","title":"Timeless (TV series)"},{"id":"20145867","text":"Super Ma'am Super Ma'am (International title: \"My Teacher, My Hero\") is a 2017 Philippine television drama action fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Lord Alvin Madridejos and Albert Langitan, it stars Marian Rivera in the title role. It premiered on September 18, 2017 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing \"Mulawin vs. Ravena\" and occupying the timeslot of \"Alyas Robin Hood\" and aired worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV. The series concluded on January 26, 2018 with a total of 95 episodes. It was replaced by \"Sherlock Jr.\" in its timeslot. Originally titled as \"The Good Teacher\", it was","title":"Super Ma'am"},{"id":"20841684","text":"episode, ranging from five days until broadcast to when the episode began airing. At time of the episode's initial announcement, it was stated that the episode would air in August 2018. On 24 July 2018, it was confirmed that the episode would air on 11 August. The episode premiered on BBC One at 21:10 and was available to watch on BBC iPlayer for thirty days after its broadcast. Official ratings from the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board showed that 5.51 million people had watched the episode on BBC One and BBC iPlayer within 7 days of the original broadcast. Within 28","title":"Episode 1094"},{"id":"20446382","text":"Justin Briner Justin Briner is an American voice actor. He has provided voices for a number of English-language dubs of Japanese anime films and television series, primarily with those affiliated with the Funimation simuldub service. Briner is known for voicing lead and main characters in \"Seraph of the End\", \"Heavy Object\", \"My Hero Academia\", \"\", and \"Trickster\". He also voiced the main character's love interest Ichi in the 2015 video game \"Cibele\". Briner was born and raised in Maryland. He attended University of North Texas and studied theater prior to finding voice-acting work. In 2015, he starred as the voice","title":"Justin Briner"},{"id":"19125144","text":"through November 12. The second chapter began streaming in January 2018. CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries. In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on Crave; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z. Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and Crave, with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access. In the other countries, Netflix will","title":"Star Trek: Discovery"},{"id":"19939298","text":"August 2016. The series started filming in Salt Lake City in September 2016, and finished filming in December 2016. The first episode became available on the Disney Channel App, On-Demand, Disney Channel's YouTube, iTunes, Amazon, and Google Play on March 10, 2017, while the second episode became available the same day via Disney Channel On-Demand as well as to subscribers using the Disney Channel App. The series premiered on Disney Channel on April 7, 2017. A total of 13 episodes were ordered for the first season; however, only 12 episodes were aired. Disney Channel renewed the series for a second","title":"Andi Mack"},{"id":"20766132","text":"praising the film as enjoyable, though criticizing the lack of development within the world of \"My Hero Academia\". A one-shot spin-off manga of \"My Hero Academia\", focusing on one of the film's original characters, Melissa Shield, was published in 2018's 35th issue of Shueisha's \"Weekly Shōnen Jump\" magazine on July 30, 2018. The manga is illustrated by Yōkō Akiyama. My Hero Academia: Two Heroes All Might is invited to a summer trip at \"I-Island\", a man-made island where the top scientists of the world reside and perform research on Quirks, superpowers that 80% of the world's population has. He takes","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"18959423","text":"3, 2017, and concluded on June 5, 2017. It began airing in the United States on July 20, 2018, and concluded on September 28, 2018. On October 2, 2018, it was announced that Cinemax had officially cancelled the series. Fox International Studios and Robert Kirkman developed the television series before the comic book was published. Cinemax picked up the United States rights for the project after the script was done. The series is produced by Fox International Studios for Cinemax in the United States and Fox international channels outside of the country. Robert Kirkman's Skybound Entertainment is also a producer","title":"Outcast (TV series)"},{"id":"19539168","text":"October 6 and October 13 respectively. Just like Season 1, It is shown every Friday, at 5:30 p.m. on TV3, Fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth episodes shown on November 17, November 24, December 1 and December 8 respectively. Episode nine to eleven aired from February 9 to February 23, 2018. The twelfth episode was released on March 23, 2018. Thirteenth episode (last episode of Season 2) was released on March 30, making 26 episodes total. These characters are the agents of M.A.T.A (\"Meta Advance Tactical Agency\"), a secret spy organization that possess advanced technologies and is responsible for keeping the peace","title":"Ejen Ali"},{"id":"20766131","text":"() in its opening weekend, entering the box office charts at number nine during the week ending November 18, 2018. In Argentina and Mexico, ranked eighth on its first weekend of release. Worldwide, the film has grossed a total of as of November 18, 2018. Reception from critics have been generally positive. The \"Los Angeles Times\" described the film as \"a high-energy blend of heroism, comedy, friendship and take-no-prisoners battles\", praising Briner's role as Deku, saying \"Briner keeps the character likable and believable\". Miranda Sanchez from IGN stated that \"\"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\" is fun but lacks interesting stakes\",","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"20766115","text":"also revealed to be on the island working as waiters. After spending the day enjoying the island's various events, Melissa invites Mineta and Kaminari to join them at a formal party that everyone else was invited to. Before the party, Melissa reveals to Midoriya that she is Quirkless like (unbeknownst to her) he once was. She also realizes his Quirk is similar to All Might's, and gives him a gauntlet she had designed that allows him to not get hurt when using his powers at 100%. Meanwhile, Wolfram, a mysterious villain who secretly arrived on the island prior, takes control","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"19651058","text":"on 14 November 2016 in South Africa, on Nickelodeon and TuTy in Czech Republic and on MBC 3 in the Middle East and North Africa starting October 2017. It also began airing on POP OTO & POP TV in Slovenia starting in January 2018, and on RTL Kockica in Croatia, starting on February 5, 2018. Regal Academy Regal Academy is an Italian animated series created by Iginio Straffi and produced by the studio Rainbow S.r.l.. It premiered on Rai YoYo on May 21, 2016. In the United States, it began airing on Nickelodeon on August 13, 2016. In Canada, it","title":"Regal Academy"},{"id":"10409720","text":"participate in their first ever ArenaBowl XXI. Doug Kay started his second season as head coach of the Destroyers. Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring","title":"2007 Columbus Destroyers season"},{"id":"2150504","text":"Guy\", \"American Dad!\", \"Bob's Burgers\", \"Mission Hill\", \"The Cleveland Show\", \"The Oblongs\", \"Final Space\", \"King of the Hill\", and \"Futurama\" (the latter three series have since moved to Comedy Central, with \"Futurama\" also airing on Syfy). The channel additionally shows anime series. Since May 26, 2012, block-within-a-block Toonami broadcasts Saturday nights, with shows such as \"Dragon Ball Z Kai\", \"My Hero Academia\", \"\", \"\", \"Dragon Ball Super\", \"FLCL Alternative\", \"Attack on Titan\", \"\", \"Black Clover\", \"Hunter × Hunter\", \"One-Punch Man\", \"Lupin the Third Part IV\", and \"Cowboy Bebop\". Some Cartoon Network programming has also aired on Adult Swim, such as","title":"Adult Swim"},{"id":"16972912","text":"stating, \"there's enough depth to make each quick round surprisingly satisfying.\" Webster also noted that the game was best played with friends rather than anonymous players since this would ensure turns would finish without delay. Hero Academy 2 was soft launched in Canada on October 23, 2017. The official launch was January 16, 2018. The sequel was nominated for \"Best Multiplayer/Competitive Game\" at the 2018 Webby Awards. Hero Academy Hero Academy is a two-player turn-based tactics video game created by the developer Robot Entertainment, known for their previous series \"Orcs Must Die!\". The game was first released for the iPhone","title":"Hero Academy"},{"id":"20174098","text":"The regular and recurring cast includes: On May 12, 2017, the show was ordered to series. The series premiered September 25, 2017, on CBS and was given a thirteen episode order. On November 1, 2017, CBS pulled the series from the schedule after six low-rated episodes, leaving seven episodes unaired, and announced that the series will remain in production for all thirteen episodes and would return to the schedule at a later date. On June 7, 2018 it was announced that the show would return to the schedule on July 7, 2018 and the remaining seven episodes would air over","title":"Me, Myself & I (TV series)"},{"id":"18479137","text":"the United Kingdom, with the first season added on Amazon Prime on October 16, 2015, and second-season episodes to be released immediately after initial broadcast in the United States. In Australia, the series premiered on Presto on August 14, 2015. Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the first three seasons on DVD and Blu-ray. The first season was released on January 12, 2016. It contains all 10 episodes, plus deleted scenes, gag reel, making-of featurette, and UltraViolet digital copies of the episodes. The second season was released on January 10, 2017. The third season was released on March 27, 2018. In","title":"Mr. Robot"},{"id":"19264160","text":"renewed the series for a 13-episode third season, which premiered on September 27, 2018. On December 4, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season. From the start of the series' second season in September 2017, Netflix distributed it to various international markets, with new episodes being released a few hours after their original American airing. The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 17, 2017. The second season was released on DVD on July 17, 2018. \"The Good Place\" has received positive reviews from television critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a","title":"The Good Place"},{"id":"17723282","text":"by three 30 minute episodes. In August 2016, the BBC announced that \"W1A\" would return for a third and final series, due to be produced and broadcast in 2017. Some filming with Jeremy Paxman took place in March. Series 3 began on 18 September 2017 on BBC Two. After the transmission of Episode 1 on BBC Two Episode 2 was made available on BBC iPlayer on 18 September 2017. Likewise after the transmission of Episode 3 on 2 October 2017 Episode 4 was made available online. This was repeated for episodes 5 and 6. W1A (TV series) W1A is a","title":"W1A (TV series)"},{"id":"17085085","text":"season on July 25, 2014, which began airing on March 13, 2015. It was renewed in July 2015 for a third season, and in March 2016 the second and third seasons were split in two, making a total of five seasons. The series premiered in the United States on November 4, 2013, on Cartoon Network with two episodes. In Canada, it began airing on Cartoon Network on November 11, 2013, and on Teletoon on April 24, 2014. It began airing on Cartoon Network channels in Australia on February 3, 2014, and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on May 12","title":"Steven Universe"},{"id":"14214931","text":"on Rai Gulp. The series aired on Ici Radio-Canada Télé in Canada, M6 in France, Cartoon Network in Spain, Okto in Singapore, Nickelodeon in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Sweden, NTV7 in Malaysia, Eleven in Australia in July, and TVNZ in New Zealand. In the United States, the series was added to Kabillion's VOD service. In the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, the series was streamed on the Nintendo 3DS on February 6, 2017. The third season debuted on Knowledge in Canada on June 30, 2018. Imavision released the first two seasons on DVD in both English and","title":"Geronimo Stilton (TV series)"},{"id":"2694103","text":"aired on channels including Ion Television, FamilyNet, and GMC. From May 2012 to 2013, TVGN aired the series. From May 29, 2018 to August 28, 2018, Heroes & Icons aired the show every Tuesday for eight straight episodes starting at 12PM/11AM central time. On September 3, 2018, Start TV launched and started airing the show every late night/early morning, seven days a week, for three straight episodes starting at 2AM/1AM central time. Early Edition has and continues to be broadcast in a number of countries outside the United States, For example, in Spain the show aired first on Canal+ and,","title":"Early Edition"},{"id":"18145214","text":"website, the NBC mobile app, and Hulu for a four-week period. The episodes are also televised in their normal weekly timeslot. In Australia, the series premiered on May 29, 2015 on streaming service Presto, with all 13 episodes being released for 28 days. Its later television debut on the Seven Network (which co-owns Presto) aired on August 26, 2015. Season 2 aired on the same day as the U.S., on Presto in Australia. Metacritic gives season 1 of \"Aquarius\" a score of 58/100 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Glenn Garvin of \"Reason\" praised the","title":"Aquarius (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"13714301","text":"Hero: 108 Hero: 108 is a British/Taiwanese/Canadian/Chinese animated television series that was aired on Cartoon Network and the Cartoon Network international cable network, and Kabillion OnDemand channel in the United States that was created by Yang-Ming Tarng. The series was produced by Taffy Entertainment, in association with Gamania, Hong Ying Animation, Telegael Teoranta, and Turner Entertainment Networks International Ltd. It premiered on March 1, 2010. The show was renewed for another season, which began airing on May 7, 2012, on Cartoon Network (Russia and Southeastern Europe), UK, April 30 on Cartoon Network Too, and on Cartoon Network in the United","title":"Hero: 108"},{"id":"19387443","text":"point onwards (at Lynch's insistence). Overall, the series consists of 18 episodes. It concluded on September 3, 2017, with a two-part finale. In the United Kingdom, Sky Atlantic simulcast the first two episodes beginning at 2:00 am British Summer Time on May 22, 2017, and the next two episodes were released on Sky UK's on-demand service after the premiere. In the Nordic countries, the series is broadcast on HBO Nordic, with the two-hour premiere airing on May 22, and subsequent episodes being made available the day after its U.S. airing. In Canada, the series is available on CraveTV and The","title":"Twin Peaks (2017 TV series)"},{"id":"17195764","text":"began streaming the first 13 episodes with an English dub as of June 30, 2017. The remaining 12 episodes began streaming as of August 15; but they were labeled as the show's second season. During interviews, Yoshinari said he wishes to create a second season that explores the history of characters like Diana Cavendish and Amanda O'Neill. The director also wants to create an anime spinoff series focused on the witch Shiny Chariot. He even suggested that the \"Night Fall\" (or \"Naito Foru\") books in the anime might work as a standalone anime series. A video game developed by A+","title":"Little Witch Academia"},{"id":"13660209","text":"be reopened on June 4th, 2015. A new plaque design will be revealed along with the induction of artists Jack White and Loretta Lynn. Honorees are inducted twice annually, in the spring and fall. November 2006 inductees: April 2007 inductees: November 2007 inductees: April 2008 inductees: November 2008, inductees: April 2009 inductees: November 2009 inductees: November 2010 inductees: May 2011 inductees: October 2011 inductee: November 2011 inductees: June 2012 inductees: September 2012 inductees: June 2015 inductees: September 2015 inductees: October 2015 inductees: May 2016 inductees: October 2016 inductees: April 2017 inductees: September 2017 inductees: October 2017 inductee: August 2018 inductees:","title":"Music City Walk of Fame"},{"id":"14480602","text":"and ABC3 on 6 June 2010. The first series premiered on Germany's ZDF on 26 September 2010. Production of series two was officially green-lit by ABC and ZDF on 2 July 2010. Casting calls were issued on 14 September 2010, and principal photography in Sydney took place between 31 January and 4 August 2011. Series two premiered on ABC3 on 12 March 2012 and ran for 26 episodes, airing each week from Monday through Thursday, ending on 24 April. Screen Australia approved investment funding for a third series of 13 episodes on 5 December 2011. Filming began 27 August 2012,","title":"Dance Academy"},{"id":"16972911","text":"August 16 at the latest. The developers beat their deadline, releasing the game onto Steam on August 10. On December 11, 2012, a port of the game to the OS X platform was released via Steam. On October 10, 2013, a port of the game for Android has been released on Google Play. The game received predominantly positive reviews upon release, garnering a 77% rating on the review aggregation website Metacritic. \"Ars Technica\" reviewer Andrew Webster wrote that the gameplay was simple compared to other strategy games which made it easy to learn the rules, and he recommended the game","title":"Hero Academy"},{"id":"20766113","text":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes All Might is invited to a summer trip at \"I-Island\", a man-made island where the top scientists of the world reside and perform research on Quirks, superpowers that 80% of the world's population has. He takes Izuku Midoriya as his guest and reminds him not to reveal to his good friend, former partner, and top scientist Professor David Shield the secret about their shared Quirk: One for All. After they arrive, they are greeted by Melissa Shield, David's daughter and a student of the island's academy hoping to be a scientist just like her father.","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"20285267","text":"App on August 27, 2018 and debuting on television on September 1, 2018; starting with the third episode, subsequent episodes are released in advance on Fridays on the Cartoon Network App before the television broadcast. In Canada, the series premiered on Teletoon on September 16, 2018 and YTV on September 28, 2018. Internationally, the series premiered on RTL 7 in the Netherlands on September 2, 2018, on Cartoon Network on September 29, 2018 in Australia, October 2, 2018 in Latin America, October 27, 2018 in India, Central and Eastern Europe, and the United Kingdom, and on Gulli on October 7,","title":"Transformers: Cyberverse"},{"id":"3128831","text":"and films which are as follows in order of airing: \"Halo 4\" (November 10, 2012), \"Oblivion\" (April 6 and 13 2013), \"Pacific Rim\" (July 6, 2013), \"Xbox One\" (November 23, 2013), \"The Amazing Spider-Man 2\" (April 26, 2014), \"\" (November 29, 2014), \"Chappie\" (February 28, 2015), \"\" (August 1, 2015), \"The Martian\" (September 26, 2015), \"Hardcore Henry\" (April 2, 2016), \"\" (June 18, 2016), \"Suicide Squad\" (July 23, 2016), \"Titanfall 2\" (October 29, 2016), \"\" (December 10, 2016), \"\" (December 17, 2016), \"\" (February 4, 2017), \"Horizon Zero Dawn\" (February 25, 2017), \"Ghost in the Shell\" (March 25, 2017), \"\"","title":"Toonami"},{"id":"19313870","text":"K.O.! Let's Be Heroes\" had its worldwide television premiere in the US on Cartoon Network on August 1, 2017, and aired on sister network Boomerang from August 7 to September 1, 2017. In Canada, it premiered on August 1 on Cartoon Network and on September 4 on Teletoon. In Africa, the shorts were released on September 11 and the full series premiered on November 18, 2017. It premiered in the UK and Ireland on October 9, 2017. It premiered in Australia and New Zealand and the Philippines on January 6, 2018 and in Southeast Asia on January 20, 2018. A","title":"OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes"},{"id":"20766122","text":"metal parts and debris that traps David inside it. He overpowers All Might further with multiple Quirks and reveals that he is in league with All for One, who gave Wolfram additional Quirks and helped fuel David's fall from grace in an attempt to demoralize All Might. The rest of the students soon arrive on the roof to help All Might, and Midoriya and All Might work together to finish the fight. The two throw a final punch together that is ultimately strong enough to defeat Wolfram and free David. As the sun rises, David and All Might reflect on","title":"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes"},{"id":"1450944","text":"Common year starting on Monday A common year starting on Monday is any non-leap year (i.e., a year with 365 days) that begins on Monday, 1 January, and ends on Monday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is G. The current year, 2018, is a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar. The last such year was 2007 and the next such year will be 2029, or likewise, 2013 and 2019 in the obsolete Julian calendar. The century year, 1900, was also a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar. See below for more. Any common","title":"Common year starting on Monday"},{"id":"19568631","text":"27 August. A post screening session was conducted at Dakota Crescent's Care and Friends Centre. The cast of Hero - Shaun Chen, Jesseca Liu, Chen Hanwei, Bonnie Loo, Paige Chua, Ian Fang, Sheila Sim, Youyi, He Yingying, Aileen Tan, Brandon Wong and Jin Yinji were present. The first episode of the show was also broadcast there. The series has the most nominations in Star Awards 2017. The other drama serials that are nominated for Star Awards 2017 are You Can Be an Angel 2 , C.L.I.F. 4, Fire Up & The Dream Job. It won 2 out of 10 nominations.","title":"Hero (2016 TV series)"},{"id":"20168344","text":"Aviv and at other locations in Israel. The first season was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017. On January 18, 2018, the official Greenhouse Academy Instagram account announced that season 2 would be released on Netflix on February 14, 2018. The series was \"quietly\" renewed for a third season in March 2018. In September 2018, the role of Brooke Osmond was recast with Danika Yarosh, after Grace Van Dien was cast in \"The Village\" which was picked up to series by NBC for the 2018–19 U.S. television season. Greenhouse Academy Greenhouse Academy is a tween drama television series released","title":"Greenhouse Academy"},{"id":"19388005","text":"and Glenn Slater. On May 31, 2018, it was announced that the second season would premiere on June 24, 2018, and that the series had also been renewed for a third season. Additionally, it was also announced that the series would be re-titled as \"Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure\". Four mini-episodes were released weekly in May 2017: \"Check Mate\" on May 5, \"Prison Bake\" on May 12, \"Make Me Smile\" on May 19, and \"Hare Peace\" on May 26. A fifth, \"Night Bite,\" was released on Disney Channel's YouTube channel on June 25, 2018. A sixth, \"Hiccup Fever\", was released on July","title":"Tangled: The Series"},{"id":"19914274","text":"The opening theme is by Yuri Komagata, while the ending theme for the first 22 episodes is by Kanako Miyamoto. For the other 27 episodes, a second ending theme is used called by Miyamoto. The music of the series is composed by Yuki Hayashi (\"My Hero Academia\", \"Haikyū!!\", \"Gundam Build Fighters\"). The first single of the series was released on March 1, 2017 along with the first official soundtrack on May 31, 2017 titled \"Precure Sound Decoration!!\". A second official soundtrack for the series was released on November 29, 2017 with the title \"Precure Sound Go Round!!\". A vocal best","title":"Kirakira PreCure a la Mode"},{"id":"20215522","text":"2017, the majority of the supporting cast was announced. In September 2017, Joe Alwyn and Madelyn Cline joined the cast as well, and principal photography on the film began September 8, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia. In April 2018, re-shoots took place. The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 1, 2018. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, first for the press and industry on September 8, 2018, and then for the public on September 11, 12, and 15. The film was initially scheduled for release on September 28, 2018, but was pushed","title":"Boy Erased"},{"id":"18263192","text":"Clifford Chapin Clifford S. Chapin IV (born January 29, 1988) is an American voice actor and director at Funimation. Chapin is known for his roles in anime and video games, such as Ichijo Takayanagi from \"Red Data Girl,\" Connie Springer from \"Attack on Titan,\" Shingo Wakamoto from \"Prison School, Kukulkan\" in \"Smite,\" Hideyoshi Nagachika from \"Tokyo Ghoul,\" and Katsuki Bakugo from \"My Hero Academia.\" Chapin won the \"VNs Now\" award Best Male VA of 2013 for his role of David Sawicki in \"Yousei\" by Sakevisual. He also worked as a production assistant for \"Toddlers and Tiaras\", \"NBC Nightly News\", \"Disaster","title":"Clifford Chapin"},{"id":"15783477","text":"Community (season 3) The third season of the television comedy series \"Community\" premiered on September 22, 2011 and concluded on May 17, 2012 on NBC. The season consists of 22 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET as part of the network's \"Comedy Night Done Right\" programming block. Note: The episode listing below is how they appear on the season 3 DVD, and not their original broadcast order. Episodes 3 and 4, and 11 and 12 were switched around in their original broadcast, but appear in production and chronological order on the DVD set. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The series was","title":"Community (season 3)"},{"id":"14299906","text":"for a 24-episode eleventh season (and third season on The CW) which started airing on April 17, 2015. On August 11, 2015, the series was renewed for a twelfth season (fourth on The CW) to start airing May 23, 2016. On October 24, 2016, The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season (fifth season on The CW) to start airing May 29, 2017. On October 26, 2017, The CW renewed the show for a fourteenth season (sixth season on the CW). The first two episodes aired June 4, 2018. On October 9, 2018, The CW renewed the show for","title":"Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"17014831","text":"the series was given an additional 44-episode order. The second half of season 5 premiered on June 20, 2017 and ended with the season finale on September 12, 2017. On November 21, 2017, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on January 9, 2018, and the 1st mid-season finale aired March 13, 2018 and on March 13, 2018, OWN also announced the second half of the season, which premiered on May 1, 2018 and with the 2nd mid-season finale July 17, 2018. On July 17, 2018, OWN announced the third half of the season, which premiered on","title":"The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)"},{"id":"18474435","text":"Johnson, and Scott Porter were confirmed to continue voicework for the new season. The game supports the new Crowd Play feature that Telltale introduced in \"\", allowing up to 2,000 audience members to vote on decisions for the player using Twitch or other streaming services. On August 3, 2017, Telltale announced that Episode 2, \"Giant Consequences\", was released on August 15. On September 19, 2017, Episode 3 \"Jailhouse Block\" was released. The fourth episode, \"Below the Bedrock\", was released on November 7, 2017. The fifth episode and season finale, \"Above And Beyond\" was released on December 19, 2017. \"Minecraft: Story","title":"Minecraft: Story Mode"},{"id":"20318974","text":"September 22, 2017. Spike UK aired the series in the United Kingdom for the first two seasons. The complete first season was first released on DVD in Region 1 on April 26, 2016, with the complete second season released on August 30, 2016, the complete third season released on December 13, 2016, and the complete fourth season is scheduled to be released on November 7, 2017. CraveTV has exclusive Canadian streaming rights to the series, with all episodes available on the video on demand service and new episodes of the fourth season available one day earlier, 10 p.m. on Sunday,","title":"19-2 (2014 TV series)"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"19475889","text":"to broadcast the series in the United States, where it is presented as an original series for the network. The first half of the second season premiered in Canada on May 25 and concluded on July 20, 2017. The second half aired in the summer of 2018. On September 21, 2017, Global ordered a 12 episode third season set to start production in spring 2018. Shooting has been underway, including at Queens Quay. Private Eyes (TV series) Private Eyes (formerly known as \"The Code\") is a Canadian comedy-drama television series created by Tim Kilby and Shelley Eriksen that stars Jason","title":"Private Eyes (TV series)"},{"id":"7846362","text":"in the 2006 \"Time\" magazine's Person of the Year issue under \"People Who Mattered\". The pilot episode generated 14.3 million viewers, with the season high topping out at 16.03 million viewers for episode 9. When the series returned from hiatus on January 22, 2007, the ratings averaged about the same as the pilot with 14.9 million viewers. When the show went on a second hiatus during the first season, from March 4, 2007 to April 23, 2007 (7 weeks), ratings hit a new low; the lowest being 11.14 million viewers during part one of the three part finale, \"The Hard","title":"Heroes (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"17297171","text":"My Hero (U.S. TV series) My Hero is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC on Saturday nights from November 8, 1952, to June 20, 1953, under the sponsorship of Dunhill cigarettes. It was also shown in Melbourne, Australia, on ABV-2 during 1956/1957. The series appears to have entered the public domain, with several episodes viewable on the Internet Archive. Most of these episodes are syndication copies which run about 24 minutes; The original broadcasts had featured a somewhat elaborate opening sequence involving well-dressed people entering a theater, including a sponsor I.D. (as can be seen on the episode","title":"My Hero (U.S. TV series)"},{"id":"18549245","text":"Tanner and Tammy Macintosh joined the cast as inmate Jodie Spiteri, psychologist Bridget Westfall and vigilante Karen Proctor, respectively. AACTA Awards (2015) Australian Writers' Guild Awards (2015 & 2016) Logie Awards (2016) The third season of \"Wentworth\" is available on both DVD and Blu-ray formats in Australia and Germany, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom and the United States. Wentworth (season 3) The third season of the television drama series \"Wentworth\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 7 April 2015. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season three","title":"Wentworth (season 3)"},{"id":"4241537","text":"Thursday nights on FOX. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2001-02: 2002–03 United States network television schedule This was the United States broadcast television schedule on all six commercial television networks for the fall season beginning in September 2002. All times are Eastern and Pacific, with certain exceptions, such as \"Monday Night Football\". New series are highlighted in bold.","title":"2002–03 United States network television schedule"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"18433090\",\n \"text\": \"My Hero Academia The manga was adapted into an anime television series by Bones. Its first season aired in Japan from April 3 to June 26, 2016, followed by a second season from April 1 to September 30, 2017, then a third season from April 7 to September 29, 2018, and an animated film titled \\\"\\\" was released on August 3 of that year. The series has been licensed for English-language release by Viz Media and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology \\\"Weekly Shonen Jump\\\" on February 9, 2015. In a world where people with superpowers (known as\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433095\",\n \"text\": \"Sony Pictures UK handling subsequent seasons after the acquisition of Funimation by Sony Pictures Television. In Australia and New Zealand, the series is distributed by Universal Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, on behalf of Funimation. A second season was announced in the \\\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\\\" magazine's 30th issue of 2016. It premiered on April 1, 2017 on NTV and YTV, and ended on September 30, 2017, with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles. The first opening theme is performed by Kenshi Yonezu and the first ending theme is , performed by Little Glee Monster.\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433097\",\n \"text\": \"announced in the 44th issue of \\\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\\\" magazine of 2018. This was later confirmed with the airing of the final episode to season three on September 29, 2018. On December 19, 2018, the \\\"My Hero Academia\\\" website confirmed a release date of October 2019, along with a key visual. An anime film was announced in December 2017 and features an original story set after the manga's \\\"Final Exam\\\" arc. Titled , the film had its world premiere at Anime Expo on July 5, 2018, and the Japanese theatrical release began screening on August 3, 2018, with the staff\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433096\",\n \"text\": \"The second opening theme is performed by amazarashi and the ending theme is by LiSA. A third season was announced in the 44th issue of \\\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\\\" magazine of 2017. The English dub premiered on April 7, 2018. The first opening theme is \\\"Odd Future\\\" by Uverworld, while the first ending theme is by Miwa. The second opening theme is \\\"Make my Story\\\" by Lenny Code Fiction and the second ending theme is by Masaki Suda. On April 19, 2018, Funimation announced that the series would air on Cartoon Network's Toonami starting on May 5. A fourth season was\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433094\",\n \"text\": \"written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and feature character designs by Yoshikiko Umakoshi and music composed by Yuki Hayashi. The anime premiered on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in the Nichigo time slot at 5 P.M. on Sundays in Japan. The opening theme is \\\"The Day\\\", performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is \\\"Heroes\\\", performed by Brian the Sun. In March 2016, Funimation Entertainment announced they had licensed the international rights for streaming services, home and broadcast release, and the merchandise rights. Universal Pictures UK distributed the first season in the United Kingdom on behalf of Funimation, with\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766127\",\n \"text\": \"2018. The film premiered in Australia at Madman Anime Festival Melbourne on September 15, 2018, with Madman Entertainment screening a wider release on September 27, 2018 in Australia, and October 17, 2018 in New Zealand. The film premiered in the United Kingdom at Scotland Loves Anime in Glasgow on October 13, 2018, with Manga Entertainment providing a wider theatrical release in the UK and Ireland from December 4, 2018. The film was also distributed theatrically in Singapore and Indonesia through Odex, with limited screenings on October 6 and October 13, 2018 respectively; and wide releases beginning from October 11 and\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18943876\",\n \"text\": \"Man\\\" and \\\"Prison School\\\", and in October 2016 by \\\"Tokyo Ghoul\\\" 's 2 OVA and \\\"All Out!!\\\", in December 2016 by \\\"Parasyte\\\" and \\\"Death Parade\\\", in June 2017 by \\\"The Dragon Dentist\\\", in July 2017 by \\\"Drifters\\\" and the last 6 episodes of \\\"Hellsing Ultimate\\\", in October 2017 by \\\"\\\" and the second season of \\\"Attack on Titan\\\". In May 2018, \\\"Kill La Kill\\\" premiered on the platform, followed by \\\"My Hero Academia\\\" in August 2018. VVVVID VVVVID is an Italian video on demand service and a virtual community, with an offering that includes international movies, anime, series, music videos,\",\n \"title\": \"VVVVID\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433101\",\n \"text\": \"season of \\\"My Hero Academia\\\" delivers thirteen episodes of fantastic action, elevated by a heartfelt story that's wrapped around a core cast of memorable and relatable characters.\\\" Osborn went on to state that the villains were underdeveloped. The manga won the Sugoi Japan Award in 2017. It also won the \\\"Japan Expo Awards\\\" in the same year. Due to the popularity of the series, characters of \\\"My Hero Academia\\\" were used to promote the Marvel Studios film \\\"\\\". My Hero Academia The manga was adapted into an anime television series by Bones. Its first season aired in Japan from April\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766126\",\n \"text\": \"manga by Horikoshi titled \\\"Vol. Origin All Might: Rising\\\", as well as character profiles and a \\\"secret dialogue\\\" between Horikoshi and Eiichiro Oda. Viz Media later published the \\\"All Might: Rising\\\" manga digitally on September 19, 2018. The film will receive 4D screenings in Japan, premiering on January 11, 2019. \\\"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\\\" has been licensed in North America, Australasia, and the British Isles by Funimation, who premiered the English dub in Los Angeles on September 15, 2018, and a wider theatrical release in 400 theaters in the United States and Canada from September 25 through October 2,\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433093\",\n \"text\": \"Viz Media's Weekly Shōnen Jump. As of August 7, 2018, 14 volumes have been released. A spin-off series, \\\"My Hero Academia: Vigilantes\\\", began being published by \\\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\\\" in 2017. The series is licensed for the English language release in North America by Viz Media. The first volume was released in English on July 3, 2018. On October 29, 2015, the series' official Twitter announced that \\\"My Hero Academia\\\" would receive an anime adaptation produced by Studio Bones. With the anime announced, Toho registered the domain name \\\"heroaca.com\\\" as the anime's website. The anime is directed by Kenji Nagasaki,\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766123\",\n \"text\": \"how Melissa and Midoriya are the next generation of heroes and how the world will be in good hands even after All Might's Quirk is gone. During the credits, scenes are shown of the students and All Might enjoying a barbecue on the island after their victory with the rest of the students from their class Class 1-A, who were also on I-Island when the events of the film happened. Melissa also visits David, who is now in the hospital recovering while the police watch over him. On December 11, 2017, \\\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\\\" announced that Kōhei Horikoshi's \\\"My Hero\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766125\",\n \"text\": \"would be joining the cast as Melissa Shield and Katsuhisa Namase would play David Shield, both original characters. On June 11, 2018, \\\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\\\" announced that Rikiya Koyama had been cast as the film's villain, Wolfram. Masaki Suda performs the film's theme song , which was written and composed by Hiromu Akita of amazarashi. Funimation and Toho premiered the film at Anime Expo in Los Angeles on July 5, 2018, and it was later released in Japan on August 3 of that year. The first one million audience members to see the movie will receive a special book containing\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433092\",\n \"text\": \"evil organization established by All Might's archenemy, All For One, to destroy all Heroes and take control of society. \\\"My Hero Academia\\\" is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi. It began its serialization in the manga magazine \\\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\\\" in July 2014. As of September 4, 2018, the series been collected into twenty \\\"tankōbon\\\" volumes. The series is licensed for the English language release in North America by Viz Media, who published the first volume on August 4, 2015. As the series is published in Japan, it is also released simultaneously in English digitally by\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10411020\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Nashville Kats season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409773\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Dallas Desperados season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409878\",\n \"text\": \"Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th\",\n \"title\": \"2007 New York Dragons season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433099\",\n \"text\": \"video game, titled \\\"My Hero One's Justice\\\", was released for PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on October 26, 2018. Izuku Midoriya is set to make an appearance in the crossover game \\\"Jump Force\\\". The manga was nominated for the 8th Manga Taishō in 2015. It was nominated for the 40th Kodansha Manga Award for \\\"shōnen\\\" category in 2016. Before the anime adaptation's premiere, manga author Masashi Kishimoto praised Kōhei Horikoshi's work, believing it would be a success overseas; Horikoshi, meanwhile, has cited Kishimoto's \\\"Naruto\\\" series as a primary source of inspiration. Volume 1 reached the 7th\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409701\",\n \"text\": \"3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter:\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Orlando Predators season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7874466\",\n \"text\": \"their 4th \\\"Men's Festival\\\" concert recording entitled \\\"Uverworld King's Parade 2017 Saitama Super Arena\\\". On May 2, 2018, they released 32nd single titled \\\"Odd Future\\\" which was chosen as the first opening theme for the third season of the anime series \\\"My Hero Academia\\\". It peaked at number three on the Oricon chart, and reached fifth place on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Japan Hot 100. On November 7, 2018, they released a new single \\\"Good and Evil / Eden e\\\". \\\"Good and Evil\\\" was used for the Japanese dubbed version of Marvel's film \\\"Venom\\\" which was theatrically released in Japan on November\",\n \"title\": \"Uverworld\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10416126\",\n \"text\": \"Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Attendance:\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Utah Blaze season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19377323\",\n \"text\": \"20, 2017 and in the UK and Ireland on November 30, 2017. The series formally premieres with two new episodes on Disney Channel on June 9, 2018, followed by two more new episodes on June 10, 2018, with weekly premieres every Saturday through September starting on June 16, 2018 with episodes airing at 7 a.m. starting on September 8. Big Hero 6: The Series Big Hero 6: The Series is an American superhero comedy animated television series, produced by Disney Television Animation and developed by \\\"Kim Possible\\\" creators Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley. The series is based on Disney's 2014\",\n \"title\": \"Big Hero 6: The Series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14480603\",\n \"text\": \"ended filming 27 November 2012. On 5 June 2013, Alicia Banit and Thomas Lacey appeared on ABC3's \\\"Studio 3\\\" to announce the series 3 premiere on 8 July 2013. The show is available on streaming sites, including Hulu.com and Netflix.com. Entire episodes of all three seasons are also available, for free, on the show's official YouTube channel, however it is not available in Australia. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation has released all episodes from series one through three on DVD—with series one and two across four volumes and series three over two—as well as series collections and a complete series one\",\n \"title\": \"Dance Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5789134\",\n \"text\": \"2017 on MTV. The 10th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from November 30, 2017 to March 1, 2018 on MTV. The 11th season will consist of 22 episodes and premiered on March 15, 2018 on MTV, two weeks after the end of Season 10. The season resumed on July 12, 2018. The 12th season will consist of 26 episodes and premiered on August 17, 2018 on MTV. The 13th season had filmed in Atlanta from October 29 to November 11, 2018 and will air sometime in 2019 on MTV. Wild 'n Out Nick Cannon Presents:\",\n \"title\": \"Wild 'n Out\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19539167\",\n \"text\": \"1) has been shown on March 3. An English dub of the show premiered December 15, 2017 on Disney Channel Asia. It also premiered on Nickelodeon Sonic in India on July 16, 2018; however it was abruptly taken off the schedule nearly two weeks later for unknown reasons, with the last few episodes remaining to be aired. But in mid-November 2018, the new episodes were aired on Nick HD+ and the entire season was finished on November 18, 2018. The first episode of Season 2 was broadcast September 22, 2017, with episode two, three and four shown on September 29.\",\n \"title\": \"Ejen Ali\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7846371\",\n \"text\": \"was released on October 1, 2008 in New Zealand and Australia. The Season 3 DVD Box set was released in North America on September 1, 2009, and in Australia on September 2, 2009 with an alternative cover, and in the UK on October 12, 2009. The Season 4 DVD Box set was released on August 3, 2010 in the US and on October 4, 2010 in the UK. The Complete Series DVD Box set was released on November 16, 2010 in the US. In Canada, \\\"Heroes\\\" episodes run concurrently with the NBC first-run on the Global Television Network, Mondays at\",\n \"title\": \"Heroes (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6197921\",\n \"text\": \"and local sports events, which was silently launched earlier on January 1. Hero was relaunched and demoted as a social media portal on February 7, 2018 and is being handled by the Lifestyle team from ABS-CBN Digital Media. Whilst its news content includes anime, gaming and pop culture, it will not carry anime titles nor establish an anime video-on-demand service. Meanwhile, its sister station Yey! has limited airing of some of the anime titles aired on Hero and will carry the last remaining new titles on Yey! channel including \\\"Ace of Diamond\\\" and \\\"My Hero Academia\\\". Hero had its two-hour\",\n \"title\": \"Hero (TV channel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433100\",\n \"text\": \"place on the weekly Oricon manga chart with 71,575 copies sold. It sold out almost immediately on its first printing. Volume 2 reached the 6th place, with 167,531 copies and, by January 18, 2015, had sold 205,179 copies. As of March 2017, there were over 10 million copies of \\\"My Hero Academia\\\" in circulation. As of August 2018, the manga had over 16 million copies in print. The story has been noted to take inspiration from elements in superhero comics, such as the aesthetics of its characters. Alex Osborn of IGN gave the anime series positive marks, saying \\\"The first\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433098\",\n \"text\": \"and cast from the anime series returning to reprise their roles. Funimation announced that they would release the film theatrically in the United States and Canada from September 25, 2018 to October 2, 2018. In October 2018, Legendary Entertainment acquired the rights to produce a live action adaptation of \\\"My Hero Academia\\\". A video game based on the anime, \\\"My Hero Academia: Battle for All\\\", was announced in November 2015. The game was developed by Dimps and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the Nintendo 3DS handheld game console, where it released in Japan on May 19, 2016. A second\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766114\",\n \"text\": \"After a reunion with David, All Might becomes tired due to injuries sustained in the past from his battle with the villain All for One and transforms back into his depowered form. By running tests, David realizes that All Might's Quirk is nearly depleted. Meanwhile, Melissa shows Midoriya around the island, and they run into Yaoyorozu, who had been invited to the island and has brought Uraraka and Jirō as her guests. The students later run into Iida, Todoroki, Bakugō, and Kirishima, with the former three having been invited too and Kirishima being brought by Bakugō. Mineta and Kaminari are\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18581479\",\n \"text\": \"September 1974–April 1975 September 1975–April 1976 September 1976–April 1977 September 1977–April 1978 September 1978–April 1979 September 1979–April 1980 September 1980–April 1981 September 1981–April 1982 September 1982–April 1983 September 1983–April 1984 September 1984–April 1985 September 1985–April 1986 September 1986–April 1987 September 1987–April 1988 October 1988–April 1989 September 1989–April 1990 September 1990–April 1991 September 1991–April 1992 September 1992–April 1993 September 1993–April 1994 September 1994–April 1995 September 1995–May 1996 September 1996–May 1997 September 1997–May 1998 September 1998–May 1999 September 1999–May 2000 September 2000–May 2001 September 2001–May 2002 September 2002–May 2003 September 2003–May 2004 September 2004–May 2005 September 2005–May 2006 September 2006–May 2007 September\",\n \"title\": \"Top-rated United States television programs by season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20296891\",\n \"text\": \"on September 19, 2016 and concluded on June 5, 2017 with a two-hour season finale. The season had two breaks between episodes, with a continuous run between them. The first 11 episodes aired from September 19 to November 28, 2016; three episodes aired from January 16 to January 30, 2017; and the final 8 episodes aired from April 24 to June 5, 2017. In July 2016, the cast and crew attended San Diego Comic-Con to discuss and promote the season and showing the debut trailer for the season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a score of 89% based on\",\n \"title\": \"Gotham (season 3)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7846372\",\n \"text\": \"10 p.m. ET. A Canadian French-dubbed version of season one also airs on TVA, Thursdays at 9:00 p.m. and two episodes of season two on Mystère (addikTV), Mondays at 8:00 p.m. The first season aired in Australia on the Seven Network Wednesday nights at 8:30 p.m. The series debuted strongly, attracting more than 2 million viewers in five of the capital cities. To keep viewer numbers high the Seven Network began showing the second season on Thursday nights at 9:30 p.m. across all areas, a week after the US screening. The third season began airing on October 9, 2008, and\",\n \"title\": \"Heroes (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7846373\",\n \"text\": \"Volume 4 began airing on April 23, 2009. Because of low ratings, it was pushed back half-an-hour to 11:00 p.m. after \\\"Scrubs\\\" and the season concluded July 9, 2009. The Sci-Fi (available through Foxtel, Optus TV and Austar) screened season two re-runs in late 2009. From June 2010, season three is screening on the Sci-Fi Channel in Australia. Season four aired, approximately one month behind the USA, on Seven's new digital channel 7Two, on November 4, 2009 at the new time of Wednesdays 8:30 p.m. It started with the double premiere and had double episode runs instead of one episode\",\n \"title\": \"Heroes (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766124\",\n \"text\": \"Academia\\\" manga would be inspiring an anime film in the third quarter of 2018. Horikoshi is supervising the film, and is credited for the original work and character designs. Kenji Nagasaki is returning to direct the film at studio Bones based on a script written by Yōsuke Kuroda. Yoshihiko Umakoshi provides the character designs for the film, and Yuki Hayashi is composing the music. The film is distributed in Japan by Toho. The film's title and release date were revealed during a stage presentation at AnimeJapan on March 25, 2018. On April 10, 2018, it was announced that Mirai Shida\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19721949\",\n \"text\": \"The series officially premiered on September 23, 2017, coinciding with the original show's 30th anniversary. On May 1, 2018, the show moved to the Disney Channel, with new episodes airing on Fridays beginning May 4, 2018. In Canada, the pilot premiered on Disney XD on August 12 and the full series started on September 23, 2017. In Australia and New Zealand, the show premiered on Disney Channel on October 13, 2017. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the pilot premiered on Disney Channel on November 4, 2017. The full series debuted on March 1, 2018 on Disney XD. In Indonesia,\",\n \"title\": \"DuckTales (2017 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766116\",\n \"text\": \"of the island's security system during the party and threatens to kill its residents. He also restrains all of the pro-heroes attending, including All Might, and takes David and his assistant Sam hostage in order to break into the island's vault. As they were running late, Midoriya, Melissa, Iida, Todoroki, Yaoyorozu, Uraraka, Jirō, Mineta, and Kaminari are not restrained alongside the pro-heroes at the party and, in order to take back control of the security system, decide to access it by reaching the 200th floor of the building the party is hosted at. At the same time, Bakugō and Kirishima\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18858317\",\n \"text\": \"a series of invented scenes bearing no relation to the truth.\\\" The series's first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2016. The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4, 2016. The second season was released on December 8, 2017. The third season is expected to be released in 2019. Season 1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 16, 2017 and released worldwide on November 7, 2017. Season 2 was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on October 22, 2018 and was\",\n \"title\": \"The Crown (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18778093\",\n \"text\": \"on November 24, 2016. The remaining 10 episodes of the third season aired from January 21, 2017 to February 18, 2017. Four special episodes aired from June 26, 2017 to June 29, 2017, marking the end of the series. There is an English-language version of the series being broadcast in Middle Eastern regions, Nordic countries, Hungary and Czech Republic, and South Africa. In South Africa, Season 1 first aired from March 3, 2016 to May 26, 2016; Season 2 from July 7, 2016 to November 3, 2016; Season 3 Part 1 from April 3, 2017 to April 14, 2017; and\",\n \"title\": \"Alex & Co.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766128\",\n \"text\": \"October 17, 2018 in Singapore and Indonesia respectively. The film was acquired by Pioneer Films in the Philippines, with an initial fan screening occurring on October 16, 2018 and three additional advance screenings on October 20, following a delayed wider release, originally slated for October 17. Viz Media Europe acquired the rights to the film for French, German, and Italian-speaking regions of Europe. \\\"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\\\" will be released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 13, 2019 in Japan by Toho Pictures. The release will be offered in standard editions, as well as a \\\"Plus Ultra\\\" limited edition.\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16347571\",\n \"text\": \"aired. In a similar manner, a 12-episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015. It began airing from 10 May 2016. Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July. The twelve-part series premiered on 4 April 2017. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019. On 5 December 2018, it was\",\n \"title\": \"Wentworth (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433091\",\n \"text\": \") are the norm, Izuku Midoriya has dreams of one day becoming a Hero, despite being bullied by his classmates for not having a Quirk. After being the only one to try and save his childhood friend Katsuki Bakugo from a villain, All Might, the world's greatest Hero, bestows upon him his own Quirk \\\"One For All\\\". The story follows Izuku's entrance into , a school that cultivates the next generation of superheroes. As Izuku and his new friends try to balance their Hero training with ordinary school duties, they must face new challenges including the League of Villains, an\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20318973\",\n \"text\": \"it moved to CTV for its fourth and final season, consisting of eight episodes. The first season originally aired from January 29 to April 2, 2014, while the second season aired from January 19 to March 23, 2015. A third season premiered on June 20, 2016, concluding on August 22, and the fourth season premiered on July 31, 2017, and concluded on September 18. In the United States, the series airs on the streaming service Acorn TV, with the first season premiering on January 18, 2016, the second on May 16, the third on October 24, and the fourth on\",\n \"title\": \"19-2 (2014 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9854100\",\n \"text\": \"aired on June 21, 2010. The 19 episodes that aired June–August 2009 and March–June 2010 were released collectively as a third and final season. UK: Season 1 began on More4 on Monday 29 August 2009 at 11:00 P.M. Season 2 began after a considerable gap on Thursday 26 January 2012 at 10:35 P.M. Portugal: Season 1 and 2 already have been broadcast on Fox Life. The third season is currently airing on Fox Next which is also rerunning the previous two seasons. In Australia, Season 1 has just begun airing on 9 August 2011 on Channel 10 at midnight most\",\n \"title\": \"Saving Grace (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2251091\",\n \"text\": \"while \\\"Season Two\\\" was released on 7 August 2007. The sets are now currently out-of-print and no subsequent seasons have been made available on region 1. In the United Kingdom, Series Three was the only series to receive a home video release. The \\\"Complete Series 3\\\" was released on VHS on 7 October 2002 via IMC Vision, while two DVD sets, \\\"Volume 1\\\" (episodes 1–5 of Series 3), and \\\"Volume 2\\\" (episodes 6–10 of Series 3) were also released on 7 October 2002. A DVD set containing \\\"Complete Series 3\\\" was additionally made available from IMC Vision on 14 May\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero (UK TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766119\",\n \"text\": \"the very top. At the top of the tower, they discover David and Sam in the vault as they unlock a suitcase. It is revealed that David and Sam orchestrated the night's events with actors in order to steal back their greatest invention - a headset that maximizes the power of a person's Quirk. I-Island's top men decided that it was too dangerous, took their invention and research away, and locked it up so it wouldn't end up in the wrong hands. Deciding that All Might needed it to remain a hero and keep the world safe, David decided to\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19539166\",\n \"text\": \"They planned to develop this series at least until 5 seasons, then the films will follow. The first episode was broadcast on April 8, 2016, with the second and third episodes shown on April 15 and April 22 respectively. It is shown every Friday, at 5:30 p.m. on TV3. Fourth, fifth and sixth episodes shown on July 22, July 29, and August 5 respectively. Seventh to ninth episodes are shown on October 28, 2016 for three consecutive weeks. Tenth to twelfth episodes are shown on December 30, 2016, January 6 and January 13, 2017. Thirteenth episode (last episode of Season\",\n \"title\": \"Ejen Ali\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16665886\",\n \"text\": \"Romantic Comedy Is Wrong, As I Expected\\\", Haru Onodera in \\\"Nisekoi\\\", and Moa in \\\"Show by Rock!!\\\". In 2016, Sakura played the roles of Ochako Uraraka in \\\"My Hero Academia\\\", Rena Asteria in \\\"\\\", and Ryoka Narusawa in \\\"Occultic;Nine\\\". In 2017, she played the roles of Hikari Tsuneki in \\\"Seiren\\\", Phoena in \\\"Chain Chronicle\\\", and Shizuku Hanaoka in \\\"Welcome to the Ballroom\\\". In 2018, Sakura shared the Best Supporting Actress Award at the 12th Seiyu Awards with fellow I'm Enterprise voice actress Saori Ōnishi. She also played the roles of Yū Ōsawa in \\\"Ms. Koizumi Loves Ramen Noodles\\\" and Saiko\",\n \"title\": \"Ayane Sakura\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16736792\",\n \"text\": \"finale to properly conclude the series, to air on December 20, 2018. Season 1 aired on NBC in the U.S. and on Global in Canada on Monday nights at 10 p.m. Eastern and Pacific (9 p.m. Central). Season 2 aired on NBC and Global on Sunday nights at 10 p.m. EST/PST. (9 p.m. CST). Episodes can also be streamed online through NBC and Global's respective websites, as well as on Netflix in some countries. Episodes can also be streamed on Hulu in the United States. Starting from December 14, 2016, it aired in the UK on E4 every Wednesday at\",\n \"title\": \"Timeless (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20145867\",\n \"text\": \"Super Ma'am Super Ma'am (International title: \\\"My Teacher, My Hero\\\") is a 2017 Philippine television drama action fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Lord Alvin Madridejos and Albert Langitan, it stars Marian Rivera in the title role. It premiered on September 18, 2017 on the network's Telebabad line up replacing \\\"Mulawin vs. Ravena\\\" and occupying the timeslot of \\\"Alyas Robin Hood\\\" and aired worldwide on GMA Pinoy TV. The series concluded on January 26, 2018 with a total of 95 episodes. It was replaced by \\\"Sherlock Jr.\\\" in its timeslot. Originally titled as \\\"The Good Teacher\\\", it was\",\n \"title\": \"Super Ma'am\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20841684\",\n \"text\": \"episode, ranging from five days until broadcast to when the episode began airing. At time of the episode's initial announcement, it was stated that the episode would air in August 2018. On 24 July 2018, it was confirmed that the episode would air on 11 August. The episode premiered on BBC One at 21:10 and was available to watch on BBC iPlayer for thirty days after its broadcast. Official ratings from the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board showed that 5.51 million people had watched the episode on BBC One and BBC iPlayer within 7 days of the original broadcast. Within 28\",\n \"title\": \"Episode 1094\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20446382\",\n \"text\": \"Justin Briner Justin Briner is an American voice actor. He has provided voices for a number of English-language dubs of Japanese anime films and television series, primarily with those affiliated with the Funimation simuldub service. Briner is known for voicing lead and main characters in \\\"Seraph of the End\\\", \\\"Heavy Object\\\", \\\"My Hero Academia\\\", \\\"\\\", and \\\"Trickster\\\". He also voiced the main character's love interest Ichi in the 2015 video game \\\"Cibele\\\". Briner was born and raised in Maryland. He attended University of North Texas and studied theater prior to finding voice-acting work. In 2015, he starred as the voice\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Briner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19125144\",\n \"text\": \"through November 12. The second chapter began streaming in January 2018. CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada, and to Netflix for another 188 countries. In Canada, the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24, 2017, on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on Crave; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z. Subsequent episodes will be released through Space, Z, and Crave, with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it's streamed on All Access. In the other countries, Netflix will\",\n \"title\": \"Star Trek: Discovery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19939298\",\n \"text\": \"August 2016. The series started filming in Salt Lake City in September 2016, and finished filming in December 2016. The first episode became available on the Disney Channel App, On-Demand, Disney Channel's YouTube, iTunes, Amazon, and Google Play on March 10, 2017, while the second episode became available the same day via Disney Channel On-Demand as well as to subscribers using the Disney Channel App. The series premiered on Disney Channel on April 7, 2017. A total of 13 episodes were ordered for the first season; however, only 12 episodes were aired. Disney Channel renewed the series for a second\",\n \"title\": \"Andi Mack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766132\",\n \"text\": \"praising the film as enjoyable, though criticizing the lack of development within the world of \\\"My Hero Academia\\\". A one-shot spin-off manga of \\\"My Hero Academia\\\", focusing on one of the film's original characters, Melissa Shield, was published in 2018's 35th issue of Shueisha's \\\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\\\" magazine on July 30, 2018. The manga is illustrated by Yōkō Akiyama. My Hero Academia: Two Heroes All Might is invited to a summer trip at \\\"I-Island\\\", a man-made island where the top scientists of the world reside and perform research on Quirks, superpowers that 80% of the world's population has. He takes\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18959423\",\n \"text\": \"3, 2017, and concluded on June 5, 2017. It began airing in the United States on July 20, 2018, and concluded on September 28, 2018. On October 2, 2018, it was announced that Cinemax had officially cancelled the series. Fox International Studios and Robert Kirkman developed the television series before the comic book was published. Cinemax picked up the United States rights for the project after the script was done. The series is produced by Fox International Studios for Cinemax in the United States and Fox international channels outside of the country. Robert Kirkman's Skybound Entertainment is also a producer\",\n \"title\": \"Outcast (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19539168\",\n \"text\": \"October 6 and October 13 respectively. Just like Season 1, It is shown every Friday, at 5:30 p.m. on TV3, Fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth episodes shown on November 17, November 24, December 1 and December 8 respectively. Episode nine to eleven aired from February 9 to February 23, 2018. The twelfth episode was released on March 23, 2018. Thirteenth episode (last episode of Season 2) was released on March 30, making 26 episodes total. These characters are the agents of M.A.T.A (\\\"Meta Advance Tactical Agency\\\"), a secret spy organization that possess advanced technologies and is responsible for keeping the peace\",\n \"title\": \"Ejen Ali\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766131\",\n \"text\": \"() in its opening weekend, entering the box office charts at number nine during the week ending November 18, 2018. In Argentina and Mexico, ranked eighth on its first weekend of release. Worldwide, the film has grossed a total of as of November 18, 2018. Reception from critics have been generally positive. The \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\" described the film as \\\"a high-energy blend of heroism, comedy, friendship and take-no-prisoners battles\\\", praising Briner's role as Deku, saying \\\"Briner keeps the character likable and believable\\\". Miranda Sanchez from IGN stated that \\\"\\\"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\\\" is fun but lacks interesting stakes\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766115\",\n \"text\": \"also revealed to be on the island working as waiters. After spending the day enjoying the island's various events, Melissa invites Mineta and Kaminari to join them at a formal party that everyone else was invited to. Before the party, Melissa reveals to Midoriya that she is Quirkless like (unbeknownst to her) he once was. She also realizes his Quirk is similar to All Might's, and gives him a gauntlet she had designed that allows him to not get hurt when using his powers at 100%. Meanwhile, Wolfram, a mysterious villain who secretly arrived on the island prior, takes control\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19651058\",\n \"text\": \"on 14 November 2016 in South Africa, on Nickelodeon and TuTy in Czech Republic and on MBC 3 in the Middle East and North Africa starting October 2017. It also began airing on POP OTO & POP TV in Slovenia starting in January 2018, and on RTL Kockica in Croatia, starting on February 5, 2018. Regal Academy Regal Academy is an Italian animated series created by Iginio Straffi and produced by the studio Rainbow S.r.l.. It premiered on Rai YoYo on May 21, 2016. In the United States, it began airing on Nickelodeon on August 13, 2016. In Canada, it\",\n \"title\": \"Regal Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10409720\",\n \"text\": \"participate in their first ever ArenaBowl XXI. Doug Kay started his second season as head coach of the Destroyers. Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring Summary: 1st Quarter: 2nd Quarter: 3rd Quarter: 4th Quarter: Scoring\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Columbus Destroyers season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2150504\",\n \"text\": \"Guy\\\", \\\"American Dad!\\\", \\\"Bob's Burgers\\\", \\\"Mission Hill\\\", \\\"The Cleveland Show\\\", \\\"The Oblongs\\\", \\\"Final Space\\\", \\\"King of the Hill\\\", and \\\"Futurama\\\" (the latter three series have since moved to Comedy Central, with \\\"Futurama\\\" also airing on Syfy). The channel additionally shows anime series. Since May 26, 2012, block-within-a-block Toonami broadcasts Saturday nights, with shows such as \\\"Dragon Ball Z Kai\\\", \\\"My Hero Academia\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Dragon Ball Super\\\", \\\"FLCL Alternative\\\", \\\"Attack on Titan\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Black Clover\\\", \\\"Hunter × Hunter\\\", \\\"One-Punch Man\\\", \\\"Lupin the Third Part IV\\\", and \\\"Cowboy Bebop\\\". Some Cartoon Network programming has also aired on Adult Swim, such as\",\n \"title\": \"Adult Swim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16972912\",\n \"text\": \"stating, \\\"there's enough depth to make each quick round surprisingly satisfying.\\\" Webster also noted that the game was best played with friends rather than anonymous players since this would ensure turns would finish without delay. Hero Academy 2 was soft launched in Canada on October 23, 2017. The official launch was January 16, 2018. The sequel was nominated for \\\"Best Multiplayer/Competitive Game\\\" at the 2018 Webby Awards. Hero Academy Hero Academy is a two-player turn-based tactics video game created by the developer Robot Entertainment, known for their previous series \\\"Orcs Must Die!\\\". The game was first released for the iPhone\",\n \"title\": \"Hero Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20174098\",\n \"text\": \"The regular and recurring cast includes: On May 12, 2017, the show was ordered to series. The series premiered September 25, 2017, on CBS and was given a thirteen episode order. On November 1, 2017, CBS pulled the series from the schedule after six low-rated episodes, leaving seven episodes unaired, and announced that the series will remain in production for all thirteen episodes and would return to the schedule at a later date. On June 7, 2018 it was announced that the show would return to the schedule on July 7, 2018 and the remaining seven episodes would air over\",\n \"title\": \"Me, Myself & I (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18479137\",\n \"text\": \"the United Kingdom, with the first season added on Amazon Prime on October 16, 2015, and second-season episodes to be released immediately after initial broadcast in the United States. In Australia, the series premiered on Presto on August 14, 2015. Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the first three seasons on DVD and Blu-ray. The first season was released on January 12, 2016. It contains all 10 episodes, plus deleted scenes, gag reel, making-of featurette, and UltraViolet digital copies of the episodes. The second season was released on January 10, 2017. The third season was released on March 27, 2018. In\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Robot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19264160\",\n \"text\": \"renewed the series for a 13-episode third season, which premiered on September 27, 2018. On December 4, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season. From the start of the series' second season in September 2017, Netflix distributed it to various international markets, with new episodes being released a few hours after their original American airing. The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 17, 2017. The second season was released on DVD on July 17, 2018. \\\"The Good Place\\\" has received positive reviews from television critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has a\",\n \"title\": \"The Good Place\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17723282\",\n \"text\": \"by three 30 minute episodes. In August 2016, the BBC announced that \\\"W1A\\\" would return for a third and final series, due to be produced and broadcast in 2017. Some filming with Jeremy Paxman took place in March. Series 3 began on 18 September 2017 on BBC Two. After the transmission of Episode 1 on BBC Two Episode 2 was made available on BBC iPlayer on 18 September 2017. Likewise after the transmission of Episode 3 on 2 October 2017 Episode 4 was made available online. This was repeated for episodes 5 and 6. W1A (TV series) W1A is a\",\n \"title\": \"W1A (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17085085\",\n \"text\": \"season on July 25, 2014, which began airing on March 13, 2015. It was renewed in July 2015 for a third season, and in March 2016 the second and third seasons were split in two, making a total of five seasons. The series premiered in the United States on November 4, 2013, on Cartoon Network with two episodes. In Canada, it began airing on Cartoon Network on November 11, 2013, and on Teletoon on April 24, 2014. It began airing on Cartoon Network channels in Australia on February 3, 2014, and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on May 12\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Universe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14214931\",\n \"text\": \"on Rai Gulp. The series aired on Ici Radio-Canada Télé in Canada, M6 in France, Cartoon Network in Spain, Okto in Singapore, Nickelodeon in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Sweden, NTV7 in Malaysia, Eleven in Australia in July, and TVNZ in New Zealand. In the United States, the series was added to Kabillion's VOD service. In the United Kingdom and other countries in Europe, the series was streamed on the Nintendo 3DS on February 6, 2017. The third season debuted on Knowledge in Canada on June 30, 2018. Imavision released the first two seasons on DVD in both English and\",\n \"title\": \"Geronimo Stilton (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2694103\",\n \"text\": \"aired on channels including Ion Television, FamilyNet, and GMC. From May 2012 to 2013, TVGN aired the series. From May 29, 2018 to August 28, 2018, Heroes & Icons aired the show every Tuesday for eight straight episodes starting at 12PM/11AM central time. On September 3, 2018, Start TV launched and started airing the show every late night/early morning, seven days a week, for three straight episodes starting at 2AM/1AM central time. Early Edition has and continues to be broadcast in a number of countries outside the United States, For example, in Spain the show aired first on Canal+ and,\",\n \"title\": \"Early Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18145214\",\n \"text\": \"website, the NBC mobile app, and Hulu for a four-week period. The episodes are also televised in their normal weekly timeslot. In Australia, the series premiered on May 29, 2015 on streaming service Presto, with all 13 episodes being released for 28 days. Its later television debut on the Seven Network (which co-owns Presto) aired on August 26, 2015. Season 2 aired on the same day as the U.S., on Presto in Australia. Metacritic gives season 1 of \\\"Aquarius\\\" a score of 58/100 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating \\\"mixed or average reviews\\\". Glenn Garvin of \\\"Reason\\\" praised the\",\n \"title\": \"Aquarius (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13714301\",\n \"text\": \"Hero: 108 Hero: 108 is a British/Taiwanese/Canadian/Chinese animated television series that was aired on Cartoon Network and the Cartoon Network international cable network, and Kabillion OnDemand channel in the United States that was created by Yang-Ming Tarng. The series was produced by Taffy Entertainment, in association with Gamania, Hong Ying Animation, Telegael Teoranta, and Turner Entertainment Networks International Ltd. It premiered on March 1, 2010. The show was renewed for another season, which began airing on May 7, 2012, on Cartoon Network (Russia and Southeastern Europe), UK, April 30 on Cartoon Network Too, and on Cartoon Network in the United\",\n \"title\": \"Hero: 108\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19387443\",\n \"text\": \"point onwards (at Lynch's insistence). Overall, the series consists of 18 episodes. It concluded on September 3, 2017, with a two-part finale. In the United Kingdom, Sky Atlantic simulcast the first two episodes beginning at 2:00 am British Summer Time on May 22, 2017, and the next two episodes were released on Sky UK's on-demand service after the premiere. In the Nordic countries, the series is broadcast on HBO Nordic, with the two-hour premiere airing on May 22, and subsequent episodes being made available the day after its U.S. airing. In Canada, the series is available on CraveTV and The\",\n \"title\": \"Twin Peaks (2017 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17195764\",\n \"text\": \"began streaming the first 13 episodes with an English dub as of June 30, 2017. The remaining 12 episodes began streaming as of August 15; but they were labeled as the show's second season. During interviews, Yoshinari said he wishes to create a second season that explores the history of characters like Diana Cavendish and Amanda O'Neill. The director also wants to create an anime spinoff series focused on the witch Shiny Chariot. He even suggested that the \\\"Night Fall\\\" (or \\\"Naito Foru\\\") books in the anime might work as a standalone anime series. A video game developed by A+\",\n \"title\": \"Little Witch Academia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13660209\",\n \"text\": \"be reopened on June 4th, 2015. A new plaque design will be revealed along with the induction of artists Jack White and Loretta Lynn. Honorees are inducted twice annually, in the spring and fall. November 2006 inductees: April 2007 inductees: November 2007 inductees: April 2008 inductees: November 2008, inductees: April 2009 inductees: November 2009 inductees: November 2010 inductees: May 2011 inductees: October 2011 inductee: November 2011 inductees: June 2012 inductees: September 2012 inductees: June 2015 inductees: September 2015 inductees: October 2015 inductees: May 2016 inductees: October 2016 inductees: April 2017 inductees: September 2017 inductees: October 2017 inductee: August 2018 inductees:\",\n \"title\": \"Music City Walk of Fame\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14480602\",\n \"text\": \"and ABC3 on 6 June 2010. The first series premiered on Germany's ZDF on 26 September 2010. Production of series two was officially green-lit by ABC and ZDF on 2 July 2010. Casting calls were issued on 14 September 2010, and principal photography in Sydney took place between 31 January and 4 August 2011. Series two premiered on ABC3 on 12 March 2012 and ran for 26 episodes, airing each week from Monday through Thursday, ending on 24 April. Screen Australia approved investment funding for a third series of 13 episodes on 5 December 2011. Filming began 27 August 2012,\",\n \"title\": \"Dance Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16972911\",\n \"text\": \"August 16 at the latest. The developers beat their deadline, releasing the game onto Steam on August 10. On December 11, 2012, a port of the game to the OS X platform was released via Steam. On October 10, 2013, a port of the game for Android has been released on Google Play. The game received predominantly positive reviews upon release, garnering a 77% rating on the review aggregation website Metacritic. \\\"Ars Technica\\\" reviewer Andrew Webster wrote that the gameplay was simple compared to other strategy games which made it easy to learn the rules, and he recommended the game\",\n \"title\": \"Hero Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766113\",\n \"text\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes All Might is invited to a summer trip at \\\"I-Island\\\", a man-made island where the top scientists of the world reside and perform research on Quirks, superpowers that 80% of the world's population has. He takes Izuku Midoriya as his guest and reminds him not to reveal to his good friend, former partner, and top scientist Professor David Shield the secret about their shared Quirk: One for All. After they arrive, they are greeted by Melissa Shield, David's daughter and a student of the island's academy hoping to be a scientist just like her father.\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20285267\",\n \"text\": \"App on August 27, 2018 and debuting on television on September 1, 2018; starting with the third episode, subsequent episodes are released in advance on Fridays on the Cartoon Network App before the television broadcast. In Canada, the series premiered on Teletoon on September 16, 2018 and YTV on September 28, 2018. Internationally, the series premiered on RTL 7 in the Netherlands on September 2, 2018, on Cartoon Network on September 29, 2018 in Australia, October 2, 2018 in Latin America, October 27, 2018 in India, Central and Eastern Europe, and the United Kingdom, and on Gulli on October 7,\",\n \"title\": \"Transformers: Cyberverse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3128831\",\n \"text\": \"and films which are as follows in order of airing: \\\"Halo 4\\\" (November 10, 2012), \\\"Oblivion\\\" (April 6 and 13 2013), \\\"Pacific Rim\\\" (July 6, 2013), \\\"Xbox One\\\" (November 23, 2013), \\\"The Amazing Spider-Man 2\\\" (April 26, 2014), \\\"\\\" (November 29, 2014), \\\"Chappie\\\" (February 28, 2015), \\\"\\\" (August 1, 2015), \\\"The Martian\\\" (September 26, 2015), \\\"Hardcore Henry\\\" (April 2, 2016), \\\"\\\" (June 18, 2016), \\\"Suicide Squad\\\" (July 23, 2016), \\\"Titanfall 2\\\" (October 29, 2016), \\\"\\\" (December 10, 2016), \\\"\\\" (December 17, 2016), \\\"\\\" (February 4, 2017), \\\"Horizon Zero Dawn\\\" (February 25, 2017), \\\"Ghost in the Shell\\\" (March 25, 2017), \\\"\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Toonami\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19313870\",\n \"text\": \"K.O.! Let's Be Heroes\\\" had its worldwide television premiere in the US on Cartoon Network on August 1, 2017, and aired on sister network Boomerang from August 7 to September 1, 2017. In Canada, it premiered on August 1 on Cartoon Network and on September 4 on Teletoon. In Africa, the shorts were released on September 11 and the full series premiered on November 18, 2017. It premiered in the UK and Ireland on October 9, 2017. It premiered in Australia and New Zealand and the Philippines on January 6, 2018 and in Southeast Asia on January 20, 2018. A\",\n \"title\": \"OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20766122\",\n \"text\": \"metal parts and debris that traps David inside it. He overpowers All Might further with multiple Quirks and reveals that he is in league with All for One, who gave Wolfram additional Quirks and helped fuel David's fall from grace in an attempt to demoralize All Might. The rest of the students soon arrive on the roof to help All Might, and Midoriya and All Might work together to finish the fight. The two throw a final punch together that is ultimately strong enough to defeat Wolfram and free David. As the sun rises, David and All Might reflect on\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero Academia: Two Heroes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1450944\",\n \"text\": \"Common year starting on Monday A common year starting on Monday is any non-leap year (i.e., a year with 365 days) that begins on Monday, 1 January, and ends on Monday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is G. The current year, 2018, is a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar. The last such year was 2007 and the next such year will be 2029, or likewise, 2013 and 2019 in the obsolete Julian calendar. The century year, 1900, was also a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar. See below for more. Any common\",\n \"title\": \"Common year starting on Monday\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19568631\",\n \"text\": \"27 August. A post screening session was conducted at Dakota Crescent's Care and Friends Centre. The cast of Hero - Shaun Chen, Jesseca Liu, Chen Hanwei, Bonnie Loo, Paige Chua, Ian Fang, Sheila Sim, Youyi, He Yingying, Aileen Tan, Brandon Wong and Jin Yinji were present. The first episode of the show was also broadcast there. The series has the most nominations in Star Awards 2017. The other drama serials that are nominated for Star Awards 2017 are You Can Be an Angel 2 , C.L.I.F. 4, Fire Up & The Dream Job. It won 2 out of 10 nominations.\",\n \"title\": \"Hero (2016 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20168344\",\n \"text\": \"Aviv and at other locations in Israel. The first season was released on Netflix on September 8, 2017. On January 18, 2018, the official Greenhouse Academy Instagram account announced that season 2 would be released on Netflix on February 14, 2018. The series was \\\"quietly\\\" renewed for a third season in March 2018. In September 2018, the role of Brooke Osmond was recast with Danika Yarosh, after Grace Van Dien was cast in \\\"The Village\\\" which was picked up to series by NBC for the 2018–19 U.S. television season. Greenhouse Academy Greenhouse Academy is a tween drama television series released\",\n \"title\": \"Greenhouse Academy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19388005\",\n \"text\": \"and Glenn Slater. On May 31, 2018, it was announced that the second season would premiere on June 24, 2018, and that the series had also been renewed for a third season. Additionally, it was also announced that the series would be re-titled as \\\"Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure\\\". Four mini-episodes were released weekly in May 2017: \\\"Check Mate\\\" on May 5, \\\"Prison Bake\\\" on May 12, \\\"Make Me Smile\\\" on May 19, and \\\"Hare Peace\\\" on May 26. A fifth, \\\"Night Bite,\\\" was released on Disney Channel's YouTube channel on June 25, 2018. A sixth, \\\"Hiccup Fever\\\", was released on July\",\n \"title\": \"Tangled: The Series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19914274\",\n \"text\": \"The opening theme is by Yuri Komagata, while the ending theme for the first 22 episodes is by Kanako Miyamoto. For the other 27 episodes, a second ending theme is used called by Miyamoto. The music of the series is composed by Yuki Hayashi (\\\"My Hero Academia\\\", \\\"Haikyū!!\\\", \\\"Gundam Build Fighters\\\"). The first single of the series was released on March 1, 2017 along with the first official soundtrack on May 31, 2017 titled \\\"Precure Sound Decoration!!\\\". A second official soundtrack for the series was released on November 29, 2017 with the title \\\"Precure Sound Go Round!!\\\". A vocal best\",\n \"title\": \"Kirakira PreCure a la Mode\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20215522\",\n \"text\": \"2017, the majority of the supporting cast was announced. In September 2017, Joe Alwyn and Madelyn Cline joined the cast as well, and principal photography on the film began September 8, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia. In April 2018, re-shoots took place. The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 1, 2018. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, first for the press and industry on September 8, 2018, and then for the public on September 11, 12, and 15. The film was initially scheduled for release on September 28, 2018, but was pushed\",\n \"title\": \"Boy Erased\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18263192\",\n \"text\": \"Clifford Chapin Clifford S. Chapin IV (born January 29, 1988) is an American voice actor and director at Funimation. Chapin is known for his roles in anime and video games, such as Ichijo Takayanagi from \\\"Red Data Girl,\\\" Connie Springer from \\\"Attack on Titan,\\\" Shingo Wakamoto from \\\"Prison School, Kukulkan\\\" in \\\"Smite,\\\" Hideyoshi Nagachika from \\\"Tokyo Ghoul,\\\" and Katsuki Bakugo from \\\"My Hero Academia.\\\" Chapin won the \\\"VNs Now\\\" award Best Male VA of 2013 for his role of David Sawicki in \\\"Yousei\\\" by Sakevisual. He also worked as a production assistant for \\\"Toddlers and Tiaras\\\", \\\"NBC Nightly News\\\", \\\"Disaster\",\n \"title\": \"Clifford Chapin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15783477\",\n \"text\": \"Community (season 3) The third season of the television comedy series \\\"Community\\\" premiered on September 22, 2011 and concluded on May 17, 2012 on NBC. The season consists of 22 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET as part of the network's \\\"Comedy Night Done Right\\\" programming block. Note: The episode listing below is how they appear on the season 3 DVD, and not their original broadcast order. Episodes 3 and 4, and 11 and 12 were switched around in their original broadcast, but appear in production and chronological order on the DVD set. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The series was\",\n \"title\": \"Community (season 3)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299906\",\n \"text\": \"for a 24-episode eleventh season (and third season on The CW) which started airing on April 17, 2015. On August 11, 2015, the series was renewed for a twelfth season (fourth on The CW) to start airing May 23, 2016. On October 24, 2016, The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season (fifth season on The CW) to start airing May 29, 2017. On October 26, 2017, The CW renewed the show for a fourteenth season (sixth season on the CW). The first two episodes aired June 4, 2018. On October 9, 2018, The CW renewed the show for\",\n \"title\": \"Whose Line Is It Anyway? (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17014831\",\n \"text\": \"the series was given an additional 44-episode order. The second half of season 5 premiered on June 20, 2017 and ended with the season finale on September 12, 2017. On November 21, 2017, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on January 9, 2018, and the 1st mid-season finale aired March 13, 2018 and on March 13, 2018, OWN also announced the second half of the season, which premiered on May 1, 2018 and with the 2nd mid-season finale July 17, 2018. On July 17, 2018, OWN announced the third half of the season, which premiered on\",\n \"title\": \"The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18474435\",\n \"text\": \"Johnson, and Scott Porter were confirmed to continue voicework for the new season. The game supports the new Crowd Play feature that Telltale introduced in \\\"\\\", allowing up to 2,000 audience members to vote on decisions for the player using Twitch or other streaming services. On August 3, 2017, Telltale announced that Episode 2, \\\"Giant Consequences\\\", was released on August 15. On September 19, 2017, Episode 3 \\\"Jailhouse Block\\\" was released. The fourth episode, \\\"Below the Bedrock\\\", was released on November 7, 2017. The fifth episode and season finale, \\\"Above And Beyond\\\" was released on December 19, 2017. \\\"Minecraft: Story\",\n \"title\": \"Minecraft: Story Mode\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20318974\",\n \"text\": \"September 22, 2017. Spike UK aired the series in the United Kingdom for the first two seasons. The complete first season was first released on DVD in Region 1 on April 26, 2016, with the complete second season released on August 30, 2016, the complete third season released on December 13, 2016, and the complete fourth season is scheduled to be released on November 7, 2017. CraveTV has exclusive Canadian streaming rights to the series, with all episodes available on the video on demand service and new episodes of the fourth season available one day earlier, 10 p.m. on Sunday,\",\n \"title\": \"19-2 (2014 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19475889\",\n \"text\": \"to broadcast the series in the United States, where it is presented as an original series for the network. The first half of the second season premiered in Canada on May 25 and concluded on July 20, 2017. The second half aired in the summer of 2018. On September 21, 2017, Global ordered a 12 episode third season set to start production in spring 2018. Shooting has been underway, including at Queens Quay. Private Eyes (TV series) Private Eyes (formerly known as \\\"The Code\\\") is a Canadian comedy-drama television series created by Tim Kilby and Shelley Eriksen that stars Jason\",\n \"title\": \"Private Eyes (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7846362\",\n \"text\": \"in the 2006 \\\"Time\\\" magazine's Person of the Year issue under \\\"People Who Mattered\\\". The pilot episode generated 14.3 million viewers, with the season high topping out at 16.03 million viewers for episode 9. When the series returned from hiatus on January 22, 2007, the ratings averaged about the same as the pilot with 14.9 million viewers. When the show went on a second hiatus during the first season, from March 4, 2007 to April 23, 2007 (7 weeks), ratings hit a new low; the lowest being 11.14 million viewers during part one of the three part finale, \\\"The Hard\",\n \"title\": \"Heroes (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17297171\",\n \"text\": \"My Hero (U.S. TV series) My Hero is an American television sitcom that aired on NBC on Saturday nights from November 8, 1952, to June 20, 1953, under the sponsorship of Dunhill cigarettes. It was also shown in Melbourne, Australia, on ABV-2 during 1956/1957. The series appears to have entered the public domain, with several episodes viewable on the Internet Archive. Most of these episodes are syndication copies which run about 24 minutes; The original broadcasts had featured a somewhat elaborate opening sequence involving well-dressed people entering a theater, including a sponsor I.D. (as can be seen on the episode\",\n \"title\": \"My Hero (U.S. TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18549245\",\n \"text\": \"Tanner and Tammy Macintosh joined the cast as inmate Jodie Spiteri, psychologist Bridget Westfall and vigilante Karen Proctor, respectively. AACTA Awards (2015) Australian Writers' Guild Awards (2015 & 2016) Logie Awards (2016) The third season of \\\"Wentworth\\\" is available on both DVD and Blu-ray formats in Australia and Germany, and on DVD-only format in the United Kingdom and the United States. Wentworth (season 3) The third season of the television drama series \\\"Wentworth\\\" premiered on SoHo in Australia on 7 April 2015. It was executively produced by FremantleMedia's Director of Drama, Jo Porter. The season comprises 12 episodes. Season three\",\n \"title\": \"Wentworth (season 3)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4241537\",\n \"text\": \"Thursday nights on FOX. Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2001-02: Returning series: New series: Not returning from 2001-02: 2002–03 United States network television schedule This was the United States broadcast television schedule on all six commercial television networks for the fall season beginning in September 2002. All times are Eastern and Pacific, with certain exceptions, such as \\\"Monday Night Football\\\". New series are highlighted in bold.\",\n \"title\": \"2002–03 United States network television schedule\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when does season 3 episode 12 of my hero academia come out"}}},{"rowIdx":176,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Venkaiah Naidu)"],"string":"[\n \"Venkaiah Naidu)\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1774451","text":"sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare, and in the history of the Republic, only three such joint-sessions have been held; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the \"ex-officio\" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The salary and other benefits","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"10607930","text":"2017 vice-presidential election. Upon the inauguration of Ram Nath Kovind as President of India in 2017, Ansari became the first Indian Vice-President to serve during the terms of three presidents. He is the longest serving chairman of Rajya Sabha. Ansari was born on 1 April 1937 at Calcutta, Bengal Presidency (present day Kolkata in the state of West Bengal) to Mohammad Abdul Aziz Ansari and Aasiya Begum. Though his ancestral home is in the city of Ghazipur of the Uttar Pradesh state, he spent his formative years in Kolkata. He is a grand-nephew of former Indian National Congress president and","title":"Mohammad Hamid Ansari"},{"id":"3022228","text":"Vice President of India The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the President. Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that \"there shall be a Vice-President of India.\" The Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations. The Vice-President of India is also \"ex officio\" Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. When a bill is introduced in Rajya Sabha, vice-president decides whether it is a financial bill or not. If he is of the opinion, a bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha is a money bill, he","title":"Vice President of India"},{"id":"191180","text":"most senior office in the country, after the President. The vice-president is also elected by an electoral college, consisting of members of both houses of parliament. Like the president, the role of the Vice-President is also ceremonial, with no real authority vested in him/her. The Vice-President fills in a vacancy in the office of President (till the election of a new president). His only regular function is that he functions are the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. No other duties/powers are vested in the office. The current Vice President is M.Venkaiah Naidu. The Union Council of Ministers, headed by the","title":"Politics of India"},{"id":"19084831","text":"this post who is not from the Indian National Congress. Harivansh Narayan Singh Harivansh (born 30 June 1956) is an Indian journalist and politician, who is the current Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He did his graduation & Post graduation in Economics from Banaras Hindu University and also holds Diploma in Journalism. He resides at Ranchi. He has worked in several different media publications through his career, starting with the Times of India. He served as an additional media advisor to former Prime Minister Chandrashekhar. He joined the then obscure and nearly","title":"Harivansh Narayan Singh"},{"id":"2873138","text":"the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the president exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the prime minister. The vice president is the second highest constitutional position in India after the president. The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the president and takes charge as acting president in the incident of resignation impeachment or removal of the president. The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members","title":"Government of India"},{"id":"19084829","text":"Harivansh Narayan Singh Harivansh (born 30 June 1956) is an Indian journalist and politician, who is the current Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He did his graduation & Post graduation in Economics from Banaras Hindu University and also holds Diploma in Journalism. He resides at Ranchi. He has worked in several different media publications through his career, starting with the Times of India. He served as an additional media advisor to former Prime Minister Chandrashekhar. He joined the then obscure and nearly dead Hindi publication Prabhat Khabar in 1989, and scaled it","title":"Harivansh Narayan Singh"},{"id":"3022230","text":"in order to be qualified to be elected as Vice-President, a person must: While in order to be a President, a person must be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha (House of Peoples), the Vice-President must be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). This difference is because the Vice-President is to act as the \"ex officio\" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly, by an electoral college consisting of members {elected as well as nominated} of both houses of the Parliament. The election of the Vice-President","title":"Vice President of India"},{"id":"1774461","text":"the President. The 12 nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields, and are well known contributors in the particular field. Members of Rajya Sabha by their political party (As of 16 December 2018): Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a position called \"Leader of the House\". This is a cabinet minister – the Prime Minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated Minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row. Besides the Leader of the House,","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"10628259","text":"P. J. Kurien Pallath Joseph \"P. J.\" Kurien is an Indian politician, a social worker and educationist. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, until he retired on 30 June 2018. A leader of the Indian National Congress party, Kurien previously served as a Union Minister in the P. V. Narasimha Rao government and was a member of the Lok Sabha for six consecutive terms from 1980 to 1999. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2005. P. J. Kurien was born on 31 March 1941 to P. G.","title":"P. J. Kurien"},{"id":"1774449","text":"Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with a third of the members up for election every two years. The Rajya Sabha","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"1774462","text":"who is leading the majority, there is also a Leader of the Opposition (LOP) – leading the opposition parties. The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977. This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party, and is recognized as such by the Chairman. The following is the list of the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha: The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up pursuant to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"15285062","text":"Violet Alva Violet Hari Alva (24 April 1908 – 20 November 1969) was an Indian lawyer, journalist and politician, and Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, and member of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was the first woman lawyer to appear before a High Court in India and the first to preside over the Rajya Sabha. Alva was born Violet Hari on 24 April 1908 in Ahmedabad. She was the eighth of nine children. Violet's father, Reverend Laxman Hari, was one of the first Indian pastors of the Church of England. Having lost both her parents when she was","title":"Violet Alva"},{"id":"10628262","text":"case was not maintainable P. J. Kurien Pallath Joseph \"P. J.\" Kurien is an Indian politician, a social worker and educationist. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, until he retired on 30 June 2018. A leader of the Indian National Congress party, Kurien previously served as a Union Minister in the P. V. Narasimha Rao government and was a member of the Lok Sabha for six consecutive terms from 1980 to 1999. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2005. P. J. Kurien was born on 31 March","title":"P. J. Kurien"},{"id":"3022238","text":"The Constitution does not provide a mechanism of succession to the office of Vice-President in the event of an extraordinary vacancy, apart from a re-election. However, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha can perform the Vice-President's duties as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in such an event. The Constitution states that the Vice-President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an effective majority (50% of effective strength of house, here effective strength equals the total number strength minus the number of vacancies) and a simple majority (50% of total members who are present","title":"Vice President of India"},{"id":"19210145","text":"20 October 2000 and demitted it on 30 June 2002. Narain was appointed as the Secretary-General of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament by the Vice President of India and \"ex-officio\" Chairman of Rajya Sabha, he assumed the office of 1 September 2002 and demitted it on 14 September 2007. Yogendra Narain Yogendra Narain (born 26 June 1942) is a 1965 batch retired Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of Uttar Pradesh cadre. He is a former Secretary-General of Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Defence Secretary of India, Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh, Surface Transport Secretary","title":"Yogendra Narain"},{"id":"1774466","text":"from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments. Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"4619826","text":"speaker is fixed by the president. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both houses of the Parliament of India. The counterpart of the speaker in the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is its chairperson; the Vice President of India is the \"ex-officio\" chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. On the order of precedence, the Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks sixth, along with the Chief Justice of India. The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may","title":"Speaker of the Lok Sabha"},{"id":"1774465","text":"Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Present secretary-general is Desh Deepak Sharma, IAS. Rajya Sabha Television (RSTV) is a 24-hour a day, seven day a week parliamentary TV channel fully owned and operated by the Rajya Sabha. The channel is aimed at providing in-depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially the functioning of and developments related to Rajya Sabha. During sessions of Parliament, apart","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"10609701","text":"may not be limited by the body's regulations or bylaws. In some groups \"ex officio\" members may frequently abstain from voting. Any \"ex officio\" membership (for example, of committees, or of the board) is as defined by the nonprofit association's bylaws or other documents of authority. For example, the bylaws quite often provide that the organization's president will be \"ex officio\" a member of all committees, except the nominating committee. The Vice-President of India is \"ex officio\" Chairman of Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. The Prime Minister of India is \"ex officio\" Chairman of NITI Aayog.","title":"Ex officio member"},{"id":"10607936","text":"when he had abruptly adjourned the House sine die. Hamid Ansari was re-elected for the second term on 7 August 2012, defeating the NDA's nominee Jaswant Singh by a margin of 252 votes. According to the Constitution of India, Ansari, as Vice-President of the Republic, also serves \"ex officio\" as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Ansari is a West Asia scholar and has written on the Palestinian issue and taken positions inconvenient to the Indian official line on Iraq and Iran. He questioned India’s vote in the International Atomic Energy Agency on Iran’s nuclear programme where India voted against Iran.","title":"Mohammad Hamid Ansari"},{"id":"1774464","text":"support to the effective functioning of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) possible to Members of Rajya Sabha; (iv) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (v) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (vi) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; and (vii) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees. In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Chairman, Rajya Sabha is assisted by the","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"19084830","text":"to become one of the top newspapers in India, in terms of circulation. The newspaper was known for investigating many high-profile stories, including the Fodder scam In 2014, the Janata Dal (United) nominated Singh to the Rajya Sabha from the state of Bihar for a six-year term. On August 8th, 2018, he was elected as Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha for a six-year term as the candidate of the National Democratic Alliance, winning the election by a vote of 125 to 105 against the opposition candidate. He is the third person ever and first in forty years to hold","title":"Harivansh Narayan Singh"},{"id":"10607928","text":"Mohammad Hamid Ansari Mohammad Hamid Ansari (; born 1 April 1937) is an Indian politician who served as the 12th Vice-President of India from 2007 to 2017. He has also served as an Indian ambassador and is ex-chairman of Rajya Sabha. Ansari was the first person to be re-elected as Indian VP after Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in 1957. He served as President of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Chancellor of Panjab University , Delhi University , Pondicherry University and the President of the Indian Council of World Affairs in his capacity as vice president Ansari worked as an ambassador and","title":"Mohammad Hamid Ansari"},{"id":"10620461","text":"House from May 2000 to July 2004. He was inducted in the Union Cabinet as Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilizers and thereafter elected Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha from 22 July 2004 to 2 April 2006. Was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha for a third term in April 2006. He was re-elected Deputy Chairman Rajya Sabha on 12 May 2006. He was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha for a fourth term in April 2012. He was sworn in as Cabinet Minister as Minister of Minority Affairs on 28 October 2012 and remained in office till 25 May 2014. He","title":"K. Rahman Khan"},{"id":"18036951","text":"Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind (born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician currently serving as the 14th President of India, in office since 25 July 2017. Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Kovind was nominated as a presidential candidate by the ruling NDA coalition and won the 2017 presidential election. Before entering politics, he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court until 1993. Kovind was born on 1 October","title":"Ram Nath Kovind"},{"id":"1774452","text":"for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method. From 18 July 2018, Rajya Sabha MPs can speak in 22 Indian languages in House as the Upper House has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 official languages of India. Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must: In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"20824622","text":"communication for those looking for information on Chennai floods. Chandrashekhar received the Guard of Honor on the occasion of 67th Republic Day on 26 January 2016, which is a ceremonial ritual practiced in the commonwealth countries. Chandrashekhar took oath in Kannada as a member of Rajya Sabha. The Vice President of India, Venkaiah Naidu, who is also the chairman of Rajya Sabha acknowledged the efforts of Chandrashekhar. G. C. Chandrashekhar G. C. Chandrashekhar (born 12 February 1963) is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress. He is also a member of the Rajya Sabha for Karnataka. He took oath","title":"G. C. Chandrashekhar"},{"id":"15285069","text":"and Violet Alva, the first Parliamentarian couple in history, was unveiled in Parliament. In 2008, the year of Violet's birth centenary, a stamp commemorating the couple was issued by the government of India. Violet Alva Violet Hari Alva (24 April 1908 – 20 November 1969) was an Indian lawyer, journalist and politician, and Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, and member of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was the first woman lawyer to appear before a High Court in India and the first to preside over the Rajya Sabha. Alva was born Violet Hari on 24 April 1908 in","title":"Violet Alva"},{"id":"2873134","text":"can never be dissolved. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a six-year term. The executive of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers. The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, as per Article 53(1) of the constitution. The president has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53(1). The president is","title":"Government of India"},{"id":"14770438","text":"Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Dr Ashok Shekar Ganguly noted industry expert and former chairman of Hindustan Lever, was a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha. His term ended on 17 November 2015. He was born on 28 July 1935 in Patna to Sekhar Nath and Binapani Ganguly. He was educated at the Master Tutorial High School, Mumbai, and obtained his B.Sc degree from the Jaihind College, Mumbai. He completed his M.S in 1959 and Ph.D in 1961 from the University of Illinois Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. Much of Dr. Ganguly's working","title":"Ashok Sekhar Ganguly"},{"id":"1267979","text":"the leader of the majority party or coalition). the president then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the prime minister. The Council of Ministersa remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the president. The president appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. President may nominate not more than two members of Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Governors of states are also appointed by the","title":"President of India"},{"id":"4498925","text":"there were only 80,708 candidates. The number of votes and seats won provides a ranking of the major political parties. The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the parliament. 233 of its members are elected indirectly by the legislative assemblies of the states and the Electoral College of the Union Territories. The President of India appoints 12 of its members. (See Wikipedia, \"Rajya Sabha\"). The 233 members are elected for a six-year term. Every two years, one-third of the members retire. The elected members are chosen by proportional representation via the single transferable vote. There are twelve nominated members","title":"Elections in India"},{"id":"10430654","text":"Shobhana Bhartia Shobhana Bhartia (born 1957) is the Chairperson and Editorial Director of the Hindustan Times Group, one of India's newspaper and media houses, which she inherited from her father. She has also recently taken charge as the Pro Chancellor of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (founded by her grandfather) and is the current chairperson of Endeavor India. Closely associated with the Congress party, Shobhana served as a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the Indian parliament from 2006 to 2012. In 2016, she was listed as the 93rd most powerful woman by Forbes","title":"Shobhana Bhartia"},{"id":"2445577","text":"of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years. The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than","title":"Parliament of India"},{"id":"1774458","text":"member of the Rajya Sabha cannot bring to the house a no-confidence motion against the government. In the Indian federal structure, the Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature (hence the name, Council of States). For this reason, the Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union. The Constitution empowers the Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States. However, this can only be done if the Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by a two-thirds supermajority granting such a power to the Union Parliament.","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"20798641","text":"awarded Deendayal Upadhyay award from President Pranab Mukherjee on May 30. He donated the entire amount of the prize money. On 14 July 2018 he became a member of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian Parliament), as one of the 12 members nominated by The President of India. Rakesh Sinha Rakesh Sinha is Member of Parliament from Rajya Sabha, an author, and an associate professor at the University of Delhi. He was founder and honorary director of Delhi-based think tank India Policy Foundation (IPF). He has authored several books including a Biography of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh founder K","title":"Rakesh Sinha"},{"id":"7452958","text":"Najma Heptulla Najma Akbarali Heptulla (born 13 April 1940) is an Indian politician and the current Governor of Manipur and the Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia. She is a former vice-president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and a six time member of the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian parliament, between 1980 and 2016, and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha for sixteen years. She was a member representing Rajasthan from July 2004 to July 2010. She was nominated by the BJP for the Rajya Sabha in 2012 from Madhya Pradesh, and assumed her office on 24","title":"Najma Heptulla"},{"id":"1774460","text":"representation in Rajya Sabha. Hence, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu & Lakshadweep do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President. As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States. The present strength, however, is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"1268009","text":"the president is unable to act because of absence, illness or any other cause, the vice-president discharges the President's functions until the president resumes the duties. A vice-president who acts as or discharges the functions of the president has all the powers and immunities of the president and is entitled to the same emoluments as the president. When a vice-president discharges the duties of the president, he/she does not function as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. The Indian parliament has enacted the law—\"The President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969\" — for the discharge of the functions of the president","title":"President of India"},{"id":"958160","text":"the post method in each of the 29 Indian states and 7 union territories, while the President of India may appoint 2 representatives of the Anglo-Indian community. As of 2018, Rajya Sabha can have 245 members, 233 of which are elected indirectly by the state legislatures using Single transferable vote method of proportional representation, and 12 are appointed by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services (Art. 80 of the Constitution). Each state is allocated a fixed number of representatives in each chamber, in order of their respective population. As of 2018, state of Uttar","title":"Member of parliament"},{"id":"15861878","text":"of office, functions and procedures of conducting business are broadly similar. These standing committees are elected or appointed every year, or periodically by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, or as a result of consultation between them. There are two types of Parliamentary Committee, the Standing Committee and the Ad hoc Committee. 1. The Standing Committees are constituted every year or frequently and they work on continuous basis. 2. Ad hoc committees are temporary and created for specific task. Once that task is completed, the ad hoc committees cease to exist. ... Committee","title":"Standing committee (India)"},{"id":"10616042","text":"Sabha in April 2008 under the Anti-defection Law by the Vice President of India who is also the chairman of Rajya Sabha for switching sides. He was removed as a member of Rajya Sabha. He has changed five political parties fifteen times but got elected from the same seat five times. Jai Narain Prasad Nishad Jai Narain Prasad Nishad (born 18 November 1930) is an Indian politician and former Member of parliament from Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha Constituency in the Indian State of Bihar. He was a Union Minister for State in 1996-98 and has been a member of Lok Sabha","title":"Jai Narain Prasad Nishad"},{"id":"17624517","text":"Bhupender Yadav Bhupender Yadav (born 30 June 1969) is an Indian politician. He is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha, representing the state of Rajasthan, a position he has held since 2012. He is the National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Yadav was born in Ajmer, Rajasthan on 30 June 1969. He received his bachelor's degree and Bachelor of Laws degree from Government College, Ajmer. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in April 2012. He is the coauthor, Ritwick Dutta, of \"Supreme Court and Forest Conservation\" (the second edition of which was published in 2007),","title":"Bhupender Yadav"},{"id":"15638061","text":"V. Maitreyan Dr Vasudevan Maitreyan (born 21 November 1955) is an Indian oncologist and politician who is currently serving as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India. Maitreyan was born to Indian independence activist K. R. Vasudevan and his wife Manga Vasudevan on 21 November 1955 in a Vadagalai Iyengar family. He had his schooling in Madras and graduated in medicine from the Government Medical College, Nagpur. On completion of his graduation, Maitreyan pursued his M. D. in Medical Oncology from the Madras Medical College and did his D. M. in Medical Oncology","title":"V. Maitreyan"},{"id":"10615495","text":"Anand Sharma Anand Sharma (born 5 January 1953) is an Indian politician and former Union Cabinet Minister in charge of Commerce and Industry and Textiles in the Government of India. Since June 2014, Sharma is the Deputy Leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. Anand Sharma is the son of P. A. Sharma and Prabha Rani Sharma and was born in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. He was educated at R.P.C.S.D.B. College, Shimla and Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla. Sharma was a prominent leader in the student and youth movement in India, a founder","title":"Anand Sharma"},{"id":"20184997","text":"Gurdeep Singh Sappal Gurdeep Singh Sappal is the Former Chief Executive Officer and Editor-in-Chief of Rajya Sabha TV, the public broadcaster owned and operated by Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of The Parliament of India. He is also the Officer on Special Duty to the Vice President of India and works as his aide and political advisor. Sappal is credited with conceptualizing and establishing Rajya Sabha Television (RSTV). He has also conceptulized and produced a ten-part television series \"Samvidhaan - The Making of the Constitution of India\", which re-enacts the debates of the Constituent Assembly and recreates the drama of","title":"Gurdeep Singh Sappal"},{"id":"11970041","text":"Government of India. She is currently Chairperson of Teach For India. She was nominated to Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament on 26 April 2012, by President Pratibha Patil. Anu Aga was born to a Parsi family on 3 August 1942 in Bombay. She graduated with a B.A. in Economics from St Xavier's College, Mumbai, and with a post graduation in medical and psychiatric social work from the prestigious Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai. She had also been a Fulbright Scholar and studied in the United States for four months. Anu started her career in Thermax","title":"Anu Aga"},{"id":"14480191","text":"Suresh Tendulkar Suresh D. Tendulkar (15 February 1939 – 21 June 2011) was an Indian economist and former chief of the National Statistical Commission. Tendulkar was a member of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's Economic Advisory Council (PMEAC) from 2004 to 2008 and then served as its chairman from 2008 to 2009 when C. Rangarajan vacated the post to enter the Rajya Sabha. He died on 21 June 2011, as a result of cardiac arrest at Prayag Hospital, Pune (India). Suresh Tendulkar completed his B.Com. from Pune University, where he secured the top rank in his batch. He then completed his","title":"Suresh Tendulkar"},{"id":"15638063","text":"Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu V. Maitreyan Dr Vasudevan Maitreyan (born 21 November 1955) is an Indian oncologist and politician who is currently serving as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India. Maitreyan was born to Indian independence activist K. R. Vasudevan and his wife Manga Vasudevan on 21 November 1955 in a Vadagalai Iyengar family. He had his schooling in Madras and graduated in medicine from the Government Medical College, Nagpur. On completion of his graduation, Maitreyan pursued his M. D. in Medical Oncology from the","title":"V. Maitreyan"},{"id":"18220857","text":"Vinay Sahasrabuddhe Vinay Prabhakar Sahasrabuddhe is an Indian politician & Member of Parliament of India representing state of Maharashtra in the Rajya Sabha. He is also serving as National Vice President of Bharatiya Janata Party. Mr. Sahasrabuddhe has been appointed as President of Indian Council for Cultural Relations by President of India. He is known as a political scholar and an occasional columnist. He is the Vice Chairman of Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini, a research and training academy for elected representatives & social activists. He heads BJP's think tank Public Policy Research Centre. Vinay Sahasrabuddhe was born in a middle-class Maharashtrian","title":"Vinay Sahasrabuddhe"},{"id":"10620457","text":"B. K. Hariprasad B.K. Hariprasad (born 29 July 1954) is a politician from the Indian National Congress party. He is a Member of Parliament representing Karnataka in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He was the candidate of United Opposition for the post of Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and lost to Shri Harivansh Narayan Singh of NDA. Hariprasad was born in Bangalore, Karnataka, to A. Kempaiah and K. Gunavathi. He did his B.Com. at M.E.S. College, Bangalore University, Bangalore. Hariprasad is a member of the Rajya Sabha. He is also a General Secretary of","title":"B. K. Hariprasad"},{"id":"12192171","text":"2009 - Aug. 2010), on the Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice Member ( July 2010 -), on the Committee for the Ministry of Shipping Member (Sept. 2010 -) and on the Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers Member, Committee on Agriculture(Aug. 2012 -). He was again elected to Rajya Sabha in June 2016 in by-poll which was necessitated due to the death of sitting Congress MP Praveen Rashtrapal. His term will end on 2 April 2018. Rupala married Savitaben in 1979. They have a daughter and one son. Parshottam Rupala Parshottam Khodabhai Rupala (born 1 October 1954) is","title":"Parshottam Rupala"},{"id":"19415162","text":"the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Chairman doesn't preside over the joint session at any mens/cost. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House. As per Article 108 of Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and submitted to the other House— (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the","title":"Joint Session of Indian Parliament"},{"id":"19534953","text":"2017 Indian vice-presidential election The elections to the next Vice-President of India, were held on 5 August 2017. The announcement was made by the Election Commission of India. Rajya Sabha Secretary-General Shumsher K. Sheriff served as the Returning Officer for the 15th Vice-Presidential election. Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari, completed his second term on 10 August 2017. Venkaiah Naidu won the election and took oath as 13th Vice-President of India on 11 August 2017 at Darbar Hall, Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi. The Vice President of India is the exofficio chairperson of the \"Rajya Sabha\" (upper house of the Indian parliament) and","title":"2017 Indian vice-presidential election"},{"id":"20624057","text":"Manoj Jha Manoj Jha is an Indian politician who is a member of Rajya Sabha in Indian Parliament and also the spokesperson of the Rashtriya Janata Dal. On 15 March 2018, he was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha from the state of Bihar. Jha completed his Masters from Department of Social Work from Delhi University in 1992 and PhD in 2000. He has been a Professor at The Department of Social Work University Of Delhi, and its head between 2014–2017. He was a lecturer at Department of Social Work, Jamia Millia Islamia from 1994 to 2002 before joining Delhi","title":"Manoj Jha"},{"id":"10620472","text":"Ayesha Rahman and has two daughters and three sons. K. Rahman Khan K. Rahman Khan is a Veteran Politician belonging to Indian National Congress and a former Union Minister of Minority Affairs and also Ex-Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Having graduated in commerce, a fellow chartered accountant and a D. Lit., Shri Rahman Khan established his credential as accountancy professional before his zeal for serving people at large propelled him to join politics. He was elected as a member of Karnataka Legislative Council in 1978 and rose to become its chairman in 1982-84 and Chairman Karnataka State Minorities Commission (Cabinet","title":"K. Rahman Khan"},{"id":"3022239","text":"and voting) of the Lok Sabha (Article 67(b)). But no such resolution may be moved unless at least 14 days' advance notice has been given. Notably, the Constitution does not list grounds for removal. No Vice-President or \"ex officio\" Vice-President has ever faced removal proceedings. The omissions in the procedure committed by the chairman or the deputy chairman in the Rajya Sabha cannot be challenged in the court of law per There is no provision for the salary of the Vice-President of India in that capacity. He or she receives a salary in the capacity as the \"ex officio\" Chairman","title":"Vice President of India"},{"id":"6047807","text":"Subramanian Swamy Subramanian Swamy (born 15 September 1939) is an Indian economist, statistician and politician who serves as a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He was the President of the Janata Party until it merged with BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party). Swamy has served as a member of the Planning Commission of India and was a Cabinet Minister in the Chandra Shekhar government. Earlier in November 1978, Swamy was member of the Group of Eminent persons and was called to Geneva, Switzerland to prepare a report of the United Nations Conference on Trade","title":"Subramanian Swamy"},{"id":"17064584","text":"Pavan Varma Pavan K. Varma (born 5 November 1953) is a former Indian Foreign Service officer and was an adviser to the Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar, with cabinet rank. With effect from June, 2014 he was a Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) until July 2016. He is currently the National General Secretary and National Spokesman of the Janata Dal (United). Varma is a graduate of St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi where he studied History (Honours) and received the first position. He was President of the St. Stephen’s College Debating Society as well as the star debater and elocutionist","title":"Pavan Varma"},{"id":"19563004","text":"the erstwhile social reformer, Chhatrapati Shahu of Kolhapur. He is the grandson of late H.H.Major General Shahaji Chhatrapati Maharaja of Kolhapur, who was entrusted by the British Crown to lead the vastly decorated Maratha Light Infantry in the Second World War in East Africa against Field Marshal Rommel, also known as the Desert Fox. He is the elder son of the present Maharaja Shrimant Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur. On 11 June 2016, he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India. Avid interest in football, wrestling. Patron of the Kolhapur Sports Association which is promoting sports","title":"Sambhaji Raje"},{"id":"3022240","text":"of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), which is currently Rs. 4,00,000 per month. In addition, he or she is entitled to a daily allowance, free furnished residence, medical, travel and other facilities. The constitution provides that when the \"ex officio\" Vice-President acts as the President or discharges the duties of the President, he or she is entitled to the salary and privileges of the President. The pension for the Vice-President is 50% of the salary. Vice President of India The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the President. Article 63 of Indian Constitution states","title":"Vice President of India"},{"id":"3247101","text":"and (iii) be recognised as such by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha. Following members have been the Leaders of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. Leader of the Opposition (India) The Leader of the Opposition is the politician who leads the official opposition in either House of the Parliament of India. While the position also existed in former Central Legislative Assembly of British India, and holders of it there included Motilal Nehru, it received statutory recognition through the \"Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977\" which defines the term \"Leader of the Opposition\" as that member of","title":"Leader of the Opposition (India)"},{"id":"17844881","text":"RK Anand Ram Kumar Anand (born 15 March 1943) is a lawyer and former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, serving during the NDA government. He is Senior Vice-President of Indian Olympic Association from 14 December 2017. He also served as the chairman of the Bar Council of Delhi for two terms and was a member of the Bar Council of Delhi for 25 years. He held the position of Vice-President of the Indian Law Institute for over 25 years. Anand was born in 1943 to Roshan Lal Anand and Ram Lubhai Anand. He did his schooling and passed matriculation in","title":"RK Anand"},{"id":"15285065","text":"naval sector. She cautioned the government to be careful when dealing with foreign capital and supported linguistic states. After the second Indian General Election in 1957, she became Deputy Minister of State for Home Affairs. In 1962, Alva became the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, thereby becoming the first female to preside over the Rajya Sabha in its history. She served two consecutive terms in Rajya Sabha. Her first term commenced on 19 April 1962 and continued till 2 April 1966. Her second term began with her election to the office of Deputy Chairman on 7 April 1966 and","title":"Violet Alva"},{"id":"3683879","text":"Dev Azad, a well known Kashmiri singer, in 1980, and they have a son Saddam Nabi Azad and a daughter Sofiya Nabi Azad. Ghulam Nabi Azad Ghulam Nabi Azad (born 7 March 1949) is an Indian politician of the Indian National Congress and was the Minister of Health and Family Welfare. Presently, he serves as the Leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha. He was the Parliamentary Affairs Minister of India in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh until 27 October 2005, when he was appointed as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. He led the party successfully in","title":"Ghulam Nabi Azad"},{"id":"8443558","text":"C. P. Thakur Chandreshwar Prasad \"C P\" Thakur (born 3 September 1931) is a current member of Rajya Sabha, a former minister in the Government of India, a physician and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was minister from 1999 to 2004 in the BJP government. He was born in 1933 in village Dubhah Muzaffarpur District in Bihar. He received his degree from Patna Medical College, Patna University, Royal College of Physicians, London and Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh and Royal College of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London. He is M.B.B.S., M.D., M.R.C.P., F.R.C.P. He stood first and received","title":"C. P. Thakur"},{"id":"3797600","text":"A. K. Antony Arackaparambil Kurien Antony, better known as A. K. Antony (born 28 December 1940) is an Indian politician and attorney who currently serves as Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, representing the state of Kerala for the fifth consecutive term since 1985. He also currently serves as the Chairman of the Disciplinary Action Committee of the All India Congress Committee, Congress Working Committee, and member of the Central Election Committee. Antony has served two terms as Defence Minister of India from 2006 to 2014, and was appointed three times as Chief Minister of the state of Kerala. A. K.","title":"A. K. Antony"},{"id":"1774457","text":"influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government, which already has a majority in Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority. Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity, and have been convened three times in last 71 years, for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act, the latest time being in 2002: Unlike the Lok Sabha, a","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"18465498","text":"a major breakthrough. He has extensively travelled worldwide and widely known for his public relations. Heading/representing many social & Professional Bodies Ajay Sancheti Ajay Sancheti (born 22 October 1965) is Member of Rajya Sabha belongs to Bharatiya Janata Party. He is a Member of Parliament, representing Maharashtra in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of Indian Parliament . Sancheti was born to Vijaya Sancheti and Shaktikumar Sancheti. Ajay Sancheti married Savita on 15 February 1989. They have two sons. Shri. Ajay Shaktikumar Sancheti - Non Executive Vice Chairman A Commerce Graduate. He started his career in 1985 with a Coal","title":"Ajay Sancheti"},{"id":"1774450","text":"meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held. However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the former would normally hold the greater power. Joint","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"7745564","text":"by the President of India from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art or social service. He served as a Rajya Sabha MP from November 1999 to November 2005. He was the founder and editor of the Tamil magazine \"Thuglak\". Politicians such as J. B. Kripalani, Indira Gandhi, Karunanidhi, Chandra Shekhar, G. K. Moopanar, M. G. Ramachandran, Jayalalithaa, Ramakrishna Hegde, N. T. Rama Rao, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and L. K. Advani, Sonia Gandhi, Manmohan Singh and P. Chidambaram were targets of his editorial attacks. He was widely considered to be an","title":"Cho Ramaswamy"},{"id":"19082538","text":"Vivek Gupta Vivek Gupta (born December 1975) is a Member of Parliament representing All India Trinamool Congress in the Rajya Sabha from West Bengal. He is the Chairman of the board and also Editor & Founder of the Hindi daily published newspaper in Eastern India – SANMARG. Vivek Gupta was born in Dehradun to a Hindu family. He went to Riverdale School and later to IIT(BHU) in Varanasi. He began his career as a scientist. He is educated at Calcutta University with B.com (Hons), a Degree in System Design & Analyst from Kolkata NIIT and degree in Print Production Education","title":"Vivek Gupta"},{"id":"10469222","text":"if the Ruler of Venad approves of it. This administrative setup consisting of the Arachan (Ruler) of Venad, Pushpanjali Swamiyar, six member Sabha and Sabhanjithan is called Ettara Yogam. A Sannyasin from Naduvil Madhom or Munchira Madhom presides over the meetings of the Sabha. He is called Pushpanjali Swamiyar as he performs floral worship to Lord Sri Padmanabha daily. The Swamiyar can hold office during the pleasure of the Crown. The members of Thiruvaananthapurathu Sabha are Srikaryathu Potti is the Sabhanjithan or Secretary to the Sabha. Important decisions taken by the Sabha could be implemented only if the Raja of","title":"Ettara Yogam"},{"id":"10620493","text":"Rajeev Chandrasekhar Rajeev Chandrasekhar (born 31 May 1964) is an Indian politician and Multimillionaire entrepreneur who is currently serving as Member of Parliament in the upper house (Rajya Sabha) of the Indian Parliament. He is the Member of Bharatiya Janata Party as of 2018 and also the vice-chairman of the Kerala wing of Bharatiya Janata Party-led coalition National Democratic Alliance. He represents the state of Karnataka. He also currently serves as member of the Parliament, Standing Committee on Defence, Consultative Committee on Finance, the Central Advisory Committee for the National Cadet Corps, Co-Chairman of District Development Coordination & Monitoring Committee,","title":"Rajeev Chandrasekhar"},{"id":"18074258","text":"C. M. Ramesh C.M. Ramesh (born Chintakunta Munaiah Ramesh) is an Indian politician and businessman. He is a Official Spokes Person of National Telugu Desam Party, representing the party as a Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) from Andhra Pradesh, India. He won his second consecutive Rajya Sabha term in 2018. He holds a great position in TDP. Ramesh is the Founder Chairman of Rithwik Projects Pvt. Ltd., which was set up in 1999 and it has grown to a turnover of more than 1000 Crores within a span of 14 years. The company is one of the leading Infrastructure Developers","title":"C. M. Ramesh"},{"id":"1774463","text":"for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament. The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman. The main activities of the Secretariat \"inter alia\" include the following : (i) providing secretarial assistance and","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"13806746","text":"of heart\" and wrote to the law ministry seeking to withdraw his resignation. But the ministry rejected his request. However, his pre-emptive resignation did manage to scuttle the probe against him as the chairman of Rajya Sabha, Hamid Ansari, quietly buried the inquiry committee citing Dinakaran's resignation in July. On 15 January 2012, it became public through an RTI query that Justice Dinakaran along with his other colleague facing similar accusations Justice Soumitra Sen will keep getting their post-retirement benefits, even though they resigned ahead of impeachment proceedings against them, as there are no Constitutional or statutory provisions restricting their","title":"P. D. Dinakaran"},{"id":"17538358","text":"K. D. Singh (politician) Dr Kanwar Deep Singh (born 21 August 1961), also known as K. D. Singh, is an Indian businessman turned politician and Member of Parliament (MP), Rajya Sabha. He is also the president of the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) and the Hockey Association of Haryana.Singh's political and business career has been marred by various controversies. Singh was born on 21 August 1961. He started his business in 1988 under the banner of Tubro Industries. His first factory in Chandigarh produced wire mesh and link fencing. The name was changed to Alchemist in 2004. The Alchemist Group has","title":"K. D. Singh (politician)"},{"id":"4326196","text":"Net worth of $8.3 Billion. In 2007, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honor. On June 15, 2016, he was elected as Chairman of the International Chamber of Commerce. Sunil Bharti Mittal was born in Punjabi family. His father, Sat Paul Mittal, had been the Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha (Indian National Congress) from Ludhiana, Punjab, he was elected from Punjab for two terms (1976 & 1982) and nominated to the Rajya Sabha once (1988). He first joined the Wynberg Allen School in Mussoorie, but later attended Scindia School at Gwalior and he graduated in 1976","title":"Sunil Mittal"},{"id":"20522861","text":"President of the Law Delhi University Students' Union. The Aam Aadmi Party announced him as candidate for the upcoming Rajya Sabha elections from National Capital Territory of Delhi. On 8 January 2018 he along with Sanjay Singh and N. D. Gupta was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha. Dr. Sushil Gupta has established the following Educational Institutes as Founder Chairman. Dr. Gupta is also associated with the following educational organisations as Sushil Gupta Sushil Kumar Gupta is an Indian politician, businessman and owner of various schools in and around Delhi. He is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha","title":"Sushil Gupta"},{"id":"11950635","text":"Derek O'Brien (politician) Derek O’Brien (born 1961) is an Indian politician, author, television personality, public speaker and quiz show host. He is a member of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of India’s Parliament) from Bengal, representing the All India Trinamool Congress. He is the chief national spokesperson as well as leader of the Trinamool Congress Parliamentary party in the Rajya Sabha. O’Brien comes from an Anglo-Indian family and can trace his paternal origins to an Irish soldier who came to India in the early 1860s and whose descendants married into the Bengali community. O’Brien is based in Kolkata and speaks,","title":"Derek O'Brien (politician)"},{"id":"1774459","text":"The union government cannot make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha, by a two-thirds supermajority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All-India Services common to both Union and States, including a judicial service. Seats are allotted in degressive proportion to the population of each state or union territory, meaning that smaller states have a slight advantage over more populous states. As the members are elected by the state legislature, smaller Union Territories which are not States and do not have legislatures cannot have","title":"Rajya Sabha"},{"id":"16732556","text":"P. L. Punia Panna Lal Punia, usually known as P. L. Punia, is an Indian politician and Member of the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh since 2014. He was member of the Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2014 and represented Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency). He is a Dalit leader of the Indian National Congress party. He was also chairperson of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes between 2013-16 and as such sat \"ex officio\" on the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). In July 2012, Punia appeared in the popular TV show \"Satyamev Jayate\", hosted by Bollywood star Aamir Khan, to","title":"P. L. Punia"},{"id":"19087933","text":"Kahkashan Perween Kahkashan Perween,(born 1 January 1979 Birth Place-Doranda, District Ranchi (Jharkhand)) a politician from Janata Dal (United) party, is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament. She is graduated from Ranchi University in 1991 and resides at Bhagalpur. Rajya Sabha Chairman M Venkaiah Naidu nominated JD(U) MP Kahkashan Parveen on the panel of presiding officers for conducting proceedings of the House on 27 July 2018. She is elected for the term April 2014-April-2020. She was presided over the question hour in the House on 3 August 2018.","title":"Kahkashan Perween"},{"id":"19087934","text":"Kahkashan Perween Kahkashan Perween,(born 1 January 1979 Birth Place-Doranda, District Ranchi (Jharkhand)) a politician from Janata Dal (United) party, is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament. She is graduated from Ranchi University in 1991 and resides at Bhagalpur. Rajya Sabha Chairman M Venkaiah Naidu nominated JD(U) MP Kahkashan Parveen on the panel of presiding officers for conducting proceedings of the House on 27 July 2018. She is elected for the term April 2014-April-2020. She was presided over the question hour in the House on 3 August 2018.","title":"Kahkashan Perween"},{"id":"11635056","text":"Tarun Vijay Tarun Vijay (born 1961) is an Indian author, social worker and journalist. He was the editor of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) weekly in Hindi, \"Panchajanya\", from 1986 to February 2008. He also writes for the \"Daily Pioneer\". He was also elected member of Rajya Sabha till his Term ended in July 2016, of the upper house of Indian Parliament \"RajyaSabha\" and president of Parliamentary Group on India China Friendship. He is also member of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence Ministry and Parliamentary Consultative Committee on External Affairs. He is also a member of Board of Governors, Parliamentary","title":"Tarun Vijay"},{"id":"1283689","text":"Justice of the Supreme Court of India), Ranganath Misra (Chair Person, National Human Rights Commissioner of India and Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India), Najma Heptulla (President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union; UNDP Distinguished Human Development Ambassador) and Shivraj Patil (Member of Parliament, India; Formerly of the Lok Sabha & Union Minister) all signed the following statement: Sathya Sai Baba Sathya Sai Baba (born Sathyanarayana Raju; 23 November 192624 April 2011) was an Indian guru, a spiritual leader, and philanthropist. He claimed to be the reincarnation of Sai Baba of Shirdi. Sai Baba's purported materialisations of \"vibhuti\" (holy","title":"Sathya Sai Baba"},{"id":"17886590","text":"college, as well as institutes of management studies and of technology. The umbrella organisation now includes CMR Institute of Technology and CMR University. K. C. Ramamurthy K. C. Ramamurthy is a member of the Rajya Sabha from the state of Karnataka, India. He is chairman of the CMR Jnanadhara Trust and a former Inspector General of Police in Bangalore, Karnataka. He was also the Registrar of Bangalore University between January 2002-31 October 2003. Ramamurthy is one of twelve children in a large, wealthy and liberal-minded family; their father was Chikka Muniappa Reddy. He is married to Sabitha, with whom he","title":"K. C. Ramamurthy"},{"id":"18036962","text":"reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs. Although more recently, the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said “Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion (of caste)” as opposed to what was reported as \"nation\". Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind (born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician currently serving as the 14th President of India, in office since 25 July 2017. Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from","title":"Ram Nath Kovind"},{"id":"20522859","text":"Sushil Gupta Sushil Kumar Gupta is an Indian politician, businessman and owner of various schools in and around Delhi. He is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament from the Aam Aadmi Party. Dr. Sushil Gupta is an eminent educationist, agriculturist & social worker who has worked in many educational institutes as Founder Chairman, spread over approximately in 125 acres of land and are imparting education to more than 15000 students. Dr. Gupta has contributed to the environment in a many ways. He tried to ameliorate the problems of the common man by working to","title":"Sushil Gupta"},{"id":"16694128","text":"re-structuring of DRSCs in July, 2004 each DRSC consists of 31 members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. There are 24 Department-related Standing Committees (DRSCs). Each of these committees have 31 members - 21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. These members are to be nominated by the Speaker of Lok Sabha or the Chairman of Rajya Sabha respectively. The term of office of these committees does not exceed one year. These committees are serviced either by Lok Sabha secretariat or the Rajya Sabha secretariat depending on who has appointed the chairman of that committee. <nowiki>**</nowiki>","title":"Parliamentary Committees of India"},{"id":"17181350","text":"K. C. Tyagi K. C. Tyagi (born 10 December 1950) is an Indian politician who is a member of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian Parliament) representing of Bihar and serves as the Chief General Secretary and National Spokesperson of the Janata Dal (United). He is also the Chairman of the Parliamentary standing committee on The Industry. He was a member of the Ninth Lok Sabha and has served as the Chairman of the Committee on Papers Laid on the Table and as the Chairman of Central Warehousing Corporation (Govt. of India undertaking). Kishan Chand Tyagi was born","title":"K. C. Tyagi"},{"id":"7756111","text":"US (Ocean of Wisdom) etc. Three of his documentary films have been archived by the Motion Picture Academy of America, well known for presenting the Oscars. Mehrotra has twice addressed plenary sessions at 'The World Economic Forum' at Davos and was nominated a 'Global Leader for Tomorrow' by them. He has served as a judge for The Templeton Prize for Religion, on the governing council of the Sri Aurobindo Society, The Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) and as the chairman of the jury of the 50th anniversary Indian National Film Awards for Non-feature films. He started his career","title":"Rajiv Mehrotra"},{"id":"14694054","text":"Syed Hussain Syed Hussain is an Indian politician. He is ex-Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha, Ex Chairman Legislative Council, Jammu and Kashmir. Syed Hussain was born on 16 July 1919, in ancestral house in Mohalla Mir Maidan in Dooru—Near Verinag, District Anantnag. He holds a Bachelor of Arts [BA] (Kashmir University); Bachelor of Law [LLB] (Aligarh University); Mufti (Honours; in Persian and Arabic) Kashmir University He is married to Mrs. Farkhundah Begum daughter of Syed Ghulam Mustafa and Mrs Raja Begum on 1 October 1940, having four daughters, Mumtaz Akhter, Farrukh Bashira Bashi, Qayoom Zahida and Farida Afridi. Syed Hussain","title":"Syed Hussain"},{"id":"19383480","text":"Party (SP) said that the bill doesn't fit into the definition of a money bill. P. J. Kurien, Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, said that it was the decision of Lok Sabha Chairperson Sumitra Mahajan to allow the bill, so it should not be questioned. Sitaram Yechury of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) argued that the bill was unconstitutional as the Constitution guarantees the freedom of life and liberty and privacy comes under it. Jaitley responded to Yechury by saying that privacy is not an absolute right and it can be restricted by the law. Jairam Ramesh of INC","title":"Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016"},{"id":"20258411","text":"function on 12 January 2018 where the Chief Guest was Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India. Award was given by Mr Yogi Adinath, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and Minister of Youth affairs Mr. Rajyavardhan Singh. . Bhamashah Award: Government of Rajasthan has honored him with coveted Bhamashah Award on 28 June 2016 by The Hon’ble Shri Kailash Meghwal, the Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly & Shri Vasudev Devnani (Education Minister). International Vaish Federation Award: He was felicitated by International Vaish Federation for his outstanding contribution in transforming the lives of underprivileged children by educating them and making","title":"Jaikrishan Jajoo"},{"id":"2567546","text":"Arun Jaitley Arun Jaitley (born 28 December 1952) is an Indian politician and advocate, who is a Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. A member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Jaitley previously held the cabinet portfolios of Finance, Corporate Affairs, Commerce and Industry and Law and Justice in the Vajpayee government (1998–2004) and served as the Minister of Defence in the Narendra Modi government as additional charge. From 2009 to 2014 he served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. He is a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court of India. Arun","title":"Arun Jaitley"},{"id":"8913994","text":"Rama Jois Justice Mandagadde Rama Jois (born 1931) is a current member of Rajya Sabha, a former governor of Jharkhand and Bihar states, and a former Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. He is also a senior advocate in the Supreme Court of India. Rama Jois was born to Narasimha Jois and Lakshmidevamma on 27 July 1931 at Araga village, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India. He studied in Shivamogga and Bengaluru and acquired B.A., B.L.degrees and Kuvempu University has conferred him with Doctor of Laws honorary degree. He is a noted writer and historian having written several books","title":"Rama Jois"},{"id":"3247100","text":"the Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977. This Act defines the Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha, as a member of the Council of States who is, for the time being, the Leader in that House of the party in opposition to the Government constituting the greatest numerical strength and recognised as such by the Chairman of the Council of States. Thus, the Leader of the Opposition should satisfy three conditions, namely, (i) he should be a member of the House (ii) the Leader in Rajya Sabha of the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength","title":"Leader of the Opposition (India)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1774451\",\n \"text\": \"sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare, and in the history of the Republic, only three such joint-sessions have been held; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the \\\"ex-officio\\\" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, who presides over its sessions. The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house's members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman. The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May 1952. The salary and other benefits\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10607930\",\n \"text\": \"2017 vice-presidential election. Upon the inauguration of Ram Nath Kovind as President of India in 2017, Ansari became the first Indian Vice-President to serve during the terms of three presidents. He is the longest serving chairman of Rajya Sabha. Ansari was born on 1 April 1937 at Calcutta, Bengal Presidency (present day Kolkata in the state of West Bengal) to Mohammad Abdul Aziz Ansari and Aasiya Begum. Though his ancestral home is in the city of Ghazipur of the Uttar Pradesh state, he spent his formative years in Kolkata. He is a grand-nephew of former Indian National Congress president and\",\n \"title\": \"Mohammad Hamid Ansari\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3022228\",\n \"text\": \"Vice President of India The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the President. Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that \\\"there shall be a Vice-President of India.\\\" The Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations. The Vice-President of India is also \\\"ex officio\\\" Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. When a bill is introduced in Rajya Sabha, vice-president decides whether it is a financial bill or not. If he is of the opinion, a bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha is a money bill, he\",\n \"title\": \"Vice President of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"191180\",\n \"text\": \"most senior office in the country, after the President. The vice-president is also elected by an electoral college, consisting of members of both houses of parliament. Like the president, the role of the Vice-President is also ceremonial, with no real authority vested in him/her. The Vice-President fills in a vacancy in the office of President (till the election of a new president). His only regular function is that he functions are the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. No other duties/powers are vested in the office. The current Vice President is M.Venkaiah Naidu. The Union Council of Ministers, headed by the\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19084831\",\n \"text\": \"this post who is not from the Indian National Congress. Harivansh Narayan Singh Harivansh (born 30 June 1956) is an Indian journalist and politician, who is the current Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He did his graduation & Post graduation in Economics from Banaras Hindu University and also holds Diploma in Journalism. He resides at Ranchi. He has worked in several different media publications through his career, starting with the Times of India. He served as an additional media advisor to former Prime Minister Chandrashekhar. He joined the then obscure and nearly\",\n \"title\": \"Harivansh Narayan Singh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2873138\",\n \"text\": \"the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the president exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the prime minister. The vice president is the second highest constitutional position in India after the president. The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the president and takes charge as acting president in the incident of resignation impeachment or removal of the president. The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members\",\n \"title\": \"Government of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19084829\",\n \"text\": \"Harivansh Narayan Singh Harivansh (born 30 June 1956) is an Indian journalist and politician, who is the current Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He did his graduation & Post graduation in Economics from Banaras Hindu University and also holds Diploma in Journalism. He resides at Ranchi. He has worked in several different media publications through his career, starting with the Times of India. He served as an additional media advisor to former Prime Minister Chandrashekhar. He joined the then obscure and nearly dead Hindi publication Prabhat Khabar in 1989, and scaled it\",\n \"title\": \"Harivansh Narayan Singh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3022230\",\n \"text\": \"in order to be qualified to be elected as Vice-President, a person must: While in order to be a President, a person must be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha (House of Peoples), the Vice-President must be qualified for election as a member of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States). This difference is because the Vice-President is to act as the \\\"ex officio\\\" Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly, by an electoral college consisting of members {elected as well as nominated} of both houses of the Parliament. The election of the Vice-President\",\n \"title\": \"Vice President of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774461\",\n \"text\": \"the President. The 12 nominated members of the Rajya Sabha are persons who are eminent in particular fields, and are well known contributors in the particular field. Members of Rajya Sabha by their political party (As of 16 December 2018): Besides the Chairman (Vice-President of India) and the Deputy Chairman, there is also a position called \\\"Leader of the House\\\". This is a cabinet minister – the Prime Minister if he is a member of the House, or another nominated Minister. The Leader has a seat next to the Chairman, in the front row. Besides the Leader of the House,\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628259\",\n \"text\": \"P. J. Kurien Pallath Joseph \\\"P. J.\\\" Kurien is an Indian politician, a social worker and educationist. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, until he retired on 30 June 2018. A leader of the Indian National Congress party, Kurien previously served as a Union Minister in the P. V. Narasimha Rao government and was a member of the Lok Sabha for six consecutive terms from 1980 to 1999. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2005. P. J. Kurien was born on 31 March 1941 to P. G.\",\n \"title\": \"P. J. Kurien\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774449\",\n \"text\": \"Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sit for staggered terms lasting six years, with a third of the members up for election every two years. The Rajya Sabha\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774462\",\n \"text\": \"who is leading the majority, there is also a Leader of the Opposition (LOP) – leading the opposition parties. The function was only recognized in the Salary and Allowances of Leaders of the Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977. This is commonly the leader of the largest non-government party, and is recognized as such by the Chairman. The following is the list of the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha: The Secretariat of Rajya Sabha was set up pursuant to the provisions contained in Article 98 of the Constitution. The said Article, which provides for a separate secretarial staff\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15285062\",\n \"text\": \"Violet Alva Violet Hari Alva (24 April 1908 – 20 November 1969) was an Indian lawyer, journalist and politician, and Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, and member of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was the first woman lawyer to appear before a High Court in India and the first to preside over the Rajya Sabha. Alva was born Violet Hari on 24 April 1908 in Ahmedabad. She was the eighth of nine children. Violet's father, Reverend Laxman Hari, was one of the first Indian pastors of the Church of England. Having lost both her parents when she was\",\n \"title\": \"Violet Alva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628262\",\n \"text\": \"case was not maintainable P. J. Kurien Pallath Joseph \\\"P. J.\\\" Kurien is an Indian politician, a social worker and educationist. He was the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India, until he retired on 30 June 2018. A leader of the Indian National Congress party, Kurien previously served as a Union Minister in the P. V. Narasimha Rao government and was a member of the Lok Sabha for six consecutive terms from 1980 to 1999. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 2005. P. J. Kurien was born on 31 March\",\n \"title\": \"P. J. Kurien\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3022238\",\n \"text\": \"The Constitution does not provide a mechanism of succession to the office of Vice-President in the event of an extraordinary vacancy, apart from a re-election. However, the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha can perform the Vice-President's duties as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha in such an event. The Constitution states that the Vice-President can be removed by a resolution of the Rajya Sabha passed by an effective majority (50% of effective strength of house, here effective strength equals the total number strength minus the number of vacancies) and a simple majority (50% of total members who are present\",\n \"title\": \"Vice President of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19210145\",\n \"text\": \"20 October 2000 and demitted it on 30 June 2002. Narain was appointed as the Secretary-General of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament by the Vice President of India and \\\"ex-officio\\\" Chairman of Rajya Sabha, he assumed the office of 1 September 2002 and demitted it on 14 September 2007. Yogendra Narain Yogendra Narain (born 26 June 1942) is a 1965 batch retired Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of Uttar Pradesh cadre. He is a former Secretary-General of Rajya Sabha. He also served as the Defence Secretary of India, Chief Secretary of Uttar Pradesh, Surface Transport Secretary\",\n \"title\": \"Yogendra Narain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774466\",\n \"text\": \"from telecasting live coverage of the proceedings of Rajya Sabha, RSTV presents incisive analysis of the proceedings of the House as well as other day-to-day parliamentary events and developments. Rajya Sabha The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership of Rajya Sabha is limited by the Constitution to a maximum of 250 members, and current laws have provision for 245 members. Most of the members of the House are indirectly elected by state and territorial legislatures using single transferable votes, while the President can appoint 12 members for their contributions to\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4619826\",\n \"text\": \"speaker is fixed by the president. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both houses of the Parliament of India. The counterpart of the speaker in the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) is its chairperson; the Vice President of India is the \\\"ex-officio\\\" chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. On the order of precedence, the Speaker of Lok Sabha ranks sixth, along with the Chief Justice of India. The speaker is answerable to the house. Both the speaker and deputy speaker may\",\n \"title\": \"Speaker of the Lok Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774465\",\n \"text\": \"Secretary-General, who holds the rank equivalent to the Cabinet Secretary to the Government of India. The Secretary-General, in turn, is assisted by senior functionaries at the level of Secretary, Additional Secretary, Joint Secretary and other officers and staff of the Secretariat. Present secretary-general is Desh Deepak Sharma, IAS. Rajya Sabha Television (RSTV) is a 24-hour a day, seven day a week parliamentary TV channel fully owned and operated by the Rajya Sabha. The channel is aimed at providing in-depth coverage and analysis of parliamentary affairs especially the functioning of and developments related to Rajya Sabha. During sessions of Parliament, apart\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10609701\",\n \"text\": \"may not be limited by the body's regulations or bylaws. In some groups \\\"ex officio\\\" members may frequently abstain from voting. Any \\\"ex officio\\\" membership (for example, of committees, or of the board) is as defined by the nonprofit association's bylaws or other documents of authority. For example, the bylaws quite often provide that the organization's president will be \\\"ex officio\\\" a member of all committees, except the nominating committee. The Vice-President of India is \\\"ex officio\\\" Chairman of Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament. The Prime Minister of India is \\\"ex officio\\\" Chairman of NITI Aayog.\",\n \"title\": \"Ex officio member\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10607936\",\n \"text\": \"when he had abruptly adjourned the House sine die. Hamid Ansari was re-elected for the second term on 7 August 2012, defeating the NDA's nominee Jaswant Singh by a margin of 252 votes. According to the Constitution of India, Ansari, as Vice-President of the Republic, also serves \\\"ex officio\\\" as Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Ansari is a West Asia scholar and has written on the Palestinian issue and taken positions inconvenient to the Indian official line on Iraq and Iran. He questioned India’s vote in the International Atomic Energy Agency on Iran’s nuclear programme where India voted against Iran.\",\n \"title\": \"Mohammad Hamid Ansari\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774464\",\n \"text\": \"support to the effective functioning of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) possible to Members of Rajya Sabha; (iv) servicing the various Parliamentary Committees; (v) preparing research and reference material and bringing out various publications; (vi) recruitment of manpower in the Sabha Secretariat and attending to personnel matters; and (vii) preparing and publishing a record of the day-to-day proceedings of the Rajya Sabha and bringing out such other publications, as may be required concerning the functioning of the Rajya Sabha and its Committees. In the discharge of his constitutional and statutory responsibilities, the Chairman, Rajya Sabha is assisted by the\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19084830\",\n \"text\": \"to become one of the top newspapers in India, in terms of circulation. The newspaper was known for investigating many high-profile stories, including the Fodder scam In 2014, the Janata Dal (United) nominated Singh to the Rajya Sabha from the state of Bihar for a six-year term. On August 8th, 2018, he was elected as Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha for a six-year term as the candidate of the National Democratic Alliance, winning the election by a vote of 125 to 105 against the opposition candidate. He is the third person ever and first in forty years to hold\",\n \"title\": \"Harivansh Narayan Singh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10607928\",\n \"text\": \"Mohammad Hamid Ansari Mohammad Hamid Ansari (; born 1 April 1937) is an Indian politician who served as the 12th Vice-President of India from 2007 to 2017. He has also served as an Indian ambassador and is ex-chairman of Rajya Sabha. Ansari was the first person to be re-elected as Indian VP after Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in 1957. He served as President of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Chancellor of Panjab University , Delhi University , Pondicherry University and the President of the Indian Council of World Affairs in his capacity as vice president Ansari worked as an ambassador and\",\n \"title\": \"Mohammad Hamid Ansari\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10620461\",\n \"text\": \"House from May 2000 to July 2004. He was inducted in the Union Cabinet as Minister of State for Chemicals and Fertilizers and thereafter elected Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha from 22 July 2004 to 2 April 2006. Was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha for a third term in April 2006. He was re-elected Deputy Chairman Rajya Sabha on 12 May 2006. He was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha for a fourth term in April 2012. He was sworn in as Cabinet Minister as Minister of Minority Affairs on 28 October 2012 and remained in office till 25 May 2014. He\",\n \"title\": \"K. Rahman Khan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18036951\",\n \"text\": \"Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind (born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician currently serving as the 14th President of India, in office since 25 July 2017. Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Kovind was nominated as a presidential candidate by the ruling NDA coalition and won the 2017 presidential election. Before entering politics, he was a lawyer for 16 years and practiced in the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court until 1993. Kovind was born on 1 October\",\n \"title\": \"Ram Nath Kovind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774452\",\n \"text\": \"for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method. From 18 July 2018, Rajya Sabha MPs can speak in 22 Indian languages in House as the Upper House has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 official languages of India. Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must: In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20824622\",\n \"text\": \"communication for those looking for information on Chennai floods. Chandrashekhar received the Guard of Honor on the occasion of 67th Republic Day on 26 January 2016, which is a ceremonial ritual practiced in the commonwealth countries. Chandrashekhar took oath in Kannada as a member of Rajya Sabha. The Vice President of India, Venkaiah Naidu, who is also the chairman of Rajya Sabha acknowledged the efforts of Chandrashekhar. G. C. Chandrashekhar G. C. Chandrashekhar (born 12 February 1963) is an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress. He is also a member of the Rajya Sabha for Karnataka. He took oath\",\n \"title\": \"G. C. Chandrashekhar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15285069\",\n \"text\": \"and Violet Alva, the first Parliamentarian couple in history, was unveiled in Parliament. In 2008, the year of Violet's birth centenary, a stamp commemorating the couple was issued by the government of India. Violet Alva Violet Hari Alva (24 April 1908 – 20 November 1969) was an Indian lawyer, journalist and politician, and Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, and member of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was the first woman lawyer to appear before a High Court in India and the first to preside over the Rajya Sabha. Alva was born Violet Hari on 24 April 1908 in\",\n \"title\": \"Violet Alva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2873134\",\n \"text\": \"can never be dissolved. The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a six-year term. The executive of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers. The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, as per Article 53(1) of the constitution. The president has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53(1). The president is\",\n \"title\": \"Government of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14770438\",\n \"text\": \"Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Dr Ashok Shekar Ganguly noted industry expert and former chairman of Hindustan Lever, was a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha. His term ended on 17 November 2015. He was born on 28 July 1935 in Patna to Sekhar Nath and Binapani Ganguly. He was educated at the Master Tutorial High School, Mumbai, and obtained his B.Sc degree from the Jaihind College, Mumbai. He completed his M.S in 1959 and Ph.D in 1961 from the University of Illinois Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. Much of Dr. Ganguly's working\",\n \"title\": \"Ashok Sekhar Ganguly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1267979\",\n \"text\": \"the leader of the majority party or coalition). the president then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the prime minister. The Council of Ministersa remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the president. The president appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. President may nominate not more than two members of Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Governors of states are also appointed by the\",\n \"title\": \"President of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4498925\",\n \"text\": \"there were only 80,708 candidates. The number of votes and seats won provides a ranking of the major political parties. The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the parliament. 233 of its members are elected indirectly by the legislative assemblies of the states and the Electoral College of the Union Territories. The President of India appoints 12 of its members. (See Wikipedia, \\\"Rajya Sabha\\\"). The 233 members are elected for a six-year term. Every two years, one-third of the members retire. The elected members are chosen by proportional representation via the single transferable vote. There are twelve nominated members\",\n \"title\": \"Elections in India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10430654\",\n \"text\": \"Shobhana Bhartia Shobhana Bhartia (born 1957) is the Chairperson and Editorial Director of the Hindustan Times Group, one of India's newspaper and media houses, which she inherited from her father. She has also recently taken charge as the Pro Chancellor of Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (founded by her grandfather) and is the current chairperson of Endeavor India. Closely associated with the Congress party, Shobhana served as a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the Indian parliament from 2006 to 2012. In 2016, she was listed as the 93rd most powerful woman by Forbes\",\n \"title\": \"Shobhana Bhartia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2445577\",\n \"text\": \"of the states. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. It currently has a sanctioned strength of 245 members, of which 233 are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 are nominated by the President. The number of members from a state depends on its population. The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years. The period during which the House meets to conduct its business is called a session. The Constitution empowers the president to summon each House at such intervals that there should not be more than\",\n \"title\": \"Parliament of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774458\",\n \"text\": \"member of the Rajya Sabha cannot bring to the house a no-confidence motion against the government. In the Indian federal structure, the Rajya Sabha is a representative of the States in the Union legislature (hence the name, Council of States). For this reason, the Rajya Sabha is granted powers that protect the rights of States against the Union. The Constitution empowers the Parliament of India to make laws on the matters reserved for States. However, this can only be done if the Rajya Sabha first passes a resolution by a two-thirds supermajority granting such a power to the Union Parliament.\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20798641\",\n \"text\": \"awarded Deendayal Upadhyay award from President Pranab Mukherjee on May 30. He donated the entire amount of the prize money. On 14 July 2018 he became a member of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian Parliament), as one of the 12 members nominated by The President of India. Rakesh Sinha Rakesh Sinha is Member of Parliament from Rajya Sabha, an author, and an associate professor at the University of Delhi. He was founder and honorary director of Delhi-based think tank India Policy Foundation (IPF). He has authored several books including a Biography of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh founder K\",\n \"title\": \"Rakesh Sinha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7452958\",\n \"text\": \"Najma Heptulla Najma Akbarali Heptulla (born 13 April 1940) is an Indian politician and the current Governor of Manipur and the Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia. She is a former vice-president of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and a six time member of the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian parliament, between 1980 and 2016, and Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha for sixteen years. She was a member representing Rajasthan from July 2004 to July 2010. She was nominated by the BJP for the Rajya Sabha in 2012 from Madhya Pradesh, and assumed her office on 24\",\n \"title\": \"Najma Heptulla\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774460\",\n \"text\": \"representation in Rajya Sabha. Hence, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu & Lakshadweep do not send any representatives to Rajya Sabha. 12 members are nominated by the President. As per the Fourth Schedule to the Constitution of India on 26 January 1950, the Rajya Sabha was to consist of 216 members of which 12 members were to be nominated by the President and the remaining 204 elected to represent the States. The present strength, however, is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and union territories and 12 are nominated by\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1268009\",\n \"text\": \"the president is unable to act because of absence, illness or any other cause, the vice-president discharges the President's functions until the president resumes the duties. A vice-president who acts as or discharges the functions of the president has all the powers and immunities of the president and is entitled to the same emoluments as the president. When a vice-president discharges the duties of the president, he/she does not function as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. The Indian parliament has enacted the law—\\\"The President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969\\\" — for the discharge of the functions of the president\",\n \"title\": \"President of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"958160\",\n \"text\": \"the post method in each of the 29 Indian states and 7 union territories, while the President of India may appoint 2 representatives of the Anglo-Indian community. As of 2018, Rajya Sabha can have 245 members, 233 of which are elected indirectly by the state legislatures using Single transferable vote method of proportional representation, and 12 are appointed by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services (Art. 80 of the Constitution). Each state is allocated a fixed number of representatives in each chamber, in order of their respective population. As of 2018, state of Uttar\",\n \"title\": \"Member of parliament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15861878\",\n \"text\": \"of office, functions and procedures of conducting business are broadly similar. These standing committees are elected or appointed every year, or periodically by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, or as a result of consultation between them. There are two types of Parliamentary Committee, the Standing Committee and the Ad hoc Committee. 1. The Standing Committees are constituted every year or frequently and they work on continuous basis. 2. Ad hoc committees are temporary and created for specific task. Once that task is completed, the ad hoc committees cease to exist. ... Committee\",\n \"title\": \"Standing committee (India)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10616042\",\n \"text\": \"Sabha in April 2008 under the Anti-defection Law by the Vice President of India who is also the chairman of Rajya Sabha for switching sides. He was removed as a member of Rajya Sabha. He has changed five political parties fifteen times but got elected from the same seat five times. Jai Narain Prasad Nishad Jai Narain Prasad Nishad (born 18 November 1930) is an Indian politician and former Member of parliament from Muzaffarpur Lok Sabha Constituency in the Indian State of Bihar. He was a Union Minister for State in 1996-98 and has been a member of Lok Sabha\",\n \"title\": \"Jai Narain Prasad Nishad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17624517\",\n \"text\": \"Bhupender Yadav Bhupender Yadav (born 30 June 1969) is an Indian politician. He is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha, representing the state of Rajasthan, a position he has held since 2012. He is the National General Secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Yadav was born in Ajmer, Rajasthan on 30 June 1969. He received his bachelor's degree and Bachelor of Laws degree from Government College, Ajmer. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha in April 2012. He is the coauthor, Ritwick Dutta, of \\\"Supreme Court and Forest Conservation\\\" (the second edition of which was published in 2007),\",\n \"title\": \"Bhupender Yadav\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15638061\",\n \"text\": \"V. Maitreyan Dr Vasudevan Maitreyan (born 21 November 1955) is an Indian oncologist and politician who is currently serving as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India. Maitreyan was born to Indian independence activist K. R. Vasudevan and his wife Manga Vasudevan on 21 November 1955 in a Vadagalai Iyengar family. He had his schooling in Madras and graduated in medicine from the Government Medical College, Nagpur. On completion of his graduation, Maitreyan pursued his M. D. in Medical Oncology from the Madras Medical College and did his D. M. in Medical Oncology\",\n \"title\": \"V. Maitreyan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10615495\",\n \"text\": \"Anand Sharma Anand Sharma (born 5 January 1953) is an Indian politician and former Union Cabinet Minister in charge of Commerce and Industry and Textiles in the Government of India. Since June 2014, Sharma is the Deputy Leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. Anand Sharma is the son of P. A. Sharma and Prabha Rani Sharma and was born in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. He was educated at R.P.C.S.D.B. College, Shimla and Faculty of Law, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla. Sharma was a prominent leader in the student and youth movement in India, a founder\",\n \"title\": \"Anand Sharma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20184997\",\n \"text\": \"Gurdeep Singh Sappal Gurdeep Singh Sappal is the Former Chief Executive Officer and Editor-in-Chief of Rajya Sabha TV, the public broadcaster owned and operated by Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of The Parliament of India. He is also the Officer on Special Duty to the Vice President of India and works as his aide and political advisor. Sappal is credited with conceptualizing and establishing Rajya Sabha Television (RSTV). He has also conceptulized and produced a ten-part television series \\\"Samvidhaan - The Making of the Constitution of India\\\", which re-enacts the debates of the Constituent Assembly and recreates the drama of\",\n \"title\": \"Gurdeep Singh Sappal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11970041\",\n \"text\": \"Government of India. She is currently Chairperson of Teach For India. She was nominated to Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament on 26 April 2012, by President Pratibha Patil. Anu Aga was born to a Parsi family on 3 August 1942 in Bombay. She graduated with a B.A. in Economics from St Xavier's College, Mumbai, and with a post graduation in medical and psychiatric social work from the prestigious Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai. She had also been a Fulbright Scholar and studied in the United States for four months. Anu started her career in Thermax\",\n \"title\": \"Anu Aga\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14480191\",\n \"text\": \"Suresh Tendulkar Suresh D. Tendulkar (15 February 1939 – 21 June 2011) was an Indian economist and former chief of the National Statistical Commission. Tendulkar was a member of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's Economic Advisory Council (PMEAC) from 2004 to 2008 and then served as its chairman from 2008 to 2009 when C. Rangarajan vacated the post to enter the Rajya Sabha. He died on 21 June 2011, as a result of cardiac arrest at Prayag Hospital, Pune (India). Suresh Tendulkar completed his B.Com. from Pune University, where he secured the top rank in his batch. He then completed his\",\n \"title\": \"Suresh Tendulkar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15638063\",\n \"text\": \"Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Rajya Sabha members from Tamil Nadu V. Maitreyan Dr Vasudevan Maitreyan (born 21 November 1955) is an Indian oncologist and politician who is currently serving as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India. Maitreyan was born to Indian independence activist K. R. Vasudevan and his wife Manga Vasudevan on 21 November 1955 in a Vadagalai Iyengar family. He had his schooling in Madras and graduated in medicine from the Government Medical College, Nagpur. On completion of his graduation, Maitreyan pursued his M. D. in Medical Oncology from the\",\n \"title\": \"V. Maitreyan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18220857\",\n \"text\": \"Vinay Sahasrabuddhe Vinay Prabhakar Sahasrabuddhe is an Indian politician & Member of Parliament of India representing state of Maharashtra in the Rajya Sabha. He is also serving as National Vice President of Bharatiya Janata Party. Mr. Sahasrabuddhe has been appointed as President of Indian Council for Cultural Relations by President of India. He is known as a political scholar and an occasional columnist. He is the Vice Chairman of Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini, a research and training academy for elected representatives & social activists. He heads BJP's think tank Public Policy Research Centre. Vinay Sahasrabuddhe was born in a middle-class Maharashtrian\",\n \"title\": \"Vinay Sahasrabuddhe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10620457\",\n \"text\": \"B. K. Hariprasad B.K. Hariprasad (born 29 July 1954) is a politician from the Indian National Congress party. He is a Member of Parliament representing Karnataka in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He was the candidate of United Opposition for the post of Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and lost to Shri Harivansh Narayan Singh of NDA. Hariprasad was born in Bangalore, Karnataka, to A. Kempaiah and K. Gunavathi. He did his B.Com. at M.E.S. College, Bangalore University, Bangalore. Hariprasad is a member of the Rajya Sabha. He is also a General Secretary of\",\n \"title\": \"B. K. Hariprasad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12192171\",\n \"text\": \"2009 - Aug. 2010), on the Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice Member ( July 2010 -), on the Committee for the Ministry of Shipping Member (Sept. 2010 -) and on the Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers Member, Committee on Agriculture(Aug. 2012 -). He was again elected to Rajya Sabha in June 2016 in by-poll which was necessitated due to the death of sitting Congress MP Praveen Rashtrapal. His term will end on 2 April 2018. Rupala married Savitaben in 1979. They have a daughter and one son. Parshottam Rupala Parshottam Khodabhai Rupala (born 1 October 1954) is\",\n \"title\": \"Parshottam Rupala\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19415162\",\n \"text\": \"the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Chairman doesn't preside over the joint session at any mens/cost. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House. As per Article 108 of Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations. If after a Bill has been passed by one House and submitted to the other House— (a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the\",\n \"title\": \"Joint Session of Indian Parliament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19534953\",\n \"text\": \"2017 Indian vice-presidential election The elections to the next Vice-President of India, were held on 5 August 2017. The announcement was made by the Election Commission of India. Rajya Sabha Secretary-General Shumsher K. Sheriff served as the Returning Officer for the 15th Vice-Presidential election. Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari, completed his second term on 10 August 2017. Venkaiah Naidu won the election and took oath as 13th Vice-President of India on 11 August 2017 at Darbar Hall, Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi. The Vice President of India is the exofficio chairperson of the \\\"Rajya Sabha\\\" (upper house of the Indian parliament) and\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Indian vice-presidential election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20624057\",\n \"text\": \"Manoj Jha Manoj Jha is an Indian politician who is a member of Rajya Sabha in Indian Parliament and also the spokesperson of the Rashtriya Janata Dal. On 15 March 2018, he was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha from the state of Bihar. Jha completed his Masters from Department of Social Work from Delhi University in 1992 and PhD in 2000. He has been a Professor at The Department of Social Work University Of Delhi, and its head between 2014–2017. He was a lecturer at Department of Social Work, Jamia Millia Islamia from 1994 to 2002 before joining Delhi\",\n \"title\": \"Manoj Jha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10620472\",\n \"text\": \"Ayesha Rahman and has two daughters and three sons. K. Rahman Khan K. Rahman Khan is a Veteran Politician belonging to Indian National Congress and a former Union Minister of Minority Affairs and also Ex-Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha. Having graduated in commerce, a fellow chartered accountant and a D. Lit., Shri Rahman Khan established his credential as accountancy professional before his zeal for serving people at large propelled him to join politics. He was elected as a member of Karnataka Legislative Council in 1978 and rose to become its chairman in 1982-84 and Chairman Karnataka State Minorities Commission (Cabinet\",\n \"title\": \"K. Rahman Khan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3022239\",\n \"text\": \"and voting) of the Lok Sabha (Article 67(b)). But no such resolution may be moved unless at least 14 days' advance notice has been given. Notably, the Constitution does not list grounds for removal. No Vice-President or \\\"ex officio\\\" Vice-President has ever faced removal proceedings. The omissions in the procedure committed by the chairman or the deputy chairman in the Rajya Sabha cannot be challenged in the court of law per There is no provision for the salary of the Vice-President of India in that capacity. He or she receives a salary in the capacity as the \\\"ex officio\\\" Chairman\",\n \"title\": \"Vice President of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6047807\",\n \"text\": \"Subramanian Swamy Subramanian Swamy (born 15 September 1939) is an Indian economist, statistician and politician who serves as a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. He was the President of the Janata Party until it merged with BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party). Swamy has served as a member of the Planning Commission of India and was a Cabinet Minister in the Chandra Shekhar government. Earlier in November 1978, Swamy was member of the Group of Eminent persons and was called to Geneva, Switzerland to prepare a report of the United Nations Conference on Trade\",\n \"title\": \"Subramanian Swamy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17064584\",\n \"text\": \"Pavan Varma Pavan K. Varma (born 5 November 1953) is a former Indian Foreign Service officer and was an adviser to the Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar, with cabinet rank. With effect from June, 2014 he was a Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) until July 2016. He is currently the National General Secretary and National Spokesman of the Janata Dal (United). Varma is a graduate of St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi where he studied History (Honours) and received the first position. He was President of the St. Stephen’s College Debating Society as well as the star debater and elocutionist\",\n \"title\": \"Pavan Varma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19563004\",\n \"text\": \"the erstwhile social reformer, Chhatrapati Shahu of Kolhapur. He is the grandson of late H.H.Major General Shahaji Chhatrapati Maharaja of Kolhapur, who was entrusted by the British Crown to lead the vastly decorated Maratha Light Infantry in the Second World War in East Africa against Field Marshal Rommel, also known as the Desert Fox. He is the elder son of the present Maharaja Shrimant Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur. On 11 June 2016, he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India. Avid interest in football, wrestling. Patron of the Kolhapur Sports Association which is promoting sports\",\n \"title\": \"Sambhaji Raje\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3022240\",\n \"text\": \"of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), which is currently Rs. 4,00,000 per month. In addition, he or she is entitled to a daily allowance, free furnished residence, medical, travel and other facilities. The constitution provides that when the \\\"ex officio\\\" Vice-President acts as the President or discharges the duties of the President, he or she is entitled to the salary and privileges of the President. The pension for the Vice-President is 50% of the salary. Vice President of India The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the President. Article 63 of Indian Constitution states\",\n \"title\": \"Vice President of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3247101\",\n \"text\": \"and (iii) be recognised as such by the Chairman, Rajya Sabha. Following members have been the Leaders of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. Leader of the Opposition (India) The Leader of the Opposition is the politician who leads the official opposition in either House of the Parliament of India. While the position also existed in former Central Legislative Assembly of British India, and holders of it there included Motilal Nehru, it received statutory recognition through the \\\"Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977\\\" which defines the term \\\"Leader of the Opposition\\\" as that member of\",\n \"title\": \"Leader of the Opposition (India)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17844881\",\n \"text\": \"RK Anand Ram Kumar Anand (born 15 March 1943) is a lawyer and former Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, serving during the NDA government. He is Senior Vice-President of Indian Olympic Association from 14 December 2017. He also served as the chairman of the Bar Council of Delhi for two terms and was a member of the Bar Council of Delhi for 25 years. He held the position of Vice-President of the Indian Law Institute for over 25 years. Anand was born in 1943 to Roshan Lal Anand and Ram Lubhai Anand. He did his schooling and passed matriculation in\",\n \"title\": \"RK Anand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15285065\",\n \"text\": \"naval sector. She cautioned the government to be careful when dealing with foreign capital and supported linguistic states. After the second Indian General Election in 1957, she became Deputy Minister of State for Home Affairs. In 1962, Alva became the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, thereby becoming the first female to preside over the Rajya Sabha in its history. She served two consecutive terms in Rajya Sabha. Her first term commenced on 19 April 1962 and continued till 2 April 1966. Her second term began with her election to the office of Deputy Chairman on 7 April 1966 and\",\n \"title\": \"Violet Alva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3683879\",\n \"text\": \"Dev Azad, a well known Kashmiri singer, in 1980, and they have a son Saddam Nabi Azad and a daughter Sofiya Nabi Azad. Ghulam Nabi Azad Ghulam Nabi Azad (born 7 March 1949) is an Indian politician of the Indian National Congress and was the Minister of Health and Family Welfare. Presently, he serves as the Leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha. He was the Parliamentary Affairs Minister of India in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh until 27 October 2005, when he was appointed as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. He led the party successfully in\",\n \"title\": \"Ghulam Nabi Azad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8443558\",\n \"text\": \"C. P. Thakur Chandreshwar Prasad \\\"C P\\\" Thakur (born 3 September 1931) is a current member of Rajya Sabha, a former minister in the Government of India, a physician and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was minister from 1999 to 2004 in the BJP government. He was born in 1933 in village Dubhah Muzaffarpur District in Bihar. He received his degree from Patna Medical College, Patna University, Royal College of Physicians, London and Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh and Royal College of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, London. He is M.B.B.S., M.D., M.R.C.P., F.R.C.P. He stood first and received\",\n \"title\": \"C. P. Thakur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3797600\",\n \"text\": \"A. K. Antony Arackaparambil Kurien Antony, better known as A. K. Antony (born 28 December 1940) is an Indian politician and attorney who currently serves as Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, representing the state of Kerala for the fifth consecutive term since 1985. He also currently serves as the Chairman of the Disciplinary Action Committee of the All India Congress Committee, Congress Working Committee, and member of the Central Election Committee. Antony has served two terms as Defence Minister of India from 2006 to 2014, and was appointed three times as Chief Minister of the state of Kerala. A. K.\",\n \"title\": \"A. K. Antony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774457\",\n \"text\": \"influence in a joint sitting of Parliament. A joint session is chaired by the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Also, because the joint session is convened by the President on advice of the government, which already has a majority in Lok Sabha, the joint session is usually convened to get bills passed through a Rajya Sabha in which the government has a minority. Joint sessions of Parliament are a rarity, and have been convened three times in last 71 years, for the purpose of passage of a specific legislative act, the latest time being in 2002: Unlike the Lok Sabha, a\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18465498\",\n \"text\": \"a major breakthrough. He has extensively travelled worldwide and widely known for his public relations. Heading/representing many social & Professional Bodies Ajay Sancheti Ajay Sancheti (born 22 October 1965) is Member of Rajya Sabha belongs to Bharatiya Janata Party. He is a Member of Parliament, representing Maharashtra in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of Indian Parliament . Sancheti was born to Vijaya Sancheti and Shaktikumar Sancheti. Ajay Sancheti married Savita on 15 February 1989. They have two sons. Shri. Ajay Shaktikumar Sancheti - Non Executive Vice Chairman A Commerce Graduate. He started his career in 1985 with a Coal\",\n \"title\": \"Ajay Sancheti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774450\",\n \"text\": \"meets in continuous sessions, and unlike the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament, is not subject to dissolution. However, the Rajya Sabha, like the Lok Sabha can be prorogued by the President. The Rajya Sabha has equal footing in all areas of legislation with the Lok Sabha, except in the area of supply, where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses can be held. However, since the Lok Sabha has twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha, the former would normally hold the greater power. Joint\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7745564\",\n \"text\": \"by the President of India from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art or social service. He served as a Rajya Sabha MP from November 1999 to November 2005. He was the founder and editor of the Tamil magazine \\\"Thuglak\\\". Politicians such as J. B. Kripalani, Indira Gandhi, Karunanidhi, Chandra Shekhar, G. K. Moopanar, M. G. Ramachandran, Jayalalithaa, Ramakrishna Hegde, N. T. Rama Rao, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, and L. K. Advani, Sonia Gandhi, Manmohan Singh and P. Chidambaram were targets of his editorial attacks. He was widely considered to be an\",\n \"title\": \"Cho Ramaswamy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19082538\",\n \"text\": \"Vivek Gupta Vivek Gupta (born December 1975) is a Member of Parliament representing All India Trinamool Congress in the Rajya Sabha from West Bengal. He is the Chairman of the board and also Editor & Founder of the Hindi daily published newspaper in Eastern India – SANMARG. Vivek Gupta was born in Dehradun to a Hindu family. He went to Riverdale School and later to IIT(BHU) in Varanasi. He began his career as a scientist. He is educated at Calcutta University with B.com (Hons), a Degree in System Design & Analyst from Kolkata NIIT and degree in Print Production Education\",\n \"title\": \"Vivek Gupta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10469222\",\n \"text\": \"if the Ruler of Venad approves of it. This administrative setup consisting of the Arachan (Ruler) of Venad, Pushpanjali Swamiyar, six member Sabha and Sabhanjithan is called Ettara Yogam. A Sannyasin from Naduvil Madhom or Munchira Madhom presides over the meetings of the Sabha. He is called Pushpanjali Swamiyar as he performs floral worship to Lord Sri Padmanabha daily. The Swamiyar can hold office during the pleasure of the Crown. The members of Thiruvaananthapurathu Sabha are Srikaryathu Potti is the Sabhanjithan or Secretary to the Sabha. Important decisions taken by the Sabha could be implemented only if the Raja of\",\n \"title\": \"Ettara Yogam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10620493\",\n \"text\": \"Rajeev Chandrasekhar Rajeev Chandrasekhar (born 31 May 1964) is an Indian politician and Multimillionaire entrepreneur who is currently serving as Member of Parliament in the upper house (Rajya Sabha) of the Indian Parliament. He is the Member of Bharatiya Janata Party as of 2018 and also the vice-chairman of the Kerala wing of Bharatiya Janata Party-led coalition National Democratic Alliance. He represents the state of Karnataka. He also currently serves as member of the Parliament, Standing Committee on Defence, Consultative Committee on Finance, the Central Advisory Committee for the National Cadet Corps, Co-Chairman of District Development Coordination & Monitoring Committee,\",\n \"title\": \"Rajeev Chandrasekhar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18074258\",\n \"text\": \"C. M. Ramesh C.M. Ramesh (born Chintakunta Munaiah Ramesh) is an Indian politician and businessman. He is a Official Spokes Person of National Telugu Desam Party, representing the party as a Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) from Andhra Pradesh, India. He won his second consecutive Rajya Sabha term in 2018. He holds a great position in TDP. Ramesh is the Founder Chairman of Rithwik Projects Pvt. Ltd., which was set up in 1999 and it has grown to a turnover of more than 1000 Crores within a span of 14 years. The company is one of the leading Infrastructure Developers\",\n \"title\": \"C. M. Ramesh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774463\",\n \"text\": \"for each House of Parliament, reads as follows:- 98. Secretariat of Parliament – Each House of Parliament shall have a separate secretarial staff: Provided that nothing in this clause shall be construed as preventing the creation of posts common to both Houses of Parliament. (2) Parliament may by law regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of persons appointed to the secretarial staff of either House of Parliament. The Rajya Sabha Secretariat functions under the overall guidance and control of the Chairman. The main activities of the Secretariat \\\"inter alia\\\" include the following : (i) providing secretarial assistance and\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13806746\",\n \"text\": \"of heart\\\" and wrote to the law ministry seeking to withdraw his resignation. But the ministry rejected his request. However, his pre-emptive resignation did manage to scuttle the probe against him as the chairman of Rajya Sabha, Hamid Ansari, quietly buried the inquiry committee citing Dinakaran's resignation in July. On 15 January 2012, it became public through an RTI query that Justice Dinakaran along with his other colleague facing similar accusations Justice Soumitra Sen will keep getting their post-retirement benefits, even though they resigned ahead of impeachment proceedings against them, as there are no Constitutional or statutory provisions restricting their\",\n \"title\": \"P. D. Dinakaran\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17538358\",\n \"text\": \"K. D. Singh (politician) Dr Kanwar Deep Singh (born 21 August 1961), also known as K. D. Singh, is an Indian businessman turned politician and Member of Parliament (MP), Rajya Sabha. He is also the president of the Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) and the Hockey Association of Haryana.Singh's political and business career has been marred by various controversies. Singh was born on 21 August 1961. He started his business in 1988 under the banner of Tubro Industries. His first factory in Chandigarh produced wire mesh and link fencing. The name was changed to Alchemist in 2004. The Alchemist Group has\",\n \"title\": \"K. D. Singh (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4326196\",\n \"text\": \"Net worth of $8.3 Billion. In 2007, he was awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honor. On June 15, 2016, he was elected as Chairman of the International Chamber of Commerce. Sunil Bharti Mittal was born in Punjabi family. His father, Sat Paul Mittal, had been the Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha (Indian National Congress) from Ludhiana, Punjab, he was elected from Punjab for two terms (1976 & 1982) and nominated to the Rajya Sabha once (1988). He first joined the Wynberg Allen School in Mussoorie, but later attended Scindia School at Gwalior and he graduated in 1976\",\n \"title\": \"Sunil Mittal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20522861\",\n \"text\": \"President of the Law Delhi University Students' Union. The Aam Aadmi Party announced him as candidate for the upcoming Rajya Sabha elections from National Capital Territory of Delhi. On 8 January 2018 he along with Sanjay Singh and N. D. Gupta was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha. Dr. Sushil Gupta has established the following Educational Institutes as Founder Chairman. Dr. Gupta is also associated with the following educational organisations as Sushil Gupta Sushil Kumar Gupta is an Indian politician, businessman and owner of various schools in and around Delhi. He is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha\",\n \"title\": \"Sushil Gupta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11950635\",\n \"text\": \"Derek O'Brien (politician) Derek O’Brien (born 1961) is an Indian politician, author, television personality, public speaker and quiz show host. He is a member of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House of India’s Parliament) from Bengal, representing the All India Trinamool Congress. He is the chief national spokesperson as well as leader of the Trinamool Congress Parliamentary party in the Rajya Sabha. O’Brien comes from an Anglo-Indian family and can trace his paternal origins to an Irish soldier who came to India in the early 1860s and whose descendants married into the Bengali community. O’Brien is based in Kolkata and speaks,\",\n \"title\": \"Derek O'Brien (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1774459\",\n \"text\": \"The union government cannot make a law on a matter reserved for states without any authorisation from Rajya Sabha. The Rajya Sabha, by a two-thirds supermajority can pass a resolution empowering the Government of India to create more All-India Services common to both Union and States, including a judicial service. Seats are allotted in degressive proportion to the population of each state or union territory, meaning that smaller states have a slight advantage over more populous states. As the members are elected by the state legislature, smaller Union Territories which are not States and do not have legislatures cannot have\",\n \"title\": \"Rajya Sabha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16732556\",\n \"text\": \"P. L. Punia Panna Lal Punia, usually known as P. L. Punia, is an Indian politician and Member of the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh since 2014. He was member of the Lok Sabha from 2009 to 2014 and represented Barabanki (Lok Sabha constituency). He is a Dalit leader of the Indian National Congress party. He was also chairperson of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes between 2013-16 and as such sat \\\"ex officio\\\" on the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). In July 2012, Punia appeared in the popular TV show \\\"Satyamev Jayate\\\", hosted by Bollywood star Aamir Khan, to\",\n \"title\": \"P. L. Punia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19087933\",\n \"text\": \"Kahkashan Perween Kahkashan Perween,(born 1 January 1979 Birth Place-Doranda, District Ranchi (Jharkhand)) a politician from Janata Dal (United) party, is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament. She is graduated from Ranchi University in 1991 and resides at Bhagalpur. Rajya Sabha Chairman M Venkaiah Naidu nominated JD(U) MP Kahkashan Parveen on the panel of presiding officers for conducting proceedings of the House on 27 July 2018. She is elected for the term April 2014-April-2020. She was presided over the question hour in the House on 3 August 2018.\",\n \"title\": \"Kahkashan Perween\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19087934\",\n \"text\": \"Kahkashan Perween Kahkashan Perween,(born 1 January 1979 Birth Place-Doranda, District Ranchi (Jharkhand)) a politician from Janata Dal (United) party, is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament. She is graduated from Ranchi University in 1991 and resides at Bhagalpur. Rajya Sabha Chairman M Venkaiah Naidu nominated JD(U) MP Kahkashan Parveen on the panel of presiding officers for conducting proceedings of the House on 27 July 2018. She is elected for the term April 2014-April-2020. She was presided over the question hour in the House on 3 August 2018.\",\n \"title\": \"Kahkashan Perween\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11635056\",\n \"text\": \"Tarun Vijay Tarun Vijay (born 1961) is an Indian author, social worker and journalist. He was the editor of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) weekly in Hindi, \\\"Panchajanya\\\", from 1986 to February 2008. He also writes for the \\\"Daily Pioneer\\\". He was also elected member of Rajya Sabha till his Term ended in July 2016, of the upper house of Indian Parliament \\\"RajyaSabha\\\" and president of Parliamentary Group on India China Friendship. He is also member of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence Ministry and Parliamentary Consultative Committee on External Affairs. He is also a member of Board of Governors, Parliamentary\",\n \"title\": \"Tarun Vijay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1283689\",\n \"text\": \"Justice of the Supreme Court of India), Ranganath Misra (Chair Person, National Human Rights Commissioner of India and Former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India), Najma Heptulla (President of the Inter-Parliamentary Union; UNDP Distinguished Human Development Ambassador) and Shivraj Patil (Member of Parliament, India; Formerly of the Lok Sabha & Union Minister) all signed the following statement: Sathya Sai Baba Sathya Sai Baba (born Sathyanarayana Raju; 23 November 192624 April 2011) was an Indian guru, a spiritual leader, and philanthropist. He claimed to be the reincarnation of Sai Baba of Shirdi. Sai Baba's purported materialisations of \\\"vibhuti\\\" (holy\",\n \"title\": \"Sathya Sai Baba\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17886590\",\n \"text\": \"college, as well as institutes of management studies and of technology. The umbrella organisation now includes CMR Institute of Technology and CMR University. K. C. Ramamurthy K. C. Ramamurthy is a member of the Rajya Sabha from the state of Karnataka, India. He is chairman of the CMR Jnanadhara Trust and a former Inspector General of Police in Bangalore, Karnataka. He was also the Registrar of Bangalore University between January 2002-31 October 2003. Ramamurthy is one of twelve children in a large, wealthy and liberal-minded family; their father was Chikka Muniappa Reddy. He is married to Sabitha, with whom he\",\n \"title\": \"K. C. Ramamurthy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18036962\",\n \"text\": \"reservation for religious and linguistic minorities in government jobs. Although more recently, the issue was raised in the media if whether or not he was misquoted and that he in fact said “Islam and Christianity are alien to the notion (of caste)” as opposed to what was reported as \\\"nation\\\". Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind (born 1 October 1945) is an Indian politician currently serving as the 14th President of India, in office since 25 July 2017. Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from\",\n \"title\": \"Ram Nath Kovind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20522859\",\n \"text\": \"Sushil Gupta Sushil Kumar Gupta is an Indian politician, businessman and owner of various schools in and around Delhi. He is a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament from the Aam Aadmi Party. Dr. Sushil Gupta is an eminent educationist, agriculturist & social worker who has worked in many educational institutes as Founder Chairman, spread over approximately in 125 acres of land and are imparting education to more than 15000 students. Dr. Gupta has contributed to the environment in a many ways. He tried to ameliorate the problems of the common man by working to\",\n \"title\": \"Sushil Gupta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16694128\",\n \"text\": \"re-structuring of DRSCs in July, 2004 each DRSC consists of 31 members—21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. There are 24 Department-related Standing Committees (DRSCs). Each of these committees have 31 members - 21 from Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha. These members are to be nominated by the Speaker of Lok Sabha or the Chairman of Rajya Sabha respectively. The term of office of these committees does not exceed one year. These committees are serviced either by Lok Sabha secretariat or the Rajya Sabha secretariat depending on who has appointed the chairman of that committee. <nowiki>**</nowiki>\",\n \"title\": \"Parliamentary Committees of India\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17181350\",\n \"text\": \"K. C. Tyagi K. C. Tyagi (born 10 December 1950) is an Indian politician who is a member of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian Parliament) representing of Bihar and serves as the Chief General Secretary and National Spokesperson of the Janata Dal (United). He is also the Chairman of the Parliamentary standing committee on The Industry. He was a member of the Ninth Lok Sabha and has served as the Chairman of the Committee on Papers Laid on the Table and as the Chairman of Central Warehousing Corporation (Govt. of India undertaking). Kishan Chand Tyagi was born\",\n \"title\": \"K. C. Tyagi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7756111\",\n \"text\": \"US (Ocean of Wisdom) etc. Three of his documentary films have been archived by the Motion Picture Academy of America, well known for presenting the Oscars. Mehrotra has twice addressed plenary sessions at 'The World Economic Forum' at Davos and was nominated a 'Global Leader for Tomorrow' by them. He has served as a judge for The Templeton Prize for Religion, on the governing council of the Sri Aurobindo Society, The Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) and as the chairman of the jury of the 50th anniversary Indian National Film Awards for Non-feature films. He started his career\",\n \"title\": \"Rajiv Mehrotra\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14694054\",\n \"text\": \"Syed Hussain Syed Hussain is an Indian politician. He is ex-Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha, Ex Chairman Legislative Council, Jammu and Kashmir. Syed Hussain was born on 16 July 1919, in ancestral house in Mohalla Mir Maidan in Dooru—Near Verinag, District Anantnag. He holds a Bachelor of Arts [BA] (Kashmir University); Bachelor of Law [LLB] (Aligarh University); Mufti (Honours; in Persian and Arabic) Kashmir University He is married to Mrs. Farkhundah Begum daughter of Syed Ghulam Mustafa and Mrs Raja Begum on 1 October 1940, having four daughters, Mumtaz Akhter, Farrukh Bashira Bashi, Qayoom Zahida and Farida Afridi. Syed Hussain\",\n \"title\": \"Syed Hussain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19383480\",\n \"text\": \"Party (SP) said that the bill doesn't fit into the definition of a money bill. P. J. Kurien, Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, said that it was the decision of Lok Sabha Chairperson Sumitra Mahajan to allow the bill, so it should not be questioned. Sitaram Yechury of Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M) argued that the bill was unconstitutional as the Constitution guarantees the freedom of life and liberty and privacy comes under it. Jaitley responded to Yechury by saying that privacy is not an absolute right and it can be restricted by the law. Jairam Ramesh of INC\",\n \"title\": \"Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies, benefits and services) Act, 2016\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20258411\",\n \"text\": \"function on 12 January 2018 where the Chief Guest was Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India. Award was given by Mr Yogi Adinath, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and Minister of Youth affairs Mr. Rajyavardhan Singh. . Bhamashah Award: Government of Rajasthan has honored him with coveted Bhamashah Award on 28 June 2016 by The Hon’ble Shri Kailash Meghwal, the Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly & Shri Vasudev Devnani (Education Minister). International Vaish Federation Award: He was felicitated by International Vaish Federation for his outstanding contribution in transforming the lives of underprivileged children by educating them and making\",\n \"title\": \"Jaikrishan Jajoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2567546\",\n \"text\": \"Arun Jaitley Arun Jaitley (born 28 December 1952) is an Indian politician and advocate, who is a Minister of Finance and Corporate Affairs under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. A member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Jaitley previously held the cabinet portfolios of Finance, Corporate Affairs, Commerce and Industry and Law and Justice in the Vajpayee government (1998–2004) and served as the Minister of Defence in the Narendra Modi government as additional charge. From 2009 to 2014 he served as the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. He is a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court of India. Arun\",\n \"title\": \"Arun Jaitley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8913994\",\n \"text\": \"Rama Jois Justice Mandagadde Rama Jois (born 1931) is a current member of Rajya Sabha, a former governor of Jharkhand and Bihar states, and a former Chief Justice of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. He is also a senior advocate in the Supreme Court of India. Rama Jois was born to Narasimha Jois and Lakshmidevamma on 27 July 1931 at Araga village, Shivamogga District, Karnataka, India. He studied in Shivamogga and Bengaluru and acquired B.A., B.L.degrees and Kuvempu University has conferred him with Doctor of Laws honorary degree. He is a noted writer and historian having written several books\",\n \"title\": \"Rama Jois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3247100\",\n \"text\": \"the Opposition in Parliament Act, 1977. This Act defines the Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha, as a member of the Council of States who is, for the time being, the Leader in that House of the party in opposition to the Government constituting the greatest numerical strength and recognised as such by the Chairman of the Council of States. Thus, the Leader of the Opposition should satisfy three conditions, namely, (i) he should be a member of the House (ii) the Leader in Rajya Sabha of the party in opposition to the Government having the greatest numerical strength\",\n \"title\": \"Leader of the Opposition (India)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who is the chair person of rajya sabha"}}},{"rowIdx":177,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cedar Falls, Iowa"],"string":"[\n \"Cedar Falls, Iowa\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"716743","text":"University of Northern Iowa The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa. UNI offers more than 90 majors across the colleges of Business Administration, Education, Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences and graduate college. The fall 2018 enrollment is 11,212. More than 88 percent of its students are from the state of Iowa. The University of Northern Iowa was founded as a result of two influential forces of the nineteenth century. First, Iowa wanted to care for orphans of its Civil War veterans, and secondly, Iowa needed a public teacher training institution.","title":"University of Northern Iowa"},{"id":"716755","text":"ranked #11 by the AP Poll, the highest ranking in school history, and #9 by USA Today. There are many traditions at UNI. Since its founding, the University has had eleven presidents. University of Northern Iowa The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa. UNI offers more than 90 majors across the colleges of Business Administration, Education, Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences and graduate college. The fall 2018 enrollment is 11,212. More than 88 percent of its students are from the state of Iowa. The University of Northern Iowa was founded","title":"University of Northern Iowa"},{"id":"3079337","text":"Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University (NIU) is a public research university in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, with satellite centers in Chicago, Hoffman Estates, Naperville, Rockford, and Oregon. It was founded as \"Northern Illinois State Normal School\" on May 22, 1895, by Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld as part of an expansion of the state's system for producing college-educated teachers. Lisa Freeman was named the university's acting president in July 2017, the first woman to hold that position. The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 240,000 alumni. Many of NIU's","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"2735694","text":"University of North Alabama The University of North Alabama (UNA) is a coeducational university located in Florence, Alabama. It is the state's oldest four-year public university. Occupying a campus in a residential section of Florence, UNA is located within a four-city area that also includes Tuscumbia, Sheffield and Muscle Shoals. The four cities compose a metropolitan area with a combined population of 140,000 people. The University of North Alabama was founded as LaGrange College in 1830. It was reestablished in 1872 as the first state-supported teachers college south of the Ohio River. A year later, it became one of the","title":"University of North Alabama"},{"id":"3079348","text":"Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowships since 1974 and Undergraduate NRC grants since 1997. NIU's CSEAS operates within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and offers an undergraduate minor and a graduate concentration in Southeast Asian studies, enrolling more than 1,500 students each year. The main campus sits on 756 acres in DeKalb and includes 64 major buildings. Additional campus sites include, the Lorado Taft Field Campus (144 acres), Rockford Campus (10 acres), Hoffman Estates Campus (23.93 acres), and the Naperville Campus (11.2 acres). One of the most prominent buildings on campus is the castle-like Altgeld Hall. It is","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"15829459","text":"of its inception. Upon approval by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) to offer bachelor's degree programs in July 2010, the school applied to change its name to North American College. During the 2010-11 academic year the college moved into its new administrative and educational building located at 3203 N. Sam Houston Pkwy West in Houston, Texas. In 2017, physician Serif Ali Tekalan was appointed the third president of the university, succeeding Recayi \"Reg\" Pecen, an engineer, who had been appointed in 2012. with 14 years of state employee service to Iowa at the University of Northern Iowa. He","title":"North American University"},{"id":"716750","text":"Facilitated Communication and summarized the American Speech–Language–Hearing Associations draft position on Facilitated Communication as a harmful pseudoscience. The 2018 conference was held as scheduled, but the university withdrew its support shortly thereafter. On Oct 24, 2018, Provost Jim Wohlpart announced that the UNI would no longer host the conference. The school's mascot is the Panther. They participate in the NCAA's Division I (I-FCS for football) in the Missouri Valley Football Conference, the Missouri Valley Conference for most other sports, and the Big 12 Conference for wrestling. The major arena on campus is the UNI-Dome, currently the home of the football","title":"University of Northern Iowa"},{"id":"716744","text":"In 1876, when Iowa no longer needed an orphan home, legislators Edward G. Miller and H. C. Hemenway started the Iowa State Normal School. The school's first building opened in 1869 and was known as Central Hall. The building contained classrooms, common areas, and a living facility for most of the students. It was also a home to the college's first principal, James Cleland Gilchrist. The building was the heart and soul of the school, allowing students to study courses of two-year, three-year, and four-year degrees. In 1965, a fire destroyed Central Hall, and school faculty and Cedar Falls citizens","title":"University of Northern Iowa"},{"id":"3079354","text":"Kimberly Yordon Academic and Athletic Performance Center, whose namesakes donated $2.5 million in the fall of 2006 to help with the construction. The facility opened in August 2007. The second is the Chessick Indoor Practice Center, an 80,600-square-foot practice facility that houses the football, baseball, and softball teams. Ground was broken for the building in November 2012 and it was completed in October 2013. The Student Recreation Center is the main facility for Recreation Services. The building, serving approximately 2,000 patrons daily, features of space, abundant state-of-the-art exercise and sports equipment, and numerous services to meet students' recreation, fitness and","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"8490342","text":"Northern Illinois University College of Law Northern Illinois University College of Law (NIU Law) is one of three public law schools in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the only public law school in the Chicago area. The College of Law was founded as the Lewis University College of Law in Glen Ellyn, Illinois in 1975. It became part of Northern Illinois University in August 1979, and in 1982 moved to the DeKalb campus, taking up residence in Swen Parson Hall. The College of Law offers the Juris Doctor degree in both full-time and part-time programs. According to NIU","title":"Northern Illinois University College of Law"},{"id":"1812552","text":"Colleges of Law, Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Public Health are on the western side of the Iowa River, along with the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, and the Theatre Building. Additionally, five residence halls (Hillcrest, Slater, Rienow, Parklawn, and Petersen), Kinnick Stadium, and Carver-Hawkeye Arena are located on the west campus. The Oakdale Campus, which is home to some of the university's research facilities and the driving simulator, is located north of Interstate 80 in adjacent Coralville. The campus is home to several museums, including the University of Iowa Museum of Art, the Museum of Natural History, the","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"716748","text":"Teaching and Research Greenhouse is a greenhouse complex incorporating botanical gardens for research and education. It is located on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, Iowa. The greenhouse contains plants from many ecotypes, including 250 tropical plants, an extensive collection of arid climate plants, and the Aquatic Learning Center. From 2014 through 2018 the UNI hosted the \"Midwest Summer Institute: Inclusion and Communication for All\", a two-day conference on Facilitated communication sponsored by the Inclusion Connection and Syracuse University's Institute on Communication and Inclusion. In 2018, just before the fifth annual conference held on June","title":"University of Northern Iowa"},{"id":"2520358","text":"University. It was the fourth largest employer in the state of North Dakota, after the Air Force. The University of North Dakota's main campus sits in the middle of Grand Forks on University Avenue. The campus is made up of 240 buildings (6.4 million square feet) on . The campus stretches roughly one and half miles from east to west and is divided by the meandering English Coulee. The western edge is bordered by Interstate 29, the eastern edge is bordered with University Park, the Grand Forks railyards sit on the south side, and the north side is marked by","title":"University of North Dakota"},{"id":"19436135","text":"University of Northern New Jersey The University of Northern New Jersey (UNNJ) was a fake university, created by the United States Department of Homeland Security in order to investigate student visa fraud. It claimed to be based in Cranford, New Jersey, with plans to expand to Harrison, Hoboken and Morristown. The UNNJ sting operation took place following several high-profile student visa fraud cases involving phony universities, most notably Tri-Valley University in Northern California, an institution which offered classes but did not require students to attend. The operation was created in September 2013 by Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), a unit of","title":"University of Northern New Jersey"},{"id":"3079361","text":"is secured on a first-come, first-served basis, with priority given first to currently enrolled families, followed by NIU students, NIU faculty and staff, and the community. The center is licensed through the State of Illinois and accredited through the Academy of Early Childhood Program Accreditation. The Campus Life Building is home to the Campus Activities Board, Career Services, the Counseling and Student Development Center, the Honors Program, the \"Northern Star\" student newspaper, the Student Association, and Student Involvement and Leadership Development. NIU has more than 400 student organizations, including recreational sports clubs such as lacrosse, volleyball, rugby, swimming, and ice","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"4523871","text":"Ohio Northern University Ohio Northern University is a private, United Methodist Church–affiliated university in Ada, Ohio. Founded by Henry Solomon Lehr in 1871, ONU is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission. Henry Solomon Lehr founded the Northwestern Ohio Normal School in August 1871. When the college's curriculum grew to include pharmacy, engineering, law and business programs, its name was changed to Ohio Normal University and, eventually, in 1903, Ohio Northern University. In 1899, the university affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Throughout the 1960s, a number of ONU students and faculty/staff participated in the American Civil Rights Movement. ONU hosted","title":"Ohio Northern University"},{"id":"7204391","text":"McLeod Center The McLeod Center is a 7,018-seat multi-purpose arena on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) in Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA, currently housing the university's teams in men's and women's basketball, and women's volleyball. The arena opened on November 18, 2006, with a volleyball game against Bradley. The other three UNI teams made their debuts in the facility over the next three days — men's basketball versus Milwaukee on November 19, women's basketball against Iowa State on November 20, and wrestling versus Iowa on November 21. The McLeod Center replaced the UNI-Dome as the home of","title":"McLeod Center"},{"id":"4776652","text":"of NCAA Division II, after spending many years with dual membership with the NAIA. Northern State’s campus occupies on the south side of Aberdeen. The oldest buildings on campus were built on the green, and the campus has expanded outward since. The buildings where the majority of classes meet are the H.P. Gerber building, which houses the offices and classrooms for the School of Education, the Johnson Fine Arts Center, which is home of the fine arts department and also holds many level classes, and the Mewaldt Jensen building, which has 16 classrooms, 13 laboratories, and 60 offices which house","title":"Northern State University"},{"id":"716745","text":"donated over $5,000 to start building Gilchrist Hall. The school has been known under the following names: University of Northern Iowa Colleges include: The class entering in fall 2018 had 1,766 freshmen enroll. The incoming class of 2016 marked the most diverse class in UNI's history with 11.2 percent minority students. Minority students now account for just over 10 percent of UNI's student body. UNI has implemented a Liberal Arts Core (LAC) in order to provide a common liberal arts foundation for all undergraduate students. UNI provides an opportunity for the students to study in 25+ countries and select from","title":"University of Northern Iowa"},{"id":"2520362","text":"States Department of Agriculture, is also in this part of campus. A five-story parking garage sits at the corner of University Avenue and Columbia Road. At the extreme eastern portion of campus sits University Park which is operated by the Grand Forks Park District. To the north of the central campus area, along Columbia Road, sits the School of Medicine complex. A new School of Medicine and Health Sciences building opened in 2016. Other buildings located along Columbia Road include the Biomedical Research Center and the Neuroscience Research Facility. Also north of the main campus is an area called University","title":"University of North Dakota"},{"id":"2735715","text":"extreme north end of campus, behind Covington and Hawthorne halls. Mattielou has 335 spaces and Olive has 429 spaces. These buildings were built primarily for incoming freshmen students. There are double and limited single rooms and each unit has its own bathroom. Harrison Plaza was made possible by 1955 alumna Laura McAnally Harrison and her husband, Dr. Donald C. Harrison, of Cincinnati. The plaza, constructed around a large Italian limestone fountain, occupies the former intersections of Morrison and Wesleyan Avenues and Seminary Street between Bibb Graves Hall, Keller Hall and the George H. Carroll Lion Habitat, which houses UNA's live","title":"University of North Alabama"},{"id":"1812549","text":"bachelors' programs are offered in Des Moines; an additional four masters'-level programs are offered in Des Moines at the university's site in the city's Western Gateway Park. The University of Iowa's main campus, located in Iowa City, was originally designed by architect D. Elwood Cook. The campus is roughly bordered by Park Road and U.S. Highway 6 to the north and Dubuque and Gilbert Streets to the east. The Iowa River flows through the campus, dividing it into west and east sides. Of architectural note is the Pentacrest which reflects the Beaux-Arts in addition to Greek Revival architectural styles and","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"3079353","text":"side of campus is Brigham Field at Huskie Stadium, the home of NIU football games, which also often hosts other outdoor events. Huskie Stadium, which has a seating capacity over 30,000, is surrounded by large open grassy areas which provide recreation, and also serve as the tailgating lots for football games. There is also a baseball field, Ralph McKinzie Field; a softball field, Mary M. Bell Field; a soccer field, Huskie Soccer Complex; and tennis courts, Gullikson Tennis Courts, which flank Huskie Stadium. At the stadium's north end zone are two athletic buildings. The first is the $14-million Jeffrey and","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"3079356","text":"the corner of Annie Glidden Road and Lucinda Avenue is the Chick Evans Field House, home to two large activity rooms with mirrors often used by dance clubs; a three-lane, 1/7-mile jogging and walking track; four multipurpose courts for basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer and floor hockey; and a cardio- and strength-training room, which has been under-used since the basketball team moved to the Convocation Center. The field house continues to host expositions and sporting events of a smaller scale, and is the headquarters for the campus ROTC program. Two swimming pools are located in Anderson and Gabel Halls. NIU's Division","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"3079349","text":"one of the five castle-themed buildings built according to the suggestion of Governor John Peter Altgeld. The auditorium in Altgeld Hall, which was designed to also function as a ballroom, was restored and can seat up to 500. On the level below the auditorium, the original gym was transformed into a computer classroom. Also on the same level is the NIU Art Museum which occupies two large spaces. The East Lagoon near Altgeld is a spot on campus. Barsema Hall, which houses the College of Business, opened its doors in 2002. This 144,000 square-foot facility houses modern classrooms, faculty offices,","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"716751","text":"team. The Dome also serves as a venue for many local concerts, high school football playoffs, trade shows, and other events. In 2006, the University opened a new arena, the McLeod Center, to serve as the home for several athletic programs, including volleyball and men's and women's basketball. UNI Athletics has enjoyed great success lately with the men's basketball team competing in the NCAA tournament three consecutive times in 2004, 2005, 2006, again in 2009 and 2010 and in 2015 and 2016. On March 20, 2010, the men's basketball team defeated the heavily favored, top-seeded Kansas Jayhawks to advance to","title":"University of Northern Iowa"},{"id":"716754","text":"in 1949 and NCAA Division II national championships in 1975 and 1978. They competed in the Western Wrestling Conference until 2012, when UNI became an associate member of the Mid-American Conference since the MVC is a non-wrestling conference. In 2017, UNI wrestling joined the Big 12 Conference. In 1977 the women's softball team won the AIAW national championship. Bryce Paup won the Defensive Player of Year Award by the Associated Press in 1995. In 1999 and 2001, UNI alumnus Kurt Warner was named NFL MVP by the AP. During the 2014-2015 season, the men's basketball team ended the regular season","title":"University of Northern Iowa"},{"id":"3079369","text":"opponents number 14 Maryland (who finished that season at number 17), number 21 Alabama and Iowa State. In 2010, NIU football had its first undefeated MAC regular season (8-0), and cracked the top 25 in Associated Press and coaches' polls. In 2012, NIU football, after winning another MAC Football Championship earned a place in the Orange Bowl and was the first team to participate in a BCS Bowl from the Mid-American Conference. Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University (NIU) is a public research university in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, with satellite centers in Chicago, Hoffman Estates, Naperville, Rockford, and Oregon.","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"8490363","text":"College of Law in the Philippines studied law at NIU College of Law. Northern Illinois University College of Law Northern Illinois University College of Law (NIU Law) is one of three public law schools in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the only public law school in the Chicago area. The College of Law was founded as the Lewis University College of Law in Glen Ellyn, Illinois in 1975. It became part of Northern Illinois University in August 1979, and in 1982 moved to the DeKalb campus, taking up residence in Swen Parson Hall. The College of Law offers","title":"Northern Illinois University College of Law"},{"id":"1812554","text":"were for a short time held in temporary trailers, and now music classrooms are spread throughout campus. A University task force suggested to state regents that Hancher be rebuilt near its current site on the West bank of the Iowa River and Voxman and Clapp be built nearer to the main campus on South Clinton Street. The new Hancher Auditorium officially opened its doors to the public on September 9, 2016, while the new Voxman Music Building opened its doors for classes and public visitors on August 22, 2016. The University of Iowa is one of the EPA's Green Power","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"2520361","text":"Fritz Auditorium and the Hughes Fine Arts Center. The historic 1907 Adelphi Fountain is next to the Coulee as is the on-campus Spiritual Center. On the eastern edge of the central campus area sits Memorial Stadium, the old Ralph Engelstad Arena, and the Hyslop Auditorium. These structures are all old athletic venues which have been replaced with new structures elsewhere on campus. The eastern part of campus is also the home of the Energy and Environmental Research Center complex which includes the National Center for Hydrogen Technology. The Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, which is operated by the United","title":"University of North Dakota"},{"id":"16503052","text":"University of North Georgia The University of North Georgia (UNG) is an educational institution that was established by the University System of Georgia Board of Regents on January 8, 2013 as a merger of North Georgia College & State University (founded 1873) and Gainesville State College (founded 1964). The regents announced plans for the merger on January 10, 2012, and the name of the new school was announced on May 8, 2012. The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) approved the consolidation December 11, 2012. The combined institution has campus locations in Dahlonega, Gainesville (Gainesville Campus), Watkinsville (Oconee Campus),","title":"University of North Georgia"},{"id":"4523876","text":"renamed in honor of Claude W. Pettit, a judge and former dean of the college. ONU students participate in intercollegiate, intramural, and sports clubs in a variety of sports. The ONU Polar Bears compete in the NCAA Division III Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC). The men's volleyball team participates in the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association in the Great Midwest Men's Volleyball Conference. Men's Sports Women's Sports NCAA Elite Eight appearance NCAA Sweet Sixteen appearances Ohio Northern University Ohio Northern University is a private, United Methodist Church–affiliated university in Ada, Ohio. Founded by Henry Solomon Lehr in 1871, ONU is accredited by","title":"Ohio Northern University"},{"id":"1812539","text":"University of Iowa The University of Iowa (also known as the UI, U of I, UIowa, or simply Iowa) is the flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state. The University of Iowa is organized into 11 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees. Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River, the University of Iowa is classified as a Doctoral University with Highest Research Activity by the Carnegie Classifications. The university is best","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"3487751","text":"University of North Florida The University of North Florida (UNF) is a public university in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. A member institution of the State University System of Florida, the university is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate, masters and doctorate degrees to its students. Its campus comprises 1,300 acres surrounded by a natural preserve on Jacksonville's Southside. The current president is Dr. David Szymanski. UNF opened in 1972, with Thomas G. Carpenter serving as its first president. Initially designated an upper division college for juniors and seniors, it","title":"University of North Florida"},{"id":"3487781","text":"University of North Florida The University of North Florida (UNF) is a public university in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. A member institution of the State University System of Florida, the university is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate, masters and doctorate degrees to its students. Its campus comprises 1,300 acres surrounded by a natural preserve on Jacksonville's Southside. The current president is Dr. David Szymanski. UNF opened in 1972, with Thomas G. Carpenter serving as its first president. Initially designated an upper division college for juniors and seniors, it","title":"University of North Florida"},{"id":"1812547","text":"$231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million. Later in 2008, UNESCO designated Iowa City the world's third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. In 2014, the Iowa Board of Regents proposed tying state funding largely to undergraduate resident enrollment, which would have shifted millions of dollars away from the UI to Iowa State University and the University of Northern Iowa. Iowa legislators ultimately did not support the plan. In 2015, the Iowa Board of Regents selected Bruce Harreld, a business consultant with limited experience in academic administration, to","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"7775117","text":"University of Northern Virginia The University of Northern Virginia (UNVA) was an unaccredited for-profit private undergraduate and graduate university in Annandale, Virginia, The university offered bachelors, Masters and doctoral degrees. Although UNVA was not well known within the United States, it called itself the most popular American university for students from India. UNVA has received government scrutiny and media coverage for its academic and immigration practices. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents raided UNVA offices and informed school officials on July 28, 2011, that the government was ending UNVA's authorization to admit foreign students. Kapil Sibal, a minister in India's","title":"University of Northern Virginia"},{"id":"2138281","text":"is named for the Zarrow family, a philanthropic couple from Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Zarrow's donated 5 million dollars as the keystone donors for the new building with the remaining funds coming from a bequest of Ruth I. Knee, a graduate of the program, and a portion of the states federal stimulus funds. On the far north side of Norman is the OU Research Campus-North, which includes University of Oklahoma Max Westheimer Airport (ICAO: KOUN), the Radar Operations Center, the old National Severe Storms Laboratory facility, the OU OKDHS Training and Research Center, and Merrick Computer and Technology Center. Additional research","title":"University of Oklahoma"},{"id":"7927972","text":"Northern University High School Northern University High School, or Price Lab, was a small private high school in Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States, run by the University of Northern Iowa. It closed in July 2012 under controversy and university budget cuts, and was mostly demolished in June 2013, save for the athletics Wing, part of which was re-purposed into the UNI Childhood Development center, previously housed in the building's east wing. The school won the 2008 IHSAA boys' Class 1A basketball championship tournament, the 2008 IHSAA boys' class 1A golf tournament, the 2010 IHSAA boys' Class 1A cross country championship,","title":"Northern University High School"},{"id":"2520360","text":"Babcock Hall, Montgomery Hall, and the old Carnegie Library. Old Main Memorial Plaza and the eternal flame of the Old Main Memorial Sphere mark the location of Old Main, the first building on campus. Other buildings in the central part of campus include the School of Law, the North Dakota Museum of Art, Memorial Union, Gamble Hall, the J. Lloyd Stone Alumni Center, the Burtness Theatre, and Chandler Hall—the oldest remaining building on the UND campus. The English Coulee flows along the western edge of the central campus area and on the western bank of the Coulee sits the Chester","title":"University of North Dakota"},{"id":"4523873","text":"Building, Biggs Engineering, Heterick Memorial Library, and Meyer Hall of Science, and the construction of the Freed Center for the Performing Arts and a new president's on-campus home. Under Dr. Kendall Baker, campus additions include Dicke Hall, an expansion of the Robertson-Evans Pharmacy building, the Dial-Roberson Stadium and the Mathile Center for the Natural Sciences. In 2008, Ohio Northern University built and opened The Inn at Ohio Northern University, which contains over 70 deluxe guestrooms. In 2017, construction on a new engineering building will begin, with the first classes to be held in fall 2019. Starting in the early 1980s,","title":"Ohio Northern University"},{"id":"2520363","text":"Village. This land sat virtually empty for decades, but has recently been developed for UND, commercial, and residential purposes. University Village is anchored by the $100 million Ralph Engelstad Arena, which is used by the men's hockey team. University Village is also home to the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center, the new Student Wellness Center, university apartments, the UND bookstore, a medical clinic, and several residential and commercial properties. The western part of the UND campus is a newer area with modern styles of architecture. This area is home to the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences, which includes Odegard","title":"University of North Dakota"},{"id":"7746825","text":"University of North Bengal The University of North Bengal is a state university in Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri in Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal. A second campus is in Danguajhar, Jalpaiguri in Jalpaiguri district, also in West Bengal. The university was established in 1962 to fill growing manpower needs in the six North Bengal districts and the neighbouring state of Sikkim. North Bengal University offers degrees in undergraduate, post-graduate, M. Phil and doctorate programs. The University of North Bengal was established by Act of the Legislature of West Bengal in 1962. It was the first university in","title":"University of North Bengal"},{"id":"1812555","text":"Partners, burning oat hulls instead of coal and reducing coal consumption by 20%. In May 2004 the university joined the Chicago Climate Exchange and in April 2009 a student garden was opened. The University also offers a Certificate in Sustainability through the Office of Sustainability (OS). The OS recently coordinated the University's first sustainability plan: \"2020 Vision UIowa Sustainability Targets\" proposed by UI President Sally Mason on October 29, 2010. The Iowa Board of Regents, a statewide body, governs the University of Iowa, as well as the state's two other public universities (Iowa State University and the University of Northern","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"3079350","text":"several computer labs, a large atrium at the center of the building as well as a 375-seat auditorium. The Holmes Student Center houses several lounges, computer labs, restaurants, and the University Bookstore. It is home to the Huskies Den, which features bowling, billiards, a video arcade and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One gaming. The Holmes Student Center also houses a 78-room hotel. NIU's residence halls (including two complexes with four 12-story towers each) provide several living options to on-campus students. Living-learning floors include the Health Professions House; Business Careers House; Teacher Education and Certification House (TEACH); Honors House; International House;","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"2599491","text":"Ulster University Ulster University (, Ulster Scots: \"Ulstèr Universitie\" or \"Ulstèr Varsitie\"), officially the University of Ulster, is a multi-campus public university located in Northern Ireland. It is often referred to informally and unofficially as Ulster, or by the abbreviation UU. It is the largest university in Northern Ireland and the second largest university on the island of Ireland, after the federal National University of Ireland. Established in 1968 as the \"New University of Ulster\", it merged with \"Ulster Polytechnic\" in 1984, incorporating its four Northern Irish campuses under the \"University of Ulster\" banner. The university incorporated its four campuses","title":"Ulster University"},{"id":"7689549","text":"Benjamin J. Allen Benjamin Joseph Allen (born January 5, 1947) is an American academic who served as president of the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) from 2006 to 2013. It was announced on March 24, 2017 that Allen would begin serving as interim president for Iowa State University on May 9 after former president Steven Leath announced he would be leaving for Auburn University. Allen received his Bachelor of Science degree in business economics from Indiana University Bloomington in 1969 and Master of Arts (1973) and Ph.D (1974) in economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Allen then taught","title":"Benjamin J. Allen"},{"id":"1487756","text":"where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and","title":"Northwestern University"},{"id":"7775118","text":"current cabinet, compared UNVA to a \"sham university,\" stating UNVA does not have acceptable accreditation. Although media sources in India speculated that UNVA would close permanently in 2011, the university remained open and moved to South Dakota in 2013 when the Commonwealth of Virginia revoked its license to operate in that state. On October 1, 2013, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ended UNVA's authorization to admit foreign students. In October 2013, UNVA announced its move to Sioux Falls, South Dakota. At its new location, UNVA is facing scrutiny as well. UNVA is investigated by the South Dakota Attorney General's office,","title":"University of Northern Virginia"},{"id":"8490360","text":"Senate Bill 719 was approved by Governor Thompson on June 26, 1979 and signed into law as Public Act 81–37 the next day. Effective August 1, 1979, Lewis University College of Law would become Northern Illinois University College of Law. In the Fall of 1982, after more than 7 years in Glen Ellyn, the NIU College of Law moved into its newly remodeled space within Swen Parson Hall on NIU’s main campus in DeKalb, IL. On August 11, 1982 the American Bar Association gave full accreditation to the NIU College of Law. The College of Law was admitted to the","title":"Northern Illinois University College of Law"},{"id":"80798","text":"Behrens-Rapp Station. Besides hosting one of the three Iowa public universities, University of Northern Iowa (UNI), Cedar Falls is home to two high schools: Valley Lutheran High School, a private Christian school, and Cedar Falls High School, which is part of the public school district. The public school district, Cedar Falls Community Schools, includes two junior high schools and six elementary schools. There is also a private Catholic elementary school at St. Patricks Church. The Malcolm Price Lab School/Northern University High School, was a state-funded K-12 school run by the university. It closed in 2012 following cuts at UNI. The","title":"Cedar Falls, Iowa"},{"id":"2735711","text":"architectural styles. UNA's campus facilities master plan was developed by the Olmsted Brothers, the sons of the architect who designed New York City's Central Park. A copy of the original Olmsted plan is permanently displayed in the President's Office in Bibb Graves Hall. The modern campus is distinguished by its shaded walkways, spacious green lawns, fountains, sculptures and historic buildings. UNA also is noted for its three antebellum structures: Wesleyan Hall; Rogers Hall; and Coby Hall. All three buildings are listed in the National Historic Register. Gifts from friends and alumni and federal grants made possible a massive renovation of","title":"University of North Alabama"},{"id":"7204393","text":"the east and west sides. Since opening, the arena has had quite a significant positive economic impact for the university. It brings in $20–25 million annually, doubled the attendance of basketball games, and has almost 400,000 visitors a year. The arena also hosts commencement ceremonies throughout the year and can be used for recreation upon request. During the 2009-2010 and 2014-2015 men's basketball seasons, the team was undefeated at the McLeod Center. McLeod Center The McLeod Center is a 7,018-seat multi-purpose arena on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) in Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA, currently housing the","title":"McLeod Center"},{"id":"4776651","text":"five states: Bemidji State University (MN), Concordia University St. Paul (MN), University of Minnesota-Crookston, Minnesota State University Moorhead, University of Mary (ND), Northern State University (SD), Southwest Minnesota State University, Upper Iowa University, Wayne State College (NE), Winona State University (MN), University of Minnesota-Duluth, Augustana University, Minnesota State University, Mankato, St. Cloud State University (MN), Minot State University (ND) and University of Sioux Falls (SD). Northern State has been a member of the conference since 1978, and they also have the second smallest enrollment of the 16 member schools. In the 1990s, all members of the NSIC solely became members","title":"Northern State University"},{"id":"16503087","text":"and field. University of North Georgia The University of North Georgia (UNG) is an educational institution that was established by the University System of Georgia Board of Regents on January 8, 2013 as a merger of North Georgia College & State University (founded 1873) and Gainesville State College (founded 1964). The regents announced plans for the merger on January 10, 2012, and the name of the new school was announced on May 8, 2012. The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) approved the consolidation December 11, 2012. The combined institution has campus locations in Dahlonega, Gainesville (Gainesville Campus), Watkinsville","title":"University of North Georgia"},{"id":"644153","text":"University of Idaho The University of Idaho (officially abbreviated U of I, or UIdaho) is the U.S. state of Idaho's oldest public university and is based in Moscow. It is the state's land-grant and primary research university. The University of Idaho was the state's sole university for 71 years, until 1963, and its College of Law, established in 1909, was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925. Formed by the territorial legislature on January 30, 1889, the university opened its doors in 1892 on October 3, with an initial class of 40 students. The first graduating class in","title":"University of Idaho"},{"id":"3613054","text":"Northern Kentucky University Northern Kentucky University is a public, co-educational university in northern Kentucky located in Highland Heights, seven miles (11 km) southeast of downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The university is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, but it also features graduate programs. Total enrollment at the university currently exceeds 14,000 students, with over 12,000 undergraduate students and nearly 2,000 graduate students. Northern Kentucky University is the third largest university, behind the University of Cincinnati and Miami University, but before Xavier University, of Greater Cincinnati's four large, four-year universities and the youngest of Kentucky's eight state universities, although it is not","title":"Northern Kentucky University"},{"id":"2520350","text":"University of North Dakota The University of North Dakota (also known as UND or North Dakota) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota, it is the state's oldest. UND was founded with a strong liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research. The University offers a variety of professional and specialized programs, including the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School","title":"University of North Dakota"},{"id":"1812565","text":"field, volleyball, cross country, and rowing. Most of the school's athletic facilities are located on the west end of campus. The largest venue is the 70,585-seat Kinnick Stadium, home to the football program. Opening in 1929 as Iowa Stadium, it was renamed in 1977 after Nile Kinnick, winner of the 1939 Heisman Trophy. The basketball, wrestling, gymnastics, and volleyball teams play at Carver-Hawkeye Arena, which seats 15,400. Other venues include the Beckwith Boathouse, Duane Banks Field, and the old Iowa Fieldhouse. Among the thousands of graduates from the University of Iowa, especially notable alumni include George Gallup, founder of the","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"16503059","text":"UNG's Dahlonega campus is the former site of North Georgia College & State University. It was not until 1879 that the oldest surviving structure, Price Memorial Hall, was constructed upon the former site of the Dahlonega Mint. Today the gold-leafed steeple of the Price Memorial Hall building remains one of the most striking features of the UNG skyline. Much of the campus has been developed around the William J. Livsey Drill Field, more commonly known as simply \"the Drill Field\". Dahlonega is located approximately an hour's drive from downtown Atlanta ( away), an hour and half drive from downtown Athens","title":"University of North Georgia"},{"id":"3613058","text":"2002. In recent years, the university has also concentrated on the construction of new and improved facilities across campus. Northern Kentucky University's main campus in Highland Heights, Kentucky is situated on of rolling countryside along U.S. Route 27, just off of Interstate 275 and Interstate 471, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Cincinnati, Ohio. The campus was built beginning in the early 1970s, and the first building, Nunn Hall, opened in 1972. Although most of the university's students commute daily to the campus, approximately 2,000 students live on campus. In recent years, the university has been in the process of","title":"Northern Kentucky University"},{"id":"80789","text":"long community-wide celebration named in their honor – the Sturgis Falls Celebration. Because of the availability of water power, Cedar Falls developed as a milling and industrial center prior to the Civil War. The establishment of the Civil War Soldiers' Orphans Home in Cedar Falls changed the direction in which the city developed when, following the war, it became the first building on the campus of the Iowa State Normal School (now the University of Northern Iowa). Cedar Falls is located at (42.523520, −92.446402). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of","title":"Cedar Falls, Iowa"},{"id":"1522162","text":"Denton at 109 North Elm Street on the west side of the historic Denton County Courthouse, a few doors south of where North Texas was founded in temporary quarters years ago (see History). The facility – – is the home of the UNT Institute for the Advancement of the Arts, also founded in the fall of 2009. Herbert Holl, PhD, is its inaugural director. Concerts are held weekly and art exhibitions are in constant rotation. , the University of North Texas had approximately 326,000 living alumni, of which, over 208,000 reside in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex. A significant number of","title":"University of North Texas"},{"id":"1812551","text":"Daum, Stanley, Currier, Mayflower, and Catlett), the Iowa Memorial Union, the Women's Resource & Action Center, the Pappajohn Business Building, Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, the Lindquist Center (home of the College of Education), Phillips Hall (the foreign language building), Van Allen Hall (home to physics and astronomy), Trowbridge Hall (home to Earth & Environmental Sciences, as well as the Iowa Geological Survey), the English-Philosophy Building, the Becker Communication Building, the Adler Journalism Building, Voxman Music Building, and the buildings for biology, chemistry, and psychology. The Main Library can also be found on the east side. The","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"644186","text":"classes in 2014, and as of law students can take their entire three-year curriculum at either location. University of Idaho The University of Idaho (officially abbreviated U of I, or UIdaho) is the U.S. state of Idaho's oldest public university and is based in Moscow. It is the state's land-grant and primary research university. The University of Idaho was the state's sole university for 71 years, until 1963, and its College of Law, established in 1909, was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925. Formed by the territorial legislature on January 30, 1889, the university opened its doors","title":"University of Idaho"},{"id":"3079355","text":"wellness needs. The residence halls, located in the same area as the athletic facilities, are also flanked by numerous sand volleyball areas, a large quad between the dorms, basketball courts, skating courts, Eco Lake, and open fields for recreation. On the far west side of campus is the Convocation Center, a 10,000 seat arena opened in 2002. The Convocation Center hosts NIU men's and women's basketball, gymnastics, wrestling, and volleyball, Victor E. Court, games, the opening convocation ceremony for incoming freshmen, music concerts, and a variety of events throughout the year including job fairs, internship fairs, and other expositions. At","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"3079342","text":"universities, to act as a chief executive for all three schools; the first person appointed chancellor was then-NIU President William R. Monat. The Board of Regents and the Chancellor governed the three Regency universities until the end of 1995. On January 1, 1996, authority for each of the three regency universities was transferred to three independent Boards of Trustees, each concerned solely with one university. 13 presidents have served at the university. NIU has seven degree-granting colleges that together offer more than 60 undergraduate majors, 70 minors, nine pre-professional programs, and 79 graduate programs, including a College of Law, and","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"2735726","text":"in 1939. Willingham Hall houses the Department of English, the Department of History, and the Department of Politics, Justice, and Law. It stands on the site of the old Locust Dell Academy, founded by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz and commemorated by a historical marker. The President's Home, completed in 1941, was constructed by the Works Projects Administration. Occupied by President and Mrs. Kenneth Kitts., the residence is located next to the George H. Carroll Lion Habitat, home of Leo III and Una, the university's live lion mascots. Overnight guests often are awakened by the lions' roaring. The University of North Alabama","title":"University of North Alabama"},{"id":"1487741","text":"\"U.S. News & World Report\" latest rankings, and 20th among global universities by \"Times Higher Education World University Rankings\". Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the city of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Old Northwest Territory, an area that includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855 and women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago.","title":"Northwestern University"},{"id":"2735712","text":"the UNA campus to conform with the landscape design formulated by the Olmstead Brothers. The university was transformed into an almost entirely pedestrian campus, with a brick walkway added to simulate the nearby Tennessee River and accented with fountains designed by Hugo Dante, of the Hill and Jangaard architectural firm, of Florence. The undertaking culminated in October 2002, with the dedication of the Harrison Plaza. The UNA Science and Engineering Technology Building was completed in 2015. The five-story, 160,000-square-foot facility was designed by Lambert Ezell Durham Architects and constructed by BL Harbert, The state-of-the-art building houses engineering technology, biology, chemistry,","title":"University of North Alabama"},{"id":"3079338","text":"programs are nationally accredited for meeting high standards of academic quality, including business, engineering, nursing, visual and performing arts, and all teacher certification programs. NIU is one of only two public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports, Division I. The university's athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). Northern Illinois University was founded as part of the expansion of the normal school program established in 1857 in Normal, Illinois. In 1895, the state legislature created a Board of Trustees for the","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"3079343","text":"over 20 areas of study leading to doctoral degrees. Many of NIU's academic programs are nationally accredited for meeting the highest standards of academic quality and rigor, including business, engineering, nursing, visual and performing arts, and all teacher certification programs. New interdisciplinary academic programs in Environmental Studies and Community Leadership and Civic Engagement were established in FY 2012. Northern Illinois University was ranked the 30th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNet's Social Mobility Index college rankings. NIU is classified as a \"National University\" by \"U.S. News & World Report\". In the most recent 2014 edition, NIU","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"2520359","text":"U.S. Highway 2 which is called Gateway Drive in Grand Forks. The central campus area, the oldest part of UND, has many historic buildings. This area is home to most academic buildings on campus. At the heart of campus sits the Chester Fritz Library, the largest library in North Dakota. The tower of the library is a familiar landmark on University Avenue. Behind the library is the park-like setting of the central campus mall. The mall includes several statues and is a popular place for students to study. The mall is lined with historic buildings including Merrifield Hall, Twamley Hall,","title":"University of North Dakota"},{"id":"2520364","text":"Hall, Streibel Hall, Clifford Hall, Ryan Hall, and Robin Hall. Directly adjacent to the Aerospace Complex sits the Skalicky Business Incubator, the Ina Mae Rude Entrepreneur Center, the \"REAC 1,\" which houses the University of North Dakota's Center of Excellence in Life Sciences and Advanced Technologies (COELSAT), and a Hilton Garden Inn. The western part of campus is also the location of most residence halls and student apartments, including a new $20 million student housing project called University Place on University Avenue. UND operates a satellite campus consisting of several buildings at Grand Forks International Airport where aviation students train.","title":"University of North Dakota"},{"id":"5129229","text":"North Idaho College North Idaho College (NIC) is a community college in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, United States, with an enrollment exceeding 6,000. It is situated at the north end of Lake Coeur d'Alene near downtown Coeur d'Alene, Idaho and famous Tubbs Hill, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, at the east bank of the outflowing Spokane River. The school was established during the Great Depression in 1933 as \"Coeur d'Alene Junior College,\" with classes held at City Hall. It moved to its present campus in 1939, at the site of the old Fort Sherman (1878–1900), and the name was changed to \"North Idaho","title":"North Idaho College"},{"id":"9613518","text":"includes the 18 northernmost counties, excluding Cook, Grundy, Kankakee, Mercer and Rock Island Counties, which are covered by Eastern Illinois University and Western Illinois University, respectively, and University of Illinois at Chicago. Several major colleges can be found in the Chicago area including Illinois' third largest state school, the University of Illinois at Chicago, as well as the University of Chicago and Northwestern University. Other notable schools include the Illinois Institute of Technology, Loyola University, DePaul University, Columbia College, Northeastern Illinois University, and Roosevelt University. Several liberal arts schools such as Aurora University, Lewis University, North Central College, Elmhurst College,","title":"Northern Illinois"},{"id":"6851431","text":"Northern Iowa Panthers The Northern Iowa Panthers are the athletic teams of the University of Northern Iowa. The university is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference and competes in NCAA Division I (Division I FCS in football). The school's mascot is the Panther. They participate in the Missouri Valley Conference for all sports except football and wrestling, in which they are a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (formerly the Gateway Football Conference) and the Mid-American Conference. Northern Iowa previously competed in the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, North Central Conference, and the Mid-Continent Conference. On September 8, 1931,","title":"Northern Iowa Panthers"},{"id":"10769209","text":"University of Northern Philippines The University of Northern Philippines (UNP) is a university in Barangay Tamag, in the City of Vigan in the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. It is the first and oldest state university in Northern Luzon which offers low tuition fee, tracing its roots to 1906, which is older than the University of the Philippines by two years. It is the only state university in the province aimed for less-fortunate people and one of three state-owned educational institutions of higher learning operating in Ilocos Sur (with the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College and the Northern Luzon Polytechnic","title":"University of Northern Philippines"},{"id":"2138273","text":"campus is centered on two large \"ovals.\" The Parrington Oval (or North Oval as it is more commonly called) is anchored on the south by Evans Hall, the main administrative building. This building highlights the \"Cherokee Gothic\" style of architecture locally derived from the Collegiate Gothic style, the style that dominates and defines the older buildings on the OU campus. The North Oval is bordered on the east by the Oklahoma Memorial Union. On the east side of the northernmost part of campus sits Sarkeys Energy Center while to the west is the Fred Jones, Jr. School of Art and","title":"University of Oklahoma"},{"id":"80800","text":"which ran from March 17 to April 14, 2007. This effort has been continued as a wiki style website called \"The Secret History of the Cedar Valley\". Cedar Falls has no sister city. Cedar Falls, Iowa Cedar Falls is a city in Black Hawk County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 39,260. It is home to the University of Northern Iowa, a public university. Cedar Falls was founded in 1845 by William Sturgis. It was originally named Sturgis Falls, for the first family who settled the site. The Sturgis family lived in Sturgis Falls","title":"Cedar Falls, Iowa"},{"id":"4776653","text":"the mathematics, science, and business departments. The oldest buildings on Northern's campus are Lincoln, Krikac, and Spafford. Spafford had the first gymnasium and the campus' only psych ward, which was located on the fourth floor. Many people don't know about the fourth floor because it was closed off after various reports of paranormal activity. Lincoln was the first residence hall but is now known as the office of business. The campus has six dormitories: Briscoe Hall, Jerde Hall, Kramer Hall, Wolves Memorial Hall, McArthur-Welsh Hall and Steele Hall. All of the dorms are co-ed, with Jerde Hall being the biggest","title":"Northern State University"},{"id":"10882755","text":"History of the University of North Alabama A comprehensive regional university today, the University of North Alabama traces its beginnings to the first half of the 19th century, when the Methodist Episcopal Church sought to bring learning and culture to an obscure mountain in Alabama. From these humble beginnings, the university progressed from a poorly funded church-supported school, to a cash-strapped normal school, to a teachers college and, finally, to the state university it has become. The University of North Alabama first opened its doors as LaGrange College on January 11, 1830, in a mountain hamlet a few miles south","title":"History of the University of North Alabama"},{"id":"3079365","text":"Asia. NIU's School of Music also is home to the internationally renowned NIU Jazz Ensemble, the NIU Steelband, and the Avalon String Quartet, described by the \"Chicago Tribune\" as \"an ensemble that invites you – ears, mind and spirit – into its music.\" The NIU Art Museum, which has several galleries in Altgeld Hall, hosts several shows of professional works. The campus also houses the Anthropology Museum, the Blackwell History of Education Museum, the Burma Art Collection and the theater-based Historic Scenic Collection. The Department of Communication sponsors the annual Reality Bytes Film Festival, created in 2002 by media studies","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"16503061","text":"State Route 53, it is conveniently accessible for much of Hall County. In 2012, an academic facility in Cumming, GA was opened on GA 400. The goal of the Cumming campus is to eventually offer a range of programs. The intention of the non-residential campus is to address capacity concerns for the University of North Georgia. The Cumming campus also provides higher education to an area of the state that was previously \"underserved\". The Campus was established in 1964, originally as a part of Gainesville State College. Oconee is a non-residential campus primarily serving students in the Athens and Watkinsville","title":"University of North Georgia"},{"id":"2735695","text":"nation's first coeducational colleges. LaGrange College opened on January 11, 1830, in a mountain hamlet a few miles south of Leighton in northeast Colbert County, Alabama. LaGrange means \"The Barn\" in French. Twenty-one local college trustees were listed in Acts of Alabama, Eleventh Annual Session. The town of LaGrange and its college were sacked and burned by Union troops in 1863. But by then, however, the college had moved north across the Tennessee River to Florence. The section of Franklin County containing LaGrange Mountain is now Colbert County. LaGrange College, which became Florence Wesleyan University in 1855, is now the","title":"University of North Alabama"},{"id":"14404360","text":"are at , with a slope of 131 and a course rating of 70.3. The course is open eight months per year, March through October, and is located on the western end of Nez Perce Drive, directly south of the Kibbie Dome stadium and the century-old Shattuck Arboretum. The newer UI Arboretum borders on the east, along and below the 17th & 18th holes. The President's House (now \"Executive Residence\") is across the street, northeast of the 18th green. The first nine holes were opened in 1937 on the southwest edge of campus, designed by Englishman Francis L. \"Frank\" James","title":"University of Idaho Golf Course"},{"id":"3079351","text":"Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) House; and Fine Arts House. Other floor options include all-men, all-women, transfers, quiet lifestyle and alcohol-free. Northern View Community, which opened in 2008, offers apartments to undergraduate students who are at least two years post-high school, graduate students, law students, or any student who has a dependent and/or a partner or spouse. The New Residence Hall, a 1,000-bed complex just north of Lincoln Hall, opened to all students in the fall of 2012. It features two residential buildings where students can live in clusters of 12. After an extensive renovation, Grant C Tower reopened","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"4523875","text":"a 53% 4-year graduation rate. On February 4, 2010, ONU announced that its board of trustees approved the nomination of Daniel A. DiBiasio, president of Wilmington College to become the new president of Ohio Northern. DiBiasio assumed his duties on August 1, 2011. Ohio Northern has made several significant strides in sustainability, and currently is making considerable efforts to realize the full benefits of a comprehensive approach in several areas of sustainability, alternative energy and environmental stewardship. The university comprises five colleges: Prior to 1973, the law school was known as \"the Warren G. Harding College of Law\". It was","title":"Ohio Northern University"},{"id":"644184","text":"semesters as of Spring 2011. Moscow is a college town, with 23,800 residents as of the 2010 census. It is located in the rolling hills of the Palouse region of north central Idaho.<br>The UI campus is adjacent to the southwest side of town; most stores, restaurants, and bars are within easy walking distance. Moscow lies close to the border with Washington. Approximately eight miles to the west is Washington State University, located in Pullman, Washington. From 1896 through May 2011, the University of Idaho granted 80,233 bachelor's degrees, 21,734 master's degrees, 2,694 doctoral degrees, 240 honorary degrees, 1,164 specialist degrees,","title":"University of Idaho"},{"id":"6372781","text":"University of Idaho Arboretum and Botanical Garden The University of Idaho Arboretum and Botanical Garden is a major arboretum and botanical garden in the northwestern United States, on the campus of the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. Located within a valley south of the President's Residence on Nez Perce Drive and adjacent to the UI Golf Course, its are open to the public daily without charge. The university's first arboretum was established in 1910 by Dr. Charles Houston Shattuck (1867–1931), the university's first professor of forestry and the first dean of the College of Forestry. He began planting a","title":"University of Idaho Arboretum and Botanical Garden"},{"id":"1812550","text":"the Collegiate Gothic architecture which is dominant in sections of the campus west of the Iowa River. The Pentacrest is at the center of the University of Iowa Campus and comprises five major campus buildings: Old Capitol, Schaeffer Hall, MacLean Hall, Macbride Hall, and Jessup Hall. The Old Capitol was once the home of the state legislature and the primary government building for the State of Iowa, but is now the symbolic heart of the university with a restored ceremonial legislative chamber and a museum of Iowa history. Also on the eastern side of campus are six residence halls (Burge,","title":"University of Iowa"},{"id":"5163568","text":"UNI-Dome UNI-Dome (pronounced \"YOU-nih-dome\") is a multi-purpose stadium, on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa, in Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States. It opened in 1976, as the home of the UNI Panthers basketball and football teams. The facility's capacity for football is 16,324. For basketball, its official capacity is 16,324; however, it has seated as many as 22,000 for events such as the 1990 Mid-Continent Conference men’s basketball tournament and the 1997 NCAA Division I National Wrestling Championships. It has been the home of the Iowa State High School football championships, since 1976 and has hosted junior college","title":"UNI-Dome"},{"id":"2138248","text":"University of Oklahoma The University of Oklahoma (OU) is a public research university in Norman, Oklahoma. Founded in 1890, it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma. In Fall 2016 the university had 31,250 students enrolled, most at its main campus in Norman. Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members, the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs, 160 master's programs, 75 doctorate programs, and 20 majors at the first professional level. David Boren, a former U.S. Senator and Oklahoma Governor, served as the university's president from 1994 to 2018. James L.","title":"University of Oklahoma"},{"id":"3079346","text":"in Batavia, Illinois. The university is expanding its program in accelerator technology. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching recognizes Northern Illinois University as high-level research institution of higher education, based on breadth of research and academic programs. Carnegie categorizes Northern as: \"RU/H: Research Universities (high research activity).\" The Northern Illinois University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry was listed in the American Chemical Society's trade journal \"Chemical & Engineering News\" on September 26, 2005, as one of the top 25 producers of ACS-certified Bachelor of Science degrees in chemistry in the United States. The Department of Geology and Environmental","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"4523872","text":"Dr. Martin Luther King on January 11, 1968, four days before his 39th birthday and just three months before his assassination. During his visit at ONU, Dr. King famously spoke regarding the myth that many immigrant and/or ethnic groups successfully pulled themselves up by their bootstraps, whereas African Americans were incapable of doing so. ONU honored Dr. King and his speech on campus with the unveiling of a statue in his likeness on April 17, 2018. Growth continued under Dr. DeBow Freed through the 1980s and 1990s with additions to the Taggart Law Library, Presser Hall, Dukes Memorial, Wilson Art","title":"Ohio Northern University"},{"id":"2735725","text":"Hall, constructed in 1947, is named after Dr. James Albert Keller, who served as president of Florence State Teachers College from 1938 to 1948. Keller Hall serves as the headquarters of UNA's College of Business, housing the dean, faculty offices, computer labs and classrooms, as well as the Small Business Development Center. Keller Hall underwent a significant expansion following dedication of the Raburn Wing in 2002. This new addition provides state-of-the-art classrooms and related space for the College of Business. Originally a women's dormitory, Willingham Hall, named after long-serving President Henry J. Willingham, was constructed by the Works Projects Administration","title":"University of North Alabama"},{"id":"15829468","text":"Blvd. in Stafford, Tx. The university migrated to the new campus in the Summer of 2016. The new campus is a 9 story building, with dorms and all university facilities enclosed on the campus. North American University North American University (NAU) is a private, not-for-profit university in Houston, Texas. NAU offers bachelor's and master's degree programs in Business Administration, Computer Science, and Education. In the fall of 2013, the university changed its name from North American College to North American University. The university's campus relocated to 11929 W. Airport Boulevard and is now close to 3 diverse communities in Houston,","title":"North American University"},{"id":"3079352","text":"in the fall of 2011 with completely new accommodations and furnishings for NIU students. Gilbert Hall, which had not been used as a residence hall since 1995, underwent a complete renovation and re-opened in the fall of 2013. Grant D Tower was renovated and re-opened in the fall of 2013. Douglas Hall, a part of the pair of residence halls Lincoln-Douglas, was demolished by the spring of 2016. Lucinda Avenue has been extended and used since the spring of 2016. This is a part of the master plan to create a new campus. Residence halls in use: On the west","title":"Northern Illinois University"},{"id":"289739","text":"Northern Michigan University Northern Michigan University (NMU) is a public university in Marquette, Michigan. The university was established in 1899. With enrollment of about 8,000 undergraduate and graduate students, Northern Michigan University is the Upper Peninsula's largest university. NMU offers programs in undergraduate and master's degrees, as well as specialist certification. NMU is home to the TLC (teaching, learning and communication) initiative, providing every student with a laptop as part of their tuition. The average class size is 22 students, with a 22:1 student-faculty ratio. Northern Michigan University's eight-member governing board, the Board of Trustees, is appointed by the Governor","title":"Northern Michigan University"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"716743\",\n \"text\": \"University of Northern Iowa The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa. UNI offers more than 90 majors across the colleges of Business Administration, Education, Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences and graduate college. The fall 2018 enrollment is 11,212. More than 88 percent of its students are from the state of Iowa. The University of Northern Iowa was founded as a result of two influential forces of the nineteenth century. First, Iowa wanted to care for orphans of its Civil War veterans, and secondly, Iowa needed a public teacher training institution.\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716755\",\n \"text\": \"ranked #11 by the AP Poll, the highest ranking in school history, and #9 by USA Today. There are many traditions at UNI. Since its founding, the University has had eleven presidents. University of Northern Iowa The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa. UNI offers more than 90 majors across the colleges of Business Administration, Education, Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences and graduate college. The fall 2018 enrollment is 11,212. More than 88 percent of its students are from the state of Iowa. The University of Northern Iowa was founded\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079337\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University (NIU) is a public research university in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, with satellite centers in Chicago, Hoffman Estates, Naperville, Rockford, and Oregon. It was founded as \\\"Northern Illinois State Normal School\\\" on May 22, 1895, by Illinois Governor John P. Altgeld as part of an expansion of the state's system for producing college-educated teachers. Lisa Freeman was named the university's acting president in July 2017, the first woman to hold that position. The university is composed of seven degree-granting colleges and has a student body of 25,000 with over 240,000 alumni. Many of NIU's\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2735694\",\n \"text\": \"University of North Alabama The University of North Alabama (UNA) is a coeducational university located in Florence, Alabama. It is the state's oldest four-year public university. Occupying a campus in a residential section of Florence, UNA is located within a four-city area that also includes Tuscumbia, Sheffield and Muscle Shoals. The four cities compose a metropolitan area with a combined population of 140,000 people. The University of North Alabama was founded as LaGrange College in 1830. It was reestablished in 1872 as the first state-supported teachers college south of the Ohio River. A year later, it became one of the\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079348\",\n \"text\": \"Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowships since 1974 and Undergraduate NRC grants since 1997. NIU's CSEAS operates within the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and offers an undergraduate minor and a graduate concentration in Southeast Asian studies, enrolling more than 1,500 students each year. The main campus sits on 756 acres in DeKalb and includes 64 major buildings. Additional campus sites include, the Lorado Taft Field Campus (144 acres), Rockford Campus (10 acres), Hoffman Estates Campus (23.93 acres), and the Naperville Campus (11.2 acres). One of the most prominent buildings on campus is the castle-like Altgeld Hall. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15829459\",\n \"text\": \"of its inception. Upon approval by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB) to offer bachelor's degree programs in July 2010, the school applied to change its name to North American College. During the 2010-11 academic year the college moved into its new administrative and educational building located at 3203 N. Sam Houston Pkwy West in Houston, Texas. In 2017, physician Serif Ali Tekalan was appointed the third president of the university, succeeding Recayi \\\"Reg\\\" Pecen, an engineer, who had been appointed in 2012. with 14 years of state employee service to Iowa at the University of Northern Iowa. He\",\n \"title\": \"North American University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716750\",\n \"text\": \"Facilitated Communication and summarized the American Speech–Language–Hearing Associations draft position on Facilitated Communication as a harmful pseudoscience. The 2018 conference was held as scheduled, but the university withdrew its support shortly thereafter. On Oct 24, 2018, Provost Jim Wohlpart announced that the UNI would no longer host the conference. The school's mascot is the Panther. They participate in the NCAA's Division I (I-FCS for football) in the Missouri Valley Football Conference, the Missouri Valley Conference for most other sports, and the Big 12 Conference for wrestling. The major arena on campus is the UNI-Dome, currently the home of the football\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716744\",\n \"text\": \"In 1876, when Iowa no longer needed an orphan home, legislators Edward G. Miller and H. C. Hemenway started the Iowa State Normal School. The school's first building opened in 1869 and was known as Central Hall. The building contained classrooms, common areas, and a living facility for most of the students. It was also a home to the college's first principal, James Cleland Gilchrist. The building was the heart and soul of the school, allowing students to study courses of two-year, three-year, and four-year degrees. In 1965, a fire destroyed Central Hall, and school faculty and Cedar Falls citizens\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079354\",\n \"text\": \"Kimberly Yordon Academic and Athletic Performance Center, whose namesakes donated $2.5 million in the fall of 2006 to help with the construction. The facility opened in August 2007. The second is the Chessick Indoor Practice Center, an 80,600-square-foot practice facility that houses the football, baseball, and softball teams. Ground was broken for the building in November 2012 and it was completed in October 2013. The Student Recreation Center is the main facility for Recreation Services. The building, serving approximately 2,000 patrons daily, features of space, abundant state-of-the-art exercise and sports equipment, and numerous services to meet students' recreation, fitness and\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8490342\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Illinois University College of Law Northern Illinois University College of Law (NIU Law) is one of three public law schools in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the only public law school in the Chicago area. The College of Law was founded as the Lewis University College of Law in Glen Ellyn, Illinois in 1975. It became part of Northern Illinois University in August 1979, and in 1982 moved to the DeKalb campus, taking up residence in Swen Parson Hall. The College of Law offers the Juris Doctor degree in both full-time and part-time programs. According to NIU\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University College of Law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812552\",\n \"text\": \"Colleges of Law, Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Public Health are on the western side of the Iowa River, along with the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, and the Theatre Building. Additionally, five residence halls (Hillcrest, Slater, Rienow, Parklawn, and Petersen), Kinnick Stadium, and Carver-Hawkeye Arena are located on the west campus. The Oakdale Campus, which is home to some of the university's research facilities and the driving simulator, is located north of Interstate 80 in adjacent Coralville. The campus is home to several museums, including the University of Iowa Museum of Art, the Museum of Natural History, the\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716748\",\n \"text\": \"Teaching and Research Greenhouse is a greenhouse complex incorporating botanical gardens for research and education. It is located on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, Iowa. The greenhouse contains plants from many ecotypes, including 250 tropical plants, an extensive collection of arid climate plants, and the Aquatic Learning Center. From 2014 through 2018 the UNI hosted the \\\"Midwest Summer Institute: Inclusion and Communication for All\\\", a two-day conference on Facilitated communication sponsored by the Inclusion Connection and Syracuse University's Institute on Communication and Inclusion. In 2018, just before the fifth annual conference held on June\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520358\",\n \"text\": \"University. It was the fourth largest employer in the state of North Dakota, after the Air Force. The University of North Dakota's main campus sits in the middle of Grand Forks on University Avenue. The campus is made up of 240 buildings (6.4 million square feet) on . The campus stretches roughly one and half miles from east to west and is divided by the meandering English Coulee. The western edge is bordered by Interstate 29, the eastern edge is bordered with University Park, the Grand Forks railyards sit on the south side, and the north side is marked by\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19436135\",\n \"text\": \"University of Northern New Jersey The University of Northern New Jersey (UNNJ) was a fake university, created by the United States Department of Homeland Security in order to investigate student visa fraud. It claimed to be based in Cranford, New Jersey, with plans to expand to Harrison, Hoboken and Morristown. The UNNJ sting operation took place following several high-profile student visa fraud cases involving phony universities, most notably Tri-Valley University in Northern California, an institution which offered classes but did not require students to attend. The operation was created in September 2013 by Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), a unit of\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern New Jersey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079361\",\n \"text\": \"is secured on a first-come, first-served basis, with priority given first to currently enrolled families, followed by NIU students, NIU faculty and staff, and the community. The center is licensed through the State of Illinois and accredited through the Academy of Early Childhood Program Accreditation. The Campus Life Building is home to the Campus Activities Board, Career Services, the Counseling and Student Development Center, the Honors Program, the \\\"Northern Star\\\" student newspaper, the Student Association, and Student Involvement and Leadership Development. NIU has more than 400 student organizations, including recreational sports clubs such as lacrosse, volleyball, rugby, swimming, and ice\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4523871\",\n \"text\": \"Ohio Northern University Ohio Northern University is a private, United Methodist Church–affiliated university in Ada, Ohio. Founded by Henry Solomon Lehr in 1871, ONU is accredited by The Higher Learning Commission. Henry Solomon Lehr founded the Northwestern Ohio Normal School in August 1871. When the college's curriculum grew to include pharmacy, engineering, law and business programs, its name was changed to Ohio Normal University and, eventually, in 1903, Ohio Northern University. In 1899, the university affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Throughout the 1960s, a number of ONU students and faculty/staff participated in the American Civil Rights Movement. ONU hosted\",\n \"title\": \"Ohio Northern University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7204391\",\n \"text\": \"McLeod Center The McLeod Center is a 7,018-seat multi-purpose arena on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) in Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA, currently housing the university's teams in men's and women's basketball, and women's volleyball. The arena opened on November 18, 2006, with a volleyball game against Bradley. The other three UNI teams made their debuts in the facility over the next three days — men's basketball versus Milwaukee on November 19, women's basketball against Iowa State on November 20, and wrestling versus Iowa on November 21. The McLeod Center replaced the UNI-Dome as the home of\",\n \"title\": \"McLeod Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4776652\",\n \"text\": \"of NCAA Division II, after spending many years with dual membership with the NAIA. Northern State’s campus occupies on the south side of Aberdeen. The oldest buildings on campus were built on the green, and the campus has expanded outward since. The buildings where the majority of classes meet are the H.P. Gerber building, which houses the offices and classrooms for the School of Education, the Johnson Fine Arts Center, which is home of the fine arts department and also holds many level classes, and the Mewaldt Jensen building, which has 16 classrooms, 13 laboratories, and 60 offices which house\",\n \"title\": \"Northern State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716745\",\n \"text\": \"donated over $5,000 to start building Gilchrist Hall. The school has been known under the following names: University of Northern Iowa Colleges include: The class entering in fall 2018 had 1,766 freshmen enroll. The incoming class of 2016 marked the most diverse class in UNI's history with 11.2 percent minority students. Minority students now account for just over 10 percent of UNI's student body. UNI has implemented a Liberal Arts Core (LAC) in order to provide a common liberal arts foundation for all undergraduate students. UNI provides an opportunity for the students to study in 25+ countries and select from\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520362\",\n \"text\": \"States Department of Agriculture, is also in this part of campus. A five-story parking garage sits at the corner of University Avenue and Columbia Road. At the extreme eastern portion of campus sits University Park which is operated by the Grand Forks Park District. To the north of the central campus area, along Columbia Road, sits the School of Medicine complex. A new School of Medicine and Health Sciences building opened in 2016. Other buildings located along Columbia Road include the Biomedical Research Center and the Neuroscience Research Facility. Also north of the main campus is an area called University\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2735715\",\n \"text\": \"extreme north end of campus, behind Covington and Hawthorne halls. Mattielou has 335 spaces and Olive has 429 spaces. These buildings were built primarily for incoming freshmen students. There are double and limited single rooms and each unit has its own bathroom. Harrison Plaza was made possible by 1955 alumna Laura McAnally Harrison and her husband, Dr. Donald C. Harrison, of Cincinnati. The plaza, constructed around a large Italian limestone fountain, occupies the former intersections of Morrison and Wesleyan Avenues and Seminary Street between Bibb Graves Hall, Keller Hall and the George H. Carroll Lion Habitat, which houses UNA's live\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812549\",\n \"text\": \"bachelors' programs are offered in Des Moines; an additional four masters'-level programs are offered in Des Moines at the university's site in the city's Western Gateway Park. The University of Iowa's main campus, located in Iowa City, was originally designed by architect D. Elwood Cook. The campus is roughly bordered by Park Road and U.S. Highway 6 to the north and Dubuque and Gilbert Streets to the east. The Iowa River flows through the campus, dividing it into west and east sides. Of architectural note is the Pentacrest which reflects the Beaux-Arts in addition to Greek Revival architectural styles and\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079353\",\n \"text\": \"side of campus is Brigham Field at Huskie Stadium, the home of NIU football games, which also often hosts other outdoor events. Huskie Stadium, which has a seating capacity over 30,000, is surrounded by large open grassy areas which provide recreation, and also serve as the tailgating lots for football games. There is also a baseball field, Ralph McKinzie Field; a softball field, Mary M. Bell Field; a soccer field, Huskie Soccer Complex; and tennis courts, Gullikson Tennis Courts, which flank Huskie Stadium. At the stadium's north end zone are two athletic buildings. The first is the $14-million Jeffrey and\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079356\",\n \"text\": \"the corner of Annie Glidden Road and Lucinda Avenue is the Chick Evans Field House, home to two large activity rooms with mirrors often used by dance clubs; a three-lane, 1/7-mile jogging and walking track; four multipurpose courts for basketball, volleyball, indoor soccer and floor hockey; and a cardio- and strength-training room, which has been under-used since the basketball team moved to the Convocation Center. The field house continues to host expositions and sporting events of a smaller scale, and is the headquarters for the campus ROTC program. Two swimming pools are located in Anderson and Gabel Halls. NIU's Division\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079349\",\n \"text\": \"one of the five castle-themed buildings built according to the suggestion of Governor John Peter Altgeld. The auditorium in Altgeld Hall, which was designed to also function as a ballroom, was restored and can seat up to 500. On the level below the auditorium, the original gym was transformed into a computer classroom. Also on the same level is the NIU Art Museum which occupies two large spaces. The East Lagoon near Altgeld is a spot on campus. Barsema Hall, which houses the College of Business, opened its doors in 2002. This 144,000 square-foot facility houses modern classrooms, faculty offices,\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716751\",\n \"text\": \"team. The Dome also serves as a venue for many local concerts, high school football playoffs, trade shows, and other events. In 2006, the University opened a new arena, the McLeod Center, to serve as the home for several athletic programs, including volleyball and men's and women's basketball. UNI Athletics has enjoyed great success lately with the men's basketball team competing in the NCAA tournament three consecutive times in 2004, 2005, 2006, again in 2009 and 2010 and in 2015 and 2016. On March 20, 2010, the men's basketball team defeated the heavily favored, top-seeded Kansas Jayhawks to advance to\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"716754\",\n \"text\": \"in 1949 and NCAA Division II national championships in 1975 and 1978. They competed in the Western Wrestling Conference until 2012, when UNI became an associate member of the Mid-American Conference since the MVC is a non-wrestling conference. In 2017, UNI wrestling joined the Big 12 Conference. In 1977 the women's softball team won the AIAW national championship. Bryce Paup won the Defensive Player of Year Award by the Associated Press in 1995. In 1999 and 2001, UNI alumnus Kurt Warner was named NFL MVP by the AP. During the 2014-2015 season, the men's basketball team ended the regular season\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079369\",\n \"text\": \"opponents number 14 Maryland (who finished that season at number 17), number 21 Alabama and Iowa State. In 2010, NIU football had its first undefeated MAC regular season (8-0), and cracked the top 25 in Associated Press and coaches' polls. In 2012, NIU football, after winning another MAC Football Championship earned a place in the Orange Bowl and was the first team to participate in a BCS Bowl from the Mid-American Conference. Northern Illinois University Northern Illinois University (NIU) is a public research university in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, with satellite centers in Chicago, Hoffman Estates, Naperville, Rockford, and Oregon.\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8490363\",\n \"text\": \"College of Law in the Philippines studied law at NIU College of Law. Northern Illinois University College of Law Northern Illinois University College of Law (NIU Law) is one of three public law schools in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the only public law school in the Chicago area. The College of Law was founded as the Lewis University College of Law in Glen Ellyn, Illinois in 1975. It became part of Northern Illinois University in August 1979, and in 1982 moved to the DeKalb campus, taking up residence in Swen Parson Hall. The College of Law offers\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University College of Law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812554\",\n \"text\": \"were for a short time held in temporary trailers, and now music classrooms are spread throughout campus. A University task force suggested to state regents that Hancher be rebuilt near its current site on the West bank of the Iowa River and Voxman and Clapp be built nearer to the main campus on South Clinton Street. The new Hancher Auditorium officially opened its doors to the public on September 9, 2016, while the new Voxman Music Building opened its doors for classes and public visitors on August 22, 2016. The University of Iowa is one of the EPA's Green Power\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520361\",\n \"text\": \"Fritz Auditorium and the Hughes Fine Arts Center. The historic 1907 Adelphi Fountain is next to the Coulee as is the on-campus Spiritual Center. On the eastern edge of the central campus area sits Memorial Stadium, the old Ralph Engelstad Arena, and the Hyslop Auditorium. These structures are all old athletic venues which have been replaced with new structures elsewhere on campus. The eastern part of campus is also the home of the Energy and Environmental Research Center complex which includes the National Center for Hydrogen Technology. The Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, which is operated by the United\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16503052\",\n \"text\": \"University of North Georgia The University of North Georgia (UNG) is an educational institution that was established by the University System of Georgia Board of Regents on January 8, 2013 as a merger of North Georgia College & State University (founded 1873) and Gainesville State College (founded 1964). The regents announced plans for the merger on January 10, 2012, and the name of the new school was announced on May 8, 2012. The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) approved the consolidation December 11, 2012. The combined institution has campus locations in Dahlonega, Gainesville (Gainesville Campus), Watkinsville (Oconee Campus),\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4523876\",\n \"text\": \"renamed in honor of Claude W. Pettit, a judge and former dean of the college. ONU students participate in intercollegiate, intramural, and sports clubs in a variety of sports. The ONU Polar Bears compete in the NCAA Division III Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC). The men's volleyball team participates in the Midwest Intercollegiate Volleyball Association in the Great Midwest Men's Volleyball Conference. Men's Sports Women's Sports NCAA Elite Eight appearance NCAA Sweet Sixteen appearances Ohio Northern University Ohio Northern University is a private, United Methodist Church–affiliated university in Ada, Ohio. Founded by Henry Solomon Lehr in 1871, ONU is accredited by\",\n \"title\": \"Ohio Northern University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812539\",\n \"text\": \"University of Iowa The University of Iowa (also known as the UI, U of I, UIowa, or simply Iowa) is the flagship public research university in Iowa City, Iowa. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest and the second largest university in the state. The University of Iowa is organized into 11 colleges offering more than 200 areas of study and seven professional degrees. Located on an urban 1,880 acre campus on the banks of the Iowa River, the University of Iowa is classified as a Doctoral University with Highest Research Activity by the Carnegie Classifications. The university is best\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3487751\",\n \"text\": \"University of North Florida The University of North Florida (UNF) is a public university in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. A member institution of the State University System of Florida, the university is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate, masters and doctorate degrees to its students. Its campus comprises 1,300 acres surrounded by a natural preserve on Jacksonville's Southside. The current president is Dr. David Szymanski. UNF opened in 1972, with Thomas G. Carpenter serving as its first president. Initially designated an upper division college for juniors and seniors, it\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3487781\",\n \"text\": \"University of North Florida The University of North Florida (UNF) is a public university in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. A member institution of the State University System of Florida, the university is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate, masters and doctorate degrees to its students. Its campus comprises 1,300 acres surrounded by a natural preserve on Jacksonville's Southside. The current president is Dr. David Szymanski. UNF opened in 1972, with Thomas G. Carpenter serving as its first president. Initially designated an upper division college for juniors and seniors, it\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812547\",\n \"text\": \"$231.75 million. Later, the university estimated that repairs would cost about $743 million. Later in 2008, UNESCO designated Iowa City the world's third City of Literature, making it part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. In 2014, the Iowa Board of Regents proposed tying state funding largely to undergraduate resident enrollment, which would have shifted millions of dollars away from the UI to Iowa State University and the University of Northern Iowa. Iowa legislators ultimately did not support the plan. In 2015, the Iowa Board of Regents selected Bruce Harreld, a business consultant with limited experience in academic administration, to\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7775117\",\n \"text\": \"University of Northern Virginia The University of Northern Virginia (UNVA) was an unaccredited for-profit private undergraduate and graduate university in Annandale, Virginia, The university offered bachelors, Masters and doctoral degrees. Although UNVA was not well known within the United States, it called itself the most popular American university for students from India. UNVA has received government scrutiny and media coverage for its academic and immigration practices. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents raided UNVA offices and informed school officials on July 28, 2011, that the government was ending UNVA's authorization to admit foreign students. Kapil Sibal, a minister in India's\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2138281\",\n \"text\": \"is named for the Zarrow family, a philanthropic couple from Tulsa, Oklahoma. The Zarrow's donated 5 million dollars as the keystone donors for the new building with the remaining funds coming from a bequest of Ruth I. Knee, a graduate of the program, and a portion of the states federal stimulus funds. On the far north side of Norman is the OU Research Campus-North, which includes University of Oklahoma Max Westheimer Airport (ICAO: KOUN), the Radar Operations Center, the old National Severe Storms Laboratory facility, the OU OKDHS Training and Research Center, and Merrick Computer and Technology Center. Additional research\",\n \"title\": \"University of Oklahoma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7927972\",\n \"text\": \"Northern University High School Northern University High School, or Price Lab, was a small private high school in Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States, run by the University of Northern Iowa. It closed in July 2012 under controversy and university budget cuts, and was mostly demolished in June 2013, save for the athletics Wing, part of which was re-purposed into the UNI Childhood Development center, previously housed in the building's east wing. The school won the 2008 IHSAA boys' Class 1A basketball championship tournament, the 2008 IHSAA boys' class 1A golf tournament, the 2010 IHSAA boys' Class 1A cross country championship,\",\n \"title\": \"Northern University High School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520360\",\n \"text\": \"Babcock Hall, Montgomery Hall, and the old Carnegie Library. Old Main Memorial Plaza and the eternal flame of the Old Main Memorial Sphere mark the location of Old Main, the first building on campus. Other buildings in the central part of campus include the School of Law, the North Dakota Museum of Art, Memorial Union, Gamble Hall, the J. Lloyd Stone Alumni Center, the Burtness Theatre, and Chandler Hall—the oldest remaining building on the UND campus. The English Coulee flows along the western edge of the central campus area and on the western bank of the Coulee sits the Chester\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4523873\",\n \"text\": \"Building, Biggs Engineering, Heterick Memorial Library, and Meyer Hall of Science, and the construction of the Freed Center for the Performing Arts and a new president's on-campus home. Under Dr. Kendall Baker, campus additions include Dicke Hall, an expansion of the Robertson-Evans Pharmacy building, the Dial-Roberson Stadium and the Mathile Center for the Natural Sciences. In 2008, Ohio Northern University built and opened The Inn at Ohio Northern University, which contains over 70 deluxe guestrooms. In 2017, construction on a new engineering building will begin, with the first classes to be held in fall 2019. Starting in the early 1980s,\",\n \"title\": \"Ohio Northern University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520363\",\n \"text\": \"Village. This land sat virtually empty for decades, but has recently been developed for UND, commercial, and residential purposes. University Village is anchored by the $100 million Ralph Engelstad Arena, which is used by the men's hockey team. University Village is also home to the Betty Engelstad Sioux Center, the new Student Wellness Center, university apartments, the UND bookstore, a medical clinic, and several residential and commercial properties. The western part of the UND campus is a newer area with modern styles of architecture. This area is home to the John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences, which includes Odegard\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7746825\",\n \"text\": \"University of North Bengal The University of North Bengal is a state university in Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri in Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal. A second campus is in Danguajhar, Jalpaiguri in Jalpaiguri district, also in West Bengal. The university was established in 1962 to fill growing manpower needs in the six North Bengal districts and the neighbouring state of Sikkim. North Bengal University offers degrees in undergraduate, post-graduate, M. Phil and doctorate programs. The University of North Bengal was established by Act of the Legislature of West Bengal in 1962. It was the first university in\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Bengal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812555\",\n \"text\": \"Partners, burning oat hulls instead of coal and reducing coal consumption by 20%. In May 2004 the university joined the Chicago Climate Exchange and in April 2009 a student garden was opened. The University also offers a Certificate in Sustainability through the Office of Sustainability (OS). The OS recently coordinated the University's first sustainability plan: \\\"2020 Vision UIowa Sustainability Targets\\\" proposed by UI President Sally Mason on October 29, 2010. The Iowa Board of Regents, a statewide body, governs the University of Iowa, as well as the state's two other public universities (Iowa State University and the University of Northern\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079350\",\n \"text\": \"several computer labs, a large atrium at the center of the building as well as a 375-seat auditorium. The Holmes Student Center houses several lounges, computer labs, restaurants, and the University Bookstore. It is home to the Huskies Den, which features bowling, billiards, a video arcade and PlayStation 4 and Xbox One gaming. The Holmes Student Center also houses a 78-room hotel. NIU's residence halls (including two complexes with four 12-story towers each) provide several living options to on-campus students. Living-learning floors include the Health Professions House; Business Careers House; Teacher Education and Certification House (TEACH); Honors House; International House;\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599491\",\n \"text\": \"Ulster University Ulster University (, Ulster Scots: \\\"Ulstèr Universitie\\\" or \\\"Ulstèr Varsitie\\\"), officially the University of Ulster, is a multi-campus public university located in Northern Ireland. It is often referred to informally and unofficially as Ulster, or by the abbreviation UU. It is the largest university in Northern Ireland and the second largest university on the island of Ireland, after the federal National University of Ireland. Established in 1968 as the \\\"New University of Ulster\\\", it merged with \\\"Ulster Polytechnic\\\" in 1984, incorporating its four Northern Irish campuses under the \\\"University of Ulster\\\" banner. The university incorporated its four campuses\",\n \"title\": \"Ulster University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7689549\",\n \"text\": \"Benjamin J. Allen Benjamin Joseph Allen (born January 5, 1947) is an American academic who served as president of the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) from 2006 to 2013. It was announced on March 24, 2017 that Allen would begin serving as interim president for Iowa State University on May 9 after former president Steven Leath announced he would be leaving for Auburn University. Allen received his Bachelor of Science degree in business economics from Indiana University Bloomington in 1969 and Master of Arts (1973) and Ph.D (1974) in economics from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Allen then taught\",\n \"title\": \"Benjamin J. Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1487756\",\n \"text\": \"where the undergraduate schools, the Graduate School, and the Kellogg School of Management are located, runs north-south from Lincoln Avenue to Clark Street west of Lake Michigan along Sheridan Road. North and South Campuses have noticeably different atmospheres, owing to the predominance of Science and Athletics in the one and Humanities and Arts in the other. North Campus is home to the fraternity quads, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and Norris Aquatics Center and other athletic facilities, the Technological Institute, Dearborn Observatory, and other science-related buildings including Patrick G. and Shirley W. Ryan Hall for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, and\",\n \"title\": \"Northwestern University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7775118\",\n \"text\": \"current cabinet, compared UNVA to a \\\"sham university,\\\" stating UNVA does not have acceptable accreditation. Although media sources in India speculated that UNVA would close permanently in 2011, the university remained open and moved to South Dakota in 2013 when the Commonwealth of Virginia revoked its license to operate in that state. On October 1, 2013, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement ended UNVA's authorization to admit foreign students. In October 2013, UNVA announced its move to Sioux Falls, South Dakota. At its new location, UNVA is facing scrutiny as well. UNVA is investigated by the South Dakota Attorney General's office,\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8490360\",\n \"text\": \"Senate Bill 719 was approved by Governor Thompson on June 26, 1979 and signed into law as Public Act 81–37 the next day. Effective August 1, 1979, Lewis University College of Law would become Northern Illinois University College of Law. In the Fall of 1982, after more than 7 years in Glen Ellyn, the NIU College of Law moved into its newly remodeled space within Swen Parson Hall on NIU’s main campus in DeKalb, IL. On August 11, 1982 the American Bar Association gave full accreditation to the NIU College of Law. The College of Law was admitted to the\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University College of Law\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"80798\",\n \"text\": \"Behrens-Rapp Station. Besides hosting one of the three Iowa public universities, University of Northern Iowa (UNI), Cedar Falls is home to two high schools: Valley Lutheran High School, a private Christian school, and Cedar Falls High School, which is part of the public school district. The public school district, Cedar Falls Community Schools, includes two junior high schools and six elementary schools. There is also a private Catholic elementary school at St. Patricks Church. The Malcolm Price Lab School/Northern University High School, was a state-funded K-12 school run by the university. It closed in 2012 following cuts at UNI. The\",\n \"title\": \"Cedar Falls, Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2735711\",\n \"text\": \"architectural styles. UNA's campus facilities master plan was developed by the Olmsted Brothers, the sons of the architect who designed New York City's Central Park. A copy of the original Olmsted plan is permanently displayed in the President's Office in Bibb Graves Hall. The modern campus is distinguished by its shaded walkways, spacious green lawns, fountains, sculptures and historic buildings. UNA also is noted for its three antebellum structures: Wesleyan Hall; Rogers Hall; and Coby Hall. All three buildings are listed in the National Historic Register. Gifts from friends and alumni and federal grants made possible a massive renovation of\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7204393\",\n \"text\": \"the east and west sides. Since opening, the arena has had quite a significant positive economic impact for the university. It brings in $20–25 million annually, doubled the attendance of basketball games, and has almost 400,000 visitors a year. The arena also hosts commencement ceremonies throughout the year and can be used for recreation upon request. During the 2009-2010 and 2014-2015 men's basketball seasons, the team was undefeated at the McLeod Center. McLeod Center The McLeod Center is a 7,018-seat multi-purpose arena on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa (UNI) in Cedar Falls, Iowa, USA, currently housing the\",\n \"title\": \"McLeod Center\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4776651\",\n \"text\": \"five states: Bemidji State University (MN), Concordia University St. Paul (MN), University of Minnesota-Crookston, Minnesota State University Moorhead, University of Mary (ND), Northern State University (SD), Southwest Minnesota State University, Upper Iowa University, Wayne State College (NE), Winona State University (MN), University of Minnesota-Duluth, Augustana University, Minnesota State University, Mankato, St. Cloud State University (MN), Minot State University (ND) and University of Sioux Falls (SD). Northern State has been a member of the conference since 1978, and they also have the second smallest enrollment of the 16 member schools. In the 1990s, all members of the NSIC solely became members\",\n \"title\": \"Northern State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16503087\",\n \"text\": \"and field. University of North Georgia The University of North Georgia (UNG) is an educational institution that was established by the University System of Georgia Board of Regents on January 8, 2013 as a merger of North Georgia College & State University (founded 1873) and Gainesville State College (founded 1964). The regents announced plans for the merger on January 10, 2012, and the name of the new school was announced on May 8, 2012. The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) approved the consolidation December 11, 2012. The combined institution has campus locations in Dahlonega, Gainesville (Gainesville Campus), Watkinsville\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"644153\",\n \"text\": \"University of Idaho The University of Idaho (officially abbreviated U of I, or UIdaho) is the U.S. state of Idaho's oldest public university and is based in Moscow. It is the state's land-grant and primary research university. The University of Idaho was the state's sole university for 71 years, until 1963, and its College of Law, established in 1909, was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925. Formed by the territorial legislature on January 30, 1889, the university opened its doors in 1892 on October 3, with an initial class of 40 students. The first graduating class in\",\n \"title\": \"University of Idaho\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3613054\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Kentucky University Northern Kentucky University is a public, co-educational university in northern Kentucky located in Highland Heights, seven miles (11 km) southeast of downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The university is primarily an undergraduate, liberal arts institution, but it also features graduate programs. Total enrollment at the university currently exceeds 14,000 students, with over 12,000 undergraduate students and nearly 2,000 graduate students. Northern Kentucky University is the third largest university, behind the University of Cincinnati and Miami University, but before Xavier University, of Greater Cincinnati's four large, four-year universities and the youngest of Kentucky's eight state universities, although it is not\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Kentucky University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520350\",\n \"text\": \"University of North Dakota The University of North Dakota (also known as UND or North Dakota) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota, it is the state's oldest. UND was founded with a strong liberal arts foundation and expanded to include scientific research. The University offers a variety of professional and specialized programs, including the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812565\",\n \"text\": \"field, volleyball, cross country, and rowing. Most of the school's athletic facilities are located on the west end of campus. The largest venue is the 70,585-seat Kinnick Stadium, home to the football program. Opening in 1929 as Iowa Stadium, it was renamed in 1977 after Nile Kinnick, winner of the 1939 Heisman Trophy. The basketball, wrestling, gymnastics, and volleyball teams play at Carver-Hawkeye Arena, which seats 15,400. Other venues include the Beckwith Boathouse, Duane Banks Field, and the old Iowa Fieldhouse. Among the thousands of graduates from the University of Iowa, especially notable alumni include George Gallup, founder of the\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16503059\",\n \"text\": \"UNG's Dahlonega campus is the former site of North Georgia College & State University. It was not until 1879 that the oldest surviving structure, Price Memorial Hall, was constructed upon the former site of the Dahlonega Mint. Today the gold-leafed steeple of the Price Memorial Hall building remains one of the most striking features of the UNG skyline. Much of the campus has been developed around the William J. Livsey Drill Field, more commonly known as simply \\\"the Drill Field\\\". Dahlonega is located approximately an hour's drive from downtown Atlanta ( away), an hour and half drive from downtown Athens\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3613058\",\n \"text\": \"2002. In recent years, the university has also concentrated on the construction of new and improved facilities across campus. Northern Kentucky University's main campus in Highland Heights, Kentucky is situated on of rolling countryside along U.S. Route 27, just off of Interstate 275 and Interstate 471, seven miles (11 km) southeast of Cincinnati, Ohio. The campus was built beginning in the early 1970s, and the first building, Nunn Hall, opened in 1972. Although most of the university's students commute daily to the campus, approximately 2,000 students live on campus. In recent years, the university has been in the process of\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Kentucky University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"80789\",\n \"text\": \"long community-wide celebration named in their honor – the Sturgis Falls Celebration. Because of the availability of water power, Cedar Falls developed as a milling and industrial center prior to the Civil War. The establishment of the Civil War Soldiers' Orphans Home in Cedar Falls changed the direction in which the city developed when, following the war, it became the first building on the campus of the Iowa State Normal School (now the University of Northern Iowa). Cedar Falls is located at (42.523520, −92.446402). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of\",\n \"title\": \"Cedar Falls, Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1522162\",\n \"text\": \"Denton at 109 North Elm Street on the west side of the historic Denton County Courthouse, a few doors south of where North Texas was founded in temporary quarters years ago (see History). The facility – – is the home of the UNT Institute for the Advancement of the Arts, also founded in the fall of 2009. Herbert Holl, PhD, is its inaugural director. Concerts are held weekly and art exhibitions are in constant rotation. , the University of North Texas had approximately 326,000 living alumni, of which, over 208,000 reside in the Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex. A significant number of\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Texas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812551\",\n \"text\": \"Daum, Stanley, Currier, Mayflower, and Catlett), the Iowa Memorial Union, the Women's Resource & Action Center, the Pappajohn Business Building, Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, the Lindquist Center (home of the College of Education), Phillips Hall (the foreign language building), Van Allen Hall (home to physics and astronomy), Trowbridge Hall (home to Earth & Environmental Sciences, as well as the Iowa Geological Survey), the English-Philosophy Building, the Becker Communication Building, the Adler Journalism Building, Voxman Music Building, and the buildings for biology, chemistry, and psychology. The Main Library can also be found on the east side. The\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"644186\",\n \"text\": \"classes in 2014, and as of law students can take their entire three-year curriculum at either location. University of Idaho The University of Idaho (officially abbreviated U of I, or UIdaho) is the U.S. state of Idaho's oldest public university and is based in Moscow. It is the state's land-grant and primary research university. The University of Idaho was the state's sole university for 71 years, until 1963, and its College of Law, established in 1909, was first accredited by the American Bar Association in 1925. Formed by the territorial legislature on January 30, 1889, the university opened its doors\",\n \"title\": \"University of Idaho\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079355\",\n \"text\": \"wellness needs. The residence halls, located in the same area as the athletic facilities, are also flanked by numerous sand volleyball areas, a large quad between the dorms, basketball courts, skating courts, Eco Lake, and open fields for recreation. On the far west side of campus is the Convocation Center, a 10,000 seat arena opened in 2002. The Convocation Center hosts NIU men's and women's basketball, gymnastics, wrestling, and volleyball, Victor E. Court, games, the opening convocation ceremony for incoming freshmen, music concerts, and a variety of events throughout the year including job fairs, internship fairs, and other expositions. At\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079342\",\n \"text\": \"universities, to act as a chief executive for all three schools; the first person appointed chancellor was then-NIU President William R. Monat. The Board of Regents and the Chancellor governed the three Regency universities until the end of 1995. On January 1, 1996, authority for each of the three regency universities was transferred to three independent Boards of Trustees, each concerned solely with one university. 13 presidents have served at the university. NIU has seven degree-granting colleges that together offer more than 60 undergraduate majors, 70 minors, nine pre-professional programs, and 79 graduate programs, including a College of Law, and\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2735726\",\n \"text\": \"in 1939. Willingham Hall houses the Department of English, the Department of History, and the Department of Politics, Justice, and Law. It stands on the site of the old Locust Dell Academy, founded by Nicholas Marcellus Hentz and commemorated by a historical marker. The President's Home, completed in 1941, was constructed by the Works Projects Administration. Occupied by President and Mrs. Kenneth Kitts., the residence is located next to the George H. Carroll Lion Habitat, home of Leo III and Una, the university's live lion mascots. Overnight guests often are awakened by the lions' roaring. The University of North Alabama\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1487741\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"U.S. News & World Report\\\" latest rankings, and 20th among global universities by \\\"Times Higher Education World University Rankings\\\". Northwestern was founded in 1851 by John Evans, for whom the city of Evanston is named, and eight other lawyers, businessmen and Methodist leaders. Its founding purpose was to serve the Old Northwest Territory, an area that includes the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and parts of Minnesota. Instruction began in 1855 and women were admitted in 1869. Today, the main campus is a parcel in Evanston, along the shores of Lake Michigan 12 miles north of downtown Chicago.\",\n \"title\": \"Northwestern University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2735712\",\n \"text\": \"the UNA campus to conform with the landscape design formulated by the Olmstead Brothers. The university was transformed into an almost entirely pedestrian campus, with a brick walkway added to simulate the nearby Tennessee River and accented with fountains designed by Hugo Dante, of the Hill and Jangaard architectural firm, of Florence. The undertaking culminated in October 2002, with the dedication of the Harrison Plaza. The UNA Science and Engineering Technology Building was completed in 2015. The five-story, 160,000-square-foot facility was designed by Lambert Ezell Durham Architects and constructed by BL Harbert, The state-of-the-art building houses engineering technology, biology, chemistry,\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079338\",\n \"text\": \"programs are nationally accredited for meeting high standards of academic quality, including business, engineering, nursing, visual and performing arts, and all teacher certification programs. NIU is one of only two public universities in Illinois that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the highest levels of all sports, Division I. The university's athletic teams are known as the Huskies and compete in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). Northern Illinois University was founded as part of the expansion of the normal school program established in 1857 in Normal, Illinois. In 1895, the state legislature created a Board of Trustees for the\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079343\",\n \"text\": \"over 20 areas of study leading to doctoral degrees. Many of NIU's academic programs are nationally accredited for meeting the highest standards of academic quality and rigor, including business, engineering, nursing, visual and performing arts, and all teacher certification programs. New interdisciplinary academic programs in Environmental Studies and Community Leadership and Civic Engagement were established in FY 2012. Northern Illinois University was ranked the 30th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNet's Social Mobility Index college rankings. NIU is classified as a \\\"National University\\\" by \\\"U.S. News & World Report\\\". In the most recent 2014 edition, NIU\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520359\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Highway 2 which is called Gateway Drive in Grand Forks. The central campus area, the oldest part of UND, has many historic buildings. This area is home to most academic buildings on campus. At the heart of campus sits the Chester Fritz Library, the largest library in North Dakota. The tower of the library is a familiar landmark on University Avenue. Behind the library is the park-like setting of the central campus mall. The mall includes several statues and is a popular place for students to study. The mall is lined with historic buildings including Merrifield Hall, Twamley Hall,\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2520364\",\n \"text\": \"Hall, Streibel Hall, Clifford Hall, Ryan Hall, and Robin Hall. Directly adjacent to the Aerospace Complex sits the Skalicky Business Incubator, the Ina Mae Rude Entrepreneur Center, the \\\"REAC 1,\\\" which houses the University of North Dakota's Center of Excellence in Life Sciences and Advanced Technologies (COELSAT), and a Hilton Garden Inn. The western part of campus is also the location of most residence halls and student apartments, including a new $20 million student housing project called University Place on University Avenue. UND operates a satellite campus consisting of several buildings at Grand Forks International Airport where aviation students train.\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5129229\",\n \"text\": \"North Idaho College North Idaho College (NIC) is a community college in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, United States, with an enrollment exceeding 6,000. It is situated at the north end of Lake Coeur d'Alene near downtown Coeur d'Alene, Idaho and famous Tubbs Hill, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, at the east bank of the outflowing Spokane River. The school was established during the Great Depression in 1933 as \\\"Coeur d'Alene Junior College,\\\" with classes held at City Hall. It moved to its present campus in 1939, at the site of the old Fort Sherman (1878–1900), and the name was changed to \\\"North Idaho\",\n \"title\": \"North Idaho College\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9613518\",\n \"text\": \"includes the 18 northernmost counties, excluding Cook, Grundy, Kankakee, Mercer and Rock Island Counties, which are covered by Eastern Illinois University and Western Illinois University, respectively, and University of Illinois at Chicago. Several major colleges can be found in the Chicago area including Illinois' third largest state school, the University of Illinois at Chicago, as well as the University of Chicago and Northwestern University. Other notable schools include the Illinois Institute of Technology, Loyola University, DePaul University, Columbia College, Northeastern Illinois University, and Roosevelt University. Several liberal arts schools such as Aurora University, Lewis University, North Central College, Elmhurst College,\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6851431\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Iowa Panthers The Northern Iowa Panthers are the athletic teams of the University of Northern Iowa. The university is a member of the Missouri Valley Conference and competes in NCAA Division I (Division I FCS in football). The school's mascot is the Panther. They participate in the Missouri Valley Conference for all sports except football and wrestling, in which they are a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (formerly the Gateway Football Conference) and the Mid-American Conference. Northern Iowa previously competed in the Iowa Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, North Central Conference, and the Mid-Continent Conference. On September 8, 1931,\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Iowa Panthers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10769209\",\n \"text\": \"University of Northern Philippines The University of Northern Philippines (UNP) is a university in Barangay Tamag, in the City of Vigan in the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. It is the first and oldest state university in Northern Luzon which offers low tuition fee, tracing its roots to 1906, which is older than the University of the Philippines by two years. It is the only state university in the province aimed for less-fortunate people and one of three state-owned educational institutions of higher learning operating in Ilocos Sur (with the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College and the Northern Luzon Polytechnic\",\n \"title\": \"University of Northern Philippines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2138273\",\n \"text\": \"campus is centered on two large \\\"ovals.\\\" The Parrington Oval (or North Oval as it is more commonly called) is anchored on the south by Evans Hall, the main administrative building. This building highlights the \\\"Cherokee Gothic\\\" style of architecture locally derived from the Collegiate Gothic style, the style that dominates and defines the older buildings on the OU campus. The North Oval is bordered on the east by the Oklahoma Memorial Union. On the east side of the northernmost part of campus sits Sarkeys Energy Center while to the west is the Fred Jones, Jr. School of Art and\",\n \"title\": \"University of Oklahoma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"80800\",\n \"text\": \"which ran from March 17 to April 14, 2007. This effort has been continued as a wiki style website called \\\"The Secret History of the Cedar Valley\\\". Cedar Falls has no sister city. Cedar Falls, Iowa Cedar Falls is a city in Black Hawk County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 39,260. It is home to the University of Northern Iowa, a public university. Cedar Falls was founded in 1845 by William Sturgis. It was originally named Sturgis Falls, for the first family who settled the site. The Sturgis family lived in Sturgis Falls\",\n \"title\": \"Cedar Falls, Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4776653\",\n \"text\": \"the mathematics, science, and business departments. The oldest buildings on Northern's campus are Lincoln, Krikac, and Spafford. Spafford had the first gymnasium and the campus' only psych ward, which was located on the fourth floor. Many people don't know about the fourth floor because it was closed off after various reports of paranormal activity. Lincoln was the first residence hall but is now known as the office of business. The campus has six dormitories: Briscoe Hall, Jerde Hall, Kramer Hall, Wolves Memorial Hall, McArthur-Welsh Hall and Steele Hall. All of the dorms are co-ed, with Jerde Hall being the biggest\",\n \"title\": \"Northern State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10882755\",\n \"text\": \"History of the University of North Alabama A comprehensive regional university today, the University of North Alabama traces its beginnings to the first half of the 19th century, when the Methodist Episcopal Church sought to bring learning and culture to an obscure mountain in Alabama. From these humble beginnings, the university progressed from a poorly funded church-supported school, to a cash-strapped normal school, to a teachers college and, finally, to the state university it has become. The University of North Alabama first opened its doors as LaGrange College on January 11, 1830, in a mountain hamlet a few miles south\",\n \"title\": \"History of the University of North Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079365\",\n \"text\": \"Asia. NIU's School of Music also is home to the internationally renowned NIU Jazz Ensemble, the NIU Steelband, and the Avalon String Quartet, described by the \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" as \\\"an ensemble that invites you – ears, mind and spirit – into its music.\\\" The NIU Art Museum, which has several galleries in Altgeld Hall, hosts several shows of professional works. The campus also houses the Anthropology Museum, the Blackwell History of Education Museum, the Burma Art Collection and the theater-based Historic Scenic Collection. The Department of Communication sponsors the annual Reality Bytes Film Festival, created in 2002 by media studies\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16503061\",\n \"text\": \"State Route 53, it is conveniently accessible for much of Hall County. In 2012, an academic facility in Cumming, GA was opened on GA 400. The goal of the Cumming campus is to eventually offer a range of programs. The intention of the non-residential campus is to address capacity concerns for the University of North Georgia. The Cumming campus also provides higher education to an area of the state that was previously \\\"underserved\\\". The Campus was established in 1964, originally as a part of Gainesville State College. Oconee is a non-residential campus primarily serving students in the Athens and Watkinsville\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2735695\",\n \"text\": \"nation's first coeducational colleges. LaGrange College opened on January 11, 1830, in a mountain hamlet a few miles south of Leighton in northeast Colbert County, Alabama. LaGrange means \\\"The Barn\\\" in French. Twenty-one local college trustees were listed in Acts of Alabama, Eleventh Annual Session. The town of LaGrange and its college were sacked and burned by Union troops in 1863. But by then, however, the college had moved north across the Tennessee River to Florence. The section of Franklin County containing LaGrange Mountain is now Colbert County. LaGrange College, which became Florence Wesleyan University in 1855, is now the\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14404360\",\n \"text\": \"are at , with a slope of 131 and a course rating of 70.3. The course is open eight months per year, March through October, and is located on the western end of Nez Perce Drive, directly south of the Kibbie Dome stadium and the century-old Shattuck Arboretum. The newer UI Arboretum borders on the east, along and below the 17th & 18th holes. The President's House (now \\\"Executive Residence\\\") is across the street, northeast of the 18th green. The first nine holes were opened in 1937 on the southwest edge of campus, designed by Englishman Francis L. \\\"Frank\\\" James\",\n \"title\": \"University of Idaho Golf Course\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079351\",\n \"text\": \"Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) House; and Fine Arts House. Other floor options include all-men, all-women, transfers, quiet lifestyle and alcohol-free. Northern View Community, which opened in 2008, offers apartments to undergraduate students who are at least two years post-high school, graduate students, law students, or any student who has a dependent and/or a partner or spouse. The New Residence Hall, a 1,000-bed complex just north of Lincoln Hall, opened to all students in the fall of 2012. It features two residential buildings where students can live in clusters of 12. After an extensive renovation, Grant C Tower reopened\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4523875\",\n \"text\": \"a 53% 4-year graduation rate. On February 4, 2010, ONU announced that its board of trustees approved the nomination of Daniel A. DiBiasio, president of Wilmington College to become the new president of Ohio Northern. DiBiasio assumed his duties on August 1, 2011. Ohio Northern has made several significant strides in sustainability, and currently is making considerable efforts to realize the full benefits of a comprehensive approach in several areas of sustainability, alternative energy and environmental stewardship. The university comprises five colleges: Prior to 1973, the law school was known as \\\"the Warren G. Harding College of Law\\\". It was\",\n \"title\": \"Ohio Northern University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"644184\",\n \"text\": \"semesters as of Spring 2011. Moscow is a college town, with 23,800 residents as of the 2010 census. It is located in the rolling hills of the Palouse region of north central Idaho.<br>The UI campus is adjacent to the southwest side of town; most stores, restaurants, and bars are within easy walking distance. Moscow lies close to the border with Washington. Approximately eight miles to the west is Washington State University, located in Pullman, Washington. From 1896 through May 2011, the University of Idaho granted 80,233 bachelor's degrees, 21,734 master's degrees, 2,694 doctoral degrees, 240 honorary degrees, 1,164 specialist degrees,\",\n \"title\": \"University of Idaho\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6372781\",\n \"text\": \"University of Idaho Arboretum and Botanical Garden The University of Idaho Arboretum and Botanical Garden is a major arboretum and botanical garden in the northwestern United States, on the campus of the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. Located within a valley south of the President's Residence on Nez Perce Drive and adjacent to the UI Golf Course, its are open to the public daily without charge. The university's first arboretum was established in 1910 by Dr. Charles Houston Shattuck (1867–1931), the university's first professor of forestry and the first dean of the College of Forestry. He began planting a\",\n \"title\": \"University of Idaho Arboretum and Botanical Garden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812550\",\n \"text\": \"the Collegiate Gothic architecture which is dominant in sections of the campus west of the Iowa River. The Pentacrest is at the center of the University of Iowa Campus and comprises five major campus buildings: Old Capitol, Schaeffer Hall, MacLean Hall, Macbride Hall, and Jessup Hall. The Old Capitol was once the home of the state legislature and the primary government building for the State of Iowa, but is now the symbolic heart of the university with a restored ceremonial legislative chamber and a museum of Iowa history. Also on the eastern side of campus are six residence halls (Burge,\",\n \"title\": \"University of Iowa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5163568\",\n \"text\": \"UNI-Dome UNI-Dome (pronounced \\\"YOU-nih-dome\\\") is a multi-purpose stadium, on the campus of the University of Northern Iowa, in Cedar Falls, Iowa, United States. It opened in 1976, as the home of the UNI Panthers basketball and football teams. The facility's capacity for football is 16,324. For basketball, its official capacity is 16,324; however, it has seated as many as 22,000 for events such as the 1990 Mid-Continent Conference men’s basketball tournament and the 1997 NCAA Division I National Wrestling Championships. It has been the home of the Iowa State High School football championships, since 1976 and has hosted junior college\",\n \"title\": \"UNI-Dome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2138248\",\n \"text\": \"University of Oklahoma The University of Oklahoma (OU) is a public research university in Norman, Oklahoma. Founded in 1890, it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma. In Fall 2016 the university had 31,250 students enrolled, most at its main campus in Norman. Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members, the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs, 160 master's programs, 75 doctorate programs, and 20 majors at the first professional level. David Boren, a former U.S. Senator and Oklahoma Governor, served as the university's president from 1994 to 2018. James L.\",\n \"title\": \"University of Oklahoma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079346\",\n \"text\": \"in Batavia, Illinois. The university is expanding its program in accelerator technology. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching recognizes Northern Illinois University as high-level research institution of higher education, based on breadth of research and academic programs. Carnegie categorizes Northern as: \\\"RU/H: Research Universities (high research activity).\\\" The Northern Illinois University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry was listed in the American Chemical Society's trade journal \\\"Chemical & Engineering News\\\" on September 26, 2005, as one of the top 25 producers of ACS-certified Bachelor of Science degrees in chemistry in the United States. The Department of Geology and Environmental\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4523872\",\n \"text\": \"Dr. Martin Luther King on January 11, 1968, four days before his 39th birthday and just three months before his assassination. During his visit at ONU, Dr. King famously spoke regarding the myth that many immigrant and/or ethnic groups successfully pulled themselves up by their bootstraps, whereas African Americans were incapable of doing so. ONU honored Dr. King and his speech on campus with the unveiling of a statue in his likeness on April 17, 2018. Growth continued under Dr. DeBow Freed through the 1980s and 1990s with additions to the Taggart Law Library, Presser Hall, Dukes Memorial, Wilson Art\",\n \"title\": \"Ohio Northern University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2735725\",\n \"text\": \"Hall, constructed in 1947, is named after Dr. James Albert Keller, who served as president of Florence State Teachers College from 1938 to 1948. Keller Hall serves as the headquarters of UNA's College of Business, housing the dean, faculty offices, computer labs and classrooms, as well as the Small Business Development Center. Keller Hall underwent a significant expansion following dedication of the Raburn Wing in 2002. This new addition provides state-of-the-art classrooms and related space for the College of Business. Originally a women's dormitory, Willingham Hall, named after long-serving President Henry J. Willingham, was constructed by the Works Projects Administration\",\n \"title\": \"University of North Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15829468\",\n \"text\": \"Blvd. in Stafford, Tx. The university migrated to the new campus in the Summer of 2016. The new campus is a 9 story building, with dorms and all university facilities enclosed on the campus. North American University North American University (NAU) is a private, not-for-profit university in Houston, Texas. NAU offers bachelor's and master's degree programs in Business Administration, Computer Science, and Education. In the fall of 2013, the university changed its name from North American College to North American University. The university's campus relocated to 11929 W. Airport Boulevard and is now close to 3 diverse communities in Houston,\",\n \"title\": \"North American University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3079352\",\n \"text\": \"in the fall of 2011 with completely new accommodations and furnishings for NIU students. Gilbert Hall, which had not been used as a residence hall since 1995, underwent a complete renovation and re-opened in the fall of 2013. Grant D Tower was renovated and re-opened in the fall of 2013. Douglas Hall, a part of the pair of residence halls Lincoln-Douglas, was demolished by the spring of 2016. Lucinda Avenue has been extended and used since the spring of 2016. This is a part of the master plan to create a new campus. Residence halls in use: On the west\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Illinois University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"289739\",\n \"text\": \"Northern Michigan University Northern Michigan University (NMU) is a public university in Marquette, Michigan. The university was established in 1899. With enrollment of about 8,000 undergraduate and graduate students, Northern Michigan University is the Upper Peninsula's largest university. NMU offers programs in undergraduate and master's degrees, as well as specialist certification. NMU is home to the TLC (teaching, learning and communication) initiative, providing every student with a laptop as part of their tuition. The average class size is 22 students, with a 22:1 student-faculty ratio. Northern Michigan University's eight-member governing board, the Board of Trustees, is appointed by the Governor\",\n \"title\": \"Northern Michigan University\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"where is the university of northern iowa located"}}},{"rowIdx":178,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Martin Short"],"string":"[\n \"Martin Short\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6553750","text":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause is a 2006 American Christmas fantasy comedy adventure film directed by Michael Lembeck. It is the third and final film in the \"Santa Clause\" film series following \"The Santa Clause\" and \"The Santa Clause 2\". The film stars Tim Allen returning as Scott Calvin/Santa Claus and Martin Short as Jack Frost. Allen and Short had previously worked together in the 1997 Disney comedy feature film, \"Jungle 2 Jungle\". Most of the supporting actors from the first two films reprise their roles, with the exception of David","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"6553759","text":"to reveal their baby boy, Buddy Claus. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 17% based on 65 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Playing Jack Frost as an evil cross between Liza Minnelli and Liberace, Martin Short is a welcome presence, but this tired series continues drawing from its bag of bland gags and dumb slapstick.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\"","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"2599647","text":"The Santa Clause 2 The Santa Clause 2 is a 2002 Christmas family comedy film directed by Michael Lembeck. It is a sequel to \"The Santa Clause\" (1994) and the second installment in the \"Santa Clause\" film series. All the principal actors from the first film, including Tim Allen, Eric Lloyd, Wendy Crewson and Judge Reinhold, reprise their roles. Released on November 1, 2002, the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $172 million worldwide on a $65 million budget. It was followed by another sequel, \"\", released in 2006. Eight years have passed since Scott Calvin took on","title":"The Santa Clause 2"},{"id":"8095292","text":"magic to look the part. Reluctant at first, he falls in love with his newfound role. This film spawned two sequels. In 2002's \"The Santa Clause 2\", he must find a wife (the \"Mrs. Clause\") and in 2006's \"\", he must battle Jack Frost for control of the North Pole. A recent and unique television special also draws upon the succession theme. In \"Call Me Claus\" (2001), Lucy Cullins (Whoopi Goldberg) is an African American woman destined to become the next Santa Claus. She, too, is reluctant to take on the role. In \"The Hebrew Hammer\" (2003), the role of","title":"Santa Claus in film"},{"id":"2599657","text":"released as a 3-Movie Collection Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012. The Santa Clause 2 The Santa Clause 2 is a 2002 Christmas family comedy film directed by Michael Lembeck. It is a sequel to \"The Santa Clause\" (1994) and the second installment in the \"Santa Clause\" film series. All the principal actors from the first film, including Tim Allen, Eric Lloyd, Wendy Crewson and Judge Reinhold, reprise their roles. Released on November 1, 2002, the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $172 million worldwide on a $65 million budget. It was followed by another sequel, \"\", released","title":"The Santa Clause 2"},{"id":"1286347","text":"two head off into the night. This film was entirely shot in the Greater Toronto Area. Oakville served as the city of Lakeside, Illinois. \"The Santa Clause\" grossed over US$144 million in the United States and Canada, and over $189 million worldwide, making it a box-office hit. The film has since gone on to become a Christmas classic. Freeform and AMC have played the film during the holiday season with record ratings. The film received generally positive reviews from the critics. The film currently holds a \"Certified Fresh\" rating of 74% on Rotten Tomatoes, with 40 positive reviews from 54","title":"The Santa Clause"},{"id":"17225876","text":"son, Charlie (Eric Lloyd), landed on this year's naughty list, but Scott discovers that he must marry by Christmas Eve -- just a month away! -- or he will stop being Santa Claus forever. Christmas cheer turns into holiday chaos when Scott Calvin (Tim Allen), aka Santa, invites his in-laws (Ann-Margret, Alan Arkin) for a visit and must, simultaneously, contend with Jack Frost's (Martin Short) scheme to take over the North Pole. Scott, his family and Head Elf Curtis (Spencer Breslin) must join forces to foil the nefarious plot. Scott Foundas of \"Variety\" called the 1994 film was \"a full-on","title":"The Santa Clause (film series)"},{"id":"5747941","text":"Santa Claus: The Movie Santa Claus: The Movie (known on-screen as simply Santa Claus) is a 1985 British-American Christmas film starring Dudley Moore, John Lithgow, and David Huddleston in the title role. It is the last major fantasy film produced by the Paris-based father-and-son production team of Alexander and Ilya Salkind. The film was directed by Jeannot Szwarc and released in North America on November 27, 1985, by TriStar Pictures. The 2005 DVD release was released by Anchor Bay Entertainment, under license from the film's current owner, StudioCanal; the 25th Anniversary home video release (which also now includes Blu-ray) was","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"1286338","text":"The Santa Clause The Santa Clause (stylized as The Santa Claus) is a 1994 American Christmas fantasy family comedy film written by Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick, and directed by John Pasquin. The first film in the \"Santa Clause\" film series, it stars Tim Allen as Scott Calvin, an ordinary man who accidentally causes Santa Claus to fall from his roof on Christmas Eve. When he and his young son, Charlie, finish St. Nick's trip and deliveries, they go to the North Pole where Scott learns that he must become the new Santa and convince those he loves that he","title":"The Santa Clause"},{"id":"5747974","text":"the original soundtrack were all represented, including the Kaja song \"Shouldn't Do That.\" Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Sid Jacobson and artist Frank Springer in \"Marvel Super Special\" #39. Santa Claus: The Movie Santa Claus: The Movie (known on-screen as simply Santa Claus) is a 1985 British-American Christmas film starring Dudley Moore, John Lithgow, and David Huddleston in the title role. It is the last major fantasy film produced by the Paris-based father-and-son production team of Alexander and Ilya Salkind. The film was directed by Jeannot Szwarc and released in North America on","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"20617360","text":"Tom Woodruff Jr. Tom Woodruff Jr. (born January 21, 1959) is an American actor, director, producer and special effects supervisor. He won an Academy Award for Best Special Effects for his work on the 1992 dark fantasy film \"Death Becomes Her\"; that same year he was also nominated for the same award for \"Alien 3\". Some of his most notable works include: \"The Santa Clause\" (1994), \"Starship Troopers\" (1997), \"Cast Away\" (2000), \"It\" (2017) and \"\" (2018). Woodruff Jr. was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania on January 21, 1959. He grew up in nearby Loyalsock Township, Pennsylvania and attended Loyalsock Township","title":"Tom Woodruff Jr."},{"id":"1286348","text":"counted and an average rating of 6/10. The consensus from the site is \"\"The Santa Clause\" is utterly undemanding, but it's firmly rooted in the sort of good old-fashioned holiday spirit missing from too many modern yuletide films.\" Note that songs listed here (and in the movie credits) cannot always be found on CD soundtracks. The film's soundtrack was released on October 10, 1994 in the United States. This film was first released on Home Video (VHS) on October 20, 1995. The first DVD was released in October 29, 2002. \"The Santa Clause\" along with its sequels were released in","title":"The Santa Clause"},{"id":"4584982","text":"from 2006 to 2014, but did not return to the show when it was revived in 2018. Cousins has also performed on stage. He played the Prince in Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"Cinderella\", Munkustrap in \"Cats\", and Frank N Furter in \"The Rocky Horror Show\" in the West End. He has performed pantomime, playing Jack Frost in \"Santa Clause\" and the \"Return of Jack Frost\" at the Mayflower Theatre, Southampton. Prior to this he played the Prince in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" at the Grand Opera House, Belfast. Cousins has worked with the British synchronized swimming team. In 2005,","title":"Robin Cousins"},{"id":"17225874","text":"The Santa Clause (film series) The Santa Clause (also known as The Santa Clause Trilogy) is a series of comedy films starring Tim Allen. The film series began with \"The Santa Clause\" (1994). It was followed by \"The Santa Clause 2\" (2002) and \"\" (2006). The series experienced a diminishing critical reception with each subsequent film. Divorced dad Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) has custody of his son Charlie (Eric Lloyd) on Christmas Eve. After he accidentally causes the death of a man in a Santa suit, they are magically transported to the North Pole, where an elf explains that Scott","title":"The Santa Clause (film series)"},{"id":"1286339","text":"is indeed Father Christmas. This was Pasquin and Allen's first movie collaboration after they both worked together on the TV series \"Home Improvement\". Pasquin and Allen would later work again on the films \"Jungle 2 Jungle\" and \"Joe Somebody\", and on the television series \"Last Man Standing\". The film was followed by two sequels, \"The Santa Clause 2\" (2002) and \"\" (2006). In comparison to the original, the former received mixed critical response while the latter was panned by most critics. Scott Calvin (Tim Allen), a successful toy salesman, prepares to spend Christmas Eve with his son Charlie (Eric Lloyd).","title":"The Santa Clause"},{"id":"6246124","text":"Joey in the Disney Channel Original Movie \"The Ultimate Christmas Present\", a comedy, and garnered a 2000 Young Artist Award nomination for Best Performance in a TV Movie (Comedy or Drama) Young Actor Age 10 or Under. He played whiz-kid Curtis the Elf in the 2002 romantic comedy-drama-fantasy film \"The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause\", marking the first of four films in which he co-starred alongside actor Tim Allen. The movie was a great financial success, raking in $173 million in gross sales, and was the fifth-highest-grossing holiday movie ever and the 28th-highest-grossing movie worldwide of the year, making","title":"Spencer Breslin"},{"id":"2599656","text":"reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale. \"The Santa Clause 2\" was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. \"The Santa Clause 2\" grossed $139.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $33.6 million in other territories, for a total of $172.8 million, against a production budget of $65 million. It was the fifth-highest-grossing holiday movie. Original Release Date: November 1, 2002 The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 18, 2003. It was re-released as 3-Movie Collection DVD set in 2007 and first","title":"The Santa Clause 2"},{"id":"2669917","text":"Wendy Crewson Wendy Jane Crewson (born May 9, 1956) is a Canadian actress and producer. She began her career appearing on Canadian television, before her breakthrough role in 1991 dramatic film \"The Doctor\". Crewson has appeared in many Hollywood films, including \"The Good Son\" (1993), \"The Santa Clause\" (1994) and its sequels \"The Santa Clause 2\" (2002) and \"\" (2006), as well as \"Air Force One\" (1997), \"Bicentennial Man\" (1999), \"What Lies Beneath\" (2000), \"The 6th Day\" (2000), and \"Eight Below\" (2006). She also starred in a number of independent movies, such as \"Better Than Chocolate\" (1999), \"Suddenly Naked\" (2001),","title":"Wendy Crewson"},{"id":"20617363","text":"effects and make-up crews. Tom Woodruff Jr. Tom Woodruff Jr. (born January 21, 1959) is an American actor, director, producer and special effects supervisor. He won an Academy Award for Best Special Effects for his work on the 1992 dark fantasy film \"Death Becomes Her\"; that same year he was also nominated for the same award for \"Alien 3\". Some of his most notable works include: \"The Santa Clause\" (1994), \"Starship Troopers\" (1997), \"Cast Away\" (2000), \"It\" (2017) and \"\" (2018). Woodruff Jr. was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania on January 21, 1959. He grew up in nearby Loyalsock Township, Pennsylvania","title":"Tom Woodruff Jr."},{"id":"1286350","text":"the number (which turned out to be an actual, working sex line number) and racked up a $400 phone bill. On television airings, the phone number is changed to \"1-800-POUND\". The line remains intact on the 1995 VHS release. The Santa Clause The Santa Clause (stylized as The Santa Claus) is a 1994 American Christmas fantasy family comedy film written by Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick, and directed by John Pasquin. The first film in the \"Santa Clause\" film series, it stars Tim Allen as Scott Calvin, an ordinary man who accidentally causes Santa Claus to fall from his roof","title":"The Santa Clause"},{"id":"8739775","text":"Steve Vinovich Steve Vinovich (born January 22, 1945) is an American actor. Vinovich was born in Peoria, Illinois, the son of Jennie J. (née Kuhel), a secretary, and Stephen J. Vinovich, an insurance salesman. Vinovich has a speared in several feature films such as B.J Wert in 1987's \"Mannequin\", and Dr. Novos in the 1994 comedy \"The Santa Clause\". He also voiced Puffin in the 1994 animated film \"The Swan Princess\" and one of the only two actors of the original cast to reprise his role for the two direct-to-video sequels (the other being Michelle Nicastro as Odette). He appeared","title":"Steve Vinovich"},{"id":"90224","text":"Chris Sarandon Christopher Sarandon Jr. (; born July 24, 1942) is an American actor. He is known best for playing Prince Humperdinck in the movie \"The Princess Bride\", the vampire Jerry Dandrige in \"Fright Night\", Detective Mike Norris in \"Child's Play\" (1988), and for providing the speaking voice of Jack Skellington in \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Leon Shermer in \"Dog Day Afternoon\". Sarandon was born and raised in Beckley, West Virginia, the son of restaurateurs Christopher \"Chris\" Sarandon and Cliffie (née Cardullias). His father, whose","title":"Chris Sarandon"},{"id":"7846747","text":"Eric Lloyd Eric Lloyd (born David Eric Lloyd Morelli; May 19, 1986) is an American actor, comedian, musician and producer. Lloyd is best known for work as a child actor in such roles as Charlie Calvin in Disney's \"The Santa Clause\" film trilogy, and as \"Little John\" Warner in the NBC television series \"Jesse\". His television career began when, between ages 2 and 5, he was cast as a young Kevin Arnold (Fred Savage) in episodes of \"The Wonder Years\". His film credits include \"Batman & Robin\", \"Dunston Checks In\", \"My Giant\", \"The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars\", and","title":"Eric Lloyd"},{"id":"2655592","text":"told Mencia how he felt about him. Starting in late 2005, Boyle and former TV wife Doris Roberts appeared in TV commercials for the 75th anniversary of Alka-Seltzer, reprising the famous line, \"I can't believe I ate that whole thing!\" Although this quote has entered into popular culture, it is often misquoted as, \"\"...the\" whole thing.\" Boyle had a role in all three of \"The Santa Clause\" films. In the original, he plays Scott Calvin's boss. In the sequels, he plays Father Time. On December 12, 2006, Boyle died at the age of 71 at New York Presbyterian Hospital in","title":"Peter Boyle"},{"id":"2599655","text":"2: The Escape Clause\", scheduled for release in November 2001. The subtitle would later become the subtitle of the following sequel in 2006. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Though it's harmless as family entertainment and has moments of charm, \"The Santa Clause 2\" is also predictable and forgettable.\" On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating \"mixed or average","title":"The Santa Clause 2"},{"id":"6553751","text":"Krumholtz, who played Bernard the Arch-elf. As a result of his absence, Curtis (played by Spencer Breslin), who was previously the Assistant Head Elf, has now been promoted to Bernard's former position. Like the previous film, this film was shot in the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Calgary. This was Peter Boyle's final film to be released before he died from cancer one month after its release. (The 2008 film \"All Roads Lead Home\" would be released posthumously.) Its production was completed in February 2006. The movie was released in theaters on November 3, 2006 in the US followed by","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"6553761","text":"had become box-office successes during their opening weekends, but \"The Santa Clause 3\" was beaten by \"\" for the No. 1 spot. \"The Santa Clause 3\" made $84,500,122 in North America and a worldwide gross of $110,768,122. The first film made $189,833,357 worldwide at the box-office while the second film made $172,855,065. The film was released on both standard DVD and high-definition Blu-ray Disc on November 20, 2007. A tie-in video game was released on November 1, 2006 for the Game Boy Advance, developed by 1st Playable Productions and published by Buena Vista Games. The Santa Clause 3: The Escape","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"8307079","text":"Joe Somebody Joe Somebody is a 2001 American comedy-drama film written by John Scott Shepherd and directed by John Pasquin. The film stars Tim Allen as an ordinary man forced into violence by a workplace bully. The film also stars Julie Bowen, Kelly Lynch, Greg Germann, Hayden Panettiere, Patrick Warburton and Jim Belushi. Screenwriter John Scott Shepherd wrote the script based on his experiences working in advertising. Though originally offered to Jim Carrey, the role of Joe Scheffer would eventually be taken by Allen. The film marked Allen and Pasquin's third feature together, after 1994's \"The Santa Clause\" and 1997's","title":"Joe Somebody"},{"id":"6932611","text":"west shore of Big Bear Lake. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 7% based on , with a weighted average rating of 3/10. Three years later, the film spawned a sequel, \"\". A third installment was planned with the tentative title of \"\", but hopes of the sequel being made are unlikely because of the death of Christopher Allport in 2008. It was released on VHS by A-Pix Entertainment and DVD by Simitar Entertainment in 1997. Both releases have been long out of print. On December 13, 2016, Vinegar Syndrome released the film for the first","title":"Jack Frost (1997 film)"},{"id":"5747955","text":"was a masterpiece and would also become a mega hit. \"Santa Claus: The Movie\" was filmed in Buckinghamshire, England at Pinewood Studios, between August and November 1984. The film was photographed by Arthur Ibbetson, whose credits, among others, included the original \"Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory\" (1971). \"Santa Claus: The Movie\" was his final feature film. Serving as film editor was Peter Hollywood. The production was designed by Anthony Pratt, with costume design concepts by Bob Ringwood. The visual effects unit, as well as several of the production staff, were Salkind stalwarts from the \"Superman\" films: Derek Meddings, director","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"2669919","text":"'88\" and \"Street Legal\". In 1991, Crewson appeared in her first breakthrough role in the feature film \"The Doctor\" and, in later years, appeared in films, such as \"The Good Son\" (1993); \"The Santa Clause\" (1994) and its two sequels, \"The Santa Clause 2\" (2002) and \"\" (2006), as Tim Allen's ex-wife/mother of Eric Lloyd's character; \"To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday\" (1996) as Peter Gallagher's unfortunate blind date; and \"Air Force One\" (1997) as Grace Marshall, First Lady to President James Marshall (Harrison Ford). Crewson co-starred in the science fiction films \"Bicentennial Man\" (1999) with Robin Williams and \"The","title":"Wendy Crewson"},{"id":"1569592","text":"Scott Calvin in \"The Santa Clause 2\". Two years later, he starred as Luther Krank in \"Christmas with the Kranks\". In 2006, \"Zoom\" was released, starring Allen as Jack Shepard. The same year, he also starred in \"The Shaggy Dog\" and \"The Santa Clause 3\". Allen began narrating the \"Pure Michigan\" television and radio commercials for the \"Travel Michigan\" agency. These commercials can be seen and heard throughout the Midwest and began airing nationally in 2009. In December 2009, he started a preview tour of \"Crazy on the Outside\", a film that debuted in January 2010. Allen accompanied the film,","title":"Tim Allen"},{"id":"90229","text":"best known in the film industry for his role as Prince Humperdinck in Rob Reiner's 1987 movie \"The Princess Bride\", though he also has had supporting parts in other successful movies such as the original \"Child's Play\" (1988). In 1992, he played Joseph Curwen/Charles Dexter Ward in \"The Resurrected\". He also provided the voice of Jack Skellington, the main character of Tim Burton's animated Disney movie \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993), and has since reprised the role in other productions, including the Disney/Square video games \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\" and the Capcom sequel to the original movie, \"\".","title":"Chris Sarandon"},{"id":"5469516","text":"Jack Frost (1998 film) Jack Frost is a 1998 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film, starring Michael Keaton and Kelly Preston. Keaton stars as the title character, a man who dies in a car accident and comes back to life as a snowman. Three of Frank Zappa's four children, Dweezil Zappa, Ahmet Zappa, and Moon Unit Zappa, appear in the film. The costume for Jack Frost's snowman form was created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The film was released in Australia on December 10, 1998 before the United States' release. Jack Frost is the lead singer in a rock band simply","title":"Jack Frost (1998 film)"},{"id":"5747953","text":"and Leslie Newman. David Newman, however, took sole screenplay credit. Pierre Spengler, Ilya's longtime partner, and the third key element of Team Salkind, joined Alexander's son as the project's producer. John Carpenter was originally offered the chance to direct, but also wanted a say in the writing, musical score and final cut of the movie. Carpenter's original choice for the role of Santa was Brian Dennehy. Among the original choices to direct the film other than Carpenter were Lewis Gilbert, who, despite initial interest, could not agree with the Salkinds over certain aspects of the script. Robert Wise was also","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"5469523","text":"while Gabby happily watches and Mac plays music on the piano. The final street scene shows that all the front lawns have snowmen on them. In credits order. The film features 22 tracks: Not all of these songs are available on the soundtrack CD, however. Featured on the CD release are: The film received mostly negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 20% based on 55 reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film one out of four stars, writing \"It's possible for the Jim Henson folks and Industrial Light and Magic to put their heads together","title":"Jack Frost (1998 film)"},{"id":"6932604","text":"Jack Frost (1997 film) Jack Frost is a 1997 American horror comedy film written and directed by Michael Cooney. The movie takes place in the fictional town of Snowmonton, where (on the week before Christmas) a truck carrying serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald) to his execution crashes into a genetics truck. The genetic material causes Jack's body to mutate and fuse together with the snow on the ground. Jack is presumed dead and his body melts away. However, he comes back as a killer snowman and takes revenge on the man who finally caught him, Sheriff Sam Tiler (Christopher","title":"Jack Frost (1997 film)"},{"id":"2370854","text":"Kindle: \"The Power of Speech\", \"Nine of Diamonds\", \"The Gig\" and \"Water Music\". Nelson played a pivotal role in the final season of \"Nikita\". Nelson played a lead role in the 2010 Hallmark movie, \"Cancel Christmas\". He portrayed Chris Frost, who is also Santa Claus. Judd Nelson Judd Asher Nelson (born November 28, 1959) is an American actor who is best known for his roles as John Bender in \"The Breakfast Club\", Alec Newbary in \"St. Elmo's Fire\", Hot Rod and Rodimus Prime in \"\" and \"\", Joe Hunt in \"Billionaire Boys Club\", Nick Peretti in \"New Jack City\", Billy","title":"Judd Nelson"},{"id":"8095291","text":"Christmas\" (1988), Ernest P. Worrell (Jim Varney) joins the challenge of Santa Claus, alias Seth Applegate (Douglas Seale), to convince Florida kids' show host Joe Carruthers (Oliver Clark) to become the next Santa. In \"The Santa Clause\" (1994), Tim Allen plays Scott Calvin, who accidentally causes Santa Claus to fall off the roof of his house. After he puts on Santa's robes, he becomes subject to the \"Santa clause\" (like a contract), which requires him to become the next Santa. Despite his average appearance, over the next year he grows fat, his hair whitens, and he grows a beard by","title":"Santa Claus in film"},{"id":"7517011","text":"Jack Frost (1964 film) Jack Frost (, Morózko) is a 1964 Soviet romantic fantasy film made by Gorky Film Studio. It was based on a traditional Russian fairy tale \"Morozko\". A version with an English dub was released in 1966 in the U.S. It was directed by Aleksandr Rou, and starred Eduard Izotov as Ivan, Natalya Sedykh as Nastenka, and Alexander Khvylya as Father Frost. The script was written by Nikolai Erdman. The soundtrack was composed by Nikolai Budashkin, who was inspired by the works of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The lovely, humble Nastya is despised by her stepmother who favors her","title":"Jack Frost (1964 film)"},{"id":"6553757","text":"stating the Escape Clause. Scott has Lucy steal Frost's snow globe and bring it to him; when Frost finds out and takes the globe back, Scott plays the recording of Frost saying, \"I wish I'd never been Santa at all\", invoking the Escape Clause and causing Scott and Frost to be sent back again to 1994. Scott restrains Jack long enough to let the 1994 Scott get the coat, making him Santa Claus again and taking him back to the North Pole in the present, where no time has passed. Scott reconciles with his family and Jack is arrested by","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"4691557","text":"David Krumholtz David Krumholtz (born May 15, 1978) is an American actor. He played Charlie Eppes in the CBS drama series \"Numb3rs\" from 2005 to 2010. He also played Seth Goldstein in the \"Harold & Kumar\" film trilogy and Bernard the Elf in the \"Santa Clause\" film franchise. Krumholtz was born in Queens, New York City. He is the son of Michael and Judy Krumholtz. He grew up in a \"very working-class, almost poor\" Jewish family. His paternal grandparents had emigrated from Poland, and his mother moved from Hungary to the U.S. in 1956. At the age of 13, Krumholtz","title":"David Krumholtz"},{"id":"4279409","text":"Dylan and Cole Sprouse Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992) are American actors. They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in the 1999 comedy, \"Big Daddy\", in which they co-starred with Adam Sandler. They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight-to-DVD films \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" and \"Just for Kicks\". From 2005 until 2008, they starred in the Disney Channel sitcom \"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody\". As a result of the series' success,","title":"Dylan and Cole Sprouse"},{"id":"8839076","text":"Eastmancolor with a monaural soundtrack. The film was considered to be a financial success over several holiday-season theatrical releases in the 1960s and 1970s. Broadcast of the film also became a holiday tradition at several U.S. television stations. The film garnered at least one award, winning the Golden Gate Award for Best International Family Film at the San Francisco International Film Festival in 1959. The film was featured in the fifth season of \"Mystery Science Theater 3000\" (episode #521), which first aired on Christmas Eve 1993. The devil Pitch became a recurring character on \"MST3K\", played by writer Paul Chaplin.","title":"Santa Claus (1959 film)"},{"id":"5747964","text":"novel also describes how, on a certain long-winter's night, the oldest and wisest elf of all, the Ancient One, foresaw the arrival of a man whose love for children would be equal to that of the elves. The Ancient One believed that this man would be the one to whom the elves would grant full immortality, along with the ability to deliver the elves' gifts to children all over the world. In addition to Patch, Dooley, Puffy, Boog, Honka, and Vout, the film's screenplay and cast listing features three additional elves: Groot, the Elves' Senior Chef; Goober, the head of","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"6932612","text":"time on Blu-ray. It includes the film digitally remastered in a 2K presentation. Special features included an audio commentary, a video introduction by director Michael Cooney, and a video interview with actor Scott MacDonald and director of photography Dean Lent. Jack Frost (1997 film) Jack Frost is a 1997 American horror comedy film written and directed by Michael Cooney. The movie takes place in the fictional town of Snowmonton, where (on the week before Christmas) a truck carrying serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald) to his execution crashes into a genetics truck. The genetic material causes Jack's body to mutate","title":"Jack Frost (1997 film)"},{"id":"8120015","text":"Joseph Cross (actor) Joseph Michael Cross (born May 28, 1986) is an American actor and producer. He began work as a child actor, starring in the 1998 films \"Desperate Measures\", \"Wide Awake\", and \"Jack Frost\". He won the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture for \"Running with Scissors\" (2006), and co-starred in \"Flags of Our Fathers\" (2006), \"Untraceable\" (2008), \"Milk\" (2008), and \"Lincoln\" (2012). From 1999 to 2004, Cross starred as Casey Hughes in the CBS soap opera \"As the World Turns\". In 2017, he appeared in the HBO limited series \"Big Little Lies\" and the Netflix crime","title":"Joseph Cross (actor)"},{"id":"6553754","text":"Santa, Jack Frost negotiates a light sentence of community service at the North Pole, helping Scott and the elves put up various Canadian-themed paraphernalia, as Carol's parents believe Scott is a toymaker in Canada, which Scott agrees. However, Frost's ultimate goal is to trick Santa into renouncing his position. When elf Curtis inadvertently reveals the \"Escape Clause,\" Frost sneaks into Santa's hall of snow globes and steals one containing Scott as Santa. If Scott holds the globe and says, \"I wish I'd never been Santa at all,\" he will go back in time and undo his career as Santa. When","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"11978739","text":"and Gauntlet. Then from late 2009 to early 2010 he starred, at the Mayflower Theatre, in the pantomime \"Santa Claus and the Return of Jack Frost\" as Thaw the Glaciator. In 2010 he appeared as the saxophone player in the Crunchie Rocks advert. In America he has found fame as a book cover model for romance writers. Sam Bond Sam Bond (born 6 December 1983 in Christchurch, England) is an English amateur natural bodybuilder, weightlifter and television personality who has competed for the British National Bodybuilding Federation and the National Physiques Competition. He attended St. Peter's School and spent summers","title":"Sam Bond"},{"id":"624987","text":"David Jason Sir David John White, (born 2 February 1940), known professionally by his stage name David Jason, is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Derek \"Del Boy\" Trotter in \"Only Fools and Horses\" and Detective Inspector Jack Frost in the ITV crime drama \"A Touch of Frost\". Other high-profile television roles were as Granville in the sitcom \"Open All Hours\" and \"Still Open All Hours\", and Pop Larkin in the comedy drama \"The Darling Buds of May\", as well as voicing Mr. Toad in \"The Wind in the Willows\" and the titular characters of","title":"David Jason"},{"id":"1286349","text":"a three movie DVD collection in 2007. All three movies were released as a Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012. Towards the beginning of the film a brief exchange between Scott and Laura takes place in which Laura hands Scott a piece of paper with Neil's mother's phone number on it. Scott then says \"1-800-SPANK-ME. I know that number.\" In the United States, the exchange was removed from the 1999 DVD release as well as the 2002 Special Edition DVD and VHS releases and the 2012 Blu-ray release after a 1996 incident in which a child from Steilacoom, Washington called","title":"The Santa Clause"},{"id":"15332338","text":"Over the Hedge (film) Over the Hedge is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy film based on the United Media comic strip of the same name. Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures, which acquired the live-action DreamWorks studio the same year, the film was directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick from a screenplay by Len Blum, Lorne Cameron, David Hoselton and Kirkpatrick. Featuring the voices of Bruce Willis, Garry Shandling, Steve Carell, William Shatner, Wanda Sykes and Nick Nolte, the film was released on May 19, 2006 in the United States and earned $336 million on an","title":"Over the Hedge (film)"},{"id":"6864537","text":"Kenny Vadas Ken \"Kenny\" Vadas is a Canadian actor. In his early career Vadas acted in several commercials; he was a regular on the television series \"Eric's World\" and had guest roles on television series such as \"Are You Afraid of the Dark?\", \"Goosebumps\", and \"The Adventures of Sinbad\" which filmed in South Africa. He acted in several made-for-television movies and is famous for his role as the E.L.F.S. Leader in the Disney blockbuster \"The Santa Clause\" with Tim Allen in which he saved Santa and his son Charlie and is quoted frequently for his line in the movie; \"We're","title":"Kenny Vadas"},{"id":"7442571","text":"Chris Pine Christopher Whitelaw Pine (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor. Pine made his feature debut as Lord Devereaux in \"\" (2004). He is known for playing James T. Kirk in the \"Star Trek\" reboot film series (2009–2016), Will in \"Unstoppable\" (2010), Cinderella's Prince in \"Into the Woods\" (2014), Jack Ryan in \"\" (2014), Toby Howard in \"Hell or High Water\" (2016), Bernie Webber in \"The Finest Hours\" (2016), Steve Trevor in \"Wonder Woman\" (2017), and Dr. Alexander Murry in \"A Wrinkle in Time\" (2018). Pine was born in Los Angeles. His father, Robert Pine, is an actor","title":"Chris Pine"},{"id":"1569586","text":"Tim Allen Timothy Alan Dick (born June 13, 1953), known professionally as Tim Allen, is an American actor and comedian. He is known for playing Tim \"The Toolman\" Taylor on the ABC sitcom \"Home Improvement\" (1991 to 1999) and Mike Baxter on the ABC sitcom \"Last Man Standing\" (2011 to 2017), which was picked up by Fox in 2018 for a seventh season. He voiced Buzz Lightyear for the \"Toy Story franchise\" and played Scott Calvin and Santa Claus in \"The Santa Clause\" film trilogy (1994–2006). Allen's other films include \"For Richer or Poorer\" (1997), \"Jungle 2 Jungle\" (1997), \"Galaxy","title":"Tim Allen"},{"id":"5843165","text":"Christmas Carol: The Movie Christmas Carol: The Movie is a 2001 British live action/animated film based on Charles Dickens's classic novella. Directed by Jimmy T. Murakami, the film features the voices of numerous actors including Simon Callow, Kate Winslet (who also sang the film's theme \"What If\"), Kate's sister Beth Winslet, and Nicolas Cage. This version differs from others, in that Scrooge is given another chance with the love of his life, Belle, who ended their engagement in their youth after he was corrupted by greed; they later meet again after the three spirits have reformed Scrooge and he is","title":"Christmas Carol: The Movie"},{"id":"6246115","text":"Spencer Breslin Spencer Breslin (born May 18, 1992) is an American actor and musician. He is the older brother of actress Abigail Breslin. Beginning at the age of three, Breslin acted in over 50 commercials. He is best known for his roles in the feature films \"Disney's The Kid\" (co-starring at the age of eight with Bruce Willis), \"The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause\" and \"\" (as Curtis the Elf), \"Return to Neverland\", \"The Cat in the Hat\", \"Raising Helen\", \"\", \"The Shaggy Dog\", \"Harold\", \"\"The Happening\"\", and \"Perfect Sisters\". His television credits include \"Teamo Supremo\", \"Stephen King's Storm","title":"Spencer Breslin"},{"id":"11023463","text":"Jack Frost (1979 film) Jack Frost is a 1979 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. It was directed by Jules Bass and Arthur Rankin, Jr., written by Romeo Muller and premiered on NBC on December 13, 1979. The special tells the tale of Jack Frost, the winter sprite, and his adventures as a human. It airs annually on Freeform as a part of its \"25 Days of Christmas\" programming block. The story is narrated by a groundhog named Pardon-Me-Pete (voiced by Buddy Hackett), who has a deal with Jack Frost to extend winter by six weeks,","title":"Jack Frost (1979 film)"},{"id":"3121039","text":"Liliana Mumy Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (born April 16, 1994) is an American former child actress and ongoing voice actress. Between 2002 and 2006, Mumy appeared as Jessica Baker in the two \"Cheaper by the Dozen\" movies, Lucy Miller in two films of \"The Santa Clause\" trilogy and performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the \"Lilo & Stitch\" franchise. Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 \"The Twilight Zone\" episode \"It's a Good Life\", and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series’","title":"Liliana Mumy"},{"id":"3404306","text":"John Pasquin John Pasquin (born November 30, 1944) is an American director of film, television and theatre. An alum of Beloit College and Carnegie Mellon University, Pasquin began directing Broadway theatre plays in the early 1980s. He moved on to television, directing episodes of the series \"Family Ties\", \"Growing Pains\", \"Alice\", \"Newhart\" and \"Roseanne\". His producing debut came in 1991 with the sitcom \"Home Improvement\" starring Tim Allen, also directing a number of episodes of the series. He also directed Allen in the films \"The Santa Clause\" (1994), also his feature film directing debut, \"Jungle 2 Jungle\" (1997) and \"Joe","title":"John Pasquin"},{"id":"6144943","text":"Lee Thompson Young Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He is best remembered for his adolescent role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series \"The Famous Jett Jackson\" (1998–2001) and as Chris Comer in the movie \"Friday Night Lights\" (2004). His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series \"Rizzoli & Isles\" (2010–14). Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina, the son of Velma Elaine (née Love) and Tommy Scott Young. He was in the second grade when his parents' marriage","title":"Lee Thompson Young"},{"id":"18828617","text":"\"Star Wars\" original trilogy and Santa Claus in \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". He was also the Italian voice of Orville in the 1977 Disney film \"The Rescuers\" and the second voice of Barney Rubble in \"The Flintstones\". Spaccesi often dubbed actors such as Gustav Knuth, Charles Durning, Frank Oz and Jack Warden in a select number of their films. Spaccesi passed away in Rome on June 2nd 2015 at the age of 88 just a few days after the death of his partner Rosaura Marchi. Silvio Spaccesi Silvio Spaccesi (August 1, 1926 – June 2, 2015) was an Italian actor","title":"Silvio Spaccesi"},{"id":"16652237","text":"Captain America: The Winter Soldier Captain America: The Winter Soldier is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2011's \"\" and the ninth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely. It stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America, alongside Scarlett Johansson, Sebastian Stan, Anthony Mackie, Cobie Smulders, Frank Grillo, Emily VanCamp, Hayley Atwell,","title":"Captain America: The Winter Soldier"},{"id":"8839075","text":"\"Blessed Are Those Who Believe<br>For They Shall See God…<br>PEACE ON EARTH…<br>GOOD WILL TOWARD MEN.<br>MERRY CHRISTMAS\" \"Santa Claus\" was produced by Guillermo Calderón and filmed at Churubusco-Azteca Studios in Mexico. Its running time is reported as 94 minutes. This appears to be the running time of recent home video editions of the English dub. At least one brief scene was cut from the English edition, and further footage was removed from individual prints as they aged and suffered damage. The original film was approximately three minutes longer than the version now seen in the United States. \"Santa Claus\" was filmed in","title":"Santa Claus (1959 film)"},{"id":"5469524","text":"and come up with the most repulsive single creature in the history of special effects, and I am not forgetting the Chucky doll or the desert intestine from \"Star Wars\".\" Produced on an $85 million budget, the film took $7 million on its opening weekend. It went on to gross over $34.5 million in North America, becoming a box office flop. Both Joseph Cross and Mika Boorem starred together in the \"Touched by an Angel\" episode \"Psalm 151.\" Plus, Cross and Michael Keaton appeared together in \"Desperate Measures\", which was released the same year. Jack Frost (1998 film) Jack Frost","title":"Jack Frost (1998 film)"},{"id":"6175402","text":"of July. The film again stars Sandler, along with Kevin James, Chris Rock, Rob Schneider, and David Spade; it was released in the summer of 2010 with major box office success. Dugan's \"Just Go with It\" (2011) was his sixth film with Sandler; it also starred Jennifer Aniston and Brooklyn Decker. Dugan directed \"Jack & Jill\" (2011), again with Sandler, and \"Grown Ups 2\" (2013), with Sandler, James, Rock and Spade, all reprising their roles. Schneider was unable to do so due to scheduling conflicts. To date, Dugan's films have grossed over $1 billion worldwide. Dugan's first marriage was to","title":"Dennis Dugan"},{"id":"2067041","text":"\"\" (2019) in a currently undisclosed part. Grant received widespread acclaim for his performance as Jack Hock in \"Can You Ever Forgive Me?\" (2018), earning Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, as well as winning a New York Film Critics Circle Award. Grant was born Richard Grant Esterhuysen in Mbabane, Swaziland. He is the son of Leonne and Henrik Esterhuysen, who was head of education for the British government administration in the British Protectorate of Swaziland. He has English, Dutch/Afrikaner, and German ancestry. As a boy, Grant went to primary school at St Mark's, a local government","title":"Richard E. Grant"},{"id":"8095287","text":"which Santa Claus rescues Joe (Christian Fitzpatric) from his best friend Cornelia's (Carrie Kei Heim) evil step-uncle B. Z. (John Lithgow). Santa is a hero in \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", held captive by Oogie Boogie, although he is spiteful and enraged at Jack when freed. The latest films to depict Santa Claus in such a manner are \"\" (2005), and the Dreamworks film \"Rise of the Guardians\". In the Chronicles of Narnia film, Father Christmas (James Cosmo) supplies the Pevensie children with the weapons and tools they need to battle the White Witch (Tilda Swinton). In \"Rise of the Guardians\",","title":"Santa Claus in film"},{"id":"9112640","text":"live presentations and film festivals. The director of four feature films, Miller is probably best known for directing the seasonal film \"Jack Frost\", starring Michael Keaton. Miller also directed the \"Mr. Show\" spin-off movie \"Run Ronnie Run!\" which opened the Sundance Film Festival in 2002 and CineVegas' closing night film that same year. Among other features and movie-of-the-week productions, Miller also directed \"\", a moderate commercial success in first release. The film was poorly received by critics and on Rotten Tomatoes, but it went on to earn upwards of $80 million in international box office. Miller also directed \"The Announcement\",","title":"Troy Miller"},{"id":"17225875","text":"must take Santa's place before the next Christmas arrives. Scott thinks he's dreaming, but over the next several months he gains weight and grows an inexplicably white beard. Maybe that night at the North Pole wasn't a dream after all -- and maybe Scott has a lot of work to do. Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) has been in the role of Santa for the past eight years, and his loyal elves consider him the best one ever. But the world of the \"Merry Old Soul\" turns upside down when he's dealt a double whammy of news: Not only has his","title":"The Santa Clause (film series)"},{"id":"20449540","text":"on Netflix on November 17, 2017. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 75% based on 6 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10. On May 18, 2018, a sequel was announced, titled \"A Christmas Prince: The Royal Wedding\". It was released on Netflix on November 30, 2018. A Christmas Prince A Christmas Prince is a 2017 American Christmas romantic comedy film directed by Alex Zamm, written by Karen Schaler and Nathan Atkins and stars Rose McIver, Ben Lamb, Tom Knight, Sarah Douglas, Daniel Fathers, Alice Krige and Tahirah Sharif. The film was released","title":"A Christmas Prince"},{"id":"5747956","text":"of visual and miniature effects; Roy Field, optical visual effects supervisor; and David Lane, flying and second unit director. The documentary, \"Santa Claus: The Making of The Movie,\" which chronicles the film's production, is introduced by David Huddleston, speaking straight to the camera in character as Santa, with Dudley Moore serving as on-screen host. The voice over commentary is performed by Ted Maynard, who had also done voice-overs for the film's original UK trailer. The documentary originally aired in the United States on ABC, on Christmas Eve, 1987. Anchor Bay Entertainment's now-out-of-print 20th anniversary DVD of the film included this","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"3121044","text":"Nickelodeon show, \"The Loud House\". Liliana Mumy Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (born April 16, 1994) is an American former child actress and ongoing voice actress. Between 2002 and 2006, Mumy appeared as Jessica Baker in the two \"Cheaper by the Dozen\" movies, Lucy Miller in two films of \"The Santa Clause\" trilogy and performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the \"Lilo & Stitch\" franchise. Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 \"The Twilight Zone\" episode \"It's a Good Life\", and Liliana appeared with her father, as his","title":"Liliana Mumy"},{"id":"6553753","text":"along with Scott's former wife, Laura, her husband, Neil, their daughter, Lucy, and Scott's son, Charlie. Meanwhile, he is summoned to a meeting of the Council of Legendary Figures, consisting of Mother Nature, Father Time, the Easter Bunny, Cupid, the Tooth Fairy, and the Sandman, concerning the behavior of Jack Frost, who is jealous that he has no holiday or special occasion in his honor. Because he has been promoting himself during the Christmas season, Mother Nature suggests sanctions against him. When Scott says he is dealing with how to get the in-laws to come without revealing that he is","title":"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause"},{"id":"4207433","text":"including \"Jingle Bell Rock\" by Brenda Lee; \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" by Billy May & His Orchestra with vocal by Alvin Stoller; \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" by Eddie Dunstedter; \"White Christmas\" by Dean Martin; \"Frosty the Snowman\" by Steve Van Zandt; \"Blue Christmas\" by Elvis Presley; and \"The Christmas Song\" by Ella Fitzgerald. Unlike the movie, the soundtrack received generally favorable reviews, with many critics appreciating the use of garage rock as a \"fresh take\" on Christmas music. \"Houston Press\" featured it on their list of top 10 Christmas movie soundtracks. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an","title":"Christmas with the Kranks"},{"id":"1901253","text":"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film, based on the English folk tale of Robin Hood which originated in the 15th century. The film is directed by Kevin Reynolds, and stars Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlett, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, and Alan Rickman as Sheriff of Nottingham. The screenplay was penned by Pen Densham and John Watson. The film received mixed reviews from critics who praised Freeman and Rickman's performances as well as the music but criticized the","title":"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves"},{"id":"5747957","text":"documentary as a bonus feature; the Lionsgate DVD and Blu-ray versions currently feature the 50-minute feature as well. The Blu-ray version, however, also features a brief chronicle of the filming of the \" 'Christmas II' Press Conference\" sequence, as well as additional deleted scenes cut from the original theatrical version. Moore had always been the top choice to play the lead Elf in the movie, Ilya Salkind having remembered a scene in \"Arthur\" in which Liza Minnelli's character asks Moore if he is Santa's Little Helper. Moore was attached to the project virtually from the outset, and therefore had a","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"9035449","text":"by director David Dobkin. The Blu-ray release includes a music video for \"Ludacrismas\" by Ludacris in High Definition and also a bonus disc entitled \"Fred Claus: Race to Save Christmas\". Fred Claus Fred Claus is a 2007 American fantasy comedy adventure film directed by David Dobkin, written by Dan Fogelman and Jessie Nelson, and starring Vince Vaughn and Paul Giamatti. The film was released on November 9, 2007, in the US and later released in the UK on November 30, 2007, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is loosely based on the poem \"A legend of Santa and his brother Fred\"","title":"Fred Claus"},{"id":"2128378","text":"a Disney subsidiary. Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film 3½ stars out of four. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 78% rating, based on 213 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 70 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The film grossed over $60 million domestically and more than $76 million in total worldwide. In the U.S, a theatrical version, an unrated version, a director's cut and a Blu-ray Disc version (which includes unrated and director's cut) have all been released. According to","title":"Bad Santa"},{"id":"4075106","text":"Jackass: The Movie Jackass: The Movie is a 2002 American reality comedy film directed by Jeff Tremaine. It is a continuation of the stunts and pranks by the various characters of the MTV television series \"Jackass\", which had completed its unique series run by this time. The film was produced by Lynch Siderow Productions and Dickhouse Productions. MTV Films and Paramount Pictures released it to US theaters on October 25, and it grossed $79.5 million worldwide. The show features all the original \"Jackass\" cast, including the leader Johnny Knoxville, Bam Margera, Steve-O, Ryan Dunn, Jason \"Wee Man\" Acuña, Chris Pontius,","title":"Jackass: The Movie"},{"id":"19165055","text":"Queen\", has the powers to create and manipulate ice and snow. The movie brought in more than $1.2 billion in ticket sales. The booming popularity created a \"Frozen\" phenomenon resulting in movie fans blaming snowfall on the animated character of Queen Elsa. Jack Frost is a common figure associated with frost, snow, sleet, and other weather related extremities. The exact origin of Jack Frost remains unclear with suspicions of Norse and Ango-Saxon history. Jack is mentioned in holiday song “The Christmas Song” and has a presence among movies and wintertime specials including movies ‘’Jack Frost” and “Rise of the Guardians”","title":"Snow dance"},{"id":"7442579","text":"Means War\" was released in February 2012. Pine voiced the character of Jack Frost in \"Rise of the Guardians\". Pine co-starred with Elizabeth Banks, Olivia Wilde and Michelle Pfeiffer in the family drama \"People Like Us\", which was filmed in early 2011 and released in June 2012. He reprised the role of Captain Kirk in the sequel to 2009's \"Star Trek\", \"Star Trek Into Darkness\", released in the US on May 15, 2013. In 2009, Pine entered talks to play CIA analyst Jack Ryan in a reboot of Tom Clancy's novels. He starred in \"\", which was released in 2014.","title":"Chris Pine"},{"id":"1271681","text":"Jerry Maguire Jerry Maguire is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama sports film written, produced and directed by Cameron Crowe, and stars Tom Cruise, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Renée Zellweger. Produced in part by long time \"Simpsons\" producer James L. Brooks, it was inspired by sports agent Leigh Steinberg, who acted as Technical Consultant on the crew. It was released in North American theaters on December 13, 1996, produced by Gracie Films and distributed by TriStar Pictures. The film received critical acclaim, with critics praising its acting and writing. The film was a financial success, bringing in more than $273 million","title":"Jerry Maguire"},{"id":"8739776","text":"in \"The Foreigner\" at Corn Stock Theatre in Peoria, IL the summer of 2013. Steve Vinovich Steve Vinovich (born January 22, 1945) is an American actor. Vinovich was born in Peoria, Illinois, the son of Jennie J. (née Kuhel), a secretary, and Stephen J. Vinovich, an insurance salesman. Vinovich has a speared in several feature films such as B.J Wert in 1987's \"Mannequin\", and Dr. Novos in the 1994 comedy \"The Santa Clause\". He also voiced Puffin in the 1994 animated film \"The Swan Princess\" and one of the only two actors of the original cast to reprise his role","title":"Steve Vinovich"},{"id":"2103035","text":"Martin Short Martin Hayter Short (born March 26, 1950) is a Canadian-US comedian, actor, singer and writer. He is known for his work on the television programs \"SCTV\" and \"Saturday Night Live\". He has starred in comedy films, such as \"Three Amigos\" (1986), \"Innerspace\" (1987), \"Three Fugitives\" (1989), \"Father of the Bride\" (1991), \"Pure Luck\" (1991), \"Captain Ron\" (1992), \"Father of the Bride Part II\" (1995), \"Mars Attacks!\" (1996), and \"Jungle 2 Jungle\" (1997), the \"Santa Clause 3\" (2006), and created the characters, Jiminy Glick and Ed Grimley. In 1999, he won a Tony Award for his lead performance in","title":"Martin Short"},{"id":"17225878","text":"sentimental, life-affirming moments without tugging too hard.\" \"The Santa Clause 2\" on its opening weekend grossed more than its predecessor. The opening weekend was a personal best to date for Tim Allen. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" said its performance \"exceeded expectations\". \"The Santa Clause\" strongest market outside the United States was Germany, and \"The Santa Clause 2\" had in Germany an opening weekend of $892,000, which was 50% larger than the opening weekend of the original film. In the United States, \"The Santa Clause 3\" had an opening weekend of , which was less than the grossed by \"The Santa Clause","title":"The Santa Clause (film series)"},{"id":"12118646","text":"Georgy Millyar Georgy Frantsevich Millyar, sometimes spelled Milliar (; 7 November 1903 in Moscow – 4 June 1993 in Moscow), was a Soviet actor, best known for playing evil spirits in Soviet fairy tale films, including the witch Baba Yaga in films such as \"Vasilisa the Beautiful\", \"Jack Frost\", \"Fire, Water, and Brass Pipes\" and \"The Golden Horns\". Georgy Millyar was born into a wealthy family of Franz de Milieu, a French bridge builder working in Russia, and Elizaveta Zhuravlyova, a daughter of an Irkutsk goldminer. Millyar’s father died when he was almost three. Before the outbreak of World War","title":"Georgy Millyar"},{"id":"4754122","text":"broken clavicle and thoracic ribs and lost his left eye. He was unable to perform for five months and had to wear an eye patch before having an eyeball transplant. Later on, he would make a cameo appearance in Disney's 1994 holiday hit, \"The Santa Clause\", before making one final foray in the 1996 made-for-TV movie, \"\". He retired from the TV business in 2001. Bob Dermer Bob Dermer (born 1946 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian actor who first made his contributions to Canadian television starting with the 1976 series \"Readalong\". In the 1980s, he appeared on the children's","title":"Bob Dermer"},{"id":"8127475","text":"the New York Yankees in the 1992 film, \"Mr. Baseball\". He also appeared in \"The Santa Clause 2\" in 2002, and \"\" in 2006 as the tooth fairy. In 2005, he appeared in \"Hostage\" as a deputy sheriff of Bruce Willis. In 2009, he appeared in the Direct-to-DVD film \"\" and in the Science-Fiction horror film \"The Rig\". He also appeared on \"House M.D.\" in 2005 as Warner Fitch, in the episode entitled \"Sports Medicine.\" He also appeared on \"Home Improvement\" as Jimbo in season 1 episode 7 (Nothing More Than Feelings). Art LaFleur Art LaFleur (born September 9, 1943)","title":"Art LaFleur"},{"id":"5747968","text":"plot, garish production design, blatant product placement (particularly for McDonald's, though Coke and Pabst Blue Ribbon are also prominent), and scenery-chewing overacting on the part of Lithgow. Duralde ultimately concludes that the film is \"a train-wreck of a Christmas movie that's so very wrong that you won't be able to tear yourself away from it.\" The soundtrack score was composed and conducted by Henry Mancini, composer of the themes from \"The Pink Panther\" and \"Peter Gunn\", with veteran lyricist and screenwriter Leslie Bricusse contributing five original songs. The song \"It's Christmas (All Over The World)\" was written by Bill House","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"5747943","text":"time, the film also tells a contemporary story in which one of Santa's elves (alternately referred to as the \"\"Vendequm\"\" onscreen), a visionary named Patch (Moore), sets out to employ Santa's toymaking methods on his own, unaware that he might be ruining the magic of Christmas in the process. The film was a financial failure and received mostly negative reviews from critics at the time of release. Despite this, the movie has earned a cult following in later years and has become one of the most watched Christmas movies of all time. Sometime in the 14th century, Claus is a","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"},{"id":"1959608","text":"yet have different folklore to them. Jack Frost has appeared as a character in television and movies. He was mentioned in the wintertime song \"The Christmas Song\" (aka \"Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire\"). He has been presented as a villain in some media and a hero in others. Jack Frost has appeared in many video games including: Jack Frost is also the official corporate mascot for the Japanese video game company, Atlus. Jack Frost Jack Frost is a personification of frost, ice, snow, sleet, winter, and freezing cold. He is a variant of Old Man Winter who is held","title":"Jack Frost"},{"id":"6175397","text":"Dennis Dugan Dennis Barton Dugan (born September 5, 1946) is an American actor, director, and comedian. He is known for his partnership with comedic actor Adam Sandler, with whom he directed the films \"Happy Gilmore\" (1996), \"Big Daddy\" (1999), \"I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry\" (2007), \"You Don't Mess with the Zohan\" (2008), \"Grown Ups\" (2010), \"Just Go with It\" (2011), \"Jack and Jill\" (2011), and \"Grown Ups 2\" (2013). Dugan was born in Wheaton, Illinois, the second of four sons of Marion, a housewife, and Charles Dugan, an insurance salesman. He started his acting career in 1972, appearing","title":"Dennis Dugan"},{"id":"4279428","text":"was preparing to open All-Wise Meadery in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York; he is the brewmaster. He disclosed that he has been a Heathen since he was 15. Dylan and Cole Sprouse Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992) are American actors. They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in the 1999 comedy, \"Big Daddy\", in which they co-starred with Adam Sandler. They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight-to-DVD films \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa","title":"Dylan and Cole Sprouse"},{"id":"2767258","text":"Matthew Fox Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Charlie Salinger on \"Party of Five\" (1994–2000) and Jack Shephard on the supernatural drama series \"Lost\" (2004–2010), the latter of which earned him Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Fox has also performed in ten feature films, including \"We Are Marshall\" (2006), \"Vantage Point\" (2008), \"Alex Cross\" (2012), \"Emperor\" (2012) and \"Bone Tomahawk\" (2015). Fox was born in Abington, Pennsylvania, the son of Loretta B. (née Eagono) and Francis G. Fox. One of his paternal great-great-great-grandfathers was","title":"Matthew Fox"},{"id":"5361056","text":"several feature films, including \"Jack Frost\" and \"Hearts in Atlantis\". In 1999, he received The Hollywood Reporter \"Young Star Award\" for his portrayal of John in David Mamet's \"The Cryptogram\" at the Geffen Playhouse. Rothhaar's biggest role to date was the leading role in \"Kart Racer\" (2003). In 2004, he had a starring role on \"Listen Up!\". He appeared in \"Must Love Dogs\" (2005) and as Cpl. Lee Imlay in the alien-invasion film \"\" (2011). He appeared on two episodes of \"\" (in 2004 and 2010, respectively), \"\" (2011), and \"\" (2012), playing different characters each time. In 2013, he","title":"Will Rothhaar"},{"id":"8120016","text":"drama series \"Mindhunter\". Cross was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the son of Maureen (née Toumey), a real estate agent, and Michael J. Cross, who worked in marketing. He has four siblings. Cross grew up in Pelham, New York, and attended Pelham Middle School and Pelham Memorial High School. For his undergraduate studies, Cross transferred from Hartford's Trinity College to Columbia University. As a child actor, Cross appeared in the Disney Channel Original television film \"Northern Lights\" (1997), and starred in the action-thriller \"Desperate Measures\", comedy-drama \"Wide Awake\", and Christmas fantasy film \"Jack Frost\", all of which were released","title":"Joseph Cross (actor)"},{"id":"6280558","text":"Boy!\", \"Elvis the Musical\" and \"Catch My Soul\", which was also made into a film of the same name, released in 1974. He had a cameo appearance as an uptight naval officer in the comedy film \"Father Goose\" (1966). Good converted to Roman Catholicism and devoted his time to Christianity and icon painting, including a wall painting portraying the television as the Devil. His paintings have been exhibited at the \"Rancho de Chimayó\" gallery alongside those of painter Antonio Roybal. He lived in New Mexico for many years, but returned to England to live in Oxfordshire. Good died from complications","title":"Jack Good (producer)"},{"id":"201672","text":"revival and in 2012 as part of New York City's outdoor Shakespeare in the Park series. A Disney film adaptation directed by Rob Marshall and starring Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski and Johnny Depp was released in 2014. The film grossed over $213 million worldwide, and received three Academy Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations. The Narrator introduces four characters who each have a wish: Cinderella wishes to attend the King's festival; Jack, a simple poor boy, wishes that his cow, Milky White, would give milk; a Baker and","title":"Into the Woods"},{"id":"5747965","text":"the Elves' tailoring shop, who crafts Santa's full red robes; and Goobler, who trains several of his fellow elves in the art of painting toys with their own beards. \"Santa Claus: The Movie\" received negative reviews upon release, with a rating of 21% on Rotten Tomatoes, from the 19 reviews counted. Box Office Mojo lists the film's total United States box office gross as $23,717,291, less than its $30–50 million production budget. \"Chicago Sun-Times\" critic Roger Ebert noted some positive points to the film, writing that the film \"does an interesting job of visualizing Santa's workshop\" and Santa's elves. He","title":"Santa Claus: The Movie"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6553750\",\n \"text\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause is a 2006 American Christmas fantasy comedy adventure film directed by Michael Lembeck. It is the third and final film in the \\\"Santa Clause\\\" film series following \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" and \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\". The film stars Tim Allen returning as Scott Calvin/Santa Claus and Martin Short as Jack Frost. Allen and Short had previously worked together in the 1997 Disney comedy feature film, \\\"Jungle 2 Jungle\\\". Most of the supporting actors from the first two films reprise their roles, with the exception of David\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553759\",\n \"text\": \"to reveal their baby boy, Buddy Claus. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 17% based on 65 reviews, with an average rating of 3.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \\\"Playing Jack Frost as an evil cross between Liza Minnelli and Liberace, Martin Short is a welcome presence, but this tired series continues drawing from its bag of bland gags and dumb slapstick.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating \\\"generally unfavorable reviews\\\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \\\"B+\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599647\",\n \"text\": \"The Santa Clause 2 The Santa Clause 2 is a 2002 Christmas family comedy film directed by Michael Lembeck. It is a sequel to \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994) and the second installment in the \\\"Santa Clause\\\" film series. All the principal actors from the first film, including Tim Allen, Eric Lloyd, Wendy Crewson and Judge Reinhold, reprise their roles. Released on November 1, 2002, the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $172 million worldwide on a $65 million budget. It was followed by another sequel, \\\"\\\", released in 2006. Eight years have passed since Scott Calvin took on\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8095292\",\n \"text\": \"magic to look the part. Reluctant at first, he falls in love with his newfound role. This film spawned two sequels. In 2002's \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\", he must find a wife (the \\\"Mrs. Clause\\\") and in 2006's \\\"\\\", he must battle Jack Frost for control of the North Pole. A recent and unique television special also draws upon the succession theme. In \\\"Call Me Claus\\\" (2001), Lucy Cullins (Whoopi Goldberg) is an African American woman destined to become the next Santa Claus. She, too, is reluctant to take on the role. In \\\"The Hebrew Hammer\\\" (2003), the role of\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599657\",\n \"text\": \"released as a 3-Movie Collection Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012. The Santa Clause 2 The Santa Clause 2 is a 2002 Christmas family comedy film directed by Michael Lembeck. It is a sequel to \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994) and the second installment in the \\\"Santa Clause\\\" film series. All the principal actors from the first film, including Tim Allen, Eric Lloyd, Wendy Crewson and Judge Reinhold, reprise their roles. Released on November 1, 2002, the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $172 million worldwide on a $65 million budget. It was followed by another sequel, \\\"\\\", released\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286347\",\n \"text\": \"two head off into the night. This film was entirely shot in the Greater Toronto Area. Oakville served as the city of Lakeside, Illinois. \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" grossed over US$144 million in the United States and Canada, and over $189 million worldwide, making it a box-office hit. The film has since gone on to become a Christmas classic. Freeform and AMC have played the film during the holiday season with record ratings. The film received generally positive reviews from the critics. The film currently holds a \\\"Certified Fresh\\\" rating of 74% on Rotten Tomatoes, with 40 positive reviews from 54\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17225876\",\n \"text\": \"son, Charlie (Eric Lloyd), landed on this year's naughty list, but Scott discovers that he must marry by Christmas Eve -- just a month away! -- or he will stop being Santa Claus forever. Christmas cheer turns into holiday chaos when Scott Calvin (Tim Allen), aka Santa, invites his in-laws (Ann-Margret, Alan Arkin) for a visit and must, simultaneously, contend with Jack Frost's (Martin Short) scheme to take over the North Pole. Scott, his family and Head Elf Curtis (Spencer Breslin) must join forces to foil the nefarious plot. Scott Foundas of \\\"Variety\\\" called the 1994 film was \\\"a full-on\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747941\",\n \"text\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie Santa Claus: The Movie (known on-screen as simply Santa Claus) is a 1985 British-American Christmas film starring Dudley Moore, John Lithgow, and David Huddleston in the title role. It is the last major fantasy film produced by the Paris-based father-and-son production team of Alexander and Ilya Salkind. The film was directed by Jeannot Szwarc and released in North America on November 27, 1985, by TriStar Pictures. The 2005 DVD release was released by Anchor Bay Entertainment, under license from the film's current owner, StudioCanal; the 25th Anniversary home video release (which also now includes Blu-ray) was\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286338\",\n \"text\": \"The Santa Clause The Santa Clause (stylized as The Santa Claus) is a 1994 American Christmas fantasy family comedy film written by Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick, and directed by John Pasquin. The first film in the \\\"Santa Clause\\\" film series, it stars Tim Allen as Scott Calvin, an ordinary man who accidentally causes Santa Claus to fall from his roof on Christmas Eve. When he and his young son, Charlie, finish St. Nick's trip and deliveries, they go to the North Pole where Scott learns that he must become the new Santa and convince those he loves that he\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747974\",\n \"text\": \"the original soundtrack were all represented, including the Kaja song \\\"Shouldn't Do That.\\\" Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Sid Jacobson and artist Frank Springer in \\\"Marvel Super Special\\\" #39. Santa Claus: The Movie Santa Claus: The Movie (known on-screen as simply Santa Claus) is a 1985 British-American Christmas film starring Dudley Moore, John Lithgow, and David Huddleston in the title role. It is the last major fantasy film produced by the Paris-based father-and-son production team of Alexander and Ilya Salkind. The film was directed by Jeannot Szwarc and released in North America on\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20617360\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Woodruff Jr. Tom Woodruff Jr. (born January 21, 1959) is an American actor, director, producer and special effects supervisor. He won an Academy Award for Best Special Effects for his work on the 1992 dark fantasy film \\\"Death Becomes Her\\\"; that same year he was also nominated for the same award for \\\"Alien 3\\\". Some of his most notable works include: \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994), \\\"Starship Troopers\\\" (1997), \\\"Cast Away\\\" (2000), \\\"It\\\" (2017) and \\\"\\\" (2018). Woodruff Jr. was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania on January 21, 1959. He grew up in nearby Loyalsock Township, Pennsylvania and attended Loyalsock Township\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Woodruff Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286348\",\n \"text\": \"counted and an average rating of 6/10. The consensus from the site is \\\"\\\"The Santa Clause\\\" is utterly undemanding, but it's firmly rooted in the sort of good old-fashioned holiday spirit missing from too many modern yuletide films.\\\" Note that songs listed here (and in the movie credits) cannot always be found on CD soundtracks. The film's soundtrack was released on October 10, 1994 in the United States. This film was first released on Home Video (VHS) on October 20, 1995. The first DVD was released in October 29, 2002. \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" along with its sequels were released in\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4584982\",\n \"text\": \"from 2006 to 2014, but did not return to the show when it was revived in 2018. Cousins has also performed on stage. He played the Prince in Rodgers and Hammerstein's \\\"Cinderella\\\", Munkustrap in \\\"Cats\\\", and Frank N Furter in \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\" in the West End. He has performed pantomime, playing Jack Frost in \\\"Santa Clause\\\" and the \\\"Return of Jack Frost\\\" at the Mayflower Theatre, Southampton. Prior to this he played the Prince in \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" at the Grand Opera House, Belfast. Cousins has worked with the British synchronized swimming team. In 2005,\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Cousins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17225874\",\n \"text\": \"The Santa Clause (film series) The Santa Clause (also known as The Santa Clause Trilogy) is a series of comedy films starring Tim Allen. The film series began with \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994). It was followed by \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" (2002) and \\\"\\\" (2006). The series experienced a diminishing critical reception with each subsequent film. Divorced dad Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) has custody of his son Charlie (Eric Lloyd) on Christmas Eve. After he accidentally causes the death of a man in a Santa suit, they are magically transported to the North Pole, where an elf explains that Scott\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286339\",\n \"text\": \"is indeed Father Christmas. This was Pasquin and Allen's first movie collaboration after they both worked together on the TV series \\\"Home Improvement\\\". Pasquin and Allen would later work again on the films \\\"Jungle 2 Jungle\\\" and \\\"Joe Somebody\\\", and on the television series \\\"Last Man Standing\\\". The film was followed by two sequels, \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" (2002) and \\\"\\\" (2006). In comparison to the original, the former received mixed critical response while the latter was panned by most critics. Scott Calvin (Tim Allen), a successful toy salesman, prepares to spend Christmas Eve with his son Charlie (Eric Lloyd).\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6246124\",\n \"text\": \"Joey in the Disney Channel Original Movie \\\"The Ultimate Christmas Present\\\", a comedy, and garnered a 2000 Young Artist Award nomination for Best Performance in a TV Movie (Comedy or Drama) Young Actor Age 10 or Under. He played whiz-kid Curtis the Elf in the 2002 romantic comedy-drama-fantasy film \\\"The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause\\\", marking the first of four films in which he co-starred alongside actor Tim Allen. The movie was a great financial success, raking in $173 million in gross sales, and was the fifth-highest-grossing holiday movie ever and the 28th-highest-grossing movie worldwide of the year, making\",\n \"title\": \"Spencer Breslin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599656\",\n \"text\": \"reviews\\\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \\\"A\\\" on an A+ to F scale. \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" was nominated for Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film. \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" grossed $139.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $33.6 million in other territories, for a total of $172.8 million, against a production budget of $65 million. It was the fifth-highest-grossing holiday movie. Original Release Date: November 1, 2002 The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 18, 2003. It was re-released as 3-Movie Collection DVD set in 2007 and first\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2669917\",\n \"text\": \"Wendy Crewson Wendy Jane Crewson (born May 9, 1956) is a Canadian actress and producer. She began her career appearing on Canadian television, before her breakthrough role in 1991 dramatic film \\\"The Doctor\\\". Crewson has appeared in many Hollywood films, including \\\"The Good Son\\\" (1993), \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994) and its sequels \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" (2002) and \\\"\\\" (2006), as well as \\\"Air Force One\\\" (1997), \\\"Bicentennial Man\\\" (1999), \\\"What Lies Beneath\\\" (2000), \\\"The 6th Day\\\" (2000), and \\\"Eight Below\\\" (2006). She also starred in a number of independent movies, such as \\\"Better Than Chocolate\\\" (1999), \\\"Suddenly Naked\\\" (2001),\",\n \"title\": \"Wendy Crewson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20617363\",\n \"text\": \"effects and make-up crews. Tom Woodruff Jr. Tom Woodruff Jr. (born January 21, 1959) is an American actor, director, producer and special effects supervisor. He won an Academy Award for Best Special Effects for his work on the 1992 dark fantasy film \\\"Death Becomes Her\\\"; that same year he was also nominated for the same award for \\\"Alien 3\\\". Some of his most notable works include: \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994), \\\"Starship Troopers\\\" (1997), \\\"Cast Away\\\" (2000), \\\"It\\\" (2017) and \\\"\\\" (2018). Woodruff Jr. was born in Williamsport, Pennsylvania on January 21, 1959. He grew up in nearby Loyalsock Township, Pennsylvania\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Woodruff Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286350\",\n \"text\": \"the number (which turned out to be an actual, working sex line number) and racked up a $400 phone bill. On television airings, the phone number is changed to \\\"1-800-POUND\\\". The line remains intact on the 1995 VHS release. The Santa Clause The Santa Clause (stylized as The Santa Claus) is a 1994 American Christmas fantasy family comedy film written by Leo Benvenuti and Steve Rudnick, and directed by John Pasquin. The first film in the \\\"Santa Clause\\\" film series, it stars Tim Allen as Scott Calvin, an ordinary man who accidentally causes Santa Claus to fall from his roof\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8739775\",\n \"text\": \"Steve Vinovich Steve Vinovich (born January 22, 1945) is an American actor. Vinovich was born in Peoria, Illinois, the son of Jennie J. (née Kuhel), a secretary, and Stephen J. Vinovich, an insurance salesman. Vinovich has a speared in several feature films such as B.J Wert in 1987's \\\"Mannequin\\\", and Dr. Novos in the 1994 comedy \\\"The Santa Clause\\\". He also voiced Puffin in the 1994 animated film \\\"The Swan Princess\\\" and one of the only two actors of the original cast to reprise his role for the two direct-to-video sequels (the other being Michelle Nicastro as Odette). He appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Vinovich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"90224\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Sarandon Christopher Sarandon Jr. (; born July 24, 1942) is an American actor. He is known best for playing Prince Humperdinck in the movie \\\"The Princess Bride\\\", the vampire Jerry Dandrige in \\\"Fright Night\\\", Detective Mike Norris in \\\"Child's Play\\\" (1988), and for providing the speaking voice of Jack Skellington in \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\". He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Leon Shermer in \\\"Dog Day Afternoon\\\". Sarandon was born and raised in Beckley, West Virginia, the son of restaurateurs Christopher \\\"Chris\\\" Sarandon and Cliffie (née Cardullias). His father, whose\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7846747\",\n \"text\": \"Eric Lloyd Eric Lloyd (born David Eric Lloyd Morelli; May 19, 1986) is an American actor, comedian, musician and producer. Lloyd is best known for work as a child actor in such roles as Charlie Calvin in Disney's \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" film trilogy, and as \\\"Little John\\\" Warner in the NBC television series \\\"Jesse\\\". His television career began when, between ages 2 and 5, he was cast as a young Kevin Arnold (Fred Savage) in episodes of \\\"The Wonder Years\\\". His film credits include \\\"Batman & Robin\\\", \\\"Dunston Checks In\\\", \\\"My Giant\\\", \\\"The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars\\\", and\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Lloyd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2655592\",\n \"text\": \"told Mencia how he felt about him. Starting in late 2005, Boyle and former TV wife Doris Roberts appeared in TV commercials for the 75th anniversary of Alka-Seltzer, reprising the famous line, \\\"I can't believe I ate that whole thing!\\\" Although this quote has entered into popular culture, it is often misquoted as, \\\"\\\"...the\\\" whole thing.\\\" Boyle had a role in all three of \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" films. In the original, he plays Scott Calvin's boss. In the sequels, he plays Father Time. On December 12, 2006, Boyle died at the age of 71 at New York Presbyterian Hospital in\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Boyle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599655\",\n \"text\": \"2: The Escape Clause\\\", scheduled for release in November 2001. The subtitle would later become the subtitle of the following sequel in 2006. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 113 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \\\"Though it's harmless as family entertainment and has moments of charm, \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" is also predictable and forgettable.\\\" On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating \\\"mixed or average\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553751\",\n \"text\": \"Krumholtz, who played Bernard the Arch-elf. As a result of his absence, Curtis (played by Spencer Breslin), who was previously the Assistant Head Elf, has now been promoted to Bernard's former position. Like the previous film, this film was shot in the Canadian cities of Vancouver and Calgary. This was Peter Boyle's final film to be released before he died from cancer one month after its release. (The 2008 film \\\"All Roads Lead Home\\\" would be released posthumously.) Its production was completed in February 2006. The movie was released in theaters on November 3, 2006 in the US followed by\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553761\",\n \"text\": \"had become box-office successes during their opening weekends, but \\\"The Santa Clause 3\\\" was beaten by \\\"\\\" for the No. 1 spot. \\\"The Santa Clause 3\\\" made $84,500,122 in North America and a worldwide gross of $110,768,122. The first film made $189,833,357 worldwide at the box-office while the second film made $172,855,065. The film was released on both standard DVD and high-definition Blu-ray Disc on November 20, 2007. A tie-in video game was released on November 1, 2006 for the Game Boy Advance, developed by 1st Playable Productions and published by Buena Vista Games. The Santa Clause 3: The Escape\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8307079\",\n \"text\": \"Joe Somebody Joe Somebody is a 2001 American comedy-drama film written by John Scott Shepherd and directed by John Pasquin. The film stars Tim Allen as an ordinary man forced into violence by a workplace bully. The film also stars Julie Bowen, Kelly Lynch, Greg Germann, Hayden Panettiere, Patrick Warburton and Jim Belushi. Screenwriter John Scott Shepherd wrote the script based on his experiences working in advertising. Though originally offered to Jim Carrey, the role of Joe Scheffer would eventually be taken by Allen. The film marked Allen and Pasquin's third feature together, after 1994's \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" and 1997's\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Somebody\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6932611\",\n \"text\": \"west shore of Big Bear Lake. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 7% based on , with a weighted average rating of 3/10. Three years later, the film spawned a sequel, \\\"\\\". A third installment was planned with the tentative title of \\\"\\\", but hopes of the sequel being made are unlikely because of the death of Christopher Allport in 2008. It was released on VHS by A-Pix Entertainment and DVD by Simitar Entertainment in 1997. Both releases have been long out of print. On December 13, 2016, Vinegar Syndrome released the film for the first\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (1997 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747955\",\n \"text\": \"was a masterpiece and would also become a mega hit. \\\"Santa Claus: The Movie\\\" was filmed in Buckinghamshire, England at Pinewood Studios, between August and November 1984. The film was photographed by Arthur Ibbetson, whose credits, among others, included the original \\\"Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory\\\" (1971). \\\"Santa Claus: The Movie\\\" was his final feature film. Serving as film editor was Peter Hollywood. The production was designed by Anthony Pratt, with costume design concepts by Bob Ringwood. The visual effects unit, as well as several of the production staff, were Salkind stalwarts from the \\\"Superman\\\" films: Derek Meddings, director\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2669919\",\n \"text\": \"'88\\\" and \\\"Street Legal\\\". In 1991, Crewson appeared in her first breakthrough role in the feature film \\\"The Doctor\\\" and, in later years, appeared in films, such as \\\"The Good Son\\\" (1993); \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994) and its two sequels, \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" (2002) and \\\"\\\" (2006), as Tim Allen's ex-wife/mother of Eric Lloyd's character; \\\"To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday\\\" (1996) as Peter Gallagher's unfortunate blind date; and \\\"Air Force One\\\" (1997) as Grace Marshall, First Lady to President James Marshall (Harrison Ford). Crewson co-starred in the science fiction films \\\"Bicentennial Man\\\" (1999) with Robin Williams and \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Wendy Crewson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1569592\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Calvin in \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\". Two years later, he starred as Luther Krank in \\\"Christmas with the Kranks\\\". In 2006, \\\"Zoom\\\" was released, starring Allen as Jack Shepard. The same year, he also starred in \\\"The Shaggy Dog\\\" and \\\"The Santa Clause 3\\\". Allen began narrating the \\\"Pure Michigan\\\" television and radio commercials for the \\\"Travel Michigan\\\" agency. These commercials can be seen and heard throughout the Midwest and began airing nationally in 2009. In December 2009, he started a preview tour of \\\"Crazy on the Outside\\\", a film that debuted in January 2010. Allen accompanied the film,\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"90229\",\n \"text\": \"best known in the film industry for his role as Prince Humperdinck in Rob Reiner's 1987 movie \\\"The Princess Bride\\\", though he also has had supporting parts in other successful movies such as the original \\\"Child's Play\\\" (1988). In 1992, he played Joseph Curwen/Charles Dexter Ward in \\\"The Resurrected\\\". He also provided the voice of Jack Skellington, the main character of Tim Burton's animated Disney movie \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\" (1993), and has since reprised the role in other productions, including the Disney/Square video games \\\"Kingdom Hearts\\\" and \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\" and the Capcom sequel to the original movie, \\\"\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Sarandon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5469516\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Frost (1998 film) Jack Frost is a 1998 American Christmas fantasy comedy-drama film, starring Michael Keaton and Kelly Preston. Keaton stars as the title character, a man who dies in a car accident and comes back to life as a snowman. Three of Frank Zappa's four children, Dweezil Zappa, Ahmet Zappa, and Moon Unit Zappa, appear in the film. The costume for Jack Frost's snowman form was created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The film was released in Australia on December 10, 1998 before the United States' release. Jack Frost is the lead singer in a rock band simply\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (1998 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747953\",\n \"text\": \"and Leslie Newman. David Newman, however, took sole screenplay credit. Pierre Spengler, Ilya's longtime partner, and the third key element of Team Salkind, joined Alexander's son as the project's producer. John Carpenter was originally offered the chance to direct, but also wanted a say in the writing, musical score and final cut of the movie. Carpenter's original choice for the role of Santa was Brian Dennehy. Among the original choices to direct the film other than Carpenter were Lewis Gilbert, who, despite initial interest, could not agree with the Salkinds over certain aspects of the script. Robert Wise was also\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5469523\",\n \"text\": \"while Gabby happily watches and Mac plays music on the piano. The final street scene shows that all the front lawns have snowmen on them. In credits order. The film features 22 tracks: Not all of these songs are available on the soundtrack CD, however. Featured on the CD release are: The film received mostly negative reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 20% based on 55 reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film one out of four stars, writing \\\"It's possible for the Jim Henson folks and Industrial Light and Magic to put their heads together\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (1998 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6932604\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Frost (1997 film) Jack Frost is a 1997 American horror comedy film written and directed by Michael Cooney. The movie takes place in the fictional town of Snowmonton, where (on the week before Christmas) a truck carrying serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald) to his execution crashes into a genetics truck. The genetic material causes Jack's body to mutate and fuse together with the snow on the ground. Jack is presumed dead and his body melts away. However, he comes back as a killer snowman and takes revenge on the man who finally caught him, Sheriff Sam Tiler (Christopher\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (1997 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2370854\",\n \"text\": \"Kindle: \\\"The Power of Speech\\\", \\\"Nine of Diamonds\\\", \\\"The Gig\\\" and \\\"Water Music\\\". Nelson played a pivotal role in the final season of \\\"Nikita\\\". Nelson played a lead role in the 2010 Hallmark movie, \\\"Cancel Christmas\\\". He portrayed Chris Frost, who is also Santa Claus. Judd Nelson Judd Asher Nelson (born November 28, 1959) is an American actor who is best known for his roles as John Bender in \\\"The Breakfast Club\\\", Alec Newbary in \\\"St. Elmo's Fire\\\", Hot Rod and Rodimus Prime in \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", Joe Hunt in \\\"Billionaire Boys Club\\\", Nick Peretti in \\\"New Jack City\\\", Billy\",\n \"title\": \"Judd Nelson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8095291\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas\\\" (1988), Ernest P. Worrell (Jim Varney) joins the challenge of Santa Claus, alias Seth Applegate (Douglas Seale), to convince Florida kids' show host Joe Carruthers (Oliver Clark) to become the next Santa. In \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994), Tim Allen plays Scott Calvin, who accidentally causes Santa Claus to fall off the roof of his house. After he puts on Santa's robes, he becomes subject to the \\\"Santa clause\\\" (like a contract), which requires him to become the next Santa. Despite his average appearance, over the next year he grows fat, his hair whitens, and he grows a beard by\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7517011\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Frost (1964 film) Jack Frost (, Morózko) is a 1964 Soviet romantic fantasy film made by Gorky Film Studio. It was based on a traditional Russian fairy tale \\\"Morozko\\\". A version with an English dub was released in 1966 in the U.S. It was directed by Aleksandr Rou, and starred Eduard Izotov as Ivan, Natalya Sedykh as Nastenka, and Alexander Khvylya as Father Frost. The script was written by Nikolai Erdman. The soundtrack was composed by Nikolai Budashkin, who was inspired by the works of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. The lovely, humble Nastya is despised by her stepmother who favors her\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (1964 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553757\",\n \"text\": \"stating the Escape Clause. Scott has Lucy steal Frost's snow globe and bring it to him; when Frost finds out and takes the globe back, Scott plays the recording of Frost saying, \\\"I wish I'd never been Santa at all\\\", invoking the Escape Clause and causing Scott and Frost to be sent back again to 1994. Scott restrains Jack long enough to let the 1994 Scott get the coat, making him Santa Claus again and taking him back to the North Pole in the present, where no time has passed. Scott reconciles with his family and Jack is arrested by\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4691557\",\n \"text\": \"David Krumholtz David Krumholtz (born May 15, 1978) is an American actor. He played Charlie Eppes in the CBS drama series \\\"Numb3rs\\\" from 2005 to 2010. He also played Seth Goldstein in the \\\"Harold & Kumar\\\" film trilogy and Bernard the Elf in the \\\"Santa Clause\\\" film franchise. Krumholtz was born in Queens, New York City. He is the son of Michael and Judy Krumholtz. He grew up in a \\\"very working-class, almost poor\\\" Jewish family. His paternal grandparents had emigrated from Poland, and his mother moved from Hungary to the U.S. in 1956. At the age of 13, Krumholtz\",\n \"title\": \"David Krumholtz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4279409\",\n \"text\": \"Dylan and Cole Sprouse Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992) are American actors. They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in the 1999 comedy, \\\"Big Daddy\\\", in which they co-starred with Adam Sandler. They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight-to-DVD films \\\"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\\\" and \\\"Just for Kicks\\\". From 2005 until 2008, they starred in the Disney Channel sitcom \\\"The Suite Life of Zack & Cody\\\". As a result of the series' success,\",\n \"title\": \"Dylan and Cole Sprouse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8839076\",\n \"text\": \"Eastmancolor with a monaural soundtrack. The film was considered to be a financial success over several holiday-season theatrical releases in the 1960s and 1970s. Broadcast of the film also became a holiday tradition at several U.S. television stations. The film garnered at least one award, winning the Golden Gate Award for Best International Family Film at the San Francisco International Film Festival in 1959. The film was featured in the fifth season of \\\"Mystery Science Theater 3000\\\" (episode #521), which first aired on Christmas Eve 1993. The devil Pitch became a recurring character on \\\"MST3K\\\", played by writer Paul Chaplin.\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus (1959 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747964\",\n \"text\": \"novel also describes how, on a certain long-winter's night, the oldest and wisest elf of all, the Ancient One, foresaw the arrival of a man whose love for children would be equal to that of the elves. The Ancient One believed that this man would be the one to whom the elves would grant full immortality, along with the ability to deliver the elves' gifts to children all over the world. In addition to Patch, Dooley, Puffy, Boog, Honka, and Vout, the film's screenplay and cast listing features three additional elves: Groot, the Elves' Senior Chef; Goober, the head of\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6932612\",\n \"text\": \"time on Blu-ray. It includes the film digitally remastered in a 2K presentation. Special features included an audio commentary, a video introduction by director Michael Cooney, and a video interview with actor Scott MacDonald and director of photography Dean Lent. Jack Frost (1997 film) Jack Frost is a 1997 American horror comedy film written and directed by Michael Cooney. The movie takes place in the fictional town of Snowmonton, where (on the week before Christmas) a truck carrying serial killer Jack Frost (Scott MacDonald) to his execution crashes into a genetics truck. The genetic material causes Jack's body to mutate\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (1997 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8120015\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Cross (actor) Joseph Michael Cross (born May 28, 1986) is an American actor and producer. He began work as a child actor, starring in the 1998 films \\\"Desperate Measures\\\", \\\"Wide Awake\\\", and \\\"Jack Frost\\\". He won the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture for \\\"Running with Scissors\\\" (2006), and co-starred in \\\"Flags of Our Fathers\\\" (2006), \\\"Untraceable\\\" (2008), \\\"Milk\\\" (2008), and \\\"Lincoln\\\" (2012). From 1999 to 2004, Cross starred as Casey Hughes in the CBS soap opera \\\"As the World Turns\\\". In 2017, he appeared in the HBO limited series \\\"Big Little Lies\\\" and the Netflix crime\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Cross (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553754\",\n \"text\": \"Santa, Jack Frost negotiates a light sentence of community service at the North Pole, helping Scott and the elves put up various Canadian-themed paraphernalia, as Carol's parents believe Scott is a toymaker in Canada, which Scott agrees. However, Frost's ultimate goal is to trick Santa into renouncing his position. When elf Curtis inadvertently reveals the \\\"Escape Clause,\\\" Frost sneaks into Santa's hall of snow globes and steals one containing Scott as Santa. If Scott holds the globe and says, \\\"I wish I'd never been Santa at all,\\\" he will go back in time and undo his career as Santa. When\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11978739\",\n \"text\": \"and Gauntlet. Then from late 2009 to early 2010 he starred, at the Mayflower Theatre, in the pantomime \\\"Santa Claus and the Return of Jack Frost\\\" as Thaw the Glaciator. In 2010 he appeared as the saxophone player in the Crunchie Rocks advert. In America he has found fame as a book cover model for romance writers. Sam Bond Sam Bond (born 6 December 1983 in Christchurch, England) is an English amateur natural bodybuilder, weightlifter and television personality who has competed for the British National Bodybuilding Federation and the National Physiques Competition. He attended St. Peter's School and spent summers\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"624987\",\n \"text\": \"David Jason Sir David John White, (born 2 February 1940), known professionally by his stage name David Jason, is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Derek \\\"Del Boy\\\" Trotter in \\\"Only Fools and Horses\\\" and Detective Inspector Jack Frost in the ITV crime drama \\\"A Touch of Frost\\\". Other high-profile television roles were as Granville in the sitcom \\\"Open All Hours\\\" and \\\"Still Open All Hours\\\", and Pop Larkin in the comedy drama \\\"The Darling Buds of May\\\", as well as voicing Mr. Toad in \\\"The Wind in the Willows\\\" and the titular characters of\",\n \"title\": \"David Jason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1286349\",\n \"text\": \"a three movie DVD collection in 2007. All three movies were released as a Blu-ray set on October 16, 2012. Towards the beginning of the film a brief exchange between Scott and Laura takes place in which Laura hands Scott a piece of paper with Neil's mother's phone number on it. Scott then says \\\"1-800-SPANK-ME. I know that number.\\\" In the United States, the exchange was removed from the 1999 DVD release as well as the 2002 Special Edition DVD and VHS releases and the 2012 Blu-ray release after a 1996 incident in which a child from Steilacoom, Washington called\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15332338\",\n \"text\": \"Over the Hedge (film) Over the Hedge is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy film based on the United Media comic strip of the same name. Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures, which acquired the live-action DreamWorks studio the same year, the film was directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick from a screenplay by Len Blum, Lorne Cameron, David Hoselton and Kirkpatrick. Featuring the voices of Bruce Willis, Garry Shandling, Steve Carell, William Shatner, Wanda Sykes and Nick Nolte, the film was released on May 19, 2006 in the United States and earned $336 million on an\",\n \"title\": \"Over the Hedge (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6864537\",\n \"text\": \"Kenny Vadas Ken \\\"Kenny\\\" Vadas is a Canadian actor. In his early career Vadas acted in several commercials; he was a regular on the television series \\\"Eric's World\\\" and had guest roles on television series such as \\\"Are You Afraid of the Dark?\\\", \\\"Goosebumps\\\", and \\\"The Adventures of Sinbad\\\" which filmed in South Africa. He acted in several made-for-television movies and is famous for his role as the E.L.F.S. Leader in the Disney blockbuster \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" with Tim Allen in which he saved Santa and his son Charlie and is quoted frequently for his line in the movie; \\\"We're\",\n \"title\": \"Kenny Vadas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7442571\",\n \"text\": \"Chris Pine Christopher Whitelaw Pine (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor. Pine made his feature debut as Lord Devereaux in \\\"\\\" (2004). He is known for playing James T. Kirk in the \\\"Star Trek\\\" reboot film series (2009–2016), Will in \\\"Unstoppable\\\" (2010), Cinderella's Prince in \\\"Into the Woods\\\" (2014), Jack Ryan in \\\"\\\" (2014), Toby Howard in \\\"Hell or High Water\\\" (2016), Bernie Webber in \\\"The Finest Hours\\\" (2016), Steve Trevor in \\\"Wonder Woman\\\" (2017), and Dr. Alexander Murry in \\\"A Wrinkle in Time\\\" (2018). Pine was born in Los Angeles. His father, Robert Pine, is an actor\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Pine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1569586\",\n \"text\": \"Tim Allen Timothy Alan Dick (born June 13, 1953), known professionally as Tim Allen, is an American actor and comedian. He is known for playing Tim \\\"The Toolman\\\" Taylor on the ABC sitcom \\\"Home Improvement\\\" (1991 to 1999) and Mike Baxter on the ABC sitcom \\\"Last Man Standing\\\" (2011 to 2017), which was picked up by Fox in 2018 for a seventh season. He voiced Buzz Lightyear for the \\\"Toy Story franchise\\\" and played Scott Calvin and Santa Claus in \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" film trilogy (1994–2006). Allen's other films include \\\"For Richer or Poorer\\\" (1997), \\\"Jungle 2 Jungle\\\" (1997), \\\"Galaxy\",\n \"title\": \"Tim Allen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5843165\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas Carol: The Movie Christmas Carol: The Movie is a 2001 British live action/animated film based on Charles Dickens's classic novella. Directed by Jimmy T. Murakami, the film features the voices of numerous actors including Simon Callow, Kate Winslet (who also sang the film's theme \\\"What If\\\"), Kate's sister Beth Winslet, and Nicolas Cage. This version differs from others, in that Scrooge is given another chance with the love of his life, Belle, who ended their engagement in their youth after he was corrupted by greed; they later meet again after the three spirits have reformed Scrooge and he is\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Carol: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6246115\",\n \"text\": \"Spencer Breslin Spencer Breslin (born May 18, 1992) is an American actor and musician. He is the older brother of actress Abigail Breslin. Beginning at the age of three, Breslin acted in over 50 commercials. He is best known for his roles in the feature films \\\"Disney's The Kid\\\" (co-starring at the age of eight with Bruce Willis), \\\"The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause\\\" and \\\"\\\" (as Curtis the Elf), \\\"Return to Neverland\\\", \\\"The Cat in the Hat\\\", \\\"Raising Helen\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"The Shaggy Dog\\\", \\\"Harold\\\", \\\"\\\"The Happening\\\"\\\", and \\\"Perfect Sisters\\\". His television credits include \\\"Teamo Supremo\\\", \\\"Stephen King's Storm\",\n \"title\": \"Spencer Breslin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11023463\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Frost (1979 film) Jack Frost is a 1979 Christmas stop motion animated television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions. It was directed by Jules Bass and Arthur Rankin, Jr., written by Romeo Muller and premiered on NBC on December 13, 1979. The special tells the tale of Jack Frost, the winter sprite, and his adventures as a human. It airs annually on Freeform as a part of its \\\"25 Days of Christmas\\\" programming block. The story is narrated by a groundhog named Pardon-Me-Pete (voiced by Buddy Hackett), who has a deal with Jack Frost to extend winter by six weeks,\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (1979 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3121039\",\n \"text\": \"Liliana Mumy Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (born April 16, 1994) is an American former child actress and ongoing voice actress. Between 2002 and 2006, Mumy appeared as Jessica Baker in the two \\\"Cheaper by the Dozen\\\" movies, Lucy Miller in two films of \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" trilogy and performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the \\\"Lilo & Stitch\\\" franchise. Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 \\\"The Twilight Zone\\\" episode \\\"It's a Good Life\\\", and Liliana appeared with her father, as his child, in the revival series’\",\n \"title\": \"Liliana Mumy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3404306\",\n \"text\": \"John Pasquin John Pasquin (born November 30, 1944) is an American director of film, television and theatre. An alum of Beloit College and Carnegie Mellon University, Pasquin began directing Broadway theatre plays in the early 1980s. He moved on to television, directing episodes of the series \\\"Family Ties\\\", \\\"Growing Pains\\\", \\\"Alice\\\", \\\"Newhart\\\" and \\\"Roseanne\\\". His producing debut came in 1991 with the sitcom \\\"Home Improvement\\\" starring Tim Allen, also directing a number of episodes of the series. He also directed Allen in the films \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" (1994), also his feature film directing debut, \\\"Jungle 2 Jungle\\\" (1997) and \\\"Joe\",\n \"title\": \"John Pasquin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6144943\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Thompson Young Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He is best remembered for his adolescent role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series \\\"The Famous Jett Jackson\\\" (1998–2001) and as Chris Comer in the movie \\\"Friday Night Lights\\\" (2004). His last starring role was as Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series \\\"Rizzoli & Isles\\\" (2010–14). Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina, the son of Velma Elaine (née Love) and Tommy Scott Young. He was in the second grade when his parents' marriage\",\n \"title\": \"Lee Thompson Young\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18828617\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Star Wars\\\" original trilogy and Santa Claus in \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\". He was also the Italian voice of Orville in the 1977 Disney film \\\"The Rescuers\\\" and the second voice of Barney Rubble in \\\"The Flintstones\\\". Spaccesi often dubbed actors such as Gustav Knuth, Charles Durning, Frank Oz and Jack Warden in a select number of their films. Spaccesi passed away in Rome on June 2nd 2015 at the age of 88 just a few days after the death of his partner Rosaura Marchi. Silvio Spaccesi Silvio Spaccesi (August 1, 1926 – June 2, 2015) was an Italian actor\",\n \"title\": \"Silvio Spaccesi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16652237\",\n \"text\": \"Captain America: The Winter Soldier Captain America: The Winter Soldier is a 2014 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2011's \\\"\\\" and the ninth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, with a screenplay by the writing team of Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely. It stars Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America, alongside Scarlett Johansson, Sebastian Stan, Anthony Mackie, Cobie Smulders, Frank Grillo, Emily VanCamp, Hayley Atwell,\",\n \"title\": \"Captain America: The Winter Soldier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8839075\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Blessed Are Those Who Believe<br>For They Shall See God…<br>PEACE ON EARTH…<br>GOOD WILL TOWARD MEN.<br>MERRY CHRISTMAS\\\" \\\"Santa Claus\\\" was produced by Guillermo Calderón and filmed at Churubusco-Azteca Studios in Mexico. Its running time is reported as 94 minutes. This appears to be the running time of recent home video editions of the English dub. At least one brief scene was cut from the English edition, and further footage was removed from individual prints as they aged and suffered damage. The original film was approximately three minutes longer than the version now seen in the United States. \\\"Santa Claus\\\" was filmed in\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus (1959 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5469524\",\n \"text\": \"and come up with the most repulsive single creature in the history of special effects, and I am not forgetting the Chucky doll or the desert intestine from \\\"Star Wars\\\".\\\" Produced on an $85 million budget, the film took $7 million on its opening weekend. It went on to gross over $34.5 million in North America, becoming a box office flop. Both Joseph Cross and Mika Boorem starred together in the \\\"Touched by an Angel\\\" episode \\\"Psalm 151.\\\" Plus, Cross and Michael Keaton appeared together in \\\"Desperate Measures\\\", which was released the same year. Jack Frost (1998 film) Jack Frost\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost (1998 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6175402\",\n \"text\": \"of July. The film again stars Sandler, along with Kevin James, Chris Rock, Rob Schneider, and David Spade; it was released in the summer of 2010 with major box office success. Dugan's \\\"Just Go with It\\\" (2011) was his sixth film with Sandler; it also starred Jennifer Aniston and Brooklyn Decker. Dugan directed \\\"Jack & Jill\\\" (2011), again with Sandler, and \\\"Grown Ups 2\\\" (2013), with Sandler, James, Rock and Spade, all reprising their roles. Schneider was unable to do so due to scheduling conflicts. To date, Dugan's films have grossed over $1 billion worldwide. Dugan's first marriage was to\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Dugan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2067041\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" (2019) in a currently undisclosed part. Grant received widespread acclaim for his performance as Jack Hock in \\\"Can You Ever Forgive Me?\\\" (2018), earning Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, as well as winning a New York Film Critics Circle Award. Grant was born Richard Grant Esterhuysen in Mbabane, Swaziland. He is the son of Leonne and Henrik Esterhuysen, who was head of education for the British government administration in the British Protectorate of Swaziland. He has English, Dutch/Afrikaner, and German ancestry. As a boy, Grant went to primary school at St Mark's, a local government\",\n \"title\": \"Richard E. Grant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8095287\",\n \"text\": \"which Santa Claus rescues Joe (Christian Fitzpatric) from his best friend Cornelia's (Carrie Kei Heim) evil step-uncle B. Z. (John Lithgow). Santa is a hero in \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\", held captive by Oogie Boogie, although he is spiteful and enraged at Jack when freed. The latest films to depict Santa Claus in such a manner are \\\"\\\" (2005), and the Dreamworks film \\\"Rise of the Guardians\\\". In the Chronicles of Narnia film, Father Christmas (James Cosmo) supplies the Pevensie children with the weapons and tools they need to battle the White Witch (Tilda Swinton). In \\\"Rise of the Guardians\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus in film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9112640\",\n \"text\": \"live presentations and film festivals. The director of four feature films, Miller is probably best known for directing the seasonal film \\\"Jack Frost\\\", starring Michael Keaton. Miller also directed the \\\"Mr. Show\\\" spin-off movie \\\"Run Ronnie Run!\\\" which opened the Sundance Film Festival in 2002 and CineVegas' closing night film that same year. Among other features and movie-of-the-week productions, Miller also directed \\\"\\\", a moderate commercial success in first release. The film was poorly received by critics and on Rotten Tomatoes, but it went on to earn upwards of $80 million in international box office. Miller also directed \\\"The Announcement\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Troy Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17225875\",\n \"text\": \"must take Santa's place before the next Christmas arrives. Scott thinks he's dreaming, but over the next several months he gains weight and grows an inexplicably white beard. Maybe that night at the North Pole wasn't a dream after all -- and maybe Scott has a lot of work to do. Scott Calvin (Tim Allen) has been in the role of Santa for the past eight years, and his loyal elves consider him the best one ever. But the world of the \\\"Merry Old Soul\\\" turns upside down when he's dealt a double whammy of news: Not only has his\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20449540\",\n \"text\": \"on Netflix on November 17, 2017. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 75% based on 6 reviews, and an average rating of 6.5/10. On May 18, 2018, a sequel was announced, titled \\\"A Christmas Prince: The Royal Wedding\\\". It was released on Netflix on November 30, 2018. A Christmas Prince A Christmas Prince is a 2017 American Christmas romantic comedy film directed by Alex Zamm, written by Karen Schaler and Nathan Atkins and stars Rose McIver, Ben Lamb, Tom Knight, Sarah Douglas, Daniel Fathers, Alice Krige and Tahirah Sharif. The film was released\",\n \"title\": \"A Christmas Prince\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747956\",\n \"text\": \"of visual and miniature effects; Roy Field, optical visual effects supervisor; and David Lane, flying and second unit director. The documentary, \\\"Santa Claus: The Making of The Movie,\\\" which chronicles the film's production, is introduced by David Huddleston, speaking straight to the camera in character as Santa, with Dudley Moore serving as on-screen host. The voice over commentary is performed by Ted Maynard, who had also done voice-overs for the film's original UK trailer. The documentary originally aired in the United States on ABC, on Christmas Eve, 1987. Anchor Bay Entertainment's now-out-of-print 20th anniversary DVD of the film included this\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3121044\",\n \"text\": \"Nickelodeon show, \\\"The Loud House\\\". Liliana Mumy Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (born April 16, 1994) is an American former child actress and ongoing voice actress. Between 2002 and 2006, Mumy appeared as Jessica Baker in the two \\\"Cheaper by the Dozen\\\" movies, Lucy Miller in two films of \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" trilogy and performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the \\\"Lilo & Stitch\\\" franchise. Her father is actor Bill Mumy. Among his many roles, her father appeared as a child in the 1961 \\\"The Twilight Zone\\\" episode \\\"It's a Good Life\\\", and Liliana appeared with her father, as his\",\n \"title\": \"Liliana Mumy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6553753\",\n \"text\": \"along with Scott's former wife, Laura, her husband, Neil, their daughter, Lucy, and Scott's son, Charlie. Meanwhile, he is summoned to a meeting of the Council of Legendary Figures, consisting of Mother Nature, Father Time, the Easter Bunny, Cupid, the Tooth Fairy, and the Sandman, concerning the behavior of Jack Frost, who is jealous that he has no holiday or special occasion in his honor. Because he has been promoting himself during the Christmas season, Mother Nature suggests sanctions against him. When Scott says he is dealing with how to get the in-laws to come without revealing that he is\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4207433\",\n \"text\": \"including \\\"Jingle Bell Rock\\\" by Brenda Lee; \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" by Billy May & His Orchestra with vocal by Alvin Stoller; \\\"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\\\" by Eddie Dunstedter; \\\"White Christmas\\\" by Dean Martin; \\\"Frosty the Snowman\\\" by Steve Van Zandt; \\\"Blue Christmas\\\" by Elvis Presley; and \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" by Ella Fitzgerald. Unlike the movie, the soundtrack received generally favorable reviews, with many critics appreciating the use of garage rock as a \\\"fresh take\\\" on Christmas music. \\\"Houston Press\\\" featured it on their list of top 10 Christmas movie soundtracks. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas with the Kranks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1901253\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a 1991 American romantic action adventure film, based on the English folk tale of Robin Hood which originated in the 15th century. The film is directed by Kevin Reynolds, and stars Kevin Costner as Robin Hood, Morgan Freeman as Azeem, Christian Slater as Will Scarlett, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Maid Marian, and Alan Rickman as Sheriff of Nottingham. The screenplay was penned by Pen Densham and John Watson. The film received mixed reviews from critics who praised Freeman and Rickman's performances as well as the music but criticized the\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747957\",\n \"text\": \"documentary as a bonus feature; the Lionsgate DVD and Blu-ray versions currently feature the 50-minute feature as well. The Blu-ray version, however, also features a brief chronicle of the filming of the \\\" 'Christmas II' Press Conference\\\" sequence, as well as additional deleted scenes cut from the original theatrical version. Moore had always been the top choice to play the lead Elf in the movie, Ilya Salkind having remembered a scene in \\\"Arthur\\\" in which Liza Minnelli's character asks Moore if he is Santa's Little Helper. Moore was attached to the project virtually from the outset, and therefore had a\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9035449\",\n \"text\": \"by director David Dobkin. The Blu-ray release includes a music video for \\\"Ludacrismas\\\" by Ludacris in High Definition and also a bonus disc entitled \\\"Fred Claus: Race to Save Christmas\\\". Fred Claus Fred Claus is a 2007 American fantasy comedy adventure film directed by David Dobkin, written by Dan Fogelman and Jessie Nelson, and starring Vince Vaughn and Paul Giamatti. The film was released on November 9, 2007, in the US and later released in the UK on November 30, 2007, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is loosely based on the poem \\\"A legend of Santa and his brother Fred\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Claus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2128378\",\n \"text\": \"a Disney subsidiary. Roger Ebert of the \\\"Chicago Sun-Times\\\" gave the film 3½ stars out of four. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 78% rating, based on 213 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 70 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". The film grossed over $60 million domestically and more than $76 million in total worldwide. In the U.S, a theatrical version, an unrated version, a director's cut and a Blu-ray Disc version (which includes unrated and director's cut) have all been released. According to\",\n \"title\": \"Bad Santa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4075106\",\n \"text\": \"Jackass: The Movie Jackass: The Movie is a 2002 American reality comedy film directed by Jeff Tremaine. It is a continuation of the stunts and pranks by the various characters of the MTV television series \\\"Jackass\\\", which had completed its unique series run by this time. The film was produced by Lynch Siderow Productions and Dickhouse Productions. MTV Films and Paramount Pictures released it to US theaters on October 25, and it grossed $79.5 million worldwide. The show features all the original \\\"Jackass\\\" cast, including the leader Johnny Knoxville, Bam Margera, Steve-O, Ryan Dunn, Jason \\\"Wee Man\\\" Acuña, Chris Pontius,\",\n \"title\": \"Jackass: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19165055\",\n \"text\": \"Queen\\\", has the powers to create and manipulate ice and snow. The movie brought in more than $1.2 billion in ticket sales. The booming popularity created a \\\"Frozen\\\" phenomenon resulting in movie fans blaming snowfall on the animated character of Queen Elsa. Jack Frost is a common figure associated with frost, snow, sleet, and other weather related extremities. The exact origin of Jack Frost remains unclear with suspicions of Norse and Ango-Saxon history. Jack is mentioned in holiday song “The Christmas Song” and has a presence among movies and wintertime specials including movies ‘’Jack Frost” and “Rise of the Guardians”\",\n \"title\": \"Snow dance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7442579\",\n \"text\": \"Means War\\\" was released in February 2012. Pine voiced the character of Jack Frost in \\\"Rise of the Guardians\\\". Pine co-starred with Elizabeth Banks, Olivia Wilde and Michelle Pfeiffer in the family drama \\\"People Like Us\\\", which was filmed in early 2011 and released in June 2012. He reprised the role of Captain Kirk in the sequel to 2009's \\\"Star Trek\\\", \\\"Star Trek Into Darkness\\\", released in the US on May 15, 2013. In 2009, Pine entered talks to play CIA analyst Jack Ryan in a reboot of Tom Clancy's novels. He starred in \\\"\\\", which was released in 2014.\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Pine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1271681\",\n \"text\": \"Jerry Maguire Jerry Maguire is a 1996 American romantic comedy-drama sports film written, produced and directed by Cameron Crowe, and stars Tom Cruise, Cuba Gooding Jr. and Renée Zellweger. Produced in part by long time \\\"Simpsons\\\" producer James L. Brooks, it was inspired by sports agent Leigh Steinberg, who acted as Technical Consultant on the crew. It was released in North American theaters on December 13, 1996, produced by Gracie Films and distributed by TriStar Pictures. The film received critical acclaim, with critics praising its acting and writing. The film was a financial success, bringing in more than $273 million\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Maguire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8739776\",\n \"text\": \"in \\\"The Foreigner\\\" at Corn Stock Theatre in Peoria, IL the summer of 2013. Steve Vinovich Steve Vinovich (born January 22, 1945) is an American actor. Vinovich was born in Peoria, Illinois, the son of Jennie J. (née Kuhel), a secretary, and Stephen J. Vinovich, an insurance salesman. Vinovich has a speared in several feature films such as B.J Wert in 1987's \\\"Mannequin\\\", and Dr. Novos in the 1994 comedy \\\"The Santa Clause\\\". He also voiced Puffin in the 1994 animated film \\\"The Swan Princess\\\" and one of the only two actors of the original cast to reprise his role\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Vinovich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2103035\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Short Martin Hayter Short (born March 26, 1950) is a Canadian-US comedian, actor, singer and writer. He is known for his work on the television programs \\\"SCTV\\\" and \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\". He has starred in comedy films, such as \\\"Three Amigos\\\" (1986), \\\"Innerspace\\\" (1987), \\\"Three Fugitives\\\" (1989), \\\"Father of the Bride\\\" (1991), \\\"Pure Luck\\\" (1991), \\\"Captain Ron\\\" (1992), \\\"Father of the Bride Part II\\\" (1995), \\\"Mars Attacks!\\\" (1996), and \\\"Jungle 2 Jungle\\\" (1997), the \\\"Santa Clause 3\\\" (2006), and created the characters, Jiminy Glick and Ed Grimley. In 1999, he won a Tony Award for his lead performance in\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Short\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17225878\",\n \"text\": \"sentimental, life-affirming moments without tugging too hard.\\\" \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" on its opening weekend grossed more than its predecessor. The opening weekend was a personal best to date for Tim Allen. \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" said its performance \\\"exceeded expectations\\\". \\\"The Santa Clause\\\" strongest market outside the United States was Germany, and \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" had in Germany an opening weekend of $892,000, which was 50% larger than the opening weekend of the original film. In the United States, \\\"The Santa Clause 3\\\" had an opening weekend of , which was less than the grossed by \\\"The Santa Clause\",\n \"title\": \"The Santa Clause (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12118646\",\n \"text\": \"Georgy Millyar Georgy Frantsevich Millyar, sometimes spelled Milliar (; 7 November 1903 in Moscow – 4 June 1993 in Moscow), was a Soviet actor, best known for playing evil spirits in Soviet fairy tale films, including the witch Baba Yaga in films such as \\\"Vasilisa the Beautiful\\\", \\\"Jack Frost\\\", \\\"Fire, Water, and Brass Pipes\\\" and \\\"The Golden Horns\\\". Georgy Millyar was born into a wealthy family of Franz de Milieu, a French bridge builder working in Russia, and Elizaveta Zhuravlyova, a daughter of an Irkutsk goldminer. Millyar’s father died when he was almost three. Before the outbreak of World War\",\n \"title\": \"Georgy Millyar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4754122\",\n \"text\": \"broken clavicle and thoracic ribs and lost his left eye. He was unable to perform for five months and had to wear an eye patch before having an eyeball transplant. Later on, he would make a cameo appearance in Disney's 1994 holiday hit, \\\"The Santa Clause\\\", before making one final foray in the 1996 made-for-TV movie, \\\"\\\". He retired from the TV business in 2001. Bob Dermer Bob Dermer (born 1946 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian actor who first made his contributions to Canadian television starting with the 1976 series \\\"Readalong\\\". In the 1980s, he appeared on the children's\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Dermer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8127475\",\n \"text\": \"the New York Yankees in the 1992 film, \\\"Mr. Baseball\\\". He also appeared in \\\"The Santa Clause 2\\\" in 2002, and \\\"\\\" in 2006 as the tooth fairy. In 2005, he appeared in \\\"Hostage\\\" as a deputy sheriff of Bruce Willis. In 2009, he appeared in the Direct-to-DVD film \\\"\\\" and in the Science-Fiction horror film \\\"The Rig\\\". He also appeared on \\\"House M.D.\\\" in 2005 as Warner Fitch, in the episode entitled \\\"Sports Medicine.\\\" He also appeared on \\\"Home Improvement\\\" as Jimbo in season 1 episode 7 (Nothing More Than Feelings). Art LaFleur Art LaFleur (born September 9, 1943)\",\n \"title\": \"Art LaFleur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747968\",\n \"text\": \"plot, garish production design, blatant product placement (particularly for McDonald's, though Coke and Pabst Blue Ribbon are also prominent), and scenery-chewing overacting on the part of Lithgow. Duralde ultimately concludes that the film is \\\"a train-wreck of a Christmas movie that's so very wrong that you won't be able to tear yourself away from it.\\\" The soundtrack score was composed and conducted by Henry Mancini, composer of the themes from \\\"The Pink Panther\\\" and \\\"Peter Gunn\\\", with veteran lyricist and screenwriter Leslie Bricusse contributing five original songs. The song \\\"It's Christmas (All Over The World)\\\" was written by Bill House\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747943\",\n \"text\": \"time, the film also tells a contemporary story in which one of Santa's elves (alternately referred to as the \\\"\\\"Vendequm\\\"\\\" onscreen), a visionary named Patch (Moore), sets out to employ Santa's toymaking methods on his own, unaware that he might be ruining the magic of Christmas in the process. The film was a financial failure and received mostly negative reviews from critics at the time of release. Despite this, the movie has earned a cult following in later years and has become one of the most watched Christmas movies of all time. Sometime in the 14th century, Claus is a\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1959608\",\n \"text\": \"yet have different folklore to them. Jack Frost has appeared as a character in television and movies. He was mentioned in the wintertime song \\\"The Christmas Song\\\" (aka \\\"Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire\\\"). He has been presented as a villain in some media and a hero in others. Jack Frost has appeared in many video games including: Jack Frost is also the official corporate mascot for the Japanese video game company, Atlus. Jack Frost Jack Frost is a personification of frost, ice, snow, sleet, winter, and freezing cold. He is a variant of Old Man Winter who is held\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Frost\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6175397\",\n \"text\": \"Dennis Dugan Dennis Barton Dugan (born September 5, 1946) is an American actor, director, and comedian. He is known for his partnership with comedic actor Adam Sandler, with whom he directed the films \\\"Happy Gilmore\\\" (1996), \\\"Big Daddy\\\" (1999), \\\"I Now Pronounce You Chuck & Larry\\\" (2007), \\\"You Don't Mess with the Zohan\\\" (2008), \\\"Grown Ups\\\" (2010), \\\"Just Go with It\\\" (2011), \\\"Jack and Jill\\\" (2011), and \\\"Grown Ups 2\\\" (2013). Dugan was born in Wheaton, Illinois, the second of four sons of Marion, a housewife, and Charles Dugan, an insurance salesman. He started his acting career in 1972, appearing\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Dugan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4279428\",\n \"text\": \"was preparing to open All-Wise Meadery in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York; he is the brewmaster. He disclosed that he has been a Heathen since he was 15. Dylan and Cole Sprouse Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992) are American actors. They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in the 1999 comedy, \\\"Big Daddy\\\", in which they co-starred with Adam Sandler. They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight-to-DVD films \\\"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa\",\n \"title\": \"Dylan and Cole Sprouse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2767258\",\n \"text\": \"Matthew Fox Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Charlie Salinger on \\\"Party of Five\\\" (1994–2000) and Jack Shephard on the supernatural drama series \\\"Lost\\\" (2004–2010), the latter of which earned him Golden Globe Award and Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Fox has also performed in ten feature films, including \\\"We Are Marshall\\\" (2006), \\\"Vantage Point\\\" (2008), \\\"Alex Cross\\\" (2012), \\\"Emperor\\\" (2012) and \\\"Bone Tomahawk\\\" (2015). Fox was born in Abington, Pennsylvania, the son of Loretta B. (née Eagono) and Francis G. Fox. One of his paternal great-great-great-grandfathers was\",\n \"title\": \"Matthew Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5361056\",\n \"text\": \"several feature films, including \\\"Jack Frost\\\" and \\\"Hearts in Atlantis\\\". In 1999, he received The Hollywood Reporter \\\"Young Star Award\\\" for his portrayal of John in David Mamet's \\\"The Cryptogram\\\" at the Geffen Playhouse. Rothhaar's biggest role to date was the leading role in \\\"Kart Racer\\\" (2003). In 2004, he had a starring role on \\\"Listen Up!\\\". He appeared in \\\"Must Love Dogs\\\" (2005) and as Cpl. Lee Imlay in the alien-invasion film \\\"\\\" (2011). He appeared on two episodes of \\\"\\\" (in 2004 and 2010, respectively), \\\"\\\" (2011), and \\\"\\\" (2012), playing different characters each time. In 2013, he\",\n \"title\": \"Will Rothhaar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8120016\",\n \"text\": \"drama series \\\"Mindhunter\\\". Cross was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the son of Maureen (née Toumey), a real estate agent, and Michael J. Cross, who worked in marketing. He has four siblings. Cross grew up in Pelham, New York, and attended Pelham Middle School and Pelham Memorial High School. For his undergraduate studies, Cross transferred from Hartford's Trinity College to Columbia University. As a child actor, Cross appeared in the Disney Channel Original television film \\\"Northern Lights\\\" (1997), and starred in the action-thriller \\\"Desperate Measures\\\", comedy-drama \\\"Wide Awake\\\", and Christmas fantasy film \\\"Jack Frost\\\", all of which were released\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Cross (actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6280558\",\n \"text\": \"Boy!\\\", \\\"Elvis the Musical\\\" and \\\"Catch My Soul\\\", which was also made into a film of the same name, released in 1974. He had a cameo appearance as an uptight naval officer in the comedy film \\\"Father Goose\\\" (1966). Good converted to Roman Catholicism and devoted his time to Christianity and icon painting, including a wall painting portraying the television as the Devil. His paintings have been exhibited at the \\\"Rancho de Chimayó\\\" gallery alongside those of painter Antonio Roybal. He lived in New Mexico for many years, but returned to England to live in Oxfordshire. Good died from complications\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Good (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"201672\",\n \"text\": \"revival and in 2012 as part of New York City's outdoor Shakespeare in the Park series. A Disney film adaptation directed by Rob Marshall and starring Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski and Johnny Depp was released in 2014. The film grossed over $213 million worldwide, and received three Academy Award nominations and three Golden Globe Award nominations. The Narrator introduces four characters who each have a wish: Cinderella wishes to attend the King's festival; Jack, a simple poor boy, wishes that his cow, Milky White, would give milk; a Baker and\",\n \"title\": \"Into the Woods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5747965\",\n \"text\": \"the Elves' tailoring shop, who crafts Santa's full red robes; and Goobler, who trains several of his fellow elves in the art of painting toys with their own beards. \\\"Santa Claus: The Movie\\\" received negative reviews upon release, with a rating of 21% on Rotten Tomatoes, from the 19 reviews counted. Box Office Mojo lists the film's total United States box office gross as $23,717,291, less than its $30–50 million production budget. \\\"Chicago Sun-Times\\\" critic Roger Ebert noted some positive points to the film, writing that the film \\\"does an interesting job of visualizing Santa's workshop\\\" and Santa's elves. He\",\n \"title\": \"Santa Claus: The Movie\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who played jack frost in the santa clause movie"}}},{"rowIdx":179,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["six volumes"],"string":"[\n \"six volumes\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"929832","text":"the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc DVD box set entitled \"\"Darkwing Duck\": Volume 1\" on August 29, 2006. It included 25 episodes, plus the two-part pilot \"Darkly Dawns the Duck\", as opposed to the uncut version's release on VHS. The second volume, containing the next 27 episodes, was released on August 7, 2007. The sets do not contain any special features. It is currently unknown if Disney has any intentions of releasing the remaining 37 episodes on DVD. No official releases have been made outside the United States. The entire series","title":"Darkwing Duck"},{"id":"929843","text":"together and published in an omnibus by Joe Books. On his Tumblr account, Silvani stated that the omnibus would be a remastered edition, featuring revised art, a new epilogue, and that the script had been \"painstakingly rewritten\" by Sparrow. It was also announced that the omnibus would lead into a new monthly series written by Sparrow and drawn by Silvani, with no involvement by Brill. The omnibus only collects the first 16 issues and the annual, omitting the final \"Dangerous Currency\" crossover with \"DuckTales\", seeming to further call into question Brill's claims of sole authorship. On January 18, 2016, Joe","title":"Darkwing Duck"},{"id":"19661659","text":"by Phillips that paid homage to the first issue of \"The Walking Dead\". The series concluded at issue 20 in June 2018. The comic book is being collected in a series of trade paperback volumes. The first volume, released January 18, 2017, contains issues 1–4 and the second volume, released August 9, 2017, contains issues 5–10. The third volume was released on January 19, 2018, collecting issues 11–14. A final, fourth volume was also released in 2018. Each single issue includes articles and other content written by guest contributors that are not included in the collected editions. Brubaker wanted to","title":"Kill or Be Killed (comics)"},{"id":"929818","text":"Darkwing Duck Darkwing Duck is an American animated action-adventure comedy television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that first ran from 1991 to 1992 on both the syndicated programming block \"The Disney Afternoon\" and Saturday mornings on ABC. It featured the adventures of Darkwing Duck, who is the superheroic alter-ego of an ordinary suburban person named \"Drake Mallard\". On April 2, 2015, a rumor surfaced that Disney would be rebooting the series for a 2018 premiere. This has since been debunked, instead it has returned as a comic book published by Joe Books, which premiered on April 27, 2016.","title":"Darkwing Duck"},{"id":"175925","text":"collected works are expected to fill 21 volumes. A collection of selected works was published in 1995 by the \"Zwingliverein\" in collaboration with the \"Theologischer Verlag Zürich\" This four-volume collection contains the following works: The complete 21-volume edition is being undertaken by the \"Zwingliverein\" in collaboration with the \"Institut für schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte\", and is projected to be organised as follows: Vols. XIII and XIV have been published, vols. XV and XVI are under preparation. Vols. XVII to XXI are planned to cover the New Testament. Older German / Latin editions available online include: See also the following English translations of","title":"Huldrych Zwingli"},{"id":"929833","text":"is currently available for purchase on Amazon Instant Video in Germany. The first season (comprising the show's first two seasons) is available in six volumes while the second season (comprising the third season) is available in one volume. \"Darkwing Duck\" was named the 93rd Best Animated Series by IGN, calling it \"one of the many reasons why after-school cartoons rule\". \"Torgo's Pizzeria Podcast\" gave a favorable retrospective review to \"Darkwing Duck\" in April 2012; the podcast did however note some weaknesses with the series. Disney Comics published a four-issue \"Darkwing Duck\" comic book mini-series in late 1991, right around the","title":"Darkwing Duck"},{"id":"20567580","text":"Disney archives. Each volume of the series has about 280 pages and contains close to 750 daily strips (the equivalent to a 2.5-year original newspaper run) as well as around ten pages of purely supplementary material like promotional art, portraits of the creators, and introductions. Volumes of the series are sold separately and have been released at a rate of one to two volumes per year at a suggested retail price set by the publisher at $39.99. In April 2018 it was announced that the fifth volume of the series is scheduled for release in March 2019. Donald Duck: The","title":"Donald Duck: The Complete Daily Newspaper Comics"},{"id":"3832672","text":"puppets inspired by Near's toys. The five finger puppets are Kira, L, Misa, Mello, and Near. In North America, \"13: How to Read\" was released on February 19, 2008. , the manga has been re-released in omnibus format, dubbed \"Black Edition\". On October 5, 2016, all 12 original manga volumes and the February 2008 one-shot were released in a single \"All-in-One Edition\", consisting of 2,400 pages in a single book. The \"All-in-One Edition\" was released in English on September 6, 2017, resulting in the February 2008 one-shot being released in English for the first time. The \"Death Note\" anime, directed","title":"Death Note"},{"id":"16061427","text":"the second volume. The Brazilian version is titled \"Coleção Carl Barks Definitiva\" and is published by Editora Abril since 2016. The Russian version is titled \"Библиотека Карла Баркса\" and is published since 2017. The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library is a series of books collecting all of the comic book Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge stories written and drawn by Carl Barks, originally published between late 1942 and Barks' retirement in June 1966. The series was launched in late 2011, and will comprise 6000 pages over roughly 30 240-page volumes when it is finished.","title":"The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library"},{"id":"18925731","text":"13th place, with 93,866 copies; volume 5 reached 15th place, with 108,503 copies; and volume 6 reached 11th place, with 118,783 copies. As of November 2018, the manga has 6.8 million copies in print. Reviewing the series for \"ComicsAlliance\", Tom Speelman described the premise as \"what if Harry Potter was a knight and also kinda dumb?\" He recommended it for fans of \"Naruto\" and \"Fairy Tail\", noting its similarities to the former series as well as to \"Bleach\". He praised the author's ability to invigorate stock characters. Henry Ma of \"Ka Leo O Hawaii\" praised the series' humor and art,","title":"Black Clover"},{"id":"12401978","text":"serialized in the shōnen manga magazine \"Monthly GFantasy\" since its debut in the October 2006 issue. The chapters are also published in collected volumes by Square Enix. The first volume was released on February 27, 2007 and as of July 27, 2018, twenty-seven volumes have been released. Yen Press licensed the series for an English language release and serialized the manga in \"Yen Plus\" August 2009 issue for the magazine's first anniversary. The publisher released the first volume in January 2010. The second volume was released in May 2010. French publisher Kana licensed the series in under the Dark Kana","title":"Black Butler"},{"id":"19233388","text":"The Don Rosa Library Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck: The Don Rosa Library is a series of books published by Fantagraphics Books, collecting all of the Scrooge McDuck and Donald Duck comic book stories written and drawn by Don Rosa, originally published between 1987 and 2006. Following up Fantagraphics' Floyd Gottfredson Library and The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library, this series was launched in 2014, and finalized with the last and tenth volume in late 2018. Since 2017, Fantagraphics' \"The Don Rosa Library\" is being translated and published in Russia, Brazil and Italy by editors ACT, Editora Abril and Panini","title":"The Don Rosa Library"},{"id":"16061421","text":"The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library is a series of books collecting all of the comic book Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge stories written and drawn by Carl Barks, originally published between late 1942 and Barks' retirement in June 1966. The series was launched in late 2011, and will comprise 6000 pages over roughly 30 240-page volumes when it is finished. \"The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library\" has been translated and published in Italy, Brazil and Russia. The rights to Barks' works were licensed from Disney by Gemstone Publishing from 2003 until the end","title":"The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library"},{"id":"2159412","text":"fire. Only 60 volumes remained in Beijing. Fewer than 400 volumes survive today, comprising about 800 chapters (rolls), or 3.5 percent of the original work. The most complete collection is kept at the National Library of China in Beijing, which holds 221 volumes. The next largest collection is at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, which holds 62 volumes. 51 volumes are in the United Kingdom held at the British Library, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London, and Cambridge University Library; The Library of Congress of the United States","title":"Yongle Encyclopedia"},{"id":"1982774","text":"manga was published on an irregular schedule from late 2006 until July 2015. From then to December 2015 it was published monthly before returning to an irregular schedule. It returned to a monthly schedule starting in June 2016. In North America and the United Kingdom, the manga is translated and co-published between Dark Horse Comics and Digital Manga Publishing, which has released 39 volumes so far, the first on October 22, 2003. Berserk is the best selling product (Not just manga) in Dark Horse's history, with over two million copies sold as of September, 2018. In September of 2018, Dark","title":"Berserk (manga)"},{"id":"929837","text":"tried to get a job with Gadget Hackwrench of the Rescue Rangers from \"Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers\". The eighteenth issue, which shipped in October 2011, was the end of the series due to BOOM! Studios prematurely losing the Disney Comics license. \"Darkwing Duck\" Vol. 5 \"Dangerous Currency\" crossover, released in November 2011, was the final printing. On January 20, 2016, it was reported that the series would be returning to the comic book format. Writers Aaron Sparrow and artist James Silvani, both of whom worked on the previous Darkwing Duck comic book that was published by Boom! returned to","title":"Darkwing Duck"},{"id":"12425209","text":"are also being produced in The Netherlands and France. Donald also has been appeared in Japanese comics published by Kodansha and Tokyopop. According to the INDUCKS, which is a database about Disney comics worldwide, American, Italian and Danish stories have been reprinted in the following countries. In most of them, publications still continue: Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark (Faroe Islands), Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey,","title":"Donald Duck"},{"id":"7379801","text":"hiatus since mid-2010 with only two additional chapters released at random; one in 2013 and another in 2014. In the January 2017 release of \"Monthly Sunday Gene-X\", it was announced that the manga will resume in May 2017; it went on hiatus again in September 2018. The December issue of \"Monthly Sunday GX\" revealed that Hiroe will resume the series in spring 2019. The manga was licensed for an English-language release in North America by Viz Media. The first volume was released on August 12, 2008. \"Black Lagoon\" has also received domestic releases in many other countries; in France, Germany,","title":"Black Lagoon"},{"id":"929829","text":"the Toon Disney Wild Card Stack. Certain episodes from the show's original run rarely re-aired while the show was on Toon Disney. These episodes appear to have been removed for content reasons. The most prominent of the rarely seen episodes is \"Hot Spells\", which was never re-aired after its initial broadcast on ABC because of its religiously sensitive subject matter. \"Darkwing Duck\" was one of the first American animated TV series to be officially broadcast in syndication in the former Soviet Union. The show currently airs on Disney XD in various countries such as the Netherlands and Germany. Four VHS","title":"Darkwing Duck"},{"id":"3142657","text":"2001, to August 22, 2016. The 698 individual chapters of \"Bleach\" were collected in 74 \"tankōbon\" volumes released between January 5, 2002, and November 4, 2016. Shueisha published the first 21 volumes compiled into six omnibus collections under the name \"Resurrected Souls\" to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the \"Bleach\" series. The first collection was released on August 22, 2011; the last collection was published on January 23, 2012. On September 21, 2012, Shueisha released 45 digital volumes in Japanese e-book stores, concluding with the 74th on November 4, 2016. These digital editions have been re-released as a set of","title":"Bleach (manga)"},{"id":"11016587","text":"detention came out in 2014, along with the first in a new series of comedy adventure in space: The Wrong Side of the Galaxy. A second SF novel, A Galaxy Too Far is published in November 2015. In February, 2017, the fourth in the Dark Lord series, The Headmaster of Doom, came out. The Dark Lord books are also available in Spain, Italy, Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Turkey, Portugal and the United States and have been optioned for TV. Dark Lord: The Teenage Years won the prestigious children's book award, the Roald Dahl Funny Prize 2012. 4. Author Biography","title":"Jamie Thomson (author)"},{"id":"4930440","text":"The increase in size is almost certainly due to the interest generated in prospective contributors by the first volume. Volume Three was released in June 2006 and contains 26 stories over 352 pages. Volume Four was released in July 2007, with 344 pages, Volume Five in July 2008, with 368 pages, Volume Six in July 2009 with 283 pages, and Volume Seven in July 2010 with 288 pages. The final volume, Volume Eight, was published in June 2011, with 288 pages. Kibuishi has denied that \"Flight\" is a themed anthology, or that the title has any significance besides being short","title":"Flight (comics)"},{"id":"198340","text":"separate item, as well as fragments or copies lacking more than half the total leaves. A complete incunable may consist of a slip, or up to ten volumes. In terms of format, the 29,000-odd editions comprise: 2,000 broadsides, 9,000 folios, 15,000 quartos, 3,000 octavos, 18 12mos, 230 16mos, 20 32mos, and 3 64mos. ISTC at present cites 528 extant copies of books printed by Caxton, which together with 128 fragments makes 656 in total, though many are broadsides or very imperfect (incomplete). Apart from migration to mainly North American and Japanese universities, there has been little movement of incunabula in","title":"Incunable"},{"id":"4705218","text":"hiatus on December 29, 2012, beginning serialization again on July 17, 2015 in the quarterly \"Jump SQ.Crown\". The manga moved to the \"Jump Square Rise\" in April 13, 2018. Individual chapters have been published in \"tankōbon\" format by Shueisha. The first complete volume was published on October 9, 2004, and the 25th volume, and last as of 2017, appeared on June 3, 2016. In the making of each volume, Hoshino originally wanted each cover to be focused on a single character. However, following the 9th compilation of the series, Hoshino changed her mind and instead decided to try different types","title":"D.Gray-man"},{"id":"2984153","text":"The Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. holds the world's largest collection with 82 copies. Another collection (12 copies) is held at Meisei University in Tokyo, including the \"Meisei Copy\" (coded MR 774), said to be unique because of annotations by its reader. While most copies are held in university libraries or museums such as the copy held by the Brandeis University library since 1961, a few are held by public libraries. In the United States, the New York Public Library has six copies with the Boston Public Library, Free Library of Philadelphia, The Rare Book & Manuscript Library (University","title":"First Folio"},{"id":"1366176","text":"from 1957. Jünger's works were edited in ten volumes in 1960–1965 by Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart, and again in 18 volumes by Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart in 1978–1983, with four supplement volumes added posthumously, 1999–2003. The \"Sämtliche Werke\" edition is now partially out of print (out of print : vols. 6, 7, 10, 15–18), and was re-issued in 2015 in paperback () and epub (ISBN epub: 978-3-608-10923-8) formats. A selection from the full collected works in five volumes was published in 1995 (4th ed. 2012, ). The following is a list of Jünger's original publications in book form (not including journal articles","title":"Ernst Jünger"},{"id":"10027709","text":"as a single adventure but the books can be read together as an ongoing, continuous narrative in which the characters grow and change. As of 2017, the series stands at ten volumes (nine novels and one anthology). The 2016 volume, the novel \"The Dark Crusade\", won Novel of the Year at the Pulp Factory Awards. The most recent volume, \"Vendetta\", was published by White Rocket Books in May 2017. The seventh volume was published in 2012 and hit #1 on the New Pulp Best Sellers chart in its second week of release. Van Allen Plexico Van Allen Plexico (born January","title":"Van Allen Plexico"},{"id":"4451867","text":"Braun, and Rick Brookwell completed a partnership agreement with Dark Horse Comics and its CEO Mike Richardson to republish in archival hardcover form all 285 total issues of the original \"Creepy\" and \"Eerie\". The first archival volume \"Creepy\" release date was August 2008, the second December 2008, with additional releases planned every four months. The first archival volume \"Eerie\" release date was March 15, 2009, with additional releases every four months. In addition, Dark Horse and New Comic Company launched the new \"Creepy\" comic magazine in June 2009. Unlike its companion magazine, \"Creepy\", which relied on stand alone anthology stories,","title":"Eerie"},{"id":"3261872","text":"poor sales. The Time-Life releases have been discontinued and are now out of print. On May 5, 2016, it was announced that Sony would begin re-releasing the series on DVD in Region 1. Volumes 1-5 (each containing 11 or 12 episodes) were released on July 5, 2016. Volumes 6-10 (with 10 or 11 episodes each) were released on September 6, 2016. Unlike the previous Time-Life edition, the Sony release did not contain the complete series, as 29 episodes were omitted, as well as the entire Slimer sub-series. Additionally, title cards were removed from all episodes in the first 5 volumes","title":"The Real Ghostbusters"},{"id":"929844","text":"Books Twitter feed reported that \"Darkwing Duck\" would be returning to monthly comics beginning in April 2016 with Sparrow and Silvani at the helm. According to Silvani's Twitter account, \"Dangerous Currency\" has been declared non-canon by Disney, and will not be referenced within the new series. Darkwing Duck Darkwing Duck is an American animated action-adventure comedy television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that first ran from 1991 to 1992 on both the syndicated programming block \"The Disney Afternoon\" and Saturday mornings on ABC. It featured the adventures of Darkwing Duck, who is the superheroic alter-ego of an ordinary","title":"Darkwing Duck"},{"id":"15973692","text":"been sold to Netflix. According to Oricon, \"Sword Art Online\" was the top selling light novel series of 2012, with eight volumes figuring among the top selling light novels. It was ranked first in the 2012 and 2013 \"Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!\" rankings, as well as top ten placement in 2011, 2014 and 2015. It was also the second best selling light novel series for the first half of 2016 in Japan, selling 489,374 copies. \"Sword Art Online: Progressive\" sold 321,535 copies in the same time period. As of 2017, the series has an estimated 20 million copies in","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"4637309","text":"In the same year Minnow Press published a new edition of her rare 1940 novel \"Brazen Tongue\". Also, Rue Morgue Press published new editions of \"Death at the Opera\" (1934) and \"When Last I Died\" (1941) – this publisher now has a total of nine Mrs Bradley books in print. Minnow Press continued their Mrs Bradley Collectors' Series with the reissue of the scarce 1939 title \"Printer's Error\" in 2007, \"The Worsted Viper\" in 2009, and \"Hangman's Curfew\" in 2010. Of the four Minnow Press titles, only the last two are still in print. More recently, Random House has published","title":"Gladys Mitchell"},{"id":"7990873","text":"November 16, 2005. . Contains 2 volumes in a slipcased hardcover set. A 262-page collection of \"Danger Girl\" # 1-7 and a separate 64-page Sketchbook. Limited to 3012 copies, each including a signed and numbered tipped-in plate. Released December 17, 2003. . Currently out of print. Collects \"Daytripper\" #1-10. Release date: July 30, 2019. . Contains 13 all-new pages, and one modified, which were trimmed from the original printings. Annotations, cover gallery, sketchbook and notes. Released October 4, 2006. . Another printing was released August 28, 2009. To be released July 24, 2012. Collects \"\" #1-3, \"Death: The Time of","title":"DC Comics Absolute Edition"},{"id":"2748319","text":"obtained the rights to reprint \"Little Lulu\" comics. Eighteen black and white volumes, plus an unnumbered color special, were published through early 2008. After a short hiatus, the series resumed in mid-2009 in full color. Volumes 4 and 5 were originally published before the first three volumes, as it was felt that their content was more accessible. Dark Horse later began issuing \"Giant Size\" volumes; each collects three of their reprint books. In 2010, Dark Horse reprinted the companion Tubby series (\"Little Lulu's Pal Tubby\") in volumes similar to their \"Lulu\" volumes. In May 2018, Drawn and Quarterly announced that","title":"Little Lulu"},{"id":"19681813","text":"Gecko Press Gecko Press is an independent publisher of children’s books based in Wellington, New Zealand. The company was founded in 2005 by Julia Marshall, formerly of Appelberg Publishing Agency. Gecko Press publishes English translations of popular books from countries including France, Taiwan, Sweden, Japan, Germany, Poland and the Netherlands. Gecko Press also publish 2–4 original titles each year. Gecko Press has published and translated a wide range of children’s book authors and illustrators. These include: Gecko Press publishes fiction and non-fiction books for children. Some of its most successful books to date include: Duck, Death and the Tulip, which","title":"Gecko Press"},{"id":"109967","text":"In 2017 the editorial staff announced that the English edition of DDC will no longer be printed, in favor of using the frequently updated WebDewey. An experimental version of Dewey in RDF was previously available at dewey.info beginning in 2009, but has not been available since 2015. In addition to the full version, a single-volume abridged edition designed for libraries with 20,000 titles or fewer has been made available since 1895. The last printed English abridged edition, Abridged Edition 15, was published in early 2012. The Dewey Decimal Classification organizes library materials by discipline or field of study. Main divisions","title":"Dewey Decimal Classification"},{"id":"3387835","text":"series, \"\", began publication on March 5, 2008. A hardcover volume containing all five issues was released on October 15, 2008. The third arc, \"\", began publication on September 10, 2008. A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues was released on April 21, 2009. Following the completion of the third arc a one-shot issue titled \"\" was released April 8, 2009. The story focuses on the history of the villainous wizard Marten Broadcloak. The fourth arc, \"\", began publication on May 13, 2009. A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues, as well as the Sorcerer One-Shot was released on February","title":"The Dark Tower (series)"},{"id":"3387831","text":"works by a single illustrator only. Subsequent printings of each book in trade paperback format usually preserve the illustrations in full, except for books I and IV. Pocket-sized paperback reprints contain only black-and-white chapter or section header illustrations. The illustrators who worked on each book are: Bill Sheehan of \"The Washington Post\" called the series \"a humane, visionary epic and a true magnum opus\" that stands as an \"imposing example of pure storytelling,\" \"filled with brilliantly rendered set pieces... cataclysmic encounters and moments of desolating tragedy.\" Erica Noonan of the \"Boston Globe\" said, \"There's a fascinating world to be discovered","title":"The Dark Tower (series)"},{"id":"3820333","text":"and revealing that the upcoming 2017 film is a sequel to the book series rather than a direct adaptation. In the beginning of the film, Roland has the Horn of Eld, which he received at the end of \"The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower\". The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower The Dark Tower is a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen King, the seventh book and final book in his \"Dark Tower\" series. It was published by Grant on September 21, 2004 (King's birthday), and illustrated by Michael Whelan. It has four subtitles: REPRODUCTION, REVELATION, REDEMPTION, and RESUMPTION","title":"The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower"},{"id":"17533353","text":"May 23, 2011 and the twenty-seventh was released on September 21, 2018. In addition to the regular edition, some volumes were also released in a accompanied by new cover artworks and series-related merchandise. An English-language translation is published by Kodansha Comics through its digital content distributor Kodansha Advanced Media. The first volume was released on March 21, 2017. A comic and anime official guidebook was released by Kodansha on February 3, 2014, while an artbook was released on November 20, 2015. A special chapter was published in Kodansha's \"Nakayoshi\" magazine on December 27, 2014. In the same magazine, a four-panel","title":"Hozuki's Coolheadedness"},{"id":"4467918","text":"Polyphonic Spree. In the book, Hornby describes the people who run \"The Believer\" as being \"all dressed in white robes and smiling maniacally, sort of like a literary equivalent of the Polyphonic Spree.\" (pg. 30) There are three follow-up books, \"Housekeeping vs. The Dirt\" (2006), \"Shakespeare Wrote for Money\" (2008) and \"More Baths Less Talking\" (2012). Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read:","title":"The Polysyllabic Spree"},{"id":"7498651","text":"Love Mode Love Mode is a yaoi manga series by Shimizu Yuki. It was first serialized in the Japanese monthly yaoi magazine \"Be x Boy\" in 1995 and released in 11 individual paperback volumes by the now-defunct publisher Biblos. The series was also published in English by BLU a sub company of the now defunct publisher Tokyo Pop. In addition, seven volumes of drama CDs have been released, with one of them \"Love Mode: Host Hen\" covering the story in volumes 6 and 7; \"Fly Me To Heaven\", \"Thunder Honey\" and \"'Sweet Trap\". \"Love Mode\" itself is a compilation of","title":"Love Mode"},{"id":"9224894","text":"are more common but valuable because they appeal to a wider array of collectors. A complete set of ASEs is owned by the Library of Congress. Near-complete sets are in the libraries of the University of Alabama, the University of South Carolina and the University of Virginia. The University of Notre Dame hosts 1064 titles. Many other libraries have special Armed Services Edition collections including the University of Texas, the University of Rochester, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Harvard University. There is one known complete set and another near-complete set (missing 2 books) which are held by","title":"Armed Services Editions"},{"id":"13880370","text":"total of thirty volumes sold in Japan as of August 26, 2016 under its \"Valkryie Comics\" imprint. \"Freezing\" is currently split into two parts: Part 1 which ran from Volume 1 to Volume 14, spanning 96 chapters; and Part 2, going from Volume 15 onwards and currently ongoing in \"Comic Valkyrie\". Outside Japan, \"Freezing\" is published in South Korea by Haksan Culture Company and serialized in \"Booking\"; in France by Bamboo Edition under their Doki-Doki manga imprint; and in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing. An English translation of \"Freezing\" is currently being published in 2-in-1 omnibus editions, starting with Volumes","title":"Freezing (manga)"},{"id":"16224779","text":"are contracted through external facilities. Approximately a third of the manuscripts published originate from within the university. The publishing house receives over 1,000 manuscripts and book proposals each year from throughout the world, with about seven percent approved for publication. Published titles include nonfiction works of history and culture, focusing on a variety of academic fields including Asian studies, Asian American studies, Middle Eastern studies, Western history, natural history, environmental studies, anthropology, biography, and fine art. , over 4,400 books have been published, with over 1,400 remaining in print. Approximately 70 books are released on an annual basis. Among the","title":"University of Washington Press"},{"id":"3483761","text":"\"\" story arc, \"Mitefall\" and one three-issue miniseries, \"Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight - Jazz\", were also published under the \"Legends of the Dark Knight\" banner. The second volume was published in 88 weekly \"digital-first\" installments and subsequently collected as \"Legends of the Dark Knight\" #1-13 and \"Legends of the Dark Knight 100-Page Super Spectacular\" #1-5. The entire series was collected in five trade paperback volumes. In 2011, DC began publishing some of its premium hardcover collections under \"Legends of the Dark Knight\" banner. These volumes focus on historically significant Batman creators (the companion volumes were branded as \"Tales","title":"Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight"},{"id":"13569066","text":"volume was released on April 26, 2011, the fifth volume was released on December 13, 2011, the sixth volume was released on December 11, 2012, the seventh volume was released on October 29, 2013, the eighth volume was released on July 29, 2014 and the ninth volume to be released on November 17, 2015, with one more volume afterwards expected to be published. It was on the \"Top 25 Manga Properties\" list in 2012. In September 2007, it was announced that a film would be created based on the \"Maximum Ride\" series. James Patterson would be the executive producer. Avi","title":"Maximum Ride"},{"id":"4772560","text":"flashback involving Ramona and Gideon. The main graphic novel series is: Other appearances: All of these ancillary stories are available to read on the Scott Pilgrim Website. A collector's box containing all six volumes and a fold-in poster was released in North America on November 3, 2010. \"Scott Pilgrim's Precious Little Life\" was re-released in color in August 2012, with the others being released on an irregular schedule, the last in May 2015. The hardcover color editions contain bonus content such as original sketches and creator notes. Publishers Weekly ranked the third volume, \"Scott Pilgrim & The Infinite Sadness\", as","title":"Scott Pilgrim"},{"id":"929842","text":"creator Jymn Magon, and \"Darkwing Duck\" comic artist James Silvani, associations which would seem to further corroborate his version of events. In 2013, Disney European publisher Egmont Group released a compendium of several of the BOOM! Studios \"Darkwing Duck\" stories, including \"The Duck Knight Returns\", \"Crisis On Infinite Darkwings\", and \"F.O.W.L. Disposition\". Aaron Sparrow's story credits were not only restored, but he and Silvani created an all-new 3-page introduction, and Brill's dialogue was replaced with original dialogue by Sparrow. On October 22, 2014, comic news website \"Bleeding Cool\" announced that the first 16 issues of \"Darkwing Duck\" would be packaged","title":"Darkwing Duck"},{"id":"9684441","text":"The Dark Tower (comics) The Dark Tower, first published in 2007, is a series of comic books (originally published by Marvel Comics and later republished by Gallery 13) based on Stephen King's \"The Dark Tower\" series of novels. Overall, it is plotted by Robin Furth and scripted by Peter David. Stephen King serves as Creative and Executive Director of the project. The first chapter run of the series, originally entitled simply \"The Dark Tower\", launched February 7, 2007, and consisted of thirty issues that made up five volumes illustrated primarily by Jae Lee and Richard Isanove. The first volume, \"The","title":"The Dark Tower (comics)"},{"id":"19233393","text":"titles. The prices of each Italian volume is € 8.90. The Don Rosa Library Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck: The Don Rosa Library is a series of books published by Fantagraphics Books, collecting all of the Scrooge McDuck and Donald Duck comic book stories written and drawn by Don Rosa, originally published between 1987 and 2006. Following up Fantagraphics' Floyd Gottfredson Library and The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library, this series was launched in 2014, and finalized with the last and tenth volume in late 2018. Since 2017, Fantagraphics' \"The Don Rosa Library\" is being translated and published in Russia,","title":"The Don Rosa Library"},{"id":"6178632","text":"Donald Duck pocket books The Donald Duck pocket books are a series of paperback-sized publications published in various European countries, featuring Disney comics. The \"pocket books\" were originally published irregularly (about 6 times a year) until 1987 and monthly since. They are roughly A5-sized (digest size) and about 250 pages thick. Each book has about eight stories, but the numbers of stories can vary widely from issue to issue. As of 2006, there were more than 300 books. Almost all stories come from European publishers - namely Mondadori/Disney Italy from Italy and, more recently, Egmont from Denmark. Most of the","title":"Donald Duck pocket books"},{"id":"448907","text":"\"Haters Back Off\", \"Hellcats\", \"Intelligence\", \"iZombie\", \"The Killing\", \"The L Word\", \"Life Unexpected\", \"The Man in the High Castle\", \"Once Upon a Time\", \"Psych\", \"Reaper\", \"Riverdale\", \"Rogue\", \"Smallville\", \"Stargate SG-1\", \"Supergirl\", \"Supernatural\", \"The Tomorrow People\", \"The Magicians\", \"Tru Calling\", \"Van Helsing\", \"Witches of East End\", and \"The X-Files\". Libraries in Vancouver include the Vancouver Public Library with its main branch at Library Square, designed by Moshe Safdie. The central branch contains 1.5 million volumes. Altogether there are twenty-two branches containing 2.25 million volumes. The Vancouver Tool Library is Canada's original tool lending library. The Vancouver Art Gallery has a permanent","title":"Vancouver"},{"id":"18396525","text":"tankōbon volume was released on July 23, 2013, and the most recent volume, volume 8, was released on November 22, 2017. Volume 4 was released in two editions, a regular edition and a special edition, which included a card game. Volume 6 and Volume 7 were also released in two editions, with volume 6 being released with an additional limited edition, and volume 7 being released with an additional special edition. Kodansha Comics announced during their 2016 New York Comic-Con panel that they have licensed the manga in North America in English. The first volume was released on June 27,","title":"Land of the Lustrous"},{"id":"16207590","text":"issues; therefore extending the set to 140 issues. On May 9, 2017, in reply to a comment on the collection's facebook page, confirmation was made that the collection will now expand to 170 titles. On Dec 20th 2017, In reply to an email, a Facebook user was told that this has now been expanded, yet again with no prewarning to subscribers, to 200. The table below contains the full list of issues as per the original printing of the collection beginning in December 2011. So far, the original collection listed is still in publication. The following books were only released","title":"The Official Marvel Graphic Novel Collection"},{"id":"10188730","text":"on Pyralidae and Pterophoridae, and volume 8 on Geometridae. At the same time they took over the remaining stock of the previous seven volumes of the series. From 1 January 2013, Apollo Books announced that all Harley Books titles and the majority of the Apollo Books titles, have been taken over by the Dutch publisher Brill Publishers. The change was necessary to ensure that the book series can continue to be published in the years ahead Eleven volumes were originally planned in total. So far, volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 have been published. Volumes 4,","title":"The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland"},{"id":"12833062","text":"The single-issue release of \"The Sorcerer\" was included, along with the six-issue run of \"\", in a collected hardcover edition also entitled \"The Dark Tower: Fall of Gilead\" and released by Marvel on February 23, 2010 (). A paperback edition was later released on November 2, 2011 (). The issue was also included in the hardcover release of \"The Dark Tower Omnibus\" on September 21, 2011 (). On September 25, 2018, Gallery 13 republished the original hardcover collection as \"Stephen King's The Dark Tower: Beginnings - The Fall of Gilead (Book 4)\" (). On October 23, 2018, this edition (along","title":"The Dark Tower: The Sorcerer"},{"id":"9684448","text":"Marvel's publication of the series ended before an omnibus edition of \"The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three\" was released. In 2018, Gallery 13 took over publication of the Dark Tower comics, beginning in August by republishing the collected graphic novels from the original chapter run of the series (rebranded as \"Stephen King's The Dark Tower: Beginnings\"), with the collected graphic novels from \"The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger\" chapter run set to be republished beginning Spring 2019. Since the announcement of the rights acquisition specifically indicated only the first eleven volumes, there is currently neither any information whether the","title":"The Dark Tower (comics)"},{"id":"9915679","text":"Regular circulation transactions totaled 14,158 in 2015, with an additional 1,923 in reference requests. The library contains over 390,000 volumes, more than 317,000 titles, and over 1,400 journal subscriptions. These collections include periodicals, books, newspapers, microforms, sound recordings, videos, government documents, CD-ROMS, and musical scores. As of 2006, this includes 365,609 volumes of books, past issues of periodicals, and other printed sources; 11,508 items in the audio visual collection; 5,147 subscriptions to periodicals; and 337,918 microforms. The library also offers access to electronic sources through FirstSearch, RLIN, OCLC, EPIC, and DIALOG among others. Additionally, university publications such as the yearbook","title":"Mark O. Hatfield Library"},{"id":"7419171","text":"about their meaning. As of 2010, all 23 of Potter's small format books remain in print, and are available as complete sets in presentation boxes. A 400-page omnibus edition is also available. \"Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle\" is available in Kindle format. First editions and early reprints are occasionally offered by antiquarian booksellers. The English language editions of the tales still bore the Frederick Warne imprint in 2010 though the company was bought by Penguin Books in 1983. Penguin remade the printing plates from new photographs of the original drawings in 1985, and all 23 volumes were released in 1987 as \"The Original","title":"The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle"},{"id":"13967449","text":"of lithographs. From 1875 his health began to deteriorate, and he died in 1880. His manuscript and original plates, including those unpublished, were later acquired from Diggles’ son by publishing firm Angus & Robertson which presented them to the Mitchell Library in Sydney. In August 1990 a facsimile edition of \"The Ornithology of Australia\", volume 1, parts 1–7, was published by State Publishing South Australia (). The Ornithology of Australia The Ornithology of Australia comprises three volumes (of an uncompleted set) of lithographed, hand-coloured, illustrations of Australian birds with accompanying text. It was authored by Silvester Diggles of Brisbane and","title":"The Ornithology of Australia"},{"id":"20909033","text":"<onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> In Japan, Avex Pictures is currently releasing the first season of the anime on DVD and Blu-ray in five \"chapter\" volumes, with the first volume being released on February 23, 2018, and the fifth volume scheduled for release for January 29, 2019. In North America, Funimation is currently releasing the first season, with releasing consisting of five part sets. The first volume was released on August 7, 2018, and the fifth volume is scheduled for release a Q3 2019 release. The volumes are offered in standard edition Blu-ray and DVD combo sets, with volumes 3 and 5 also","title":"Black Clover (season 1)"},{"id":"10980473","text":"by Macmillan Reference USA. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles. Volume 10 consists of: Its ISBNs are as a hardcover set, and as an e-book. Currently published by Macmillan Reference USA, which is a part of Gale, a Cengage company. Print Edition is $1693 as of May 2017, eBook price available on request and \"depends upon your account type and population served.\" Encyclopedia of Philosophy The Encyclopedia of Philosophy is one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The first edition of the encyclopedia was in eight volumes, edited by Paul Edwards, and published in 1967 by Macmillan; it was","title":"Encyclopedia of Philosophy"},{"id":"2984154","text":"of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), the Lilly Library (Indiana University-Bloomington), and the Dallas Public Library each holding one copy. The Huntington Library in Los Angeles County has four copies. In Canada, there is only one known copy, located in the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library of the University of Toronto. The former Rosenbach copy, in its original binding, is now held at the Fondation Martin Bodmer in Switzerland. The State Library of New South Wales holds copies of the First, Second, Third and Fourth Folios. The First Folio is one of the most valuable printed books in the world: a copy","title":"First Folio"},{"id":"12472042","text":"(1994–1995). He later wrote for \"Sitting Ducks\" (Universal, 2001–2003) and \"Harold and the Purple Crayon\" (Sony, 2002). Since 2000, he has concentrated on prose novels, three of which he self-published. Strnad's wife's name is Julie; he has a step-son. He and his wife live in Los Angeles. Strnad won the 1970 Goethe Award for \"Favorite Fan Writer.\" He was nominated for the same award in 1972. Jan Strnad Jan Steven Strnad (sometimes credited as J. Knight) is an American writer of comic books, horror, and science fiction. He is known for his many collaborations with artist Richard Corben, as well","title":"Jan Strnad"},{"id":"8279867","text":"III, VII), and Ulrich Leisinger (series IV, V, VI). The edition is published by The Packard Humanities Institute. The current Editorial Guidelines (January 2015) are available in PDF format on the edition’s website: http://www.cpebach.org. The edition is organized in the following eight series: The original plan called for approximately 70 volumes to be completed by 2014, the 300th anniversary of C.P.E. Bach’s birth. But in 1999 the lost archives of the Berlin Singakademie were recovered in Kiev and eventually returned to the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. This collection includes many unique sources for the late Hamburg vocal music, and thus gives","title":"Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach: The Complete Works"},{"id":"6270905","text":"and difficulty in locating the manuscripts. As of 5 February 2014 it was reported that all the missing manuscripts had been found except that for \"Demons of Antares\" (Book 46), which was being translated back into English from the German version, a process then \"almost finished.\" Publication of the volume followed in June 2014, with the remaining volumes appearing at intervals during the remainder of the year. Volume 52 was published in November 2014. Bladud Books, a sister imprint of Mushroom eBooks, has published collected omnibus editions of all volumes in hardcover, paperback and ebook formats. Collected in \"\" (Apr.","title":"Kenneth Bulmer"},{"id":"5495410","text":"so far, with the first being published on July 1, 2002 and the thirteenth released on July 25, 2017. Tokyopop licensed \"Loveless\" for an English-language release in North America. The first volume was published on February 7, 2006 and the eighth was released on September 1, 2008; Tokyopop then went out of business. In October 2011, Viz Media announced that they had acquired the license and would continue publishing the series from volume 9. Volume 13 is available for pre-orders online and is set for a June 12, 2018 release. The series is also licensed in Australia and New Zealand","title":"Loveless (manga)"},{"id":"3142658","text":"10 volumes on April 26, 2013; the sixth was released on March 14, 2014. North American licensor Viz Media serialized the first chapters in the print magazine \"Shonen Jump\" from its November 2007 to April 2012 issues. The series moved to the digital anthology \"Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha\" in January 2012 and Viz Media released it digitally as Shueisha published new chapters in Japan. The first volume on English was released on June 1, 2004, and the last volume–the 74rd–was released on October 2, 2018. Viz also released a hardcover \"collector's edition\" of the first volume that came with a","title":"Bleach (manga)"},{"id":"18144779","text":"copies. It also reached the 3rd place on the \"New York Times\" manga bestseller chart. Volume 2 reached the 15th place on the weekly manga chart, and, as of 12 May 2013, has sold 91,095 copies. Volume 3 reached the 9th place and, as of 15 September 2013, has sold 121,235 copies. Volume 4 also reached the 9th place on the chart, and, as of 19 January 2014, has sold 160,444 copies. Volume 5 also reached the 9th place, and has sold, as of 11 May 2014, 155,139 copies. In 2015, the series sold 2.8 million copies. As of May","title":"Seraph of the End"},{"id":"1665449","text":"the complete series on DVD; four volumes have been released in Region 1 featuring all 100 episodes of the series. The first was released on November 8, 2005 (containing episodes 1–27), the second on November 14, 2006 (containing episodes 28–51) and the third volume on November 13, 2007 (containing episodes 52–75). The fourth and final volume was released as a Disney Movie Club exclusive on September 11, 2018 (containing episodes 76-100). The first three volumes were packaged in a box containing 3 slipcases, one for each. The 2013 re-releases of the first three volumes packages the discs into one DVD","title":"DuckTales"},{"id":"12059902","text":"space, the library is the largest academic library in the Portland metropolitan area and covers an entire city block. The library has a total of 1,430,929 print volumes in its collections and an annual circulation of 162,244 items (in 2014-2-15). In 2014-2015, the library received 1,076,571 visitors. PSU's library is a federal depository library. The library is also a member of the Orbis Cascade Alliance. The library holds the Dark Horse Comic Collection, a gift from Dark Horse that brings two copies of every comic book, graphic novel, figurine, and more published and produced by publisher Dark Horse. The library","title":"Branford Price Millar Library"},{"id":"20567550","text":"been recolored and remastered by Digikore Studios for the best possible reproduction. Each volume of the series have about 170 pages and contain around 160 full-color Sunday strips (the equivalent to a little more than three years of an original Sunday newspaper run) as for supplementary material there are introductions included just like in the \"\" from the same publisher. The introduction for the Sunday collection is written by Alberto Becattini. Volumes of the series are sold separately and have a suggested retail price set by the publisher at $49.99, ten dollars more expensive each compared to a volume of","title":"Donald Duck: The Complete Sunday Comics"},{"id":"5047260","text":"February 27, 2008), an update was provided: \"In spite of earlier reports of their demise, DC Archives will continue in 2008 and 2009, although in reduced numbers, focusing on continuing already-established Archives' series. The numbers have since decreased from fourteen volumes released in 2007, to seven released in 2008, five in 2009, four in 2010, and three in 2011, before rebounding in 2012 with ten volumes. In 2013, the volume length was increased to 400 pages, but only three volumes were released. The most recent volume, \"Superman: The Man of Tomorrow Archives\" Vol. 3 was released in 2014. A \"Captain","title":"DC Archive Editions"},{"id":"15973667","text":"Media Works on December 10, 2014. An original 100-page prequel novel to \"\" written by Kawahara, titled \"Hopeful Chant\", was released to people who watched the film in Japan during March 4–10, 2017. At their Japan Expo USA panel, Yen Press announced the rights to publish the light novels; the first volume was released on April 22, 2014. Yen Press later announced their license of the \"Sword Art Online: Progressive\" series, which is scheduled for release in 2015. The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam, with future plans for publications in France, Germany, Italy,","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"14853256","text":"BOOM! Studios stories, with an all-new introduction by Aaron Sparrow and James Silvani, colored by Andrew Dalhouse. This version not only restored Aaron Sparrow to the plotting credits of the BOOM! Studios produced books, but also featured an updated script by Sparrow and Silvani. On October 22, 2014 comic news website Bleeding Cool announced that the first 16 issues of Darkwing Duck would be packaged together and published in an omnibus by Joe Books. On his tumblr account, James Silvani stated that the omnibus would be a remastered edition, featuring revised art, a new epilogue, and that the script had","title":"The Duck Knight Returns"},{"id":"17505433","text":"first of which was published on June 15, 2012, and the latest, volume 28, on April 17, 2017. On October 26, 2013, Crunchyroll announced a partnership with Kodansha where it would distribute chapters digitally to 170 countries using a new service called Crunchyroll Manga. This includes an English translated version. The series is licensed for a North American release by Kodansha USA, who began releasing the series in 2015. In July 2015, Yoshikawa attended Anime Expo as a guest of honor where she promoted her series. In January 2017, \"Weekly Shonen Magazine\" announced that the manga would be ending. It","title":"Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches"},{"id":"4943117","text":"Donald M. Grant, Publisher Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. is a fantasy and science fiction small press publisher in New Hampshire that was founded in 1964. It is notable for publishing fantasy and horror novels with lavish illustrations, most notably Stephen King's The Dark Tower series and the King/Peter Straub novel \"The Talisman\". Donald M. Grant first entered the small field back in 1945; he served as the revitalising spark for the specialty presses. He was one of the founders of Grant-Hadley Enterprises and was associated with the two other publishing imprints, The Buffalo Book Company and The Hadley Publishing","title":"Donald M. Grant, Publisher"},{"id":"3167427","text":"their changes. This censorship however garnered quite a bit of controversy, see Controversy section for more info. CMX released eighteen volumes in North America before the company was shut down in July 2010. In November 2010, Viz Media acquired the rights to the \"Tenjho Tenge\" manga, stating that their version would be 100% uncut and faithful to the original Japanese. From June 21, 2011 to February 5, 2013, they released the series bi-monthly in eleven 2-in-1 volumes, which collects two individual volumes into a single large one. Viz's releases also includes omake, color pages from the series's original run in","title":"Tenjho Tenge"},{"id":"20934566","text":"The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull is a five-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. It is the eighth comic book miniseries based on Stephen King's \"The Dark Tower\" series of novels. It is plotted by Robin Furth, scripted by Peter David, and illustrated by Michael Lark, Stefano Gaudiano, and Richard Isanove. Stephen King is the Creative and Executive Director of the project. The first issue was published on June 1, 2011. The entire five-issue run of \"The Battle of Tull\" was collected into","title":"The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull"},{"id":"20568931","text":"Disney Masters Disney Masters is a series of books collecting anthologies of the best Walt Disney Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse comic artists starting off with the Italian artist, Romano Scarpa, with the volume \"The Delta Dimension\". The publisher behind the project is Fantagraphics Books. The first book of the series was released in May, 2018. The books of the series are of hardcover format and measures 7.5 inches × 10.25 inches, (191 mm × 260 mm). Each volume is printed in full color and contains about 200 pages. Supplementary materials such as art, biographies of the artists and essays","title":"Disney Masters"},{"id":"9683906","text":"Contemporary Canadian Art and Architecture; Energy, Ecology and Sustainability; Film Studies; Latin American and Caribbean Studies; Military and Strategic Studies; and The West. The Press currently has nine series, including: On October 22, 2010, as part of \"Open Access Week\", the University of Calgary Press released its first open access book, \"Grey Matters, a Guide for Collaborative Research\". Since then, the Press has continued to release titles as open access, and as of March 2016 offers 71 titles under a Creative Commons License. University of Calgary Press The University of Calgary Press is a university publishing house that is a","title":"University of Calgary Press"},{"id":"9538444","text":"for the General Index in Volume 20, is also available. Both the individual volumes and the complete set are fully searchable. The series includes 20 volumes, one of them published in two parts. Each volume is numbered as shown below. Detailed chapter-by-chapter abstracts of each volume are available online. The Routledge series includes the same volumes with the same numbers, but with many different publication dates and some minor variations in the styling of titles. In addition to the 20-volume 'Collected Works', the following titles are also included as part of the Bollingen Series: This volume is a current record,","title":"The Collected Works of C. G. Jung"},{"id":"1784856","text":"Tour\" The complete first series of The Raggy Dolls was released on DVD on the 21st of June 2010 through Revelation Films; the complete second series was available from the 18th of October 2010; the complete third series was available from the 7th of February 2011; the complete fourth series was released on the 6th of June 2011, but the complete fifth series was never released. A series of at least 10 books were published in 1990 by both Boxtree Limited (in association with Yorkshire Television Limited) and ABC Enterprises (for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation). The books were written or","title":"The Raggy Dolls"},{"id":"19567719","text":"safe and accessible space. The library's collection includes lesbian periodicals, documentaries, gay-themed posters, pulp novels, fiction, non-fiction, art, and photography books. As of 2007, the volume of the collection included more 14,000 books, 1,040 DVDs, 2,123 VHS videotapes, 500 periodicals and 1,550 pulp novels. The library also houses a collection of rare and out-of-print books. Quatrefoil collaborated with the University of Minnesota Libraries and the Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies to host the first international conference on LGBT Archives, Libraries, Museums, and Special Collections in Minneapolis. Quatrefoil Library Quatrefoil Library is a member-supported, 501(c)(3) non-profit library for the lesbian, gay,","title":"Quatrefoil Library"},{"id":"1984985","text":"Donald Duck and Friends. When IDW took over publishing the title in May 2015 they restarted from #1, but retained the 'legacy' numbering as a secondary number (the first issue is also issue #368). Donald Duck (American comic book) Donald Duck is an American comic book magazine starring the Disney character Donald Duck and published by various publishers since 1952. The first issue was released in November 1952, but the numeration started with #26 because the previous \"Four Color\" issues titled \"Donald Duck\", released between October 1942 (\"Four Color\" #9) and September 1952 (\"Four Color\" #422), were retroactively treated as","title":"Donald Duck (American comic book)"},{"id":"3387830","text":"King noted that this novel would likely be set between the fourth and the fifth books of the series. The book, titled \"\", was announced on Stephen King's official site on March 10, 2011, and was published on April 24, 2012. In July 2016, director Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that the \"Dark Tower\" film would be a sequel to the novels as well as a direct adaptation, with Roland in the next cycle of his journey to the Tower. Each book in the series was originally published in hardcover format with a number of full-color illustrations spread throughout. Each book contained","title":"The Dark Tower (series)"},{"id":"3820321","text":"The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower The Dark Tower is a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen King, the seventh book and final book in his \"Dark Tower\" series. It was published by Grant on September 21, 2004 (King's birthday), and illustrated by Michael Whelan. It has four subtitles: REPRODUCTION, REVELATION, REDEMPTION, and RESUMPTION – all but the second of these having been used as subtitles for previous novels in the series. Beginning where book six left off, Jake Chambers and Father Callahan battle the evil infestation within the Dixie Pig, a vampire lounge in New York City featuring","title":"The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower"},{"id":"16607422","text":"publishing in North America starting in April 2014. The sixth manga volume was released in two versions, a regular edition and a special edition with the latter being bundled with a special CD. The eleventh manga volume was also released in both regular and limited editions with the latter being bundled with an original video animation DVD. Seventeen tankōbon volumes have been released as of October 11, 2016. The manga will end serialization on July 24. An anime adaptation by Zexcs began premiered on Tokyo MX October 6, 2012. The series was later aired on tvk, BS11 and AT-X. It","title":"Say \"I love you\""},{"id":"19169462","text":"a limited cloth hardcover (signed) edition and a trade hardcover edition. An ebook edition of the book was also released on Kindle, Nook and Kobo. The book was digitally published in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and other territories by Orbit Books on 20 February 2014. It included an extra tale, \"The Twilight Dragon\", specially written by Shawn Speakman for the UK edition. The rights to the audiobook edition were bought by Audible. A single page excerpt of each story in the book was released on Tor's website on 1 July 2013. A five-story sampler of the anthology was","title":"Unfettered (anthology)"},{"id":"4501302","text":"and minor characters, these are among the most important: Some chapters and paragraphs of the Japanese paperback edition were not included in the English translation. Translator Jay Rubin cut about 61 of 1,379 pages, including three chapters (Book 2 Chapters 15, 18, and part of 17; and Book 3 Chapter 26). Combining the original three-volumes (Japanese) would have been too long, and so the publisher requested that ~25,000 words be cut for the English translation. These chapters contain plot elements not found elsewhere in the book. For example, the two missing chapters from the second volume of the original three-volume","title":"The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle"},{"id":"13689133","text":"(collects: \"Modus Vivendi\", \"Ordinary Mortals\" and \"The Natural Oder Of Things\", hardcover, 176 pages, February 2011, ) \"Volume Four\" (collects: \"Unfair Competition\", and \"Putting Your Heart In It\", hardcover, 128 pages, April 2013, ) \"Volume Five\" (collects: \"One Track Mind\", and \"Fight or flight\", hardcover, 128 pages, February 2017, ) The Volume One collected edition won \"Best Indy Book\" in IGN's Best of 2007. The edition also won \"Best Comic You Didn’t Read This Year\" from Newsarama and was nominated for \"Best U.S. Edition of International Material\" in the 2008 Eisner Awards. The series is being made into a film","title":"The Killer (comics)"},{"id":"12180555","text":"was released. Volume 6 is far less child-friendly than the other five volumes in the series. Like Volumes 3, 4, and 5, it has a warning before each disc about the shorts containing content that some viewers would not consider to be \"politically correct\" by today's standards (but will be shown uncut and uncensored for historical reasons), and as such, is \"intended for the adult collector\". However, Volume 6's disclaimer states that it \"is not suitable for children\", as opposed to Volumes 3-5 stating that they \"may not be suitable for children\". This is due to that in addition to","title":"Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6"},{"id":"13604264","text":"volume ranked at #19 and sold 46,299 copies on its first week of sales. The release of the sixth volume peaked at #24 and sold 51,402 copies. The seventh volume charted at #9 and sold 82,575 copies on its first week and 109,758 in total. The eighth volume charted at #7 and sold 76,372 copies on its first week and 137,087 in total. The ninth volume charted at #4 and sold 152,907 copies on its first week and 211,188 in total. The final volume charted at #3 and sold 132,738 copies on its first week of sales. It became the","title":"Strobe Edge"},{"id":"14993888","text":"\"The Office and Philosophy\", \"Battlestar Galactica and Philosophy\", \"Watchmen and Philosophy\", \"Final Fantasy and Philosophy\", \"Alice in Wonderland and Philosophy\", \"True Blood and Philosophy\", \"30 Rock and Philosophy\", and others. He has worked numerous times with William Irwin, General Editor of The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture series through Wiley-Blackwell (publisher). In 2006 Arp edited the flagship book in that series, \"\", which has been translated into the Italian, the Turkish, and Portuguese. He also co-edited \"Batman and Philosophy: The Dark Knight of the Soul\" with Mark White, soon to be translated into the German language. Arp and White were","title":"Robert Arp"},{"id":"14302218","text":"Best Collection. Also, \"1922\" was nominated for the 2011 British Fantasy Award for Best Novella. The four novellas are: The titles of the novellas and their synopses were announced on the author's official website on April 2, 2010. This is King's third collection of four novellas after \"Different Seasons\" (1982) and \"Four past Midnight\" (1990). Announced on King's official site on February 16, 2010, it was published on November 9, 2010. Cemetery Dance Publications has released several limited edition iterations of the book: a Slipcased Gift Edition, a Signed Limited Edition, and a Lettered Edition shortly after the original hardcover","title":"Full Dark, No Stars"},{"id":"6650934","text":"Gale (publisher) Gale is an educational publishing company based in Farmington Hills, Michigan, west of Detroit. Since 2007 it has been a division of Cengage Learning. The company, formerly known as Gale Research and the Gale Group, is active in research and educational publishing for public, academic, and school libraries, and businesses. The company is known for its full-text magazine and newspaper databases, InfoTrac, and other online databases subscribed by libraries, as well as multi-volume reference works, especially in the areas of religion, history, and social science. Founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1954 by Frederick Gale Ruffner, the company was","title":"Gale (publisher)"},{"id":"13631163","text":"back issues (1,000 issues in total). Since then, Dazed & Confused’s 20 year archive and The Wire’s 30 year archive have also been released. In 2016, the company launched a new service for book publishers. The service delivers collections of books in their original print format, primarily into academic institutions using IP-authenticated, site-wide access, and offers research tools such as Boolean Search and static URLs for referencing. Exact Editions’ titles span a variety of subjects (news, music, technology, sport) and varying frequencies of publication (weekly, monthly, quarterly). Exact Editions works with over 100 publishers, including: Exact Editions recently launched their","title":"Exact Editions"},{"id":"16397182","text":"acknowledge with The Graphic Canon is this: Gulliver’s Travels, Wuthering Heights, Leaves of Grass — these works of literature do not reside just on the shelves of academia; they flourish in the eye of our imagination.” The following week, it was named an \"Editors' Choice\" in the \"NY Times Sunday Book Review\". \"Publishers Weekly\" called it \"a must-have anthology,\" \"Library Journal\" said it's \"an exciting new benchmark for comics,\" \"Booklist\" dubbed it \"a uniquely powerful piece of art,\" and \"School Library Journal\" declared it \"startlingly brilliant\" and \"a masterpiece of literary choices as well as art and interpretation.\" \"Volume 1:","title":"The Graphic Canon"},{"id":"19337508","text":"was no longer developing the adaptation. In October 2014, Saga Press bought six books in Wendig's \"Miriam Black\" series, including the first three novels, previously published by Angry Robot Books. The first three books, \"Blackbirds, Mockingbird,\" and \"The Cormorant\" were re-published with new covers in 2015. \"Thunderbird\" and \"The Raptor & The Wren\", books four and five respectively, will follow in 2017, with the sixth and final book, \"Vultures\", to be tentatively published in 2018. In October 2015, Wendig re-released \"The Blue Blazes\", as well as self-publishing a sequel, \"The Hellsblood Bride\", after contract disputes with previous publisher Angry Robot.","title":"Chuck Wendig"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"929832\",\n \"text\": \"the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc DVD box set entitled \\\"\\\"Darkwing Duck\\\": Volume 1\\\" on August 29, 2006. It included 25 episodes, plus the two-part pilot \\\"Darkly Dawns the Duck\\\", as opposed to the uncut version's release on VHS. The second volume, containing the next 27 episodes, was released on August 7, 2007. The sets do not contain any special features. It is currently unknown if Disney has any intentions of releasing the remaining 37 episodes on DVD. No official releases have been made outside the United States. The entire series\",\n \"title\": \"Darkwing Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"929843\",\n \"text\": \"together and published in an omnibus by Joe Books. On his Tumblr account, Silvani stated that the omnibus would be a remastered edition, featuring revised art, a new epilogue, and that the script had been \\\"painstakingly rewritten\\\" by Sparrow. It was also announced that the omnibus would lead into a new monthly series written by Sparrow and drawn by Silvani, with no involvement by Brill. The omnibus only collects the first 16 issues and the annual, omitting the final \\\"Dangerous Currency\\\" crossover with \\\"DuckTales\\\", seeming to further call into question Brill's claims of sole authorship. On January 18, 2016, Joe\",\n \"title\": \"Darkwing Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19661659\",\n \"text\": \"by Phillips that paid homage to the first issue of \\\"The Walking Dead\\\". The series concluded at issue 20 in June 2018. The comic book is being collected in a series of trade paperback volumes. The first volume, released January 18, 2017, contains issues 1–4 and the second volume, released August 9, 2017, contains issues 5–10. The third volume was released on January 19, 2018, collecting issues 11–14. A final, fourth volume was also released in 2018. Each single issue includes articles and other content written by guest contributors that are not included in the collected editions. Brubaker wanted to\",\n \"title\": \"Kill or Be Killed (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"929818\",\n \"text\": \"Darkwing Duck Darkwing Duck is an American animated action-adventure comedy television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that first ran from 1991 to 1992 on both the syndicated programming block \\\"The Disney Afternoon\\\" and Saturday mornings on ABC. It featured the adventures of Darkwing Duck, who is the superheroic alter-ego of an ordinary suburban person named \\\"Drake Mallard\\\". On April 2, 2015, a rumor surfaced that Disney would be rebooting the series for a 2018 premiere. This has since been debunked, instead it has returned as a comic book published by Joe Books, which premiered on April 27, 2016.\",\n \"title\": \"Darkwing Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"175925\",\n \"text\": \"collected works are expected to fill 21 volumes. A collection of selected works was published in 1995 by the \\\"Zwingliverein\\\" in collaboration with the \\\"Theologischer Verlag Zürich\\\" This four-volume collection contains the following works: The complete 21-volume edition is being undertaken by the \\\"Zwingliverein\\\" in collaboration with the \\\"Institut für schweizerische Reformationsgeschichte\\\", and is projected to be organised as follows: Vols. XIII and XIV have been published, vols. XV and XVI are under preparation. Vols. XVII to XXI are planned to cover the New Testament. Older German / Latin editions available online include: See also the following English translations of\",\n \"title\": \"Huldrych Zwingli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"929833\",\n \"text\": \"is currently available for purchase on Amazon Instant Video in Germany. The first season (comprising the show's first two seasons) is available in six volumes while the second season (comprising the third season) is available in one volume. \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" was named the 93rd Best Animated Series by IGN, calling it \\\"one of the many reasons why after-school cartoons rule\\\". \\\"Torgo's Pizzeria Podcast\\\" gave a favorable retrospective review to \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" in April 2012; the podcast did however note some weaknesses with the series. Disney Comics published a four-issue \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" comic book mini-series in late 1991, right around the\",\n \"title\": \"Darkwing Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20567580\",\n \"text\": \"Disney archives. Each volume of the series has about 280 pages and contains close to 750 daily strips (the equivalent to a 2.5-year original newspaper run) as well as around ten pages of purely supplementary material like promotional art, portraits of the creators, and introductions. Volumes of the series are sold separately and have been released at a rate of one to two volumes per year at a suggested retail price set by the publisher at $39.99. In April 2018 it was announced that the fifth volume of the series is scheduled for release in March 2019. Donald Duck: The\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Duck: The Complete Daily Newspaper Comics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3832672\",\n \"text\": \"puppets inspired by Near's toys. The five finger puppets are Kira, L, Misa, Mello, and Near. In North America, \\\"13: How to Read\\\" was released on February 19, 2008. , the manga has been re-released in omnibus format, dubbed \\\"Black Edition\\\". On October 5, 2016, all 12 original manga volumes and the February 2008 one-shot were released in a single \\\"All-in-One Edition\\\", consisting of 2,400 pages in a single book. The \\\"All-in-One Edition\\\" was released in English on September 6, 2017, resulting in the February 2008 one-shot being released in English for the first time. The \\\"Death Note\\\" anime, directed\",\n \"title\": \"Death Note\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16061427\",\n \"text\": \"the second volume. The Brazilian version is titled \\\"Coleção Carl Barks Definitiva\\\" and is published by Editora Abril since 2016. The Russian version is titled \\\"Библиотека Карла Баркса\\\" and is published since 2017. The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library is a series of books collecting all of the comic book Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge stories written and drawn by Carl Barks, originally published between late 1942 and Barks' retirement in June 1966. The series was launched in late 2011, and will comprise 6000 pages over roughly 30 240-page volumes when it is finished.\",\n \"title\": \"The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18925731\",\n \"text\": \"13th place, with 93,866 copies; volume 5 reached 15th place, with 108,503 copies; and volume 6 reached 11th place, with 118,783 copies. As of November 2018, the manga has 6.8 million copies in print. Reviewing the series for \\\"ComicsAlliance\\\", Tom Speelman described the premise as \\\"what if Harry Potter was a knight and also kinda dumb?\\\" He recommended it for fans of \\\"Naruto\\\" and \\\"Fairy Tail\\\", noting its similarities to the former series as well as to \\\"Bleach\\\". He praised the author's ability to invigorate stock characters. Henry Ma of \\\"Ka Leo O Hawaii\\\" praised the series' humor and art,\",\n \"title\": \"Black Clover\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12401978\",\n \"text\": \"serialized in the shōnen manga magazine \\\"Monthly GFantasy\\\" since its debut in the October 2006 issue. The chapters are also published in collected volumes by Square Enix. The first volume was released on February 27, 2007 and as of July 27, 2018, twenty-seven volumes have been released. Yen Press licensed the series for an English language release and serialized the manga in \\\"Yen Plus\\\" August 2009 issue for the magazine's first anniversary. The publisher released the first volume in January 2010. The second volume was released in May 2010. French publisher Kana licensed the series in under the Dark Kana\",\n \"title\": \"Black Butler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19233388\",\n \"text\": \"The Don Rosa Library Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck: The Don Rosa Library is a series of books published by Fantagraphics Books, collecting all of the Scrooge McDuck and Donald Duck comic book stories written and drawn by Don Rosa, originally published between 1987 and 2006. Following up Fantagraphics' Floyd Gottfredson Library and The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library, this series was launched in 2014, and finalized with the last and tenth volume in late 2018. Since 2017, Fantagraphics' \\\"The Don Rosa Library\\\" is being translated and published in Russia, Brazil and Italy by editors ACT, Editora Abril and Panini\",\n \"title\": \"The Don Rosa Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16061421\",\n \"text\": \"The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library is a series of books collecting all of the comic book Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge stories written and drawn by Carl Barks, originally published between late 1942 and Barks' retirement in June 1966. The series was launched in late 2011, and will comprise 6000 pages over roughly 30 240-page volumes when it is finished. \\\"The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library\\\" has been translated and published in Italy, Brazil and Russia. The rights to Barks' works were licensed from Disney by Gemstone Publishing from 2003 until the end\",\n \"title\": \"The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2159412\",\n \"text\": \"fire. Only 60 volumes remained in Beijing. Fewer than 400 volumes survive today, comprising about 800 chapters (rolls), or 3.5 percent of the original work. The most complete collection is kept at the National Library of China in Beijing, which holds 221 volumes. The next largest collection is at the National Palace Museum in Taipei, which holds 62 volumes. 51 volumes are in the United Kingdom held at the British Library, the Bodleian Library in Oxford, the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London, and Cambridge University Library; The Library of Congress of the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Yongle Encyclopedia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1982774\",\n \"text\": \"manga was published on an irregular schedule from late 2006 until July 2015. From then to December 2015 it was published monthly before returning to an irregular schedule. It returned to a monthly schedule starting in June 2016. In North America and the United Kingdom, the manga is translated and co-published between Dark Horse Comics and Digital Manga Publishing, which has released 39 volumes so far, the first on October 22, 2003. Berserk is the best selling product (Not just manga) in Dark Horse's history, with over two million copies sold as of September, 2018. In September of 2018, Dark\",\n \"title\": \"Berserk (manga)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"929837\",\n \"text\": \"tried to get a job with Gadget Hackwrench of the Rescue Rangers from \\\"Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers\\\". The eighteenth issue, which shipped in October 2011, was the end of the series due to BOOM! Studios prematurely losing the Disney Comics license. \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" Vol. 5 \\\"Dangerous Currency\\\" crossover, released in November 2011, was the final printing. On January 20, 2016, it was reported that the series would be returning to the comic book format. Writers Aaron Sparrow and artist James Silvani, both of whom worked on the previous Darkwing Duck comic book that was published by Boom! returned to\",\n \"title\": \"Darkwing Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12425209\",\n \"text\": \"are also being produced in The Netherlands and France. Donald also has been appeared in Japanese comics published by Kodansha and Tokyopop. According to the INDUCKS, which is a database about Disney comics worldwide, American, Italian and Danish stories have been reprinted in the following countries. In most of them, publications still continue: Australia, Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark (Faroe Islands), Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey,\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7379801\",\n \"text\": \"hiatus since mid-2010 with only two additional chapters released at random; one in 2013 and another in 2014. In the January 2017 release of \\\"Monthly Sunday Gene-X\\\", it was announced that the manga will resume in May 2017; it went on hiatus again in September 2018. The December issue of \\\"Monthly Sunday GX\\\" revealed that Hiroe will resume the series in spring 2019. The manga was licensed for an English-language release in North America by Viz Media. The first volume was released on August 12, 2008. \\\"Black Lagoon\\\" has also received domestic releases in many other countries; in France, Germany,\",\n \"title\": \"Black Lagoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"929829\",\n \"text\": \"the Toon Disney Wild Card Stack. Certain episodes from the show's original run rarely re-aired while the show was on Toon Disney. These episodes appear to have been removed for content reasons. The most prominent of the rarely seen episodes is \\\"Hot Spells\\\", which was never re-aired after its initial broadcast on ABC because of its religiously sensitive subject matter. \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" was one of the first American animated TV series to be officially broadcast in syndication in the former Soviet Union. The show currently airs on Disney XD in various countries such as the Netherlands and Germany. Four VHS\",\n \"title\": \"Darkwing Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3142657\",\n \"text\": \"2001, to August 22, 2016. The 698 individual chapters of \\\"Bleach\\\" were collected in 74 \\\"tankōbon\\\" volumes released between January 5, 2002, and November 4, 2016. Shueisha published the first 21 volumes compiled into six omnibus collections under the name \\\"Resurrected Souls\\\" to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the \\\"Bleach\\\" series. The first collection was released on August 22, 2011; the last collection was published on January 23, 2012. On September 21, 2012, Shueisha released 45 digital volumes in Japanese e-book stores, concluding with the 74th on November 4, 2016. These digital editions have been re-released as a set of\",\n \"title\": \"Bleach (manga)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11016587\",\n \"text\": \"detention came out in 2014, along with the first in a new series of comedy adventure in space: The Wrong Side of the Galaxy. A second SF novel, A Galaxy Too Far is published in November 2015. In February, 2017, the fourth in the Dark Lord series, The Headmaster of Doom, came out. The Dark Lord books are also available in Spain, Italy, Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Turkey, Portugal and the United States and have been optioned for TV. Dark Lord: The Teenage Years won the prestigious children's book award, the Roald Dahl Funny Prize 2012. 4. Author Biography\",\n \"title\": \"Jamie Thomson (author)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4930440\",\n \"text\": \"The increase in size is almost certainly due to the interest generated in prospective contributors by the first volume. Volume Three was released in June 2006 and contains 26 stories over 352 pages. Volume Four was released in July 2007, with 344 pages, Volume Five in July 2008, with 368 pages, Volume Six in July 2009 with 283 pages, and Volume Seven in July 2010 with 288 pages. The final volume, Volume Eight, was published in June 2011, with 288 pages. Kibuishi has denied that \\\"Flight\\\" is a themed anthology, or that the title has any significance besides being short\",\n \"title\": \"Flight (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"198340\",\n \"text\": \"separate item, as well as fragments or copies lacking more than half the total leaves. A complete incunable may consist of a slip, or up to ten volumes. In terms of format, the 29,000-odd editions comprise: 2,000 broadsides, 9,000 folios, 15,000 quartos, 3,000 octavos, 18 12mos, 230 16mos, 20 32mos, and 3 64mos. ISTC at present cites 528 extant copies of books printed by Caxton, which together with 128 fragments makes 656 in total, though many are broadsides or very imperfect (incomplete). Apart from migration to mainly North American and Japanese universities, there has been little movement of incunabula in\",\n \"title\": \"Incunable\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4705218\",\n \"text\": \"hiatus on December 29, 2012, beginning serialization again on July 17, 2015 in the quarterly \\\"Jump SQ.Crown\\\". The manga moved to the \\\"Jump Square Rise\\\" in April 13, 2018. Individual chapters have been published in \\\"tankōbon\\\" format by Shueisha. The first complete volume was published on October 9, 2004, and the 25th volume, and last as of 2017, appeared on June 3, 2016. In the making of each volume, Hoshino originally wanted each cover to be focused on a single character. However, following the 9th compilation of the series, Hoshino changed her mind and instead decided to try different types\",\n \"title\": \"D.Gray-man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2984153\",\n \"text\": \"The Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. holds the world's largest collection with 82 copies. Another collection (12 copies) is held at Meisei University in Tokyo, including the \\\"Meisei Copy\\\" (coded MR 774), said to be unique because of annotations by its reader. While most copies are held in university libraries or museums such as the copy held by the Brandeis University library since 1961, a few are held by public libraries. In the United States, the New York Public Library has six copies with the Boston Public Library, Free Library of Philadelphia, The Rare Book & Manuscript Library (University\",\n \"title\": \"First Folio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1366176\",\n \"text\": \"from 1957. Jünger's works were edited in ten volumes in 1960–1965 by Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart, and again in 18 volumes by Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart in 1978–1983, with four supplement volumes added posthumously, 1999–2003. The \\\"Sämtliche Werke\\\" edition is now partially out of print (out of print : vols. 6, 7, 10, 15–18), and was re-issued in 2015 in paperback () and epub (ISBN epub: 978-3-608-10923-8) formats. A selection from the full collected works in five volumes was published in 1995 (4th ed. 2012, ). The following is a list of Jünger's original publications in book form (not including journal articles\",\n \"title\": \"Ernst Jünger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10027709\",\n \"text\": \"as a single adventure but the books can be read together as an ongoing, continuous narrative in which the characters grow and change. As of 2017, the series stands at ten volumes (nine novels and one anthology). The 2016 volume, the novel \\\"The Dark Crusade\\\", won Novel of the Year at the Pulp Factory Awards. The most recent volume, \\\"Vendetta\\\", was published by White Rocket Books in May 2017. The seventh volume was published in 2012 and hit #1 on the New Pulp Best Sellers chart in its second week of release. Van Allen Plexico Van Allen Plexico (born January\",\n \"title\": \"Van Allen Plexico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4451867\",\n \"text\": \"Braun, and Rick Brookwell completed a partnership agreement with Dark Horse Comics and its CEO Mike Richardson to republish in archival hardcover form all 285 total issues of the original \\\"Creepy\\\" and \\\"Eerie\\\". The first archival volume \\\"Creepy\\\" release date was August 2008, the second December 2008, with additional releases planned every four months. The first archival volume \\\"Eerie\\\" release date was March 15, 2009, with additional releases every four months. In addition, Dark Horse and New Comic Company launched the new \\\"Creepy\\\" comic magazine in June 2009. Unlike its companion magazine, \\\"Creepy\\\", which relied on stand alone anthology stories,\",\n \"title\": \"Eerie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3261872\",\n \"text\": \"poor sales. The Time-Life releases have been discontinued and are now out of print. On May 5, 2016, it was announced that Sony would begin re-releasing the series on DVD in Region 1. Volumes 1-5 (each containing 11 or 12 episodes) were released on July 5, 2016. Volumes 6-10 (with 10 or 11 episodes each) were released on September 6, 2016. Unlike the previous Time-Life edition, the Sony release did not contain the complete series, as 29 episodes were omitted, as well as the entire Slimer sub-series. Additionally, title cards were removed from all episodes in the first 5 volumes\",\n \"title\": \"The Real Ghostbusters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"929844\",\n \"text\": \"Books Twitter feed reported that \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" would be returning to monthly comics beginning in April 2016 with Sparrow and Silvani at the helm. According to Silvani's Twitter account, \\\"Dangerous Currency\\\" has been declared non-canon by Disney, and will not be referenced within the new series. Darkwing Duck Darkwing Duck is an American animated action-adventure comedy television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that first ran from 1991 to 1992 on both the syndicated programming block \\\"The Disney Afternoon\\\" and Saturday mornings on ABC. It featured the adventures of Darkwing Duck, who is the superheroic alter-ego of an ordinary\",\n \"title\": \"Darkwing Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973692\",\n \"text\": \"been sold to Netflix. According to Oricon, \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" was the top selling light novel series of 2012, with eight volumes figuring among the top selling light novels. It was ranked first in the 2012 and 2013 \\\"Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!\\\" rankings, as well as top ten placement in 2011, 2014 and 2015. It was also the second best selling light novel series for the first half of 2016 in Japan, selling 489,374 copies. \\\"Sword Art Online: Progressive\\\" sold 321,535 copies in the same time period. As of 2017, the series has an estimated 20 million copies in\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4637309\",\n \"text\": \"In the same year Minnow Press published a new edition of her rare 1940 novel \\\"Brazen Tongue\\\". Also, Rue Morgue Press published new editions of \\\"Death at the Opera\\\" (1934) and \\\"When Last I Died\\\" (1941) – this publisher now has a total of nine Mrs Bradley books in print. Minnow Press continued their Mrs Bradley Collectors' Series with the reissue of the scarce 1939 title \\\"Printer's Error\\\" in 2007, \\\"The Worsted Viper\\\" in 2009, and \\\"Hangman's Curfew\\\" in 2010. Of the four Minnow Press titles, only the last two are still in print. More recently, Random House has published\",\n \"title\": \"Gladys Mitchell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7990873\",\n \"text\": \"November 16, 2005. . Contains 2 volumes in a slipcased hardcover set. A 262-page collection of \\\"Danger Girl\\\" # 1-7 and a separate 64-page Sketchbook. Limited to 3012 copies, each including a signed and numbered tipped-in plate. Released December 17, 2003. . Currently out of print. Collects \\\"Daytripper\\\" #1-10. Release date: July 30, 2019. . Contains 13 all-new pages, and one modified, which were trimmed from the original printings. Annotations, cover gallery, sketchbook and notes. Released October 4, 2006. . Another printing was released August 28, 2009. To be released July 24, 2012. Collects \\\"\\\" #1-3, \\\"Death: The Time of\",\n \"title\": \"DC Comics Absolute Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2748319\",\n \"text\": \"obtained the rights to reprint \\\"Little Lulu\\\" comics. Eighteen black and white volumes, plus an unnumbered color special, were published through early 2008. After a short hiatus, the series resumed in mid-2009 in full color. Volumes 4 and 5 were originally published before the first three volumes, as it was felt that their content was more accessible. Dark Horse later began issuing \\\"Giant Size\\\" volumes; each collects three of their reprint books. In 2010, Dark Horse reprinted the companion Tubby series (\\\"Little Lulu's Pal Tubby\\\") in volumes similar to their \\\"Lulu\\\" volumes. In May 2018, Drawn and Quarterly announced that\",\n \"title\": \"Little Lulu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19681813\",\n \"text\": \"Gecko Press Gecko Press is an independent publisher of children’s books based in Wellington, New Zealand. The company was founded in 2005 by Julia Marshall, formerly of Appelberg Publishing Agency. Gecko Press publishes English translations of popular books from countries including France, Taiwan, Sweden, Japan, Germany, Poland and the Netherlands. Gecko Press also publish 2–4 original titles each year. Gecko Press has published and translated a wide range of children’s book authors and illustrators. These include: Gecko Press publishes fiction and non-fiction books for children. Some of its most successful books to date include: Duck, Death and the Tulip, which\",\n \"title\": \"Gecko Press\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"109967\",\n \"text\": \"In 2017 the editorial staff announced that the English edition of DDC will no longer be printed, in favor of using the frequently updated WebDewey. An experimental version of Dewey in RDF was previously available at dewey.info beginning in 2009, but has not been available since 2015. In addition to the full version, a single-volume abridged edition designed for libraries with 20,000 titles or fewer has been made available since 1895. The last printed English abridged edition, Abridged Edition 15, was published in early 2012. The Dewey Decimal Classification organizes library materials by discipline or field of study. Main divisions\",\n \"title\": \"Dewey Decimal Classification\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3387835\",\n \"text\": \"series, \\\"\\\", began publication on March 5, 2008. A hardcover volume containing all five issues was released on October 15, 2008. The third arc, \\\"\\\", began publication on September 10, 2008. A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues was released on April 21, 2009. Following the completion of the third arc a one-shot issue titled \\\"\\\" was released April 8, 2009. The story focuses on the history of the villainous wizard Marten Broadcloak. The fourth arc, \\\"\\\", began publication on May 13, 2009. A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues, as well as the Sorcerer One-Shot was released on February\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower (series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3387831\",\n \"text\": \"works by a single illustrator only. Subsequent printings of each book in trade paperback format usually preserve the illustrations in full, except for books I and IV. Pocket-sized paperback reprints contain only black-and-white chapter or section header illustrations. The illustrators who worked on each book are: Bill Sheehan of \\\"The Washington Post\\\" called the series \\\"a humane, visionary epic and a true magnum opus\\\" that stands as an \\\"imposing example of pure storytelling,\\\" \\\"filled with brilliantly rendered set pieces... cataclysmic encounters and moments of desolating tragedy.\\\" Erica Noonan of the \\\"Boston Globe\\\" said, \\\"There's a fascinating world to be discovered\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower (series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3820333\",\n \"text\": \"and revealing that the upcoming 2017 film is a sequel to the book series rather than a direct adaptation. In the beginning of the film, Roland has the Horn of Eld, which he received at the end of \\\"The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower\\\". The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower The Dark Tower is a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen King, the seventh book and final book in his \\\"Dark Tower\\\" series. It was published by Grant on September 21, 2004 (King's birthday), and illustrated by Michael Whelan. It has four subtitles: REPRODUCTION, REVELATION, REDEMPTION, and RESUMPTION\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17533353\",\n \"text\": \"May 23, 2011 and the twenty-seventh was released on September 21, 2018. In addition to the regular edition, some volumes were also released in a accompanied by new cover artworks and series-related merchandise. An English-language translation is published by Kodansha Comics through its digital content distributor Kodansha Advanced Media. The first volume was released on March 21, 2017. A comic and anime official guidebook was released by Kodansha on February 3, 2014, while an artbook was released on November 20, 2015. A special chapter was published in Kodansha's \\\"Nakayoshi\\\" magazine on December 27, 2014. In the same magazine, a four-panel\",\n \"title\": \"Hozuki's Coolheadedness\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4467918\",\n \"text\": \"Polyphonic Spree. In the book, Hornby describes the people who run \\\"The Believer\\\" as being \\\"all dressed in white robes and smiling maniacally, sort of like a literary equivalent of the Polyphonic Spree.\\\" (pg. 30) There are three follow-up books, \\\"Housekeeping vs. The Dirt\\\" (2006), \\\"Shakespeare Wrote for Money\\\" (2008) and \\\"More Baths Less Talking\\\" (2012). Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read: Books bought: Books read:\",\n \"title\": \"The Polysyllabic Spree\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7498651\",\n \"text\": \"Love Mode Love Mode is a yaoi manga series by Shimizu Yuki. It was first serialized in the Japanese monthly yaoi magazine \\\"Be x Boy\\\" in 1995 and released in 11 individual paperback volumes by the now-defunct publisher Biblos. The series was also published in English by BLU a sub company of the now defunct publisher Tokyo Pop. In addition, seven volumes of drama CDs have been released, with one of them \\\"Love Mode: Host Hen\\\" covering the story in volumes 6 and 7; \\\"Fly Me To Heaven\\\", \\\"Thunder Honey\\\" and \\\"'Sweet Trap\\\". \\\"Love Mode\\\" itself is a compilation of\",\n \"title\": \"Love Mode\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9224894\",\n \"text\": \"are more common but valuable because they appeal to a wider array of collectors. A complete set of ASEs is owned by the Library of Congress. Near-complete sets are in the libraries of the University of Alabama, the University of South Carolina and the University of Virginia. The University of Notre Dame hosts 1064 titles. Many other libraries have special Armed Services Edition collections including the University of Texas, the University of Rochester, Princeton University, Dartmouth College, University of Wisconsin–Madison, and Harvard University. There is one known complete set and another near-complete set (missing 2 books) which are held by\",\n \"title\": \"Armed Services Editions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13880370\",\n \"text\": \"total of thirty volumes sold in Japan as of August 26, 2016 under its \\\"Valkryie Comics\\\" imprint. \\\"Freezing\\\" is currently split into two parts: Part 1 which ran from Volume 1 to Volume 14, spanning 96 chapters; and Part 2, going from Volume 15 onwards and currently ongoing in \\\"Comic Valkyrie\\\". Outside Japan, \\\"Freezing\\\" is published in South Korea by Haksan Culture Company and serialized in \\\"Booking\\\"; in France by Bamboo Edition under their Doki-Doki manga imprint; and in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing. An English translation of \\\"Freezing\\\" is currently being published in 2-in-1 omnibus editions, starting with Volumes\",\n \"title\": \"Freezing (manga)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16224779\",\n \"text\": \"are contracted through external facilities. Approximately a third of the manuscripts published originate from within the university. The publishing house receives over 1,000 manuscripts and book proposals each year from throughout the world, with about seven percent approved for publication. Published titles include nonfiction works of history and culture, focusing on a variety of academic fields including Asian studies, Asian American studies, Middle Eastern studies, Western history, natural history, environmental studies, anthropology, biography, and fine art. , over 4,400 books have been published, with over 1,400 remaining in print. Approximately 70 books are released on an annual basis. Among the\",\n \"title\": \"University of Washington Press\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3483761\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"\\\" story arc, \\\"Mitefall\\\" and one three-issue miniseries, \\\"Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight - Jazz\\\", were also published under the \\\"Legends of the Dark Knight\\\" banner. The second volume was published in 88 weekly \\\"digital-first\\\" installments and subsequently collected as \\\"Legends of the Dark Knight\\\" #1-13 and \\\"Legends of the Dark Knight 100-Page Super Spectacular\\\" #1-5. The entire series was collected in five trade paperback volumes. In 2011, DC began publishing some of its premium hardcover collections under \\\"Legends of the Dark Knight\\\" banner. These volumes focus on historically significant Batman creators (the companion volumes were branded as \\\"Tales\",\n \"title\": \"Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13569066\",\n \"text\": \"volume was released on April 26, 2011, the fifth volume was released on December 13, 2011, the sixth volume was released on December 11, 2012, the seventh volume was released on October 29, 2013, the eighth volume was released on July 29, 2014 and the ninth volume to be released on November 17, 2015, with one more volume afterwards expected to be published. It was on the \\\"Top 25 Manga Properties\\\" list in 2012. In September 2007, it was announced that a film would be created based on the \\\"Maximum Ride\\\" series. James Patterson would be the executive producer. Avi\",\n \"title\": \"Maximum Ride\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4772560\",\n \"text\": \"flashback involving Ramona and Gideon. The main graphic novel series is: Other appearances: All of these ancillary stories are available to read on the Scott Pilgrim Website. A collector's box containing all six volumes and a fold-in poster was released in North America on November 3, 2010. \\\"Scott Pilgrim's Precious Little Life\\\" was re-released in color in August 2012, with the others being released on an irregular schedule, the last in May 2015. The hardcover color editions contain bonus content such as original sketches and creator notes. Publishers Weekly ranked the third volume, \\\"Scott Pilgrim & The Infinite Sadness\\\", as\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Pilgrim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"929842\",\n \"text\": \"creator Jymn Magon, and \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" comic artist James Silvani, associations which would seem to further corroborate his version of events. In 2013, Disney European publisher Egmont Group released a compendium of several of the BOOM! Studios \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" stories, including \\\"The Duck Knight Returns\\\", \\\"Crisis On Infinite Darkwings\\\", and \\\"F.O.W.L. Disposition\\\". Aaron Sparrow's story credits were not only restored, but he and Silvani created an all-new 3-page introduction, and Brill's dialogue was replaced with original dialogue by Sparrow. On October 22, 2014, comic news website \\\"Bleeding Cool\\\" announced that the first 16 issues of \\\"Darkwing Duck\\\" would be packaged\",\n \"title\": \"Darkwing Duck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9684441\",\n \"text\": \"The Dark Tower (comics) The Dark Tower, first published in 2007, is a series of comic books (originally published by Marvel Comics and later republished by Gallery 13) based on Stephen King's \\\"The Dark Tower\\\" series of novels. Overall, it is plotted by Robin Furth and scripted by Peter David. Stephen King serves as Creative and Executive Director of the project. The first chapter run of the series, originally entitled simply \\\"The Dark Tower\\\", launched February 7, 2007, and consisted of thirty issues that made up five volumes illustrated primarily by Jae Lee and Richard Isanove. The first volume, \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19233393\",\n \"text\": \"titles. The prices of each Italian volume is € 8.90. The Don Rosa Library Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck: The Don Rosa Library is a series of books published by Fantagraphics Books, collecting all of the Scrooge McDuck and Donald Duck comic book stories written and drawn by Don Rosa, originally published between 1987 and 2006. Following up Fantagraphics' Floyd Gottfredson Library and The Complete Carl Barks Disney Library, this series was launched in 2014, and finalized with the last and tenth volume in late 2018. Since 2017, Fantagraphics' \\\"The Don Rosa Library\\\" is being translated and published in Russia,\",\n \"title\": \"The Don Rosa Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6178632\",\n \"text\": \"Donald Duck pocket books The Donald Duck pocket books are a series of paperback-sized publications published in various European countries, featuring Disney comics. The \\\"pocket books\\\" were originally published irregularly (about 6 times a year) until 1987 and monthly since. They are roughly A5-sized (digest size) and about 250 pages thick. Each book has about eight stories, but the numbers of stories can vary widely from issue to issue. As of 2006, there were more than 300 books. Almost all stories come from European publishers - namely Mondadori/Disney Italy from Italy and, more recently, Egmont from Denmark. Most of the\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Duck pocket books\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"448907\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Haters Back Off\\\", \\\"Hellcats\\\", \\\"Intelligence\\\", \\\"iZombie\\\", \\\"The Killing\\\", \\\"The L Word\\\", \\\"Life Unexpected\\\", \\\"The Man in the High Castle\\\", \\\"Once Upon a Time\\\", \\\"Psych\\\", \\\"Reaper\\\", \\\"Riverdale\\\", \\\"Rogue\\\", \\\"Smallville\\\", \\\"Stargate SG-1\\\", \\\"Supergirl\\\", \\\"Supernatural\\\", \\\"The Tomorrow People\\\", \\\"The Magicians\\\", \\\"Tru Calling\\\", \\\"Van Helsing\\\", \\\"Witches of East End\\\", and \\\"The X-Files\\\". Libraries in Vancouver include the Vancouver Public Library with its main branch at Library Square, designed by Moshe Safdie. The central branch contains 1.5 million volumes. Altogether there are twenty-two branches containing 2.25 million volumes. The Vancouver Tool Library is Canada's original tool lending library. The Vancouver Art Gallery has a permanent\",\n \"title\": \"Vancouver\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18396525\",\n \"text\": \"tankōbon volume was released on July 23, 2013, and the most recent volume, volume 8, was released on November 22, 2017. Volume 4 was released in two editions, a regular edition and a special edition, which included a card game. Volume 6 and Volume 7 were also released in two editions, with volume 6 being released with an additional limited edition, and volume 7 being released with an additional special edition. Kodansha Comics announced during their 2016 New York Comic-Con panel that they have licensed the manga in North America in English. The first volume was released on June 27,\",\n \"title\": \"Land of the Lustrous\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16207590\",\n \"text\": \"issues; therefore extending the set to 140 issues. On May 9, 2017, in reply to a comment on the collection's facebook page, confirmation was made that the collection will now expand to 170 titles. On Dec 20th 2017, In reply to an email, a Facebook user was told that this has now been expanded, yet again with no prewarning to subscribers, to 200. The table below contains the full list of issues as per the original printing of the collection beginning in December 2011. So far, the original collection listed is still in publication. The following books were only released\",\n \"title\": \"The Official Marvel Graphic Novel Collection\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10188730\",\n \"text\": \"on Pyralidae and Pterophoridae, and volume 8 on Geometridae. At the same time they took over the remaining stock of the previous seven volumes of the series. From 1 January 2013, Apollo Books announced that all Harley Books titles and the majority of the Apollo Books titles, have been taken over by the Dutch publisher Brill Publishers. The change was necessary to ensure that the book series can continue to be published in the years ahead Eleven volumes were originally planned in total. So far, volumes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9 and 10 have been published. Volumes 4,\",\n \"title\": \"The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12833062\",\n \"text\": \"The single-issue release of \\\"The Sorcerer\\\" was included, along with the six-issue run of \\\"\\\", in a collected hardcover edition also entitled \\\"The Dark Tower: Fall of Gilead\\\" and released by Marvel on February 23, 2010 (). A paperback edition was later released on November 2, 2011 (). The issue was also included in the hardcover release of \\\"The Dark Tower Omnibus\\\" on September 21, 2011 (). On September 25, 2018, Gallery 13 republished the original hardcover collection as \\\"Stephen King's The Dark Tower: Beginnings - The Fall of Gilead (Book 4)\\\" (). On October 23, 2018, this edition (along\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower: The Sorcerer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9684448\",\n \"text\": \"Marvel's publication of the series ended before an omnibus edition of \\\"The Dark Tower: The Drawing of the Three\\\" was released. In 2018, Gallery 13 took over publication of the Dark Tower comics, beginning in August by republishing the collected graphic novels from the original chapter run of the series (rebranded as \\\"Stephen King's The Dark Tower: Beginnings\\\"), with the collected graphic novels from \\\"The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger\\\" chapter run set to be republished beginning Spring 2019. Since the announcement of the rights acquisition specifically indicated only the first eleven volumes, there is currently neither any information whether the\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9915679\",\n \"text\": \"Regular circulation transactions totaled 14,158 in 2015, with an additional 1,923 in reference requests. The library contains over 390,000 volumes, more than 317,000 titles, and over 1,400 journal subscriptions. These collections include periodicals, books, newspapers, microforms, sound recordings, videos, government documents, CD-ROMS, and musical scores. As of 2006, this includes 365,609 volumes of books, past issues of periodicals, and other printed sources; 11,508 items in the audio visual collection; 5,147 subscriptions to periodicals; and 337,918 microforms. The library also offers access to electronic sources through FirstSearch, RLIN, OCLC, EPIC, and DIALOG among others. Additionally, university publications such as the yearbook\",\n \"title\": \"Mark O. Hatfield Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7419171\",\n \"text\": \"about their meaning. As of 2010, all 23 of Potter's small format books remain in print, and are available as complete sets in presentation boxes. A 400-page omnibus edition is also available. \\\"Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle\\\" is available in Kindle format. First editions and early reprints are occasionally offered by antiquarian booksellers. The English language editions of the tales still bore the Frederick Warne imprint in 2010 though the company was bought by Penguin Books in 1983. Penguin remade the printing plates from new photographs of the original drawings in 1985, and all 23 volumes were released in 1987 as \\\"The Original\",\n \"title\": \"The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13967449\",\n \"text\": \"of lithographs. From 1875 his health began to deteriorate, and he died in 1880. His manuscript and original plates, including those unpublished, were later acquired from Diggles’ son by publishing firm Angus & Robertson which presented them to the Mitchell Library in Sydney. In August 1990 a facsimile edition of \\\"The Ornithology of Australia\\\", volume 1, parts 1–7, was published by State Publishing South Australia (). The Ornithology of Australia The Ornithology of Australia comprises three volumes (of an uncompleted set) of lithographed, hand-coloured, illustrations of Australian birds with accompanying text. It was authored by Silvester Diggles of Brisbane and\",\n \"title\": \"The Ornithology of Australia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20909033\",\n \"text\": \"<onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> In Japan, Avex Pictures is currently releasing the first season of the anime on DVD and Blu-ray in five \\\"chapter\\\" volumes, with the first volume being released on February 23, 2018, and the fifth volume scheduled for release for January 29, 2019. In North America, Funimation is currently releasing the first season, with releasing consisting of five part sets. The first volume was released on August 7, 2018, and the fifth volume is scheduled for release a Q3 2019 release. The volumes are offered in standard edition Blu-ray and DVD combo sets, with volumes 3 and 5 also\",\n \"title\": \"Black Clover (season 1)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10980473\",\n \"text\": \"by Macmillan Reference USA. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles. Volume 10 consists of: Its ISBNs are as a hardcover set, and as an e-book. Currently published by Macmillan Reference USA, which is a part of Gale, a Cengage company. Print Edition is $1693 as of May 2017, eBook price available on request and \\\"depends upon your account type and population served.\\\" Encyclopedia of Philosophy The Encyclopedia of Philosophy is one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The first edition of the encyclopedia was in eight volumes, edited by Paul Edwards, and published in 1967 by Macmillan; it was\",\n \"title\": \"Encyclopedia of Philosophy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2984154\",\n \"text\": \"of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), the Lilly Library (Indiana University-Bloomington), and the Dallas Public Library each holding one copy. The Huntington Library in Los Angeles County has four copies. In Canada, there is only one known copy, located in the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library of the University of Toronto. The former Rosenbach copy, in its original binding, is now held at the Fondation Martin Bodmer in Switzerland. The State Library of New South Wales holds copies of the First, Second, Third and Fourth Folios. The First Folio is one of the most valuable printed books in the world: a copy\",\n \"title\": \"First Folio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12472042\",\n \"text\": \"(1994–1995). He later wrote for \\\"Sitting Ducks\\\" (Universal, 2001–2003) and \\\"Harold and the Purple Crayon\\\" (Sony, 2002). Since 2000, he has concentrated on prose novels, three of which he self-published. Strnad's wife's name is Julie; he has a step-son. He and his wife live in Los Angeles. Strnad won the 1970 Goethe Award for \\\"Favorite Fan Writer.\\\" He was nominated for the same award in 1972. Jan Strnad Jan Steven Strnad (sometimes credited as J. Knight) is an American writer of comic books, horror, and science fiction. He is known for his many collaborations with artist Richard Corben, as well\",\n \"title\": \"Jan Strnad\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8279867\",\n \"text\": \"III, VII), and Ulrich Leisinger (series IV, V, VI). The edition is published by The Packard Humanities Institute. The current Editorial Guidelines (January 2015) are available in PDF format on the edition’s website: http://www.cpebach.org. The edition is organized in the following eight series: The original plan called for approximately 70 volumes to be completed by 2014, the 300th anniversary of C.P.E. Bach’s birth. But in 1999 the lost archives of the Berlin Singakademie were recovered in Kiev and eventually returned to the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin. This collection includes many unique sources for the late Hamburg vocal music, and thus gives\",\n \"title\": \"Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach: The Complete Works\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6270905\",\n \"text\": \"and difficulty in locating the manuscripts. As of 5 February 2014 it was reported that all the missing manuscripts had been found except that for \\\"Demons of Antares\\\" (Book 46), which was being translated back into English from the German version, a process then \\\"almost finished.\\\" Publication of the volume followed in June 2014, with the remaining volumes appearing at intervals during the remainder of the year. Volume 52 was published in November 2014. Bladud Books, a sister imprint of Mushroom eBooks, has published collected omnibus editions of all volumes in hardcover, paperback and ebook formats. Collected in \\\"\\\" (Apr.\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth Bulmer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5495410\",\n \"text\": \"so far, with the first being published on July 1, 2002 and the thirteenth released on July 25, 2017. Tokyopop licensed \\\"Loveless\\\" for an English-language release in North America. The first volume was published on February 7, 2006 and the eighth was released on September 1, 2008; Tokyopop then went out of business. In October 2011, Viz Media announced that they had acquired the license and would continue publishing the series from volume 9. Volume 13 is available for pre-orders online and is set for a June 12, 2018 release. The series is also licensed in Australia and New Zealand\",\n \"title\": \"Loveless (manga)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3142658\",\n \"text\": \"10 volumes on April 26, 2013; the sixth was released on March 14, 2014. North American licensor Viz Media serialized the first chapters in the print magazine \\\"Shonen Jump\\\" from its November 2007 to April 2012 issues. The series moved to the digital anthology \\\"Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha\\\" in January 2012 and Viz Media released it digitally as Shueisha published new chapters in Japan. The first volume on English was released on June 1, 2004, and the last volume–the 74rd–was released on October 2, 2018. Viz also released a hardcover \\\"collector's edition\\\" of the first volume that came with a\",\n \"title\": \"Bleach (manga)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18144779\",\n \"text\": \"copies. It also reached the 3rd place on the \\\"New York Times\\\" manga bestseller chart. Volume 2 reached the 15th place on the weekly manga chart, and, as of 12 May 2013, has sold 91,095 copies. Volume 3 reached the 9th place and, as of 15 September 2013, has sold 121,235 copies. Volume 4 also reached the 9th place on the chart, and, as of 19 January 2014, has sold 160,444 copies. Volume 5 also reached the 9th place, and has sold, as of 11 May 2014, 155,139 copies. In 2015, the series sold 2.8 million copies. As of May\",\n \"title\": \"Seraph of the End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1665449\",\n \"text\": \"the complete series on DVD; four volumes have been released in Region 1 featuring all 100 episodes of the series. The first was released on November 8, 2005 (containing episodes 1–27), the second on November 14, 2006 (containing episodes 28–51) and the third volume on November 13, 2007 (containing episodes 52–75). The fourth and final volume was released as a Disney Movie Club exclusive on September 11, 2018 (containing episodes 76-100). The first three volumes were packaged in a box containing 3 slipcases, one for each. The 2013 re-releases of the first three volumes packages the discs into one DVD\",\n \"title\": \"DuckTales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12059902\",\n \"text\": \"space, the library is the largest academic library in the Portland metropolitan area and covers an entire city block. The library has a total of 1,430,929 print volumes in its collections and an annual circulation of 162,244 items (in 2014-2-15). In 2014-2015, the library received 1,076,571 visitors. PSU's library is a federal depository library. The library is also a member of the Orbis Cascade Alliance. The library holds the Dark Horse Comic Collection, a gift from Dark Horse that brings two copies of every comic book, graphic novel, figurine, and more published and produced by publisher Dark Horse. The library\",\n \"title\": \"Branford Price Millar Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20567550\",\n \"text\": \"been recolored and remastered by Digikore Studios for the best possible reproduction. Each volume of the series have about 170 pages and contain around 160 full-color Sunday strips (the equivalent to a little more than three years of an original Sunday newspaper run) as for supplementary material there are introductions included just like in the \\\"\\\" from the same publisher. The introduction for the Sunday collection is written by Alberto Becattini. Volumes of the series are sold separately and have a suggested retail price set by the publisher at $49.99, ten dollars more expensive each compared to a volume of\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Duck: The Complete Sunday Comics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5047260\",\n \"text\": \"February 27, 2008), an update was provided: \\\"In spite of earlier reports of their demise, DC Archives will continue in 2008 and 2009, although in reduced numbers, focusing on continuing already-established Archives' series. The numbers have since decreased from fourteen volumes released in 2007, to seven released in 2008, five in 2009, four in 2010, and three in 2011, before rebounding in 2012 with ten volumes. In 2013, the volume length was increased to 400 pages, but only three volumes were released. The most recent volume, \\\"Superman: The Man of Tomorrow Archives\\\" Vol. 3 was released in 2014. A \\\"Captain\",\n \"title\": \"DC Archive Editions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973667\",\n \"text\": \"Media Works on December 10, 2014. An original 100-page prequel novel to \\\"\\\" written by Kawahara, titled \\\"Hopeful Chant\\\", was released to people who watched the film in Japan during March 4–10, 2017. At their Japan Expo USA panel, Yen Press announced the rights to publish the light novels; the first volume was released on April 22, 2014. Yen Press later announced their license of the \\\"Sword Art Online: Progressive\\\" series, which is scheduled for release in 2015. The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam, with future plans for publications in France, Germany, Italy,\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14853256\",\n \"text\": \"BOOM! Studios stories, with an all-new introduction by Aaron Sparrow and James Silvani, colored by Andrew Dalhouse. This version not only restored Aaron Sparrow to the plotting credits of the BOOM! Studios produced books, but also featured an updated script by Sparrow and Silvani. On October 22, 2014 comic news website Bleeding Cool announced that the first 16 issues of Darkwing Duck would be packaged together and published in an omnibus by Joe Books. On his tumblr account, James Silvani stated that the omnibus would be a remastered edition, featuring revised art, a new epilogue, and that the script had\",\n \"title\": \"The Duck Knight Returns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17505433\",\n \"text\": \"first of which was published on June 15, 2012, and the latest, volume 28, on April 17, 2017. On October 26, 2013, Crunchyroll announced a partnership with Kodansha where it would distribute chapters digitally to 170 countries using a new service called Crunchyroll Manga. This includes an English translated version. The series is licensed for a North American release by Kodansha USA, who began releasing the series in 2015. In July 2015, Yoshikawa attended Anime Expo as a guest of honor where she promoted her series. In January 2017, \\\"Weekly Shonen Magazine\\\" announced that the manga would be ending. It\",\n \"title\": \"Yamada-kun and the Seven Witches\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4943117\",\n \"text\": \"Donald M. Grant, Publisher Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. is a fantasy and science fiction small press publisher in New Hampshire that was founded in 1964. It is notable for publishing fantasy and horror novels with lavish illustrations, most notably Stephen King's The Dark Tower series and the King/Peter Straub novel \\\"The Talisman\\\". Donald M. Grant first entered the small field back in 1945; he served as the revitalising spark for the specialty presses. He was one of the founders of Grant-Hadley Enterprises and was associated with the two other publishing imprints, The Buffalo Book Company and The Hadley Publishing\",\n \"title\": \"Donald M. Grant, Publisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3167427\",\n \"text\": \"their changes. This censorship however garnered quite a bit of controversy, see Controversy section for more info. CMX released eighteen volumes in North America before the company was shut down in July 2010. In November 2010, Viz Media acquired the rights to the \\\"Tenjho Tenge\\\" manga, stating that their version would be 100% uncut and faithful to the original Japanese. From June 21, 2011 to February 5, 2013, they released the series bi-monthly in eleven 2-in-1 volumes, which collects two individual volumes into a single large one. Viz's releases also includes omake, color pages from the series's original run in\",\n \"title\": \"Tenjho Tenge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20934566\",\n \"text\": \"The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull is a five-issue comic book limited series published by Marvel Comics. It is the eighth comic book miniseries based on Stephen King's \\\"The Dark Tower\\\" series of novels. It is plotted by Robin Furth, scripted by Peter David, and illustrated by Michael Lark, Stefano Gaudiano, and Richard Isanove. Stephen King is the Creative and Executive Director of the project. The first issue was published on June 1, 2011. The entire five-issue run of \\\"The Battle of Tull\\\" was collected into\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20568931\",\n \"text\": \"Disney Masters Disney Masters is a series of books collecting anthologies of the best Walt Disney Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse comic artists starting off with the Italian artist, Romano Scarpa, with the volume \\\"The Delta Dimension\\\". The publisher behind the project is Fantagraphics Books. The first book of the series was released in May, 2018. The books of the series are of hardcover format and measures 7.5 inches × 10.25 inches, (191 mm × 260 mm). Each volume is printed in full color and contains about 200 pages. Supplementary materials such as art, biographies of the artists and essays\",\n \"title\": \"Disney Masters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9683906\",\n \"text\": \"Contemporary Canadian Art and Architecture; Energy, Ecology and Sustainability; Film Studies; Latin American and Caribbean Studies; Military and Strategic Studies; and The West. The Press currently has nine series, including: On October 22, 2010, as part of \\\"Open Access Week\\\", the University of Calgary Press released its first open access book, \\\"Grey Matters, a Guide for Collaborative Research\\\". Since then, the Press has continued to release titles as open access, and as of March 2016 offers 71 titles under a Creative Commons License. University of Calgary Press The University of Calgary Press is a university publishing house that is a\",\n \"title\": \"University of Calgary Press\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9538444\",\n \"text\": \"for the General Index in Volume 20, is also available. Both the individual volumes and the complete set are fully searchable. The series includes 20 volumes, one of them published in two parts. Each volume is numbered as shown below. Detailed chapter-by-chapter abstracts of each volume are available online. The Routledge series includes the same volumes with the same numbers, but with many different publication dates and some minor variations in the styling of titles. In addition to the 20-volume 'Collected Works', the following titles are also included as part of the Bollingen Series: This volume is a current record,\",\n \"title\": \"The Collected Works of C. G. Jung\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1784856\",\n \"text\": \"Tour\\\" The complete first series of The Raggy Dolls was released on DVD on the 21st of June 2010 through Revelation Films; the complete second series was available from the 18th of October 2010; the complete third series was available from the 7th of February 2011; the complete fourth series was released on the 6th of June 2011, but the complete fifth series was never released. A series of at least 10 books were published in 1990 by both Boxtree Limited (in association with Yorkshire Television Limited) and ABC Enterprises (for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation). The books were written or\",\n \"title\": \"The Raggy Dolls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19567719\",\n \"text\": \"safe and accessible space. The library's collection includes lesbian periodicals, documentaries, gay-themed posters, pulp novels, fiction, non-fiction, art, and photography books. As of 2007, the volume of the collection included more 14,000 books, 1,040 DVDs, 2,123 VHS videotapes, 500 periodicals and 1,550 pulp novels. The library also houses a collection of rare and out-of-print books. Quatrefoil collaborated with the University of Minnesota Libraries and the Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies to host the first international conference on LGBT Archives, Libraries, Museums, and Special Collections in Minneapolis. Quatrefoil Library Quatrefoil Library is a member-supported, 501(c)(3) non-profit library for the lesbian, gay,\",\n \"title\": \"Quatrefoil Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1984985\",\n \"text\": \"Donald Duck and Friends. When IDW took over publishing the title in May 2015 they restarted from #1, but retained the 'legacy' numbering as a secondary number (the first issue is also issue #368). Donald Duck (American comic book) Donald Duck is an American comic book magazine starring the Disney character Donald Duck and published by various publishers since 1952. The first issue was released in November 1952, but the numeration started with #26 because the previous \\\"Four Color\\\" issues titled \\\"Donald Duck\\\", released between October 1942 (\\\"Four Color\\\" #9) and September 1952 (\\\"Four Color\\\" #422), were retroactively treated as\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Duck (American comic book)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3387830\",\n \"text\": \"King noted that this novel would likely be set between the fourth and the fifth books of the series. The book, titled \\\"\\\", was announced on Stephen King's official site on March 10, 2011, and was published on April 24, 2012. In July 2016, director Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that the \\\"Dark Tower\\\" film would be a sequel to the novels as well as a direct adaptation, with Roland in the next cycle of his journey to the Tower. Each book in the series was originally published in hardcover format with a number of full-color illustrations spread throughout. Each book contained\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower (series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3820321\",\n \"text\": \"The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower The Dark Tower is a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen King, the seventh book and final book in his \\\"Dark Tower\\\" series. It was published by Grant on September 21, 2004 (King's birthday), and illustrated by Michael Whelan. It has four subtitles: REPRODUCTION, REVELATION, REDEMPTION, and RESUMPTION – all but the second of these having been used as subtitles for previous novels in the series. Beginning where book six left off, Jake Chambers and Father Callahan battle the evil infestation within the Dixie Pig, a vampire lounge in New York City featuring\",\n \"title\": \"The Dark Tower VII: The Dark Tower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16607422\",\n \"text\": \"publishing in North America starting in April 2014. The sixth manga volume was released in two versions, a regular edition and a special edition with the latter being bundled with a special CD. The eleventh manga volume was also released in both regular and limited editions with the latter being bundled with an original video animation DVD. Seventeen tankōbon volumes have been released as of October 11, 2016. The manga will end serialization on July 24. An anime adaptation by Zexcs began premiered on Tokyo MX October 6, 2012. The series was later aired on tvk, BS11 and AT-X. It\",\n \"title\": \"Say \\\"I love you\\\"\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19169462\",\n \"text\": \"a limited cloth hardcover (signed) edition and a trade hardcover edition. An ebook edition of the book was also released on Kindle, Nook and Kobo. The book was digitally published in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and other territories by Orbit Books on 20 February 2014. It included an extra tale, \\\"The Twilight Dragon\\\", specially written by Shawn Speakman for the UK edition. The rights to the audiobook edition were bought by Audible. A single page excerpt of each story in the book was released on Tor's website on 1 July 2013. A five-story sampler of the anthology was\",\n \"title\": \"Unfettered (anthology)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4501302\",\n \"text\": \"and minor characters, these are among the most important: Some chapters and paragraphs of the Japanese paperback edition were not included in the English translation. Translator Jay Rubin cut about 61 of 1,379 pages, including three chapters (Book 2 Chapters 15, 18, and part of 17; and Book 3 Chapter 26). Combining the original three-volumes (Japanese) would have been too long, and so the publisher requested that ~25,000 words be cut for the English translation. These chapters contain plot elements not found elsewhere in the book. For example, the two missing chapters from the second volume of the original three-volume\",\n \"title\": \"The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13689133\",\n \"text\": \"(collects: \\\"Modus Vivendi\\\", \\\"Ordinary Mortals\\\" and \\\"The Natural Oder Of Things\\\", hardcover, 176 pages, February 2011, ) \\\"Volume Four\\\" (collects: \\\"Unfair Competition\\\", and \\\"Putting Your Heart In It\\\", hardcover, 128 pages, April 2013, ) \\\"Volume Five\\\" (collects: \\\"One Track Mind\\\", and \\\"Fight or flight\\\", hardcover, 128 pages, February 2017, ) The Volume One collected edition won \\\"Best Indy Book\\\" in IGN's Best of 2007. The edition also won \\\"Best Comic You Didn’t Read This Year\\\" from Newsarama and was nominated for \\\"Best U.S. Edition of International Material\\\" in the 2008 Eisner Awards. The series is being made into a film\",\n \"title\": \"The Killer (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12180555\",\n \"text\": \"was released. Volume 6 is far less child-friendly than the other five volumes in the series. Like Volumes 3, 4, and 5, it has a warning before each disc about the shorts containing content that some viewers would not consider to be \\\"politically correct\\\" by today's standards (but will be shown uncut and uncensored for historical reasons), and as such, is \\\"intended for the adult collector\\\". However, Volume 6's disclaimer states that it \\\"is not suitable for children\\\", as opposed to Volumes 3-5 stating that they \\\"may not be suitable for children\\\". This is due to that in addition to\",\n \"title\": \"Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 6\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13604264\",\n \"text\": \"volume ranked at #19 and sold 46,299 copies on its first week of sales. The release of the sixth volume peaked at #24 and sold 51,402 copies. The seventh volume charted at #9 and sold 82,575 copies on its first week and 109,758 in total. The eighth volume charted at #7 and sold 76,372 copies on its first week and 137,087 in total. The ninth volume charted at #4 and sold 152,907 copies on its first week and 211,188 in total. The final volume charted at #3 and sold 132,738 copies on its first week of sales. It became the\",\n \"title\": \"Strobe Edge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14993888\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Office and Philosophy\\\", \\\"Battlestar Galactica and Philosophy\\\", \\\"Watchmen and Philosophy\\\", \\\"Final Fantasy and Philosophy\\\", \\\"Alice in Wonderland and Philosophy\\\", \\\"True Blood and Philosophy\\\", \\\"30 Rock and Philosophy\\\", and others. He has worked numerous times with William Irwin, General Editor of The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture series through Wiley-Blackwell (publisher). In 2006 Arp edited the flagship book in that series, \\\"\\\", which has been translated into the Italian, the Turkish, and Portuguese. He also co-edited \\\"Batman and Philosophy: The Dark Knight of the Soul\\\" with Mark White, soon to be translated into the German language. Arp and White were\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Arp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14302218\",\n \"text\": \"Best Collection. Also, \\\"1922\\\" was nominated for the 2011 British Fantasy Award for Best Novella. The four novellas are: The titles of the novellas and their synopses were announced on the author's official website on April 2, 2010. This is King's third collection of four novellas after \\\"Different Seasons\\\" (1982) and \\\"Four past Midnight\\\" (1990). Announced on King's official site on February 16, 2010, it was published on November 9, 2010. Cemetery Dance Publications has released several limited edition iterations of the book: a Slipcased Gift Edition, a Signed Limited Edition, and a Lettered Edition shortly after the original hardcover\",\n \"title\": \"Full Dark, No Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6650934\",\n \"text\": \"Gale (publisher) Gale is an educational publishing company based in Farmington Hills, Michigan, west of Detroit. Since 2007 it has been a division of Cengage Learning. The company, formerly known as Gale Research and the Gale Group, is active in research and educational publishing for public, academic, and school libraries, and businesses. The company is known for its full-text magazine and newspaper databases, InfoTrac, and other online databases subscribed by libraries, as well as multi-volume reference works, especially in the areas of religion, history, and social science. Founded in Detroit, Michigan in 1954 by Frederick Gale Ruffner, the company was\",\n \"title\": \"Gale (publisher)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13631163\",\n \"text\": \"back issues (1,000 issues in total). Since then, Dazed & Confused’s 20 year archive and The Wire’s 30 year archive have also been released. In 2016, the company launched a new service for book publishers. The service delivers collections of books in their original print format, primarily into academic institutions using IP-authenticated, site-wide access, and offers research tools such as Boolean Search and static URLs for referencing. Exact Editions’ titles span a variety of subjects (news, music, technology, sport) and varying frequencies of publication (weekly, monthly, quarterly). Exact Editions works with over 100 publishers, including: Exact Editions recently launched their\",\n \"title\": \"Exact Editions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16397182\",\n \"text\": \"acknowledge with The Graphic Canon is this: Gulliver’s Travels, Wuthering Heights, Leaves of Grass — these works of literature do not reside just on the shelves of academia; they flourish in the eye of our imagination.” The following week, it was named an \\\"Editors' Choice\\\" in the \\\"NY Times Sunday Book Review\\\". \\\"Publishers Weekly\\\" called it \\\"a must-have anthology,\\\" \\\"Library Journal\\\" said it's \\\"an exciting new benchmark for comics,\\\" \\\"Booklist\\\" dubbed it \\\"a uniquely powerful piece of art,\\\" and \\\"School Library Journal\\\" declared it \\\"startlingly brilliant\\\" and \\\"a masterpiece of literary choices as well as art and interpretation.\\\" \\\"Volume 1:\",\n \"title\": \"The Graphic Canon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19337508\",\n \"text\": \"was no longer developing the adaptation. In October 2014, Saga Press bought six books in Wendig's \\\"Miriam Black\\\" series, including the first three novels, previously published by Angry Robot Books. The first three books, \\\"Blackbirds, Mockingbird,\\\" and \\\"The Cormorant\\\" were re-published with new covers in 2015. \\\"Thunderbird\\\" and \\\"The Raptor & The Wren\\\", books four and five respectively, will follow in 2017, with the sixth and final book, \\\"Vultures\\\", to be tentatively published in 2018. In October 2015, Wendig re-released \\\"The Blue Blazes\\\", as well as self-publishing a sequel, \\\"The Hellsblood Bride\\\", after contract disputes with previous publisher Angry Robot.\",\n \"title\": \"Chuck Wendig\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"how many volumes of darkwing duck are there"}}},{"rowIdx":180,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Ross Geller"],"string":"[\n \"Ross Geller\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"13755850","text":"he no longer wants to live in New York after seeing how happy she was without him. Finn takes off and goes back to Lima where Rachel confronts him, and says that even though she loves him, she can no longer stay in their relationship. She and Brody begin to see each other, and she lets him move in so that they can be closer. When she returns for Will and Emma's wedding, she and Finn reconnect as friends. When Finn asks about Brody, she says that they are not exclusive. Finn says that the reason she has not committed","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"15238321","text":"convinced him that it would be braver and more realistic for the character to go through with it. Rachel ponders whether to get back together with Adam but is left humiliated when she arrives at his house in the middle of the night and finds him apparently in the middle of an orgy with his new girlfriend Amy (Rosie Cavaliero) and lodger \"Rachel 2\" (Rachel Fielding). She resolves to get her old job back, and starts dating a co-worker, the much younger Danny Burke (Hugh Dancy). After a short fling, she dumps Danny and agrees to be friends with Adam,","title":"Rachel Bradley"},{"id":"145162","text":"communication with Rachel. Ross agrees, but during a last dinner with all six main characters together, Emily phones Ross and, upon discovering Rachel is there, realizes she does not trust him, which ends the marriage. Phoebe begins a relationship with a police officer, Gary (Michael Rapaport), after finding his badge and using it as her own. Monica and Chandler go public with their relationship, to the surprise and happiness of their friends. They decide to get married on a trip to Las Vegas, but change their plans after witnessing Ross and Rachel drunkenly stumble out of the wedding chapel. In","title":"Friends"},{"id":"10917182","text":"then end their relationship and Rachel succumbs to her attraction for Greg and they begin dating. Unfortunately for Rachel and Greg, the two broke up in March 2010 when Greg thought Rachel was having feelings for her friend Schuyler Joplin (which she doesn't) and walked out on her. Feeling she doesn't have anything left in Llanview, Rachel moved back to Chicago to help a friend who is a patient in rehab. When her mother remarries Bo, Nora chooses Rachel as her maid of honor. However, Rachel informs her mother that she will be un-able to attend the ceremony because she","title":"Rachel Gannon"},{"id":"13755833","text":"newly reconstituted glee club hoping that fame will increase her popularity and help her find a boyfriend. She is bullied by members of the school cheerleading and football teams, but is pleased when quarterback Finn Hudson joins the club, developing a crush on him. The two share a kiss in the episode \"Showmance\", although he tells her to forget that it happened and continues dating his girlfriend, cheerleader Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron). Rachel quits the glee club when she is not assigned a solo she wanted, and is awarded the lead role in the school musical, \"Cabaret\". However, she later","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"2186167","text":"Rachel Green Rachel Karen Green is a fictional character, one of the six main characters who appeared in the American sitcom \"Friends\". Portrayed by actress Jennifer Aniston, the character was created by show creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and appeared in each of the show's 236 episodes during its decade-long run, from its premiere on September 22, 1994 to its finale on May 6, 2004. Introduced in the show's pilot as a naive runaway bride who reunites with her childhood best friend Monica Geller and relocates to New York City, Rachel gradually evolves from a spoiled, inexperienced \"daddy's girl\"","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"145171","text":"dream job. Rachel says a tearful goodbye to everyone but Ross. A hurt and angry Ross confronts Rachel, and they end up sleeping together. Rachel leaves, and Ross, realizing he loves her, chases after her to the airport. Rachel realizes she loves him too, and cancels her flight to Paris, agreeing to stay with him. The series ends with all friends plus Monica and Chandler's new babies leaving the apartment, heading to Central Perk for a final cup of coffee. The finale dialogue used in this series is by Chandler, making a joke for the last time. The camera's last","title":"Friends"},{"id":"145168","text":"proposal of marriage. Season nine begins with Ross and Rachel living together as roommates with their daughter Emma. Monica and Chandler try to conceive a baby of their own but find out that they are unable to, due to health restrictions. Phoebe begins dating Mike Hannigan (Paul Rudd) and chooses to be with him over her ex-boyfriend David (Hank Azaria). Rachel and Emma move in with Joey in the middle of the season, and Rachel develops infatuation towards him, while the rest of the \"friends\" try hard to get Ross and Rachel back together. The group travels to Barbados in","title":"Friends"},{"id":"15238317","text":"and go on a date with him. Their first date does not go well, but they see each other again. Three months later, they row, and Rachel gets back together with Simon, who has returned to Hong Kong. Adam wins her back by serenading her while wearing nothing but a rose between his buttocks. The first series begins nine months later. Rachel and Adam move into their first house together. He is horrified to discover that she has been married for over six years. She contacts her husband Kris Bumstead (Lennie James) and after briefly considering going back to him","title":"Rachel Bradley"},{"id":"2186238","text":"audiences struggle \"to lose the Rachel tag that has made her one of the world's most recognisable faces\". Rachel Green Rachel Karen Green is a fictional character, one of the six main characters who appeared in the American sitcom \"Friends\". Portrayed by actress Jennifer Aniston, the character was created by show creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and appeared in each of the show's 236 episodes during its decade-long run, from its premiere on September 22, 1994 to its finale on May 6, 2004. Introduced in the show's pilot as a naive runaway bride who reunites with her childhood best","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"7690155","text":"because of the age gap. Rachel and Zeke go to live with Katya for a while, but they later move back with Susan. Stingray admits that he loves Rachel and they begin a relationship. Rachel is disgusted to find out that Susan was seeing her ex-husband Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher). Rachel moves out for a while, but is brought back by Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney). Rachel tries to help Stingray with his drink problem and she later discovers that he may have fathered Sky Mangel's (Stephanie McIntosh) child. Rachel ends their relationship. Rachel starts dating Ringo Brown (Sam Clark) after","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"145158","text":"eventually break up. Season three takes on a significantly greater serialized format. Rachel begins working at Bloomingdale's, an upscale department store chain, and Ross becomes jealous of her colleague, Mark. Rachel decides to take a break from their relationship; and Ross, hurt and drunk sleeps with Chloe, \"the hot girl from the Xerox place\", causing Rachel to break up with him. In the meantime, Chandler has a hard time dealing with their breakup because it reminds him of his parents' divorce. After believing she has no family except her twin sister Ursula (Lisa Kudrow), Phoebe becomes acquainted with her half-brother","title":"Friends"},{"id":"13755851","text":"to Brody is because she still thinks they will end up together. They sleep together after the reception, but Rachel leaves after Finn falls asleep. She is later shown taking a pregnancy test; Santana, who has recently moved in, snoops and discovers the discarded test, and confronts Rachel, who then bursts into tears. The two go together to get Rachel checked at a clinic, where she is informed that it was a false alarm. She later breaks up with Brody after Santana reveals that he is a male escort and is stunned to find out Finn flew to New York","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"2186174","text":"second season. However, their relationship begins to deteriorate towards the end of the third season after Rachel quits her job at the coffeehouse in favor of working in fashion. While Rachel becomes increasingly preoccupied with her new job, Ross grows jealous of her companionship with her coworker Mark (Steven Eckholdt), culminating in Rachel deciding that they should \"take a break\" from their relationship. Ross takes this to mean that they've broken up, and sleeps with another woman. Rachel gets back together with Ross the next day, but breaks up with him upon learning of his infidelity. In the episodes following","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"2186177","text":"Monica, who had previously been reserving the name for her own child. Rachel and Ross live together as non-romantic roommates during the first half of season nine. At the end of season nine, Joey confesses that he has feelings for Rachel, and they decide to try dating. They break up in season ten, however, both because their romance upsets Ross and because they realize that they don't work as a couple. Rachel eventually finds a job opportunity in France, but has second thoughts when Ross tells her he still loves her. Rachel ultimately decides to stay and reignite her relationship","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"13755834","text":"quits the musical and rejoins the glee club when she realizes that she would rather be in a group in which she has friends. She has a brief relationship with another glee club member, Puck (Mark Salling), who is also Jewish, and is a football player who used to bully her, but she breaks up with him due to her continuing feelings for Finn. She later discovers and reveals to Finn that Quinn's pregnancy was not caused by him, but that Puck is the father; furious, Finn attacks Puck, breaks up with Quinn, and drops out of New Directions. He","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"11889194","text":"but it is revealed she had lied. Kim and Rachel marry and try to adopt a baby called Joe Morton until his mother Lee (Natasha Lee) returns to take him off the pair. Kit reveals she is pregnant and when she has the baby Kim takes Kit's side on many things. Hugh Sullivan (Rodger Corser), Rachel's ex-boyfriend turns up, they sleep together. Hugh leaves Rachel alone after she refuses to leave Kim, she tells Kim the truth and he refuses to forgive her and tells her he is going to live with Kit because he loves her instead. Brad's friend","title":"Rachel Armstrong"},{"id":"13755840","text":"Mercedes (Amber Riley). Jesse and Finn are kicked out of the prom when Finn picks a fight with Jesse over his attentions to Rachel on the dance floor, which effectively ends Finn and Quinn's campaign for prom king and queen. Finn ultimately breaks up with Quinn when he realizes he has a deeper connection with Rachel, despite the fact that she and Jesse seem to be a couple again. At Nationals, as the New Directions are about to go on stage, Finn begs Rachel to get back together with him, but though she professes her love, she refuses, still torn","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"7690157","text":"Jessica Wallace (Heidi Valkenburg) knows about them, Rachel leaves a dance party to see Angus and they spend the night together. Declan Napier (James Sorensen) reveals the relationship and Daniel Fitzgerald (Brett Tucker) tricks Rachel into confessing the truth. Angus is sentenced to six months in jail and he gives Rachel a letter and a ring. Rachel writes to Angus, but he returns the letters. He later asks her to visit him and he tells her that he loves her. When he is released early, Rachel helps him find a home and later moves in with him. Someone throws a","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"10917181","text":"and accepts a local counseling job. Her first client is Cole Thornhart, her mother's former ward and Marty's son, who had been responsible for Matthew's accident. Rachel guides Cole through his arduous recovery, then begins a romance with bodyguard Shaun Evans. She quickly deduces that her mother is still in love with Bo and not with Clint, whom she eventually marries. Shaun tells Rachel he loves her, as he goes into surgery following his shooting, he then falls into a coma. Rachel is left guilt-ridden as she kissed Greg and was planning on breaking up with Shaun. She and Shaun","title":"Rachel Gannon"},{"id":"2186168","text":"into a successful businesswoman. During the show's second season, the character becomes romantically involved with her friend, Monica's older brother Ross, with whom she maintains a complicated on-again, off-again relationship throughout the entire series. Together, the characters have a daughter, Emma. The role of Rachel was originally offered to actresses Téa Leoni, the producer's first choice, and Courteney Cox, both of whom declined, Leoni in favor of starring in the sitcom \"The Naked Truth\", and Cox in favor of playing Rachel's best friend Monica in \"Friends\". A virtually unknown actress at the time who had previously starred in five short-lived","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"13755844","text":"she confesses: she is suspended from school for a week and forbidden to compete in Sectionals with New Directions, though the glee club wins without her. At the end of the episode \"Yes/No\", Finn asks her to marry him, and after hesitating for several days, she accepts. Their parents find out in \"Heart\", and hope to discourage the pair, but their plans backfire and the wedding date is moved up to May. Even that date seems too distant, so Rachel and Finn later decide to marry after Regionals in \"On My Way\". New Directions wins at Regionals, and hours later","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"2186173","text":"reinvent herself as an independent young woman by waitressing at Central Perk, a coffeehouse where her new friends regularly socialize. She is terrible at the job, but remains employed because the manager, Gunther (James Michael Tyler), is in love with her. As season one concludes, Rachel finds out that Ross is in love with her, and realizes that she loves him, too. When she goes to tell him, however, she finds that he has begun a relationship with a woman named Julie (Lauren Tom). However, Ross eventually chooses Rachel over Julie, and the couple dates for the remainder of the","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"7467706","text":"same night. The episode premiered in the United Kingdom on E4 on February 7, 2002 and was watched by 1.25 million viewers, making it the most watched program on the network for the week ending February 10, 2002. The One with Rachel's Date \"The One with Rachel's Date\" is the fifth episode of \"Friends<nowiki>'</nowiki>\" eighth season. It first aired on NBC in the United States on October 25, 2001. During the episode, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) begins dating Tim, a sous-chef from Monica's (Courteney Cox) restaurant. When Phoebe decides to end the relationship, it coincides with Monica wanting to fire him,","title":"The One with Rachel's Date"},{"id":"145166","text":"takes another pregnancy test, which Phoebe at first claims is negative, in order to find Rachel's real emotions on the realization of being pregnant. Rachel projects feelings of sadness when she thinks she's not pregnant, so Phoebe tells her the truth. The two of them and Monica then rejoice in the bathroom. The season revolves around Rachel's pregnancy; Ross is revealed to be the father after an investigation involving a red sweater. Rachel and Ross decide to have the baby but do not resume their romantic relationship. Joey develops romantic feelings for Rachel, but she does not reciprocate them. Rachel","title":"Friends"},{"id":"2186171","text":"the 1990s. Meanwhile, the character's relationship with Ross is often cited among television's most beloved. Rachel is considered to be Aniston's breakout role, credited with making her the show's most famous cast member and for spawning her successful film career. Praised for her performance as Rachel, Aniston won both an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Television Series – Comedy Or Musical. Rachel debuts in the pilot episode of \"Friends\" as a runaway bride who is distraught after abandoning her fiancé Barry Farber","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"10531225","text":"but she didn't think she could get married again. In season three, when Frank was away, Rachel met Jack Christey (Steve Bisley), a detective who worked with the Balmain police squad. Jack instantly liked Rachel, and in the episode \"Heads or Tales\" they slept together. In season four, Rachel and Frank were partnered with Michael Reilly (Aaron Pedersen), due to the Water Police looking for a third detective for extra security during the 2000 Olympic Games. However, not long after that, Frank left the Water Police. When Jack came back to replace Frank, he and Rachel later began their relationship","title":"Rachel Goldstein"},{"id":"3444153","text":"a one-night-stand with Chloe, which officially ends their relationship. They get together again at the end of Season 3 but again break up at the start of Season 4. Some of the later episodes show them to be still in love with each other such as when Ross cancels his Discovery channel show appearance to be with Rachel when she breaks her rib or when Rachel flies to London to tell Ross before his wedding with Emily, that she's still in love with him, only to realize that it would be better not to tell. Ross and Rachel also marry","title":"Ross Geller"},{"id":"7690154","text":"a warning, but Rachel decides to see Jake in secret. When he comes on too strong during another date, Rachel dumps him. Rachel competes for Bree's friendship, when Summer Hoyland (Marisa Siketa) returns. Alex tells Rachel and Zeke that he has terminal leukaemia and Rachel runs away. She and Zeke find Katya and beg her to come and say goodbye to Alex, but she refuses. Katya later turns up for Susan and Alex's wedding. That same night, Alex dies. Rachel becomes friends with Bree's older brother, Stingray (Ben Nicholas), but when she kisses him, Stingray says they cannot be together","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"2186222","text":"8-10. In the final season, Rachel wants to sleep with Ross when her father has a heart attack and wants \"sympathy sex\", which he turns down, not wanting to take advantage of her in the state she is in. However, Ross and Rachel do sleep together again the night before she leaves for Paris, which results in him admitting he still loves her and wants to get back together in the series finale. Rachel turns down the Paris job in order to be with Ross when she realizes she still loves him too, and the two agree \"this is it\",","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"15238322","text":"even accompanying him to his school reunion. She then has a brief flirtation with David's younger wayward brother Nick Marsden (Stephen Moyer) before getting back together with Adam after learning he has had treatment for testicular cancer. On a trip away to Lindisfarne to see in the year 2000, Rachel feels she is ready to put their past incidents behind her. Now in a committed relationship, Rachel and Adam begin trying for a baby. The storyline was devised because Harries wanted \"Cold Feet\" to reflect relevant issues in contemporary society; in vitro fertilisation featured heavily in the news during 2000,","title":"Rachel Bradley"},{"id":"145156","text":"her mother committed suicide. However, the rest of the group loves her regardless. Chandler breaks up with his girlfriend, Janice (Maggie Wheeler), who frequently returns in later seasons. Carol delivers a baby boy who is named Ben. At the end of the season, Chandler accidentally reveals that Ross loves Rachel, who realizes that she feels the same way. The season ends with Rachel waiting at the airport for Ross' arrival from a trip. The second season begins with Rachel waiting at the gate for Ross to declare her love for him. However, she discovers that he is dating Julie (Lauren","title":"Friends"},{"id":"7690149","text":"together\". Stasey explained, \"She's mature for her age, and Stingray is immature, so they meet in the middle.\" She also described their relationship as innocent and added that they were best friends, who happened to have strong feelings for one another. Rachel falls for her teacher Angus Henderson (Jonathan Wood); they later embark on an affair. Stasey spoke to \"TV Week\" and stated: \"She's so taken with him. I don't know if she's really in love with him – it's more that she's totally besotted by him. But she hasn't been thinking straight. At the same time, Angus would have","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"964555","text":"his parents for a couple weeks. Upon first seeing her in town, Nick had made a crude pass that Rachel rebuffed, but after the episode with Calla, she succumbs to his charms and has her first sexual experience. Mistaking lust for love, she begins to plan a future with Nick, who rejects her once he realizes she views their relationship as more than a casual and temporary affair. He rejects her softly by using a fake photo of a woman and a young child claiming that they are his wife and son back in New York. She later discovers through","title":"Rachel, Rachel"},{"id":"3444161","text":"Ross unsuccessfully tries to follow her, and Rachel ends up going on their honeymoon alone. Emily, later, calls Ross only to confront him by saying that he has to stop calling / harassing her relatives, but Ross makes her reveal her love for him. She said that she will return only if Ross stops being friends with Rachel. Unable to do so, Ross ends his marriage with Emily. Ross Geller has become a well-known figure in pop culture, in particular due to his relationship with Rachel Green, his neurotic nature, and his love for dinosaurs. In 2015, a play titled","title":"Ross Geller"},{"id":"5323284","text":"she does not come back to England, their relationship is over. Rachel is left unsure about what course of action to take. The other members of the group decide to raise money for Rachel to return home by means of busking. They succeed in getting enough money for the trip and Rachel sets off to England, leaving S Club 7. However, she has a change of heart and returns, heartbroken, after deciding to remain in the group - but left reeling when her boyfriend dumps her over the phone. Meanwhile, at Paradise Beach, the trailer park where they have stopped","title":"Boyfriends & Birthdays"},{"id":"145149","text":"Video\" was ranked 100 on \"TV Guide\"'s 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time. In 2013, \"Friends\" ranked no. 24 on the Writers Guild of America's 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time, and no. 28 on \"TV Guides 60 Best TV Series of All Time. Rachel Green flees her wedding day and finds childhood friend Monica Geller, a New York City chef. They become roommates, and Rachel joins Monica's group of single people in their mid-20s: Struggling actor Joey Tribbiani, business professional Chandler Bing, masseuse and musician Phoebe Buffay, and newly divorced palaeontologist Ross Geller, Monica's older brother. Rachel becomes","title":"Friends"},{"id":"2186180","text":"them to be with each other.\" Audiences began rooting for Rachel and Ross' union since the very beginning of \"Friends\", openly voicing their frustration with Rachel's obliviousness to Ross' feelings for her. The episode that would ultimately transform the friends' relationship for the remainder of the series was the first-season finale \"The One Where Rachel Finds Out\", in which Rachel finally learns of Ross' true feelings for her, at the same time discovering she actually feels the same. However, the episode nearly went unwritten because, at the time, few \"Friends\" writers were expecting the couple's relationship to morph into the","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"7690156","text":"she helps him with his fear of water. When Stingray dies, Rachel tells Ringo that she needs to take a break from their relationship. Rachel grows jealous of the time Ringo is spending with Carmella Cammeniti (Natalie Blair) and when he declares his love for her, Rachel is devastated and eventually their relationship ends. Rachel meets Angus at the pool and lets him believe she is at university. They are both shocked to realise that he is her new teacher. Angus initially wants nothing to do with her, but they decide to have a secret relationship. When Rachel learns that","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"7690153","text":"corridor and not understanding some of the other students, however, she makes friends with Bree Timmins (Sianoa Smit-McPhee). When Alex decides to transfer Rachel and Zeke to another school, Rachel begs him not to and he changes his mind. Alex starts dating Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) and the family later move in with her. Rachel agrees to go on a date with an older boy, Jake Rinter (Chris Toohey), and she lies to him about her age. During the date, Rachel hears Jake making a prank call to Susan and she confronts him. Alex calls the police and Jake receives","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"13755838","text":"sabotages the audition, directing her to an inactive crack house instead of the true location; Sunshine ends up transferring to Carmel High and joining Vocal Adrenaline. Though this and Finn's temporary ouster from the football team test their relationship, it remains quite strong through the beginning of season two; the two work together to throw the glee club's duets competition so newcomer Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) wins instead. Rachel eventually discovers that Finn slept with cheerleader Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) the previous year while Rachel was dating Jesse, and lied about it, though Rachel herself had lied and said she","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"19670604","text":"few days while she gets settled. Amy arrives and Rachel, lonely and still affected by the death of her mother, feels drawn to Amy. Over the course of the weekend, the two women spend much time together and become close. Eventually they become lovers. When Frank returns, he is shocked to find them in bed together and lashes out at both of them. To Rachel's shock, it is revealed that her father and Amy slept with each other. Disgusted and feeling betrayed, Rachel breaks off their relationship. Some time later, Rachel performs a show at a small club in San","title":"The Guest House"},{"id":"7690159","text":"at the school formal. Rachel tells Ty about her feelings for him and they begin dating. When Zeke disappears during a rafting accident, Rachel throws herself into her music career and tries to take her relationship with Ty further. She also blames Libby Kennedy (Kym Valentine) for letting go of Zeke's hand. Zeke is found, but he only recognises Rachel, until she takes him back to the place where he was held. Rachel receives a scholarship to a school in London, but she turns it down to be with Ty. Ty decides to break up with her, so she would","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"145160","text":"between Chandler and Joey. Joey forgives Chandler only after he spends a day in a box as punishment. Phoebe becomes a surrogate mother for her brother and his wife Alice (Debra Jo Rupp). Monica and Rachel are forced to switch apartments with Joey and Chandler after losing a bet during a quiz game, but, manage to switch back by bribing them with Knicks season tickets and a one-minute kiss (off-screen) between Rachel and Monica. Ross begins dating an English woman named Emily (Helen Baxendale), and the season finale features their wedding in London. Chandler and Monica sleep together, and Rachel","title":"Friends"},{"id":"145182","text":"something concerning either the series or a character felt foreign. The hardest episodes to write were always \"the first one and the last one of each season.\" Unlike other storylines, the idea for a relationship between Joey and Rachel was decided on halfway through the eighth season. The creators did not want Ross and Rachel to get back together so soon, and while looking for a romantic impediment, a writer suggested Joey's romantic interest in Rachel. The storyline was incorporated into the season; However, when the actors feared that the storyline would make their characters unlikable, the storyline was wrapped","title":"Friends"},{"id":"15238315","text":"I could. I'm not a natural comedienne. The character's backstory is presented in \"Cold Feet: A Man's/Woman's Guide to Life\", which was compiled by Jonathan Rice from Mike Bullen's scripts. Rachel read French at the University of Manchester, then spent a season working as a chalet girl in the French Alps. There she met Karen (Hermione Norris) who became her best friend. When both returned to England, Karen married David Marsden (Robert Bathurst) and Rachel began a career in the advertising industry. At the beginning of the pilot episode, Rachel is dumped by her boyfriend Simon Atkinson (Stephen Mapes), who","title":"Rachel Bradley"},{"id":"13755837","text":"feeling an immediate attachment and eventually decide not to pursue a relationship. Jesse betrays Rachel and returns to Vocal Adrenaline, leaving her devastated. In the episode \"Journey to Regionals\", as he and Rachel are about to go onstage at Regionals, Finn tells her that he loves her; although they lose the competition to Vocal Adrenaline, they become a couple. When the glee club needs to recruit new members to get back up to the minimum twelve required for competitions, Rachel initially encourages transfer student Sunshine Corazon (Charice) to try out, but when she realizes just how good Sunshine is, she","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"11755826","text":"The One with the Sonogram at the End \"The One with the Sonogram at the End\" is the second episode of the NBC television series \"Friends\". It is the second episode of the show's first season, and was broadcast on September 29, 1994. Carol, Ross' ex-wife, visits Ross at the museum where he works to tell him that she is pregnant. Meanwhile, Monica is frantically cleaning the apartment as her parents are coming over for dinner and she is worried they will be critical about the cleanliness of her home. Rachel is looking around the apartment for her misplaced engagement","title":"The One with the Sonogram at the End"},{"id":"13755841","text":"between her love for New York and Broadway and her love for him. At the end of their duet—\"Pretending\", written by Finn—an enthusiastic audience falls silent when Rachel and Finn share an overlong, unscripted kiss; the glee club comes in twelfth. Back in Ohio, Finn reminds Rachel that she has a year until graduation and any move to New York; he kisses her, and their relationship resumes. Rachel, along with Kurt, plans to attend a performing arts school in New York City after graduation. School counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) suggests they consider The New York Academy of Dramatic Arts","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"2186179","text":"and audiences initially perceived Monica as the show's main character when \"Friends\" premiered, the writers had actually given Rachel the pilot's most prominent storyline. Before deciding that Rachel and Ross would be an item for the entire series, the writers had originally intended for the show's defining couple to be Joey and Monica. However, after the success of the pilot, in which Rachel and Ross' developing romance is first hinted at, and witnessing Aniston and co-star David Schwimmer's on-screen chemistry for the first time, Crane and Kauffman determined that the entire series relied on \"finding all the wonderful roadblocks for","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"13755839","text":"had slept with Jesse when she hadn't; hurt, she makes out with Puck to hurt Finn back; this betrayal causes Finn to break up with her. Rachel tries to win him back, but he instead rekindles his feelings for Quinn and starts dating her. Wounded by Quinn telling her that the two of them are back together, Rachel writes an original song for Regionals, \"Get It Right\", and when New Directions wins, is named the club's competition MVP. Just before junior prom, Jesse returns, having flunked out of UCLA, and Rachel invites him to the prom with her, Sam and","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"11889197","text":"thought she missed the wedding because she loved Hugh still, but they later reconcile. Baby Joe comes back into Rachel's life after his mother goes missing. She looks after him for a while, but he is sent away again leaving Rachel upset because she bonded with him again. Rachel later finds out he has died leaving her devastated. Following Jack's death Rachel and Tony's relationship becomes strained. Rachel starts to suspect that Tony is having an affair. They later repair their relationship after Tony realises his anger is out of control. Later in 2009 they married and had a baby","title":"Rachel Armstrong"},{"id":"15238324","text":"to continue their relationship; Adam proposes to her and they are married in a civil ceremony in Series 3, Episode 8. In the same episode, she is reunited with her estranged parents, Brian and Mary (Paul Ridley and Sue Holderness). Before the episode, Rachel had not spoken to them for years; her father because of his bigotry and abuse of her mother, and her mother for staying with him. She refuses to allow Paul to give her away, and instead asks David to, despite learning that he has been having an extra-marital affair. At the reception, she inadvertently reveals to","title":"Rachel Bradley"},{"id":"11352036","text":"decides to get back together with her ex-boyfriend. Mike proposes to Phoebe and they get married mid-season. Monica and Chandler decide to try to adopt a child after finding out that they are infertile. They are eventually selected by a woman named Erica. Following this, they decide that they want to move to a house in Westchester. Rachel is head-hunted for a job with Gucci, but in the restaurant where she is being interviewed, her boss (Mr. Zelner) is seated at the next table. She gets fired from Ralph Lauren and also doesn't get the job with Gucci, which leaves","title":"Friends (season 10)"},{"id":"7647985","text":"sorting through the wreckage. She and Bruce share a kiss, but she tells him that they cannot be together until Gotham no longer needs Batman. At the end of the movie's novelization, she is named interim District Attorney. By the start of the second film, Rachel is in a relationship with newly selected District Attorney Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart), creating a conflict between him, herself, and Bruce Wayne. Dent soon asks Rachel to marry him, but she does not have a clear answer, being torn between her love for both men. At one point, the Joker (Heath Ledger) attacks Rachel","title":"Rachel Dawes"},{"id":"145150","text":"a waitress at fictitious Manhattan coffee house Central Perk; when not there, the group is usually at Monica and Rachel's nearby West Village apartment, or Joey and Chandler's across the hall. Episodes depict the friends' comedic and romantic adventures and career issues, such as Joey auditioning for roles or Rachel seeking jobs in the fashion industry. The six characters each have many dates and serious relationships, such as Monica with Richard Burke, and Ross with Emily Waltham. Ross and Rachel's intermittent relationship is the most often-recurring storyline; during the ten seasons of the show, they repeatedly date and break up.","title":"Friends"},{"id":"7690158","text":"brick through the window and it injures Rachel. Angus leaves town briefly, but they reunite. Angus accepts a job in South Australia and Rachel initially agrees to go with him, but she later changes her mind. A few weeks later, Rachel and her friends, Bridget Parker (Eloise Mignon) and Donna Freedman (Margot Robbie), all fear they are pregnant. They take pregnancy tests together, but only Bridget's comes back positive. Taylah Jordan's (Danielle Horvat) cousin Ty Harper (Dean Geyer) arrives in town and Taylah tries to set Rachel up with him. Rachel writes a song with Ty and they sing it","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"13755848","text":"station and sacrifices their relationship for Rachel's dreams. She gets off at Grand Central and walks down the streets of New York. In the season premiere \"The New Rachel\", Rachel is struggling to accept her separation from Finn. She meets Brody Weston (Dean Geyer), a handsome NYADA junior, who encourages Rachel to move on and embrace college life. Rachel also deals with her overpowering dance instructor Cassandra July (Kate Hudson), who believes that she does not have what it takes to become a star. After Kurt comes to New York, the two decide to move into together while Kurt pursues","title":"Rachel Berry"},{"id":"145169","text":"the finale to hear Ross give a keynote speech at a palaeontology conference, where they stay at a hotel. Joey and his girlfriend Charlie (Aisha Tyler) break up, and she begins a relationship with Ross. Upon seeing Ross and Charlie kiss each other, Joey goes to Rachel's hotel room, and the finale ends with them kissing. The tenth season closes several long-running storylines. Charlie breaks up with Ross to get back together with her ex-boyfriend. Joey and Rachel try to contend with Ross' feelings about them being together and decide it would be best to remain friends. Phoebe and Mike","title":"Friends"},{"id":"5027029","text":"by some of Rachel's habits, Charles becomes bored and is seduced by, and later sleeps with, his old flame Gloria (Skinner), ending his relationship with Rachel, who subsequently moves to New York. Charles still ends up going to Oxford University, but he does not enjoy his time there, feeling that his life is missing something following the end of his relationship with Rachel. Rachel and Charles accidentally meet up again in a museum and spend the whole day together, but at the end, Rachel kisses him only on the cheek, and leaves. We hear Charles in voiceover saying that he","title":"The Rachel Papers"},{"id":"145155","text":"her wedding to her fiancé Barry and moves into an apartment with her friend Monica from high school. Ross, who has had a crush on Rachel since the two of them were in high school, constantly attempts to tell her how he feels about her. However, many obstacles stand in his way, such as the fact that he is expecting a baby with his lesbian ex-wife, Carol. Joey is shown to be a bachelor and struggling actor, while Phoebe works as a masseuse and portrays a slightly \"crazy\" attribute to her personality based on her troubles as a child after","title":"Friends"},{"id":"6688067","text":"The One with the Morning After \"The One with the Morning After\" is the sixteenth episode of the third season of the American television situation comedy \"Friends\" and 64th overall, which aired on NBC on February 20, 1997. The plot centers on Ross (David Schwimmer) dealing with the repercussions of sleeping with another woman hours after he and Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) had broken up. The episode was written by the show’s creators, David Crane and Marta Kauffman, directed by James Burrows, and guest-stars James Michael Tyler as Gunther, and Angela Featherstone as Chloe, the girl from the Xerox shop that","title":"The One with the Morning After"},{"id":"2186215","text":"off-again relationship with friend Ross. Although wildly popular among audiences, the couple has been met with mixed reviews from critics. Katherine Hassel of the \"Daily Express\" described the characters' relationship as \"the heart of the show\". \"China Daily\" cited Ross and Rachel's reunion during the series finale \"The Last One\" among the episode's highlights, while Gary Susman of \"Rolling Stone\" believes that audiences would not have been happy had the couple not ultimately reunited. Contrastingly, \"The Wire's\" Joe Reid is of the opinion that the show's second season is \"the only time Ross/Rachel was truly great\". Virgin Media wrote that","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"8545347","text":"wife Kathy saw them kissing on their third wedding anniversary and attacked Rachel, banging her head against a wall. In December 1994, Rachel discovered that she was two months pregnant with Chris's baby and in June 1995, she gave birth to their son, Joseph Mark Tate, on the same day her former stepfather Joe Sugden died, naming her son in his honour. Kathy was present when Rachel went into labour and stayed with her on the journey to the hospital as Chris was nowhere to be found. This led to the two women becoming best friends and Rachel named Kathy","title":"Rachel Hughes"},{"id":"145159","text":"Frank Jr. (Giovanni Ribisi) and birth mother Phoebe (Teri Garr). Joey develops a relationship with his acting partner Kate (Dina Meyer), and Monica begins a relationship with millionaire Pete Becker (Jon Favreau) which ends because of the disagreements between the two. In the fourth-season premiere, Ross and Rachel briefly reconcile after Ross pretends to read a long letter that Rachel wrote for him, but continues to insist that the two were on a break so they break up again. Joey dates Kathy (Paget Brewster), a girl that Chandler has a crush on. Kathy and Chandler later kiss, which causes drama","title":"Friends"},{"id":"13753971","text":"he is directed to befriend Rachel by Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran, who is secretly her biological mother. Jesse and Rachel begin dating, and he briefly transfers to McKinley High, joining New Directions. Once the truth about Shelby is revealed, however, Jesse transfers back. He ends his relationship with Rachel by egging her in the McKinley High parking lot along with his fellow members of Vocal Adrenaline, humiliating her. In the episode \"Prom Queen\", he returns, after having flunked out of college, in an attempt to befriend Rachel again, claiming that his biggest regret was choosing Vocal Adrenaline over love.","title":"Characters of Glee"},{"id":"145151","text":"During an extended break, Ross briefly marries Emily. Ross and Rachel have a child together after a one-night stand, Chandler and Monica date and marry each other, and Phoebe marries Mike Hannigan. Other frequently recurring characters include Ross and Monica's parents, Jack and Judy from Long Island; Ross's ex-wife, Carol, and their son, Ben; Central Perk barista Gunther; Chandler's ex-girlfriend Janice; and Phoebe's twin sister, Ursula. In their original contracts for the first season, cast members were paid $22,500 per episode. The cast members received different salaries in the second season, beginning from the $20,000 range to $40,000 per episode.","title":"Friends"},{"id":"145164","text":"of his students, Elizabeth (Alexandra Holden). The relationship ends because of their maturity differences. Phoebe and Rachel's apartment catches fire, and Rachel moves in with Joey, while Phoebe moves in with Chandler and Monica. Chandler proposes to Monica, who says yes even though her ex-boyfriend Richard confesses his love for her. The seventh season mainly follows the various antics of Monica and Chandler, who begin to plan their wedding and run into financial problems which are quickly fixed by Chandler's secret funds. Joey's television series \"Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E\" is cancelled, but he is offered his job back on \"Days of","title":"Friends"},{"id":"7097490","text":"voiced Phobos on \"W.I.T.C.H.\" and Donatello in the \"TMNT\" film. He played Benjamin, a Marine friend of Eddie Birdlace, in \"Dogfight\". As of 2015, Whitfield does the voice of Fixit on \"\". Mitchell Whitfield Mitchell Whitfield (born September 8, 1964) is an American actor and voice actor. Whitfield was born in Brooklyn, New York. He guest-starred in several episodes of \"Friends\" as Dr. Barry Farber, Rachel's orthodontist ex-fiancé, whom Rachel left at the altar on their wedding day. He also appeared in \"Dharma & Greg\"; \"Murder, She Wrote\"; Diagnosis Murder and \"\" as well as \"Curb Your Enthusiasm\". In the","title":"Mitchell Whitfield"},{"id":"145167","text":"gives birth to baby Emma in the season finale. At the hospital, Ross's mother offers him an engagement ring because she wants him to marry Rachel. Ross does not intend to ask Rachel to marry him, but he takes the ring anyway and puts it in his jacket pocket. Meanwhile, in the post-delivery room, Joey looks for some tissue for an upset Rachel, picks up Ross's jacket, and the ring falls to the floor. He kneels to pick it up and turns to Rachel, still on his knees and still holding the ring. Rachel accepts what she thinks is his","title":"Friends"},{"id":"16589032","text":"also begins a romance with PC Sean McCartney (Sean Maguire). Gill reveals to Rachel that police are not pressing charges against Savage, much to Rachel's anger; she drunkenly confides to her brother about Nick Savage. Her relationship with Dominic becomes strained when he causes a small kitchen fire, though she forgives him. She later discovers him having intercourse with another man who has paid him. She advises that he have an HIV test after realising the extent of his frivolous behaviour. Meanwhile, Rachel and DC Kevin Lumb (Ben Batt) are both due to sit their sergeant's exam; however, she misses","title":"Rachel Bailey"},{"id":"11889190","text":"Rachel is a doctor who is introduced as an old school friend of Leah. She has a brother, Brad (Chris Sadrinna), and half-sister, Tamsyn (Gabrielle Scollay). Before starting her first shift Rachel finds Kim Hyde unconscious and saves him. Rachel is assigned as Kim's psych registrar and she begins to feel attracted to him. She suggests he see someone else, but Kim decides to stay because he feels attracted to her. Rachel is sexually harassed by Doctor Brian Helpman (John Noble). Rachel turns to Kim for comfort and they begin a relationship. Helpman threatens to report Rachel for her affair","title":"Rachel Armstrong"},{"id":"11889196","text":"tries to hurt her but collapses and has a fit, Rachel saves his life. Rachel grows close to Roman Harris (Conrad Coleby) but after he reminds her of Kim she decides to date Tony Holden. Tony is told the likelihood he can help Rachel conceive for a child is low, however they later are delighted when she becomes pregnant. Rachel's patient Jimmy Crawford (Adam Booth) begins to stalk her and Aden Jefferies (Todd Lasance) kidnaps her and tries to kill his father, Larry. Belle Taylor (Jessica Tovey) and Rachel talk Aden out of this and she is set free. Tony","title":"Rachel Armstrong"},{"id":"16712022","text":"and he becomes uncertain of where they're standing. Rachel, having flown all the way to Lima, confronts Finn at the McKinley auditorium, where she calls him immature and a coward for hiding from her for months. She says she loves him, but states that she can't keep their current relationship up, and she breaks up with him despite Finn's claims that he was giving her freedom. She gives him a last kiss, and leaves. After she leaves, Finn performs Coldplay's \"The Scientist\" alone, and imagines that Rachel, Kurt, Blaine, Santana, Brittany, Will and Emma are there performing with him. In","title":"The Break Up (Glee)"},{"id":"16712017","text":"The Break Up (Glee) \"The Break Up\" is the fourth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series \"Glee\", and the seventieth episode overall. Written by Ryan Murphy and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon, it aired on Fox in the United States on October 4, 2012, and features the end of several long-established romantic relationships on the show: the couples Finn and Rachel, Kurt and Blaine, and Santana and Brittany all break up. In New York City, Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) reunites with her former fiancé, Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), who has been discharged from the Army, and","title":"The Break Up (Glee)"},{"id":"145163","text":"the sixth-season premiere, Ross and Rachel's marriage is established to be a drunken mistake. Ross and Rachel try to get an annulment because he does not want to have three divorces. However, he realizes he could not do so and tries to keep their wedding a secret from Rachel. Nonetheless, they divorce several episodes later. Monica and Chandler move in together, causing Rachel to move in with Phoebe. Joey lands a role on a cable television series called \"Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E.\", where he stars alongside a robot. Ross gets a job lecturing at New York University and starts dating one","title":"Friends"},{"id":"12533171","text":"couple broke up in early 2004. After the break-up she dated Gavin Dein, son of former Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein. The relationship did not last long, with the couple splitting up in August 2005. In September and October 2006 Stevens was linked to actor Stephen Dorff and American-based British singer Oliver Trevena, known professionally as Oli T. In June 2008, Stevens became engaged to boyfriend Alex Bourne after 18 months of dating. The couple had planned to marry in the autumn of 2008, but decided to postpone their wedding until August 2009 due to Stevens' busy autumn schedule training and","title":"Rachel Stevens"},{"id":"10405002","text":"declines but she agrees later agrees and they share a kiss, which is witnessed by Dan. Hugh leaves after Leah rejects him, admitting that she did not feel that anything was there. Hugh returns several months later and falls for Rachel, who is now married to Kim Hyde (Chris Hemsworth). He becomes a confidant to Rachel when she and Kim goes through a rough patch in their marriage and even organizes a picnic with him. Rachel sees Hugh flirting with Nurse Julie Cooper (Lisa Hayson-Phillips) and sets them up on a dinner date which proves very uncomfortable for them both.","title":"Hugh Sullivan"},{"id":"10917176","text":"Hank Gannon and Nora Hanen, comes to town in 1992 after her father is named district attorney of Llantano County. She soon enrolls in Llanview University studying law, where she befriends Kevin Buchanan, who had recently gained custody of his infant son Duke. Rachel and Kevin eventually begin a romantic relationship; their romance falls apart in 1993 as Kevin is wrongly accused of being a participant in the gang rape of Marty Saybrooke, a case in which Hank is the prosecutor, and Nora is the defense counsel for one of the suspects, Todd Manning. In 1995, Rachel's law studies falter,","title":"Rachel Gannon"},{"id":"7690150","text":"known that he shouldn't have got involved with Rachel. He's the adult in the relationship, not Rachel.\" Their relationship causes controversy amongst the residents and tests her relationships with family, of this Stasey adds: \"It'll turn Rachel's life upside down & it will be something she'll never forget. It will actually destroy the relationship she has with Susan & Karl, as well as many of her friendships. And Rachel's heart will get broken, too.\" On 19 September 2008, a reporter for the \"Herald Sun\" confirmed Stasey had decided to end her contract with the show, so she could return to","title":"Rachel Kinski"},{"id":"14411001","text":"proposed to Rachel to which she declined, Bloomfield believed the two could work it out, \"I think love will prevail for the pair of them, but Rachel's still going to be herself. She's not going to change for him. She's making a choice to love him regardless of how's he's changed.\" However, following a talk from Grace Kwan (Lynette Forday), Rachel herself proposed to Chris, to which he accepted. Only moments later, a bomb rigged by Josh Gallagher (Chris Tempest) under the influence of his hero syndrome, exploded, collapsing the deck underneath the couple and leaving their fate ambiguous as","title":"Rachel McKenna"},{"id":"13754018","text":"informs Finn, he attacks Puck, breaks up with Quinn, and quits the glee club in a fury; but after cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) sabotages the glee club's first show choir competition, he is able to set aside his anger and return to lead the club to victory. He and Rachel briefly date, but he ends the relationship to concentrate on his own well-being. By the time Finn realizes that he truly does want to be with Rachel, he is chagrined to discover that she has started dating Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), the lead singer of rival glee","title":"Finn Hudson"},{"id":"3095991","text":"children – Renee (b. 1992) and Liam (b. 1994). They separated in January 1999 after nine years of marriage, and their divorce was finalised on 2 November 2006. She had a year-long relationship with Canadian NHL hockey player Sean Avery in 2004, and in 2006 began a three-year relationship with Jarret Stoll, 13 years her junior, also a Canadian NHL player who played for and won the Stanley Cup with the Los Angeles Kings. Her son Liam was a junior player being mentored by him while playing for the LA Kings Juniors when they first met. Stoll proposed to Hunter","title":"Rachel Hunter"},{"id":"14410994","text":"\"Rachel arrives back in Ferndale on a mission to win back Chris Warner. Chris and her share a lot of history, and she's decided that it's time they get back together once and for all\" and admitted that Chris was \"the one that got away\". Steven Zanoski acknowledged that Rachel was willing to move on after Chris, but stated that there were unresolved feelings between the ex lovers. Rachel knew Chris still had feelings for her, with Bloomfield stating, \"Rachel is determined to get Chris back and she's willing to go to any length to make it happen. She feels","title":"Rachel McKenna"},{"id":"8545345","text":"Rachel Hughes Rachel Hughes (also Tate) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, \"Emmerdale\", portrayed by Glenda McKay. Rachel arrived in Beckindale in 1988 with her mother Kate and brother Mark after her parents divorced. Her mother began a feud with Joe Sugden in late 1988 after he shot and killed her dog because it was bothering his sheep. However, in early 1989, Joe and Kate fell in love and were married in April that year and Rachel was more accepting of her mother's new relationship unlike her brother Mark who wanted their parents to reconcile. Rachel","title":"Rachel Hughes"},{"id":"14426688","text":"first appearance in a recurring role. Following their romance in the episode \"Mash-Up\", club members Rachel (Lea Michele) and Puck (Mark Salling) are reunited, a decision made by the producers due to the unexpected popularity of the pairing. The episode features cover versions of five songs, all of which were released as singles, available for digital download, and two of which are included on the soundtrack album \"\". \"Bad Reputation\" was watched by 11.62 million American viewers and received mixed reviews from critics. Darren Franich of \"Entertainment Weekly\" and Bobby Hankinson of the \"Houston Chronicle\" both considered it a return","title":"Bad Reputation (Glee)"},{"id":"2186185","text":"would include it in the show because they did not want \"Friends\" \"to become a show about a baby\" while \"On the other hand, we don't want to pretend that there isn't one.\" According to Robert Bianco of \"USA Today\", the critical success and popularity of Rachel's pregnancy is ultimately responsible for \"propel[ling] the show to the top of the ratings\". When it finally came time to write the series finale, \"The only thing [Crane and Kauffman] absolutely knew from very early on was that we had to get Ross and Rachel together,\" deciding, \"We had dicked the audience around","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"145161","text":"decides to attend Ross and Emily's wedding. While saying his vows, Ross uses the wrong name at the altar (Rachel's), to the shock of his bride and the guests. Season five starts with Ross and Emily's wedding in London. The season features Monica and Chandler trying to keep their new relationship a secret from their friends. Phoebe gives birth to triplets in the show's 100th episode. She gives birth to a boy, Frank Jr. Jr., and two girls: Leslie and Chandler. Emily states that the only condition in which she would remain married to Ross is if he stops all","title":"Friends"},{"id":"17997018","text":"there, and kisses him. When he returns to the apartment, he confesses to Mercedes that he cheated, though it was only the one kiss, and he burst into tears. Mercedes admits that she may not be ready for years, which she feels is unfair to Sam, so though they love each other, they ultimately decide to formally end their relationship, which could nevertheless resume whenever Mercedes feels ready. The NYADA showcase June presents for Blaine is a big success, and he and June end with a duet. He is called back to do an encore, and telling the audience that","title":"The Untitled Rachel Berry Project"},{"id":"11352037","text":"her unemployed. While departing her old job, she runs into Mark, her old colleague from Bloomingdale's in Season 3, who offers her a job with Louis Vuitton in Paris. Ross, still being secretly in love with her, doesn't want her to leave and tries to make her get her old job at Ralph Lauren back by convincing her boss to increase her salary. Rachel decides she wants to go to Paris and says goodbyes to everyone personally except Ross. Ross reacts harshly and tells her that it's not fair. When Rachel goes to Ross' apartment to explain, they end up","title":"Friends (season 10)"},{"id":"11889191","text":"with Kim if he doesn't sleep with him so she reports him and comes clean about her relationship. Rachel is struck off the psych registry, but is later given a new job in the Accident and Emergency department. Rachel is annoyed when her father, Robert (John Gregg) briefly works at the hospital. Kim's new friend Charlie McKinnon (Matt Levett) begins spending a plenty of time with them. Charlie soon becomes infatuated with Kim and starts dressing up like him and becoming possessive. Charlie later takes Rachel kidnaps Rachel. Rachel hits Charlie with a pipe causing him to seizure, she decides","title":"Rachel Armstrong"},{"id":"14410946","text":"her storyline\". Rachel arrived in early 1993 and forced her father Michael (Paul Gittins) to dump his young girlfriend. She became besotted by Stuart Neilson (Martin Henderson) and used a smitten Nick Harrison (Karl Burnett) to get closer to Stuart. She developed bulimia and dumped Stuart when she learnt he had slept with her mother Alex (Liddy Holloway). Rachel started to date Tim Cunningham (Richard Vette) and befriended the pregnant Ramona (Ashleigh Seagar), however a spiteful Charlotte (Nicola Cliff) revealed Tim was the father of Ramona's baby and Rachel dumped him. The following year Rachel dated Manny Atutahi (Albert Belz)","title":"Rachel McKenna"},{"id":"7304476","text":"the fourth most watched overall television series finale in U.S. history as well as the most watched episode from any television series throughout the decade 2000s on U.S. television. In Canada, the finale aired simultaneously on May 6, 2004, on Global, and was viewed by 5.16 million viewers, becoming the highest viewed episode of the series, and also becoming the most viewed and highest-rated episode ever in Canada for a sitcom. The series finale closes several long-running storylines. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) confesses his love for Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), and they decide to resume their relationship; and Monica Geller","title":"The Last One (Friends)"},{"id":"7647986","text":"at Dent's fundraiser, holding her at knifepoint. Batman arrives and fights off the men, but the Joker grabs Rachel and throws her from the skyscraper window. Batman jumps out the window after her, breaking their fall on a car below. Rachel is next seen at the funeral of police commissioner Gillian Loeb (Colin MacFarlane), who was murdered by the Joker. At the funeral, the Joker attempts to assassinate Mayor Anthony Garcia (Nestor Carbonell), and leaves behind evidence indicating that Rachel will be next. Rachel takes shelter in Bruce's penthouse at Dent's insistence. There she and Bruce briefly rekindle their romance.","title":"Rachel Dawes"},{"id":"3935284","text":"her in a previous episode, but she tells him that they as a couple will never happen. Monica's parents bring boxes of her possessions to her apartment, and she finds a video of her and Rachel getting ready for their senior prom. The friends decide to watch the video, although Ross objects to everyone seeing the tape. On the video, Rachel's date, Chip Matthews, has not arrived, and Monica refuses to go to the prom without her. Mrs. Geller convinces Ross to wear his father's tuxedo and take Rachel to the prom himself. Ross reluctantly agrees, but by the time","title":"The One with the Prom Video"},{"id":"18591344","text":"Jeb Bush as she states her intent to run for President in 2024. In 2020, Blaine and Kurt go to Harvey Milk Elementary School to encourage kids to pursue their dreams. Meanwhile, also in 2020, Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) reunites with Mercedes, Blaine, Kurt, and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) and Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz), who are now a couple. Rachel is now pregnant as the surrogate mother for Blaine and Kurt's child, and is also now married to Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff). Later that day, Rachel wins the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical and she thanks","title":"Dreams Come True (Glee)"},{"id":"7467699","text":"The One with Rachel's Date \"The One with Rachel's Date\" is the fifth episode of \"Friends<nowiki>'</nowiki>\" eighth season. It first aired on NBC in the United States on October 25, 2001. During the episode, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) begins dating Tim, a sous-chef from Monica's (Courteney Cox) restaurant. When Phoebe decides to end the relationship, it coincides with Monica wanting to fire him, with both fighting over who is going to dump Tim first. In the subplot, Joey (Matt LeBlanc) introduces Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) to his Days of Our Lives co-star, Kash Ford, and they go out on a date, which","title":"The One with Rachel's Date"},{"id":"6493891","text":"him up and calls the police. Sam has become very close to Rachel Breckle. They eventually began dating after the birth of her son, Archie. He supported her throughout her pregnancy and they moved in together but he and Samson moved out when Ali, Ruby, Sean and Amelia moved in after Megan Macey evicted them. He decided to move back in. However, Rachel was forced to leave by Sam's cousin, Charity, in early 2014, ending their relationship. Sam later begins a relationship with Tracey Shankley but reunites with Rachel when she returns. However, their reunion did not last long as","title":"Sam Dingle"},{"id":"2186175","text":"the break up, Rachel and Ross are initially hostile towards each other, but continue to harbor feelings for each other. During a beach house vacation with their friends, Rachel and Ross briefly reconcile when he ends his relationship with Bonnie (Christine Taylor), only to break up once again due to a disagreement. During season four, Rachel dates her customer Joshua (Tate Donovan), while Ross dates her boss' niece Emily (Helen Baxendale), to whom he eventually gets engaged. Competitively, Rachel proposes to recent divorcee Joshua, frightening him off. Rachel indirectly contributes to the demise of Ross and Emily's relationship when he","title":"Rachel Green"},{"id":"15238327","text":"Mike Bullen quipped at the time, \"We're looking at a number of ideas, including alien abduction\". Though heavily pregnant, Rachel's doctor advises her that it is safe to fly to Australia for Pete and Jo's (John Thomson and Kimberley Joseph) wedding in Series 4, Episode 8. On the day of the wedding ceremony, Rachel collapses outside the hotel, having gone into labour two months prematurely, and is rushed to hospital. She gives birth to a boy, whom she names Matthew Sydney Williams. At the beginning of Series 5, set three months after the birth, Rachel appears overprotective of Matthew; she","title":"Rachel Bradley"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"13755850\",\n \"text\": \"he no longer wants to live in New York after seeing how happy she was without him. Finn takes off and goes back to Lima where Rachel confronts him, and says that even though she loves him, she can no longer stay in their relationship. She and Brody begin to see each other, and she lets him move in so that they can be closer. When she returns for Will and Emma's wedding, she and Finn reconnect as friends. When Finn asks about Brody, she says that they are not exclusive. Finn says that the reason she has not committed\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15238321\",\n \"text\": \"convinced him that it would be braver and more realistic for the character to go through with it. Rachel ponders whether to get back together with Adam but is left humiliated when she arrives at his house in the middle of the night and finds him apparently in the middle of an orgy with his new girlfriend Amy (Rosie Cavaliero) and lodger \\\"Rachel 2\\\" (Rachel Fielding). She resolves to get her old job back, and starts dating a co-worker, the much younger Danny Burke (Hugh Dancy). After a short fling, she dumps Danny and agrees to be friends with Adam,\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Bradley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145162\",\n \"text\": \"communication with Rachel. Ross agrees, but during a last dinner with all six main characters together, Emily phones Ross and, upon discovering Rachel is there, realizes she does not trust him, which ends the marriage. Phoebe begins a relationship with a police officer, Gary (Michael Rapaport), after finding his badge and using it as her own. Monica and Chandler go public with their relationship, to the surprise and happiness of their friends. They decide to get married on a trip to Las Vegas, but change their plans after witnessing Ross and Rachel drunkenly stumble out of the wedding chapel. In\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10917182\",\n \"text\": \"then end their relationship and Rachel succumbs to her attraction for Greg and they begin dating. Unfortunately for Rachel and Greg, the two broke up in March 2010 when Greg thought Rachel was having feelings for her friend Schuyler Joplin (which she doesn't) and walked out on her. Feeling she doesn't have anything left in Llanview, Rachel moved back to Chicago to help a friend who is a patient in rehab. When her mother remarries Bo, Nora chooses Rachel as her maid of honor. However, Rachel informs her mother that she will be un-able to attend the ceremony because she\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Gannon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755833\",\n \"text\": \"newly reconstituted glee club hoping that fame will increase her popularity and help her find a boyfriend. She is bullied by members of the school cheerleading and football teams, but is pleased when quarterback Finn Hudson joins the club, developing a crush on him. The two share a kiss in the episode \\\"Showmance\\\", although he tells her to forget that it happened and continues dating his girlfriend, cheerleader Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron). Rachel quits the glee club when she is not assigned a solo she wanted, and is awarded the lead role in the school musical, \\\"Cabaret\\\". However, she later\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186167\",\n \"text\": \"Rachel Green Rachel Karen Green is a fictional character, one of the six main characters who appeared in the American sitcom \\\"Friends\\\". Portrayed by actress Jennifer Aniston, the character was created by show creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and appeared in each of the show's 236 episodes during its decade-long run, from its premiere on September 22, 1994 to its finale on May 6, 2004. Introduced in the show's pilot as a naive runaway bride who reunites with her childhood best friend Monica Geller and relocates to New York City, Rachel gradually evolves from a spoiled, inexperienced \\\"daddy's girl\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145171\",\n \"text\": \"dream job. Rachel says a tearful goodbye to everyone but Ross. A hurt and angry Ross confronts Rachel, and they end up sleeping together. Rachel leaves, and Ross, realizing he loves her, chases after her to the airport. Rachel realizes she loves him too, and cancels her flight to Paris, agreeing to stay with him. The series ends with all friends plus Monica and Chandler's new babies leaving the apartment, heading to Central Perk for a final cup of coffee. The finale dialogue used in this series is by Chandler, making a joke for the last time. The camera's last\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145168\",\n \"text\": \"proposal of marriage. Season nine begins with Ross and Rachel living together as roommates with their daughter Emma. Monica and Chandler try to conceive a baby of their own but find out that they are unable to, due to health restrictions. Phoebe begins dating Mike Hannigan (Paul Rudd) and chooses to be with him over her ex-boyfriend David (Hank Azaria). Rachel and Emma move in with Joey in the middle of the season, and Rachel develops infatuation towards him, while the rest of the \\\"friends\\\" try hard to get Ross and Rachel back together. The group travels to Barbados in\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15238317\",\n \"text\": \"and go on a date with him. Their first date does not go well, but they see each other again. Three months later, they row, and Rachel gets back together with Simon, who has returned to Hong Kong. Adam wins her back by serenading her while wearing nothing but a rose between his buttocks. The first series begins nine months later. Rachel and Adam move into their first house together. He is horrified to discover that she has been married for over six years. She contacts her husband Kris Bumstead (Lennie James) and after briefly considering going back to him\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Bradley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186238\",\n \"text\": \"audiences struggle \\\"to lose the Rachel tag that has made her one of the world's most recognisable faces\\\". Rachel Green Rachel Karen Green is a fictional character, one of the six main characters who appeared in the American sitcom \\\"Friends\\\". Portrayed by actress Jennifer Aniston, the character was created by show creators David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and appeared in each of the show's 236 episodes during its decade-long run, from its premiere on September 22, 1994 to its finale on May 6, 2004. Introduced in the show's pilot as a naive runaway bride who reunites with her childhood best\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690155\",\n \"text\": \"because of the age gap. Rachel and Zeke go to live with Katya for a while, but they later move back with Susan. Stingray admits that he loves Rachel and they begin a relationship. Rachel is disgusted to find out that Susan was seeing her ex-husband Karl Kennedy (Alan Fletcher). Rachel moves out for a while, but is brought back by Toadfish Rebecchi (Ryan Moloney). Rachel tries to help Stingray with his drink problem and she later discovers that he may have fathered Sky Mangel's (Stephanie McIntosh) child. Rachel ends their relationship. Rachel starts dating Ringo Brown (Sam Clark) after\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145158\",\n \"text\": \"eventually break up. Season three takes on a significantly greater serialized format. Rachel begins working at Bloomingdale's, an upscale department store chain, and Ross becomes jealous of her colleague, Mark. Rachel decides to take a break from their relationship; and Ross, hurt and drunk sleeps with Chloe, \\\"the hot girl from the Xerox place\\\", causing Rachel to break up with him. In the meantime, Chandler has a hard time dealing with their breakup because it reminds him of his parents' divorce. After believing she has no family except her twin sister Ursula (Lisa Kudrow), Phoebe becomes acquainted with her half-brother\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755851\",\n \"text\": \"to Brody is because she still thinks they will end up together. They sleep together after the reception, but Rachel leaves after Finn falls asleep. She is later shown taking a pregnancy test; Santana, who has recently moved in, snoops and discovers the discarded test, and confronts Rachel, who then bursts into tears. The two go together to get Rachel checked at a clinic, where she is informed that it was a false alarm. She later breaks up with Brody after Santana reveals that he is a male escort and is stunned to find out Finn flew to New York\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186174\",\n \"text\": \"second season. However, their relationship begins to deteriorate towards the end of the third season after Rachel quits her job at the coffeehouse in favor of working in fashion. While Rachel becomes increasingly preoccupied with her new job, Ross grows jealous of her companionship with her coworker Mark (Steven Eckholdt), culminating in Rachel deciding that they should \\\"take a break\\\" from their relationship. Ross takes this to mean that they've broken up, and sleeps with another woman. Rachel gets back together with Ross the next day, but breaks up with him upon learning of his infidelity. In the episodes following\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186177\",\n \"text\": \"Monica, who had previously been reserving the name for her own child. Rachel and Ross live together as non-romantic roommates during the first half of season nine. At the end of season nine, Joey confesses that he has feelings for Rachel, and they decide to try dating. They break up in season ten, however, both because their romance upsets Ross and because they realize that they don't work as a couple. Rachel eventually finds a job opportunity in France, but has second thoughts when Ross tells her he still loves her. Rachel ultimately decides to stay and reignite her relationship\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755834\",\n \"text\": \"quits the musical and rejoins the glee club when she realizes that she would rather be in a group in which she has friends. She has a brief relationship with another glee club member, Puck (Mark Salling), who is also Jewish, and is a football player who used to bully her, but she breaks up with him due to her continuing feelings for Finn. She later discovers and reveals to Finn that Quinn's pregnancy was not caused by him, but that Puck is the father; furious, Finn attacks Puck, breaks up with Quinn, and drops out of New Directions. He\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11889194\",\n \"text\": \"but it is revealed she had lied. Kim and Rachel marry and try to adopt a baby called Joe Morton until his mother Lee (Natasha Lee) returns to take him off the pair. Kit reveals she is pregnant and when she has the baby Kim takes Kit's side on many things. Hugh Sullivan (Rodger Corser), Rachel's ex-boyfriend turns up, they sleep together. Hugh leaves Rachel alone after she refuses to leave Kim, she tells Kim the truth and he refuses to forgive her and tells her he is going to live with Kit because he loves her instead. Brad's friend\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755840\",\n \"text\": \"Mercedes (Amber Riley). Jesse and Finn are kicked out of the prom when Finn picks a fight with Jesse over his attentions to Rachel on the dance floor, which effectively ends Finn and Quinn's campaign for prom king and queen. Finn ultimately breaks up with Quinn when he realizes he has a deeper connection with Rachel, despite the fact that she and Jesse seem to be a couple again. At Nationals, as the New Directions are about to go on stage, Finn begs Rachel to get back together with him, but though she professes her love, she refuses, still torn\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690157\",\n \"text\": \"Jessica Wallace (Heidi Valkenburg) knows about them, Rachel leaves a dance party to see Angus and they spend the night together. Declan Napier (James Sorensen) reveals the relationship and Daniel Fitzgerald (Brett Tucker) tricks Rachel into confessing the truth. Angus is sentenced to six months in jail and he gives Rachel a letter and a ring. Rachel writes to Angus, but he returns the letters. He later asks her to visit him and he tells her that he loves her. When he is released early, Rachel helps him find a home and later moves in with him. Someone throws a\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10917181\",\n \"text\": \"and accepts a local counseling job. Her first client is Cole Thornhart, her mother's former ward and Marty's son, who had been responsible for Matthew's accident. Rachel guides Cole through his arduous recovery, then begins a romance with bodyguard Shaun Evans. She quickly deduces that her mother is still in love with Bo and not with Clint, whom she eventually marries. Shaun tells Rachel he loves her, as he goes into surgery following his shooting, he then falls into a coma. Rachel is left guilt-ridden as she kissed Greg and was planning on breaking up with Shaun. She and Shaun\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Gannon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186168\",\n \"text\": \"into a successful businesswoman. During the show's second season, the character becomes romantically involved with her friend, Monica's older brother Ross, with whom she maintains a complicated on-again, off-again relationship throughout the entire series. Together, the characters have a daughter, Emma. The role of Rachel was originally offered to actresses Téa Leoni, the producer's first choice, and Courteney Cox, both of whom declined, Leoni in favor of starring in the sitcom \\\"The Naked Truth\\\", and Cox in favor of playing Rachel's best friend Monica in \\\"Friends\\\". A virtually unknown actress at the time who had previously starred in five short-lived\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755844\",\n \"text\": \"she confesses: she is suspended from school for a week and forbidden to compete in Sectionals with New Directions, though the glee club wins without her. At the end of the episode \\\"Yes/No\\\", Finn asks her to marry him, and after hesitating for several days, she accepts. Their parents find out in \\\"Heart\\\", and hope to discourage the pair, but their plans backfire and the wedding date is moved up to May. Even that date seems too distant, so Rachel and Finn later decide to marry after Regionals in \\\"On My Way\\\". New Directions wins at Regionals, and hours later\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186173\",\n \"text\": \"reinvent herself as an independent young woman by waitressing at Central Perk, a coffeehouse where her new friends regularly socialize. She is terrible at the job, but remains employed because the manager, Gunther (James Michael Tyler), is in love with her. As season one concludes, Rachel finds out that Ross is in love with her, and realizes that she loves him, too. When she goes to tell him, however, she finds that he has begun a relationship with a woman named Julie (Lauren Tom). However, Ross eventually chooses Rachel over Julie, and the couple dates for the remainder of the\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7467706\",\n \"text\": \"same night. The episode premiered in the United Kingdom on E4 on February 7, 2002 and was watched by 1.25 million viewers, making it the most watched program on the network for the week ending February 10, 2002. The One with Rachel's Date \\\"The One with Rachel's Date\\\" is the fifth episode of \\\"Friends<nowiki>'</nowiki>\\\" eighth season. It first aired on NBC in the United States on October 25, 2001. During the episode, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) begins dating Tim, a sous-chef from Monica's (Courteney Cox) restaurant. When Phoebe decides to end the relationship, it coincides with Monica wanting to fire him,\",\n \"title\": \"The One with Rachel's Date\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145166\",\n \"text\": \"takes another pregnancy test, which Phoebe at first claims is negative, in order to find Rachel's real emotions on the realization of being pregnant. Rachel projects feelings of sadness when she thinks she's not pregnant, so Phoebe tells her the truth. The two of them and Monica then rejoice in the bathroom. The season revolves around Rachel's pregnancy; Ross is revealed to be the father after an investigation involving a red sweater. Rachel and Ross decide to have the baby but do not resume their romantic relationship. Joey develops romantic feelings for Rachel, but she does not reciprocate them. Rachel\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186171\",\n \"text\": \"the 1990s. Meanwhile, the character's relationship with Ross is often cited among television's most beloved. Rachel is considered to be Aniston's breakout role, credited with making her the show's most famous cast member and for spawning her successful film career. Praised for her performance as Rachel, Aniston won both an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress In A Television Series – Comedy Or Musical. Rachel debuts in the pilot episode of \\\"Friends\\\" as a runaway bride who is distraught after abandoning her fiancé Barry Farber\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10531225\",\n \"text\": \"but she didn't think she could get married again. In season three, when Frank was away, Rachel met Jack Christey (Steve Bisley), a detective who worked with the Balmain police squad. Jack instantly liked Rachel, and in the episode \\\"Heads or Tales\\\" they slept together. In season four, Rachel and Frank were partnered with Michael Reilly (Aaron Pedersen), due to the Water Police looking for a third detective for extra security during the 2000 Olympic Games. However, not long after that, Frank left the Water Police. When Jack came back to replace Frank, he and Rachel later began their relationship\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Goldstein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3444153\",\n \"text\": \"a one-night-stand with Chloe, which officially ends their relationship. They get together again at the end of Season 3 but again break up at the start of Season 4. Some of the later episodes show them to be still in love with each other such as when Ross cancels his Discovery channel show appearance to be with Rachel when she breaks her rib or when Rachel flies to London to tell Ross before his wedding with Emily, that she's still in love with him, only to realize that it would be better not to tell. Ross and Rachel also marry\",\n \"title\": \"Ross Geller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690154\",\n \"text\": \"a warning, but Rachel decides to see Jake in secret. When he comes on too strong during another date, Rachel dumps him. Rachel competes for Bree's friendship, when Summer Hoyland (Marisa Siketa) returns. Alex tells Rachel and Zeke that he has terminal leukaemia and Rachel runs away. She and Zeke find Katya and beg her to come and say goodbye to Alex, but she refuses. Katya later turns up for Susan and Alex's wedding. That same night, Alex dies. Rachel becomes friends with Bree's older brother, Stingray (Ben Nicholas), but when she kisses him, Stingray says they cannot be together\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186222\",\n \"text\": \"8-10. In the final season, Rachel wants to sleep with Ross when her father has a heart attack and wants \\\"sympathy sex\\\", which he turns down, not wanting to take advantage of her in the state she is in. However, Ross and Rachel do sleep together again the night before she leaves for Paris, which results in him admitting he still loves her and wants to get back together in the series finale. Rachel turns down the Paris job in order to be with Ross when she realizes she still loves him too, and the two agree \\\"this is it\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15238322\",\n \"text\": \"even accompanying him to his school reunion. She then has a brief flirtation with David's younger wayward brother Nick Marsden (Stephen Moyer) before getting back together with Adam after learning he has had treatment for testicular cancer. On a trip away to Lindisfarne to see in the year 2000, Rachel feels she is ready to put their past incidents behind her. Now in a committed relationship, Rachel and Adam begin trying for a baby. The storyline was devised because Harries wanted \\\"Cold Feet\\\" to reflect relevant issues in contemporary society; in vitro fertilisation featured heavily in the news during 2000,\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Bradley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145156\",\n \"text\": \"her mother committed suicide. However, the rest of the group loves her regardless. Chandler breaks up with his girlfriend, Janice (Maggie Wheeler), who frequently returns in later seasons. Carol delivers a baby boy who is named Ben. At the end of the season, Chandler accidentally reveals that Ross loves Rachel, who realizes that she feels the same way. The season ends with Rachel waiting at the airport for Ross' arrival from a trip. The second season begins with Rachel waiting at the gate for Ross to declare her love for him. However, she discovers that he is dating Julie (Lauren\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690149\",\n \"text\": \"together\\\". Stasey explained, \\\"She's mature for her age, and Stingray is immature, so they meet in the middle.\\\" She also described their relationship as innocent and added that they were best friends, who happened to have strong feelings for one another. Rachel falls for her teacher Angus Henderson (Jonathan Wood); they later embark on an affair. Stasey spoke to \\\"TV Week\\\" and stated: \\\"She's so taken with him. I don't know if she's really in love with him – it's more that she's totally besotted by him. But she hasn't been thinking straight. At the same time, Angus would have\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"964555\",\n \"text\": \"his parents for a couple weeks. Upon first seeing her in town, Nick had made a crude pass that Rachel rebuffed, but after the episode with Calla, she succumbs to his charms and has her first sexual experience. Mistaking lust for love, she begins to plan a future with Nick, who rejects her once he realizes she views their relationship as more than a casual and temporary affair. He rejects her softly by using a fake photo of a woman and a young child claiming that they are his wife and son back in New York. She later discovers through\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel, Rachel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3444161\",\n \"text\": \"Ross unsuccessfully tries to follow her, and Rachel ends up going on their honeymoon alone. Emily, later, calls Ross only to confront him by saying that he has to stop calling / harassing her relatives, but Ross makes her reveal her love for him. She said that she will return only if Ross stops being friends with Rachel. Unable to do so, Ross ends his marriage with Emily. Ross Geller has become a well-known figure in pop culture, in particular due to his relationship with Rachel Green, his neurotic nature, and his love for dinosaurs. In 2015, a play titled\",\n \"title\": \"Ross Geller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5323284\",\n \"text\": \"she does not come back to England, their relationship is over. Rachel is left unsure about what course of action to take. The other members of the group decide to raise money for Rachel to return home by means of busking. They succeed in getting enough money for the trip and Rachel sets off to England, leaving S Club 7. However, she has a change of heart and returns, heartbroken, after deciding to remain in the group - but left reeling when her boyfriend dumps her over the phone. Meanwhile, at Paradise Beach, the trailer park where they have stopped\",\n \"title\": \"Boyfriends & Birthdays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145149\",\n \"text\": \"Video\\\" was ranked 100 on \\\"TV Guide\\\"'s 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time. In 2013, \\\"Friends\\\" ranked no. 24 on the Writers Guild of America's 101 Best Written TV Series of All Time, and no. 28 on \\\"TV Guides 60 Best TV Series of All Time. Rachel Green flees her wedding day and finds childhood friend Monica Geller, a New York City chef. They become roommates, and Rachel joins Monica's group of single people in their mid-20s: Struggling actor Joey Tribbiani, business professional Chandler Bing, masseuse and musician Phoebe Buffay, and newly divorced palaeontologist Ross Geller, Monica's older brother. Rachel becomes\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186180\",\n \"text\": \"them to be with each other.\\\" Audiences began rooting for Rachel and Ross' union since the very beginning of \\\"Friends\\\", openly voicing their frustration with Rachel's obliviousness to Ross' feelings for her. The episode that would ultimately transform the friends' relationship for the remainder of the series was the first-season finale \\\"The One Where Rachel Finds Out\\\", in which Rachel finally learns of Ross' true feelings for her, at the same time discovering she actually feels the same. However, the episode nearly went unwritten because, at the time, few \\\"Friends\\\" writers were expecting the couple's relationship to morph into the\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690156\",\n \"text\": \"she helps him with his fear of water. When Stingray dies, Rachel tells Ringo that she needs to take a break from their relationship. Rachel grows jealous of the time Ringo is spending with Carmella Cammeniti (Natalie Blair) and when he declares his love for her, Rachel is devastated and eventually their relationship ends. Rachel meets Angus at the pool and lets him believe she is at university. They are both shocked to realise that he is her new teacher. Angus initially wants nothing to do with her, but they decide to have a secret relationship. When Rachel learns that\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690153\",\n \"text\": \"corridor and not understanding some of the other students, however, she makes friends with Bree Timmins (Sianoa Smit-McPhee). When Alex decides to transfer Rachel and Zeke to another school, Rachel begs him not to and he changes his mind. Alex starts dating Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne) and the family later move in with her. Rachel agrees to go on a date with an older boy, Jake Rinter (Chris Toohey), and she lies to him about her age. During the date, Rachel hears Jake making a prank call to Susan and she confronts him. Alex calls the police and Jake receives\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755838\",\n \"text\": \"sabotages the audition, directing her to an inactive crack house instead of the true location; Sunshine ends up transferring to Carmel High and joining Vocal Adrenaline. Though this and Finn's temporary ouster from the football team test their relationship, it remains quite strong through the beginning of season two; the two work together to throw the glee club's duets competition so newcomer Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) wins instead. Rachel eventually discovers that Finn slept with cheerleader Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) the previous year while Rachel was dating Jesse, and lied about it, though Rachel herself had lied and said she\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19670604\",\n \"text\": \"few days while she gets settled. Amy arrives and Rachel, lonely and still affected by the death of her mother, feels drawn to Amy. Over the course of the weekend, the two women spend much time together and become close. Eventually they become lovers. When Frank returns, he is shocked to find them in bed together and lashes out at both of them. To Rachel's shock, it is revealed that her father and Amy slept with each other. Disgusted and feeling betrayed, Rachel breaks off their relationship. Some time later, Rachel performs a show at a small club in San\",\n \"title\": \"The Guest House\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690159\",\n \"text\": \"at the school formal. Rachel tells Ty about her feelings for him and they begin dating. When Zeke disappears during a rafting accident, Rachel throws herself into her music career and tries to take her relationship with Ty further. She also blames Libby Kennedy (Kym Valentine) for letting go of Zeke's hand. Zeke is found, but he only recognises Rachel, until she takes him back to the place where he was held. Rachel receives a scholarship to a school in London, but she turns it down to be with Ty. Ty decides to break up with her, so she would\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145160\",\n \"text\": \"between Chandler and Joey. Joey forgives Chandler only after he spends a day in a box as punishment. Phoebe becomes a surrogate mother for her brother and his wife Alice (Debra Jo Rupp). Monica and Rachel are forced to switch apartments with Joey and Chandler after losing a bet during a quiz game, but, manage to switch back by bribing them with Knicks season tickets and a one-minute kiss (off-screen) between Rachel and Monica. Ross begins dating an English woman named Emily (Helen Baxendale), and the season finale features their wedding in London. Chandler and Monica sleep together, and Rachel\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145182\",\n \"text\": \"something concerning either the series or a character felt foreign. The hardest episodes to write were always \\\"the first one and the last one of each season.\\\" Unlike other storylines, the idea for a relationship between Joey and Rachel was decided on halfway through the eighth season. The creators did not want Ross and Rachel to get back together so soon, and while looking for a romantic impediment, a writer suggested Joey's romantic interest in Rachel. The storyline was incorporated into the season; However, when the actors feared that the storyline would make their characters unlikable, the storyline was wrapped\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15238315\",\n \"text\": \"I could. I'm not a natural comedienne. The character's backstory is presented in \\\"Cold Feet: A Man's/Woman's Guide to Life\\\", which was compiled by Jonathan Rice from Mike Bullen's scripts. Rachel read French at the University of Manchester, then spent a season working as a chalet girl in the French Alps. There she met Karen (Hermione Norris) who became her best friend. When both returned to England, Karen married David Marsden (Robert Bathurst) and Rachel began a career in the advertising industry. At the beginning of the pilot episode, Rachel is dumped by her boyfriend Simon Atkinson (Stephen Mapes), who\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Bradley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755837\",\n \"text\": \"feeling an immediate attachment and eventually decide not to pursue a relationship. Jesse betrays Rachel and returns to Vocal Adrenaline, leaving her devastated. In the episode \\\"Journey to Regionals\\\", as he and Rachel are about to go onstage at Regionals, Finn tells her that he loves her; although they lose the competition to Vocal Adrenaline, they become a couple. When the glee club needs to recruit new members to get back up to the minimum twelve required for competitions, Rachel initially encourages transfer student Sunshine Corazon (Charice) to try out, but when she realizes just how good Sunshine is, she\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11755826\",\n \"text\": \"The One with the Sonogram at the End \\\"The One with the Sonogram at the End\\\" is the second episode of the NBC television series \\\"Friends\\\". It is the second episode of the show's first season, and was broadcast on September 29, 1994. Carol, Ross' ex-wife, visits Ross at the museum where he works to tell him that she is pregnant. Meanwhile, Monica is frantically cleaning the apartment as her parents are coming over for dinner and she is worried they will be critical about the cleanliness of her home. Rachel is looking around the apartment for her misplaced engagement\",\n \"title\": \"The One with the Sonogram at the End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755841\",\n \"text\": \"between her love for New York and Broadway and her love for him. At the end of their duet—\\\"Pretending\\\", written by Finn—an enthusiastic audience falls silent when Rachel and Finn share an overlong, unscripted kiss; the glee club comes in twelfth. Back in Ohio, Finn reminds Rachel that she has a year until graduation and any move to New York; he kisses her, and their relationship resumes. Rachel, along with Kurt, plans to attend a performing arts school in New York City after graduation. School counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) suggests they consider The New York Academy of Dramatic Arts\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186179\",\n \"text\": \"and audiences initially perceived Monica as the show's main character when \\\"Friends\\\" premiered, the writers had actually given Rachel the pilot's most prominent storyline. Before deciding that Rachel and Ross would be an item for the entire series, the writers had originally intended for the show's defining couple to be Joey and Monica. However, after the success of the pilot, in which Rachel and Ross' developing romance is first hinted at, and witnessing Aniston and co-star David Schwimmer's on-screen chemistry for the first time, Crane and Kauffman determined that the entire series relied on \\\"finding all the wonderful roadblocks for\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755839\",\n \"text\": \"had slept with Jesse when she hadn't; hurt, she makes out with Puck to hurt Finn back; this betrayal causes Finn to break up with her. Rachel tries to win him back, but he instead rekindles his feelings for Quinn and starts dating her. Wounded by Quinn telling her that the two of them are back together, Rachel writes an original song for Regionals, \\\"Get It Right\\\", and when New Directions wins, is named the club's competition MVP. Just before junior prom, Jesse returns, having flunked out of UCLA, and Rachel invites him to the prom with her, Sam and\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11889197\",\n \"text\": \"thought she missed the wedding because she loved Hugh still, but they later reconcile. Baby Joe comes back into Rachel's life after his mother goes missing. She looks after him for a while, but he is sent away again leaving Rachel upset because she bonded with him again. Rachel later finds out he has died leaving her devastated. Following Jack's death Rachel and Tony's relationship becomes strained. Rachel starts to suspect that Tony is having an affair. They later repair their relationship after Tony realises his anger is out of control. Later in 2009 they married and had a baby\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15238324\",\n \"text\": \"to continue their relationship; Adam proposes to her and they are married in a civil ceremony in Series 3, Episode 8. In the same episode, she is reunited with her estranged parents, Brian and Mary (Paul Ridley and Sue Holderness). Before the episode, Rachel had not spoken to them for years; her father because of his bigotry and abuse of her mother, and her mother for staying with him. She refuses to allow Paul to give her away, and instead asks David to, despite learning that he has been having an extra-marital affair. At the reception, she inadvertently reveals to\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Bradley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11352036\",\n \"text\": \"decides to get back together with her ex-boyfriend. Mike proposes to Phoebe and they get married mid-season. Monica and Chandler decide to try to adopt a child after finding out that they are infertile. They are eventually selected by a woman named Erica. Following this, they decide that they want to move to a house in Westchester. Rachel is head-hunted for a job with Gucci, but in the restaurant where she is being interviewed, her boss (Mr. Zelner) is seated at the next table. She gets fired from Ralph Lauren and also doesn't get the job with Gucci, which leaves\",\n \"title\": \"Friends (season 10)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7647985\",\n \"text\": \"sorting through the wreckage. She and Bruce share a kiss, but she tells him that they cannot be together until Gotham no longer needs Batman. At the end of the movie's novelization, she is named interim District Attorney. By the start of the second film, Rachel is in a relationship with newly selected District Attorney Harvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart), creating a conflict between him, herself, and Bruce Wayne. Dent soon asks Rachel to marry him, but she does not have a clear answer, being torn between her love for both men. At one point, the Joker (Heath Ledger) attacks Rachel\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Dawes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145150\",\n \"text\": \"a waitress at fictitious Manhattan coffee house Central Perk; when not there, the group is usually at Monica and Rachel's nearby West Village apartment, or Joey and Chandler's across the hall. Episodes depict the friends' comedic and romantic adventures and career issues, such as Joey auditioning for roles or Rachel seeking jobs in the fashion industry. The six characters each have many dates and serious relationships, such as Monica with Richard Burke, and Ross with Emily Waltham. Ross and Rachel's intermittent relationship is the most often-recurring storyline; during the ten seasons of the show, they repeatedly date and break up.\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690158\",\n \"text\": \"brick through the window and it injures Rachel. Angus leaves town briefly, but they reunite. Angus accepts a job in South Australia and Rachel initially agrees to go with him, but she later changes her mind. A few weeks later, Rachel and her friends, Bridget Parker (Eloise Mignon) and Donna Freedman (Margot Robbie), all fear they are pregnant. They take pregnancy tests together, but only Bridget's comes back positive. Taylah Jordan's (Danielle Horvat) cousin Ty Harper (Dean Geyer) arrives in town and Taylah tries to set Rachel up with him. Rachel writes a song with Ty and they sing it\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13755848\",\n \"text\": \"station and sacrifices their relationship for Rachel's dreams. She gets off at Grand Central and walks down the streets of New York. In the season premiere \\\"The New Rachel\\\", Rachel is struggling to accept her separation from Finn. She meets Brody Weston (Dean Geyer), a handsome NYADA junior, who encourages Rachel to move on and embrace college life. Rachel also deals with her overpowering dance instructor Cassandra July (Kate Hudson), who believes that she does not have what it takes to become a star. After Kurt comes to New York, the two decide to move into together while Kurt pursues\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Berry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145169\",\n \"text\": \"the finale to hear Ross give a keynote speech at a palaeontology conference, where they stay at a hotel. Joey and his girlfriend Charlie (Aisha Tyler) break up, and she begins a relationship with Ross. Upon seeing Ross and Charlie kiss each other, Joey goes to Rachel's hotel room, and the finale ends with them kissing. The tenth season closes several long-running storylines. Charlie breaks up with Ross to get back together with her ex-boyfriend. Joey and Rachel try to contend with Ross' feelings about them being together and decide it would be best to remain friends. Phoebe and Mike\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5027029\",\n \"text\": \"by some of Rachel's habits, Charles becomes bored and is seduced by, and later sleeps with, his old flame Gloria (Skinner), ending his relationship with Rachel, who subsequently moves to New York. Charles still ends up going to Oxford University, but he does not enjoy his time there, feeling that his life is missing something following the end of his relationship with Rachel. Rachel and Charles accidentally meet up again in a museum and spend the whole day together, but at the end, Rachel kisses him only on the cheek, and leaves. We hear Charles in voiceover saying that he\",\n \"title\": \"The Rachel Papers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145155\",\n \"text\": \"her wedding to her fiancé Barry and moves into an apartment with her friend Monica from high school. Ross, who has had a crush on Rachel since the two of them were in high school, constantly attempts to tell her how he feels about her. However, many obstacles stand in his way, such as the fact that he is expecting a baby with his lesbian ex-wife, Carol. Joey is shown to be a bachelor and struggling actor, while Phoebe works as a masseuse and portrays a slightly \\\"crazy\\\" attribute to her personality based on her troubles as a child after\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6688067\",\n \"text\": \"The One with the Morning After \\\"The One with the Morning After\\\" is the sixteenth episode of the third season of the American television situation comedy \\\"Friends\\\" and 64th overall, which aired on NBC on February 20, 1997. The plot centers on Ross (David Schwimmer) dealing with the repercussions of sleeping with another woman hours after he and Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) had broken up. The episode was written by the show’s creators, David Crane and Marta Kauffman, directed by James Burrows, and guest-stars James Michael Tyler as Gunther, and Angela Featherstone as Chloe, the girl from the Xerox shop that\",\n \"title\": \"The One with the Morning After\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186215\",\n \"text\": \"off-again relationship with friend Ross. Although wildly popular among audiences, the couple has been met with mixed reviews from critics. Katherine Hassel of the \\\"Daily Express\\\" described the characters' relationship as \\\"the heart of the show\\\". \\\"China Daily\\\" cited Ross and Rachel's reunion during the series finale \\\"The Last One\\\" among the episode's highlights, while Gary Susman of \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" believes that audiences would not have been happy had the couple not ultimately reunited. Contrastingly, \\\"The Wire's\\\" Joe Reid is of the opinion that the show's second season is \\\"the only time Ross/Rachel was truly great\\\". Virgin Media wrote that\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8545347\",\n \"text\": \"wife Kathy saw them kissing on their third wedding anniversary and attacked Rachel, banging her head against a wall. In December 1994, Rachel discovered that she was two months pregnant with Chris's baby and in June 1995, she gave birth to their son, Joseph Mark Tate, on the same day her former stepfather Joe Sugden died, naming her son in his honour. Kathy was present when Rachel went into labour and stayed with her on the journey to the hospital as Chris was nowhere to be found. This led to the two women becoming best friends and Rachel named Kathy\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Hughes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145159\",\n \"text\": \"Frank Jr. (Giovanni Ribisi) and birth mother Phoebe (Teri Garr). Joey develops a relationship with his acting partner Kate (Dina Meyer), and Monica begins a relationship with millionaire Pete Becker (Jon Favreau) which ends because of the disagreements between the two. In the fourth-season premiere, Ross and Rachel briefly reconcile after Ross pretends to read a long letter that Rachel wrote for him, but continues to insist that the two were on a break so they break up again. Joey dates Kathy (Paget Brewster), a girl that Chandler has a crush on. Kathy and Chandler later kiss, which causes drama\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13753971\",\n \"text\": \"he is directed to befriend Rachel by Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran, who is secretly her biological mother. Jesse and Rachel begin dating, and he briefly transfers to McKinley High, joining New Directions. Once the truth about Shelby is revealed, however, Jesse transfers back. He ends his relationship with Rachel by egging her in the McKinley High parking lot along with his fellow members of Vocal Adrenaline, humiliating her. In the episode \\\"Prom Queen\\\", he returns, after having flunked out of college, in an attempt to befriend Rachel again, claiming that his biggest regret was choosing Vocal Adrenaline over love.\",\n \"title\": \"Characters of Glee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145151\",\n \"text\": \"During an extended break, Ross briefly marries Emily. Ross and Rachel have a child together after a one-night stand, Chandler and Monica date and marry each other, and Phoebe marries Mike Hannigan. Other frequently recurring characters include Ross and Monica's parents, Jack and Judy from Long Island; Ross's ex-wife, Carol, and their son, Ben; Central Perk barista Gunther; Chandler's ex-girlfriend Janice; and Phoebe's twin sister, Ursula. In their original contracts for the first season, cast members were paid $22,500 per episode. The cast members received different salaries in the second season, beginning from the $20,000 range to $40,000 per episode.\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145164\",\n \"text\": \"of his students, Elizabeth (Alexandra Holden). The relationship ends because of their maturity differences. Phoebe and Rachel's apartment catches fire, and Rachel moves in with Joey, while Phoebe moves in with Chandler and Monica. Chandler proposes to Monica, who says yes even though her ex-boyfriend Richard confesses his love for her. The seventh season mainly follows the various antics of Monica and Chandler, who begin to plan their wedding and run into financial problems which are quickly fixed by Chandler's secret funds. Joey's television series \\\"Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E\\\" is cancelled, but he is offered his job back on \\\"Days of\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7097490\",\n \"text\": \"voiced Phobos on \\\"W.I.T.C.H.\\\" and Donatello in the \\\"TMNT\\\" film. He played Benjamin, a Marine friend of Eddie Birdlace, in \\\"Dogfight\\\". As of 2015, Whitfield does the voice of Fixit on \\\"\\\". Mitchell Whitfield Mitchell Whitfield (born September 8, 1964) is an American actor and voice actor. Whitfield was born in Brooklyn, New York. He guest-starred in several episodes of \\\"Friends\\\" as Dr. Barry Farber, Rachel's orthodontist ex-fiancé, whom Rachel left at the altar on their wedding day. He also appeared in \\\"Dharma & Greg\\\"; \\\"Murder, She Wrote\\\"; Diagnosis Murder and \\\"\\\" as well as \\\"Curb Your Enthusiasm\\\". In the\",\n \"title\": \"Mitchell Whitfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145167\",\n \"text\": \"gives birth to baby Emma in the season finale. At the hospital, Ross's mother offers him an engagement ring because she wants him to marry Rachel. Ross does not intend to ask Rachel to marry him, but he takes the ring anyway and puts it in his jacket pocket. Meanwhile, in the post-delivery room, Joey looks for some tissue for an upset Rachel, picks up Ross's jacket, and the ring falls to the floor. He kneels to pick it up and turns to Rachel, still on his knees and still holding the ring. Rachel accepts what she thinks is his\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16589032\",\n \"text\": \"also begins a romance with PC Sean McCartney (Sean Maguire). Gill reveals to Rachel that police are not pressing charges against Savage, much to Rachel's anger; she drunkenly confides to her brother about Nick Savage. Her relationship with Dominic becomes strained when he causes a small kitchen fire, though she forgives him. She later discovers him having intercourse with another man who has paid him. She advises that he have an HIV test after realising the extent of his frivolous behaviour. Meanwhile, Rachel and DC Kevin Lumb (Ben Batt) are both due to sit their sergeant's exam; however, she misses\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Bailey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11889190\",\n \"text\": \"Rachel is a doctor who is introduced as an old school friend of Leah. She has a brother, Brad (Chris Sadrinna), and half-sister, Tamsyn (Gabrielle Scollay). Before starting her first shift Rachel finds Kim Hyde unconscious and saves him. Rachel is assigned as Kim's psych registrar and she begins to feel attracted to him. She suggests he see someone else, but Kim decides to stay because he feels attracted to her. Rachel is sexually harassed by Doctor Brian Helpman (John Noble). Rachel turns to Kim for comfort and they begin a relationship. Helpman threatens to report Rachel for her affair\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11889196\",\n \"text\": \"tries to hurt her but collapses and has a fit, Rachel saves his life. Rachel grows close to Roman Harris (Conrad Coleby) but after he reminds her of Kim she decides to date Tony Holden. Tony is told the likelihood he can help Rachel conceive for a child is low, however they later are delighted when she becomes pregnant. Rachel's patient Jimmy Crawford (Adam Booth) begins to stalk her and Aden Jefferies (Todd Lasance) kidnaps her and tries to kill his father, Larry. Belle Taylor (Jessica Tovey) and Rachel talk Aden out of this and she is set free. Tony\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16712022\",\n \"text\": \"and he becomes uncertain of where they're standing. Rachel, having flown all the way to Lima, confronts Finn at the McKinley auditorium, where she calls him immature and a coward for hiding from her for months. She says she loves him, but states that she can't keep their current relationship up, and she breaks up with him despite Finn's claims that he was giving her freedom. She gives him a last kiss, and leaves. After she leaves, Finn performs Coldplay's \\\"The Scientist\\\" alone, and imagines that Rachel, Kurt, Blaine, Santana, Brittany, Will and Emma are there performing with him. In\",\n \"title\": \"The Break Up (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16712017\",\n \"text\": \"The Break Up (Glee) \\\"The Break Up\\\" is the fourth episode of the fourth season of the American musical television series \\\"Glee\\\", and the seventieth episode overall. Written by Ryan Murphy and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon, it aired on Fox in the United States on October 4, 2012, and features the end of several long-established romantic relationships on the show: the couples Finn and Rachel, Kurt and Blaine, and Santana and Brittany all break up. In New York City, Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) reunites with her former fiancé, Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), who has been discharged from the Army, and\",\n \"title\": \"The Break Up (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145163\",\n \"text\": \"the sixth-season premiere, Ross and Rachel's marriage is established to be a drunken mistake. Ross and Rachel try to get an annulment because he does not want to have three divorces. However, he realizes he could not do so and tries to keep their wedding a secret from Rachel. Nonetheless, they divorce several episodes later. Monica and Chandler move in together, causing Rachel to move in with Phoebe. Joey lands a role on a cable television series called \\\"Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E.\\\", where he stars alongside a robot. Ross gets a job lecturing at New York University and starts dating one\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12533171\",\n \"text\": \"couple broke up in early 2004. After the break-up she dated Gavin Dein, son of former Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein. The relationship did not last long, with the couple splitting up in August 2005. In September and October 2006 Stevens was linked to actor Stephen Dorff and American-based British singer Oliver Trevena, known professionally as Oli T. In June 2008, Stevens became engaged to boyfriend Alex Bourne after 18 months of dating. The couple had planned to marry in the autumn of 2008, but decided to postpone their wedding until August 2009 due to Stevens' busy autumn schedule training and\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Stevens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10405002\",\n \"text\": \"declines but she agrees later agrees and they share a kiss, which is witnessed by Dan. Hugh leaves after Leah rejects him, admitting that she did not feel that anything was there. Hugh returns several months later and falls for Rachel, who is now married to Kim Hyde (Chris Hemsworth). He becomes a confidant to Rachel when she and Kim goes through a rough patch in their marriage and even organizes a picnic with him. Rachel sees Hugh flirting with Nurse Julie Cooper (Lisa Hayson-Phillips) and sets them up on a dinner date which proves very uncomfortable for them both.\",\n \"title\": \"Hugh Sullivan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10917176\",\n \"text\": \"Hank Gannon and Nora Hanen, comes to town in 1992 after her father is named district attorney of Llantano County. She soon enrolls in Llanview University studying law, where she befriends Kevin Buchanan, who had recently gained custody of his infant son Duke. Rachel and Kevin eventually begin a romantic relationship; their romance falls apart in 1993 as Kevin is wrongly accused of being a participant in the gang rape of Marty Saybrooke, a case in which Hank is the prosecutor, and Nora is the defense counsel for one of the suspects, Todd Manning. In 1995, Rachel's law studies falter,\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Gannon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7690150\",\n \"text\": \"known that he shouldn't have got involved with Rachel. He's the adult in the relationship, not Rachel.\\\" Their relationship causes controversy amongst the residents and tests her relationships with family, of this Stasey adds: \\\"It'll turn Rachel's life upside down & it will be something she'll never forget. It will actually destroy the relationship she has with Susan & Karl, as well as many of her friendships. And Rachel's heart will get broken, too.\\\" On 19 September 2008, a reporter for the \\\"Herald Sun\\\" confirmed Stasey had decided to end her contract with the show, so she could return to\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Kinski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14411001\",\n \"text\": \"proposed to Rachel to which she declined, Bloomfield believed the two could work it out, \\\"I think love will prevail for the pair of them, but Rachel's still going to be herself. She's not going to change for him. She's making a choice to love him regardless of how's he's changed.\\\" However, following a talk from Grace Kwan (Lynette Forday), Rachel herself proposed to Chris, to which he accepted. Only moments later, a bomb rigged by Josh Gallagher (Chris Tempest) under the influence of his hero syndrome, exploded, collapsing the deck underneath the couple and leaving their fate ambiguous as\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel McKenna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13754018\",\n \"text\": \"informs Finn, he attacks Puck, breaks up with Quinn, and quits the glee club in a fury; but after cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) sabotages the glee club's first show choir competition, he is able to set aside his anger and return to lead the club to victory. He and Rachel briefly date, but he ends the relationship to concentrate on his own well-being. By the time Finn realizes that he truly does want to be with Rachel, he is chagrined to discover that she has started dating Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), the lead singer of rival glee\",\n \"title\": \"Finn Hudson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3095991\",\n \"text\": \"children – Renee (b. 1992) and Liam (b. 1994). They separated in January 1999 after nine years of marriage, and their divorce was finalised on 2 November 2006. She had a year-long relationship with Canadian NHL hockey player Sean Avery in 2004, and in 2006 began a three-year relationship with Jarret Stoll, 13 years her junior, also a Canadian NHL player who played for and won the Stanley Cup with the Los Angeles Kings. Her son Liam was a junior player being mentored by him while playing for the LA Kings Juniors when they first met. Stoll proposed to Hunter\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Hunter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14410994\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Rachel arrives back in Ferndale on a mission to win back Chris Warner. Chris and her share a lot of history, and she's decided that it's time they get back together once and for all\\\" and admitted that Chris was \\\"the one that got away\\\". Steven Zanoski acknowledged that Rachel was willing to move on after Chris, but stated that there were unresolved feelings between the ex lovers. Rachel knew Chris still had feelings for her, with Bloomfield stating, \\\"Rachel is determined to get Chris back and she's willing to go to any length to make it happen. She feels\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel McKenna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8545345\",\n \"text\": \"Rachel Hughes Rachel Hughes (also Tate) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, \\\"Emmerdale\\\", portrayed by Glenda McKay. Rachel arrived in Beckindale in 1988 with her mother Kate and brother Mark after her parents divorced. Her mother began a feud with Joe Sugden in late 1988 after he shot and killed her dog because it was bothering his sheep. However, in early 1989, Joe and Kate fell in love and were married in April that year and Rachel was more accepting of her mother's new relationship unlike her brother Mark who wanted their parents to reconcile. Rachel\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Hughes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14426688\",\n \"text\": \"first appearance in a recurring role. Following their romance in the episode \\\"Mash-Up\\\", club members Rachel (Lea Michele) and Puck (Mark Salling) are reunited, a decision made by the producers due to the unexpected popularity of the pairing. The episode features cover versions of five songs, all of which were released as singles, available for digital download, and two of which are included on the soundtrack album \\\"\\\". \\\"Bad Reputation\\\" was watched by 11.62 million American viewers and received mixed reviews from critics. Darren Franich of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" and Bobby Hankinson of the \\\"Houston Chronicle\\\" both considered it a return\",\n \"title\": \"Bad Reputation (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186185\",\n \"text\": \"would include it in the show because they did not want \\\"Friends\\\" \\\"to become a show about a baby\\\" while \\\"On the other hand, we don't want to pretend that there isn't one.\\\" According to Robert Bianco of \\\"USA Today\\\", the critical success and popularity of Rachel's pregnancy is ultimately responsible for \\\"propel[ling] the show to the top of the ratings\\\". When it finally came time to write the series finale, \\\"The only thing [Crane and Kauffman] absolutely knew from very early on was that we had to get Ross and Rachel together,\\\" deciding, \\\"We had dicked the audience around\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"145161\",\n \"text\": \"decides to attend Ross and Emily's wedding. While saying his vows, Ross uses the wrong name at the altar (Rachel's), to the shock of his bride and the guests. Season five starts with Ross and Emily's wedding in London. The season features Monica and Chandler trying to keep their new relationship a secret from their friends. Phoebe gives birth to triplets in the show's 100th episode. She gives birth to a boy, Frank Jr. Jr., and two girls: Leslie and Chandler. Emily states that the only condition in which she would remain married to Ross is if he stops all\",\n \"title\": \"Friends\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17997018\",\n \"text\": \"there, and kisses him. When he returns to the apartment, he confesses to Mercedes that he cheated, though it was only the one kiss, and he burst into tears. Mercedes admits that she may not be ready for years, which she feels is unfair to Sam, so though they love each other, they ultimately decide to formally end their relationship, which could nevertheless resume whenever Mercedes feels ready. The NYADA showcase June presents for Blaine is a big success, and he and June end with a duet. He is called back to do an encore, and telling the audience that\",\n \"title\": \"The Untitled Rachel Berry Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11352037\",\n \"text\": \"her unemployed. While departing her old job, she runs into Mark, her old colleague from Bloomingdale's in Season 3, who offers her a job with Louis Vuitton in Paris. Ross, still being secretly in love with her, doesn't want her to leave and tries to make her get her old job at Ralph Lauren back by convincing her boss to increase her salary. Rachel decides she wants to go to Paris and says goodbyes to everyone personally except Ross. Ross reacts harshly and tells her that it's not fair. When Rachel goes to Ross' apartment to explain, they end up\",\n \"title\": \"Friends (season 10)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11889191\",\n \"text\": \"with Kim if he doesn't sleep with him so she reports him and comes clean about her relationship. Rachel is struck off the psych registry, but is later given a new job in the Accident and Emergency department. Rachel is annoyed when her father, Robert (John Gregg) briefly works at the hospital. Kim's new friend Charlie McKinnon (Matt Levett) begins spending a plenty of time with them. Charlie soon becomes infatuated with Kim and starts dressing up like him and becoming possessive. Charlie later takes Rachel kidnaps Rachel. Rachel hits Charlie with a pipe causing him to seizure, she decides\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14410946\",\n \"text\": \"her storyline\\\". Rachel arrived in early 1993 and forced her father Michael (Paul Gittins) to dump his young girlfriend. She became besotted by Stuart Neilson (Martin Henderson) and used a smitten Nick Harrison (Karl Burnett) to get closer to Stuart. She developed bulimia and dumped Stuart when she learnt he had slept with her mother Alex (Liddy Holloway). Rachel started to date Tim Cunningham (Richard Vette) and befriended the pregnant Ramona (Ashleigh Seagar), however a spiteful Charlotte (Nicola Cliff) revealed Tim was the father of Ramona's baby and Rachel dumped him. The following year Rachel dated Manny Atutahi (Albert Belz)\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel McKenna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7304476\",\n \"text\": \"the fourth most watched overall television series finale in U.S. history as well as the most watched episode from any television series throughout the decade 2000s on U.S. television. In Canada, the finale aired simultaneously on May 6, 2004, on Global, and was viewed by 5.16 million viewers, becoming the highest viewed episode of the series, and also becoming the most viewed and highest-rated episode ever in Canada for a sitcom. The series finale closes several long-running storylines. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) confesses his love for Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), and they decide to resume their relationship; and Monica Geller\",\n \"title\": \"The Last One (Friends)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7647986\",\n \"text\": \"at Dent's fundraiser, holding her at knifepoint. Batman arrives and fights off the men, but the Joker grabs Rachel and throws her from the skyscraper window. Batman jumps out the window after her, breaking their fall on a car below. Rachel is next seen at the funeral of police commissioner Gillian Loeb (Colin MacFarlane), who was murdered by the Joker. At the funeral, the Joker attempts to assassinate Mayor Anthony Garcia (Nestor Carbonell), and leaves behind evidence indicating that Rachel will be next. Rachel takes shelter in Bruce's penthouse at Dent's insistence. There she and Bruce briefly rekindle their romance.\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Dawes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3935284\",\n \"text\": \"her in a previous episode, but she tells him that they as a couple will never happen. Monica's parents bring boxes of her possessions to her apartment, and she finds a video of her and Rachel getting ready for their senior prom. The friends decide to watch the video, although Ross objects to everyone seeing the tape. On the video, Rachel's date, Chip Matthews, has not arrived, and Monica refuses to go to the prom without her. Mrs. Geller convinces Ross to wear his father's tuxedo and take Rachel to the prom himself. Ross reluctantly agrees, but by the time\",\n \"title\": \"The One with the Prom Video\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18591344\",\n \"text\": \"Jeb Bush as she states her intent to run for President in 2024. In 2020, Blaine and Kurt go to Harvey Milk Elementary School to encourage kids to pursue their dreams. Meanwhile, also in 2020, Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) reunites with Mercedes, Blaine, Kurt, and Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) and Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz), who are now a couple. Rachel is now pregnant as the surrogate mother for Blaine and Kurt's child, and is also now married to Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff). Later that day, Rachel wins the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical and she thanks\",\n \"title\": \"Dreams Come True (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7467699\",\n \"text\": \"The One with Rachel's Date \\\"The One with Rachel's Date\\\" is the fifth episode of \\\"Friends<nowiki>'</nowiki>\\\" eighth season. It first aired on NBC in the United States on October 25, 2001. During the episode, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) begins dating Tim, a sous-chef from Monica's (Courteney Cox) restaurant. When Phoebe decides to end the relationship, it coincides with Monica wanting to fire him, with both fighting over who is going to dump Tim first. In the subplot, Joey (Matt LeBlanc) introduces Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) to his Days of Our Lives co-star, Kash Ford, and they go out on a date, which\",\n \"title\": \"The One with Rachel's Date\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6493891\",\n \"text\": \"him up and calls the police. Sam has become very close to Rachel Breckle. They eventually began dating after the birth of her son, Archie. He supported her throughout her pregnancy and they moved in together but he and Samson moved out when Ali, Ruby, Sean and Amelia moved in after Megan Macey evicted them. He decided to move back in. However, Rachel was forced to leave by Sam's cousin, Charity, in early 2014, ending their relationship. Sam later begins a relationship with Tracey Shankley but reunites with Rachel when she returns. However, their reunion did not last long as\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Dingle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2186175\",\n \"text\": \"the break up, Rachel and Ross are initially hostile towards each other, but continue to harbor feelings for each other. During a beach house vacation with their friends, Rachel and Ross briefly reconcile when he ends his relationship with Bonnie (Christine Taylor), only to break up once again due to a disagreement. During season four, Rachel dates her customer Joshua (Tate Donovan), while Ross dates her boss' niece Emily (Helen Baxendale), to whom he eventually gets engaged. Competitively, Rachel proposes to recent divorcee Joshua, frightening him off. Rachel indirectly contributes to the demise of Ross and Emily's relationship when he\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15238327\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Bullen quipped at the time, \\\"We're looking at a number of ideas, including alien abduction\\\". Though heavily pregnant, Rachel's doctor advises her that it is safe to fly to Australia for Pete and Jo's (John Thomson and Kimberley Joseph) wedding in Series 4, Episode 8. On the day of the wedding ceremony, Rachel collapses outside the hotel, having gone into labour two months prematurely, and is rushed to hospital. She gives birth to a boy, whom she names Matthew Sydney Williams. At the beginning of Series 5, set three months after the birth, Rachel appears overprotective of Matthew; she\",\n \"title\": \"Rachel Bradley\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who does rachel end up with in friends"}}},{"rowIdx":181,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Ed Sheeran"],"string":"[\n \"Ed Sheeran\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"13920825","text":"Mama's Song \"Mama's Song\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Carrie Underwood, co-written by her along with Kara DioGuardi, Marti Frederiksen, and Luke Laird. It was released in November 2010 as the fourth and final single from her third studio album, \"Play On\". These songwriters also wrote her previous single, \"Undo It\". Underwood performed this song on the 44th CMA Awards on November 10, 2010. The song was nominated for Best Country Solo Performance at the 54th Grammy Awards. The song is a ballad where the female narrator sings to her mother, telling her not to worry","title":"Mama's Song"},{"id":"5172261","text":"Mamma (song) \"Mamma\" is a popular song composed in 1940 by Cesare Andrea Bixio with Italian lyrics by Bixio Cherubini under the title \"Mamma son tanto felice\" (\"Mum, I am so happy\"). The performers of this song included: Beniamino Gigli, Luciano Tajoli, Richard Tucker, Claudio Villa, Robertino Loreti, Violetta Villas, Muslim Mogomayev, Luciano Pavarotti, Toto Cutugno, Andrea Bocelli, Sergio Franchi, Romina Arena, Jon Christos and Mario Frangoulis. In 1946, the English lyrics were written by Harold Barlow and Phil Brito who had their popular recording hit the charts in May 1946 under the title of \"Mama\". British singer David Whitfield","title":"Mamma (song)"},{"id":"5159269","text":"Mama (Spice Girls song) \"Mama\" is a song by the British girl group the Spice Girls. It was written by the Spice Girls, Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard, and produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group's debut album \"Spice\", released in November 1996. \"Mama\" is a pop ballad that features instrumentation from keyboards, a rhythm guitar, a cello, and a violin, and its lyrics deal with the difficulties in relationships between mothers and daughters that appear during adolescence. It was released as a double A-side with \"Who Do You Think You Are\", and became the official single of the","title":"Mama (Spice Girls song)"},{"id":"13920829","text":"Songs and became Underwood's third single to peak at number two. As a promotional single (before the release of \"Play On\"): United States: 39,000 As a confirmed single (after the release of \"Play On\"): United States: 443,000 The song has been certified Gold by the RIAA. Mama's Song \"Mama's Song\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Carrie Underwood, co-written by her along with Kara DioGuardi, Marti Frederiksen, and Luke Laird. It was released in November 2010 as the fourth and final single from her third studio album, \"Play On\". These songwriters also wrote her previous single, \"Undo","title":"Mama's Song"},{"id":"18281799","text":"Billy Vera, Ray Parker, Jr., Mel Carter and Berry Gordy. In 2014, New Edition, Eddie Floyd and the Mary Jane Girls were added to the list. The organization also honors songwriters, like Harold Lilly, who wrote Alicia Keyes' \"You Don't Know My Name\" and the legendary team of Holland-Dozier-Holland, who wrote numerous Motown hits. Producers, such as Clarence Avant, and Gamble & Huff are also honored as well as influential entertainment industry executives, such as BMI's Thomas Cain, Universal's Jim Urie, Jon Platt and new Motown president, Ethiopia Habtemarian. The 2015 event featured tributes to El DeBarge, Bobby Brown, The","title":"HAL Awards"},{"id":"7407722","text":"Dear Mama \"Dear Mama\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist 2Pac, released on February 21, 1995 as the lead single from his third studio album, \"Me Against the World\" (1995). The song is a tribute to his mother, Afeni Shakur. In the song, Shakur details his childhood poverty and his mother's addiction to crack cocaine, but argues that his love and deep respect for his mother supersede bad memories. The song topped the \"Billboard\" Hot Rap Singles chart for five weeks and also peaked at number nine on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The single was certified Platinum","title":"Dear Mama"},{"id":"19017906","text":"by the same man, and end up alone. Little Mix have performed the track on both the Australian and British versions of \"The X Factor\" and on \"Good Morning America\" in the United States. \"Love Me Like You\" was written by Steve Mac, Camille Purcell, Iain James and James Newman for Little Mix's third studio album, \"Get Weird\" (2015). It was published by Rokstone Music Ltd. under exclusive licence to BMG Rights Management (UK) Ltd; Kobalt Music Group; Sony/ATV Music Publishing; Black Butter Music Publishing and BMG Rights Management. The song was produced by Mac and mixed by Serban Ghenea","title":"Love Me Like You"},{"id":"14520202","text":"Mama Can't Buy You Love \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\" is a hit single for British singer/songwriter Elton John from the EP \"The Thom Bell Sessions\". The song was written by LeRoy Bell and Casey James (of Bell and James fame). Bowing at number 69 on the Hot 100 on 9 June 1979, the track became John's first US top ten hit in almost three years when it peaked at number 9 on 25 August 1979. \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\" also spent one week at number 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In the US, it was certified gold","title":"Mama Can't Buy You Love"},{"id":"6573948","text":"You Don't Know My Name \"You Don't Know My Name\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Alicia Keys from her second studio album, \"The Diary of Alicia Keys\". Written by Keys, Kanye West and Harold Lilly, and produced by Keys and West, the track was released as the album's lead single in November 2003. It contains a sample from the 1975 song \"Let Me Prove My Love to You\", written by J. R. Bailey, Mel Kent,Omar B and Ken Williams and performed by The Main Ingredient. The song became Keys' third top ten hit in the United States, peaking at","title":"You Don't Know My Name"},{"id":"1802349","text":"singer Chris Norman reached No. 4 in the US. Quatro released her eponymous debut album in 1973. Since then, she has released fifteen studio albums, ten compilation albums, and one live album. Her solo hits include \"Can the Can\", \"48 Crash\", \"Daytona Demon\", \"Devil Gate Drive\" and \"Your Mamma Won't Like Me\". Between 1973 and 1980, Quatro was awarded six Bravo Ottos. In 2010, she was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends online Hall of Fame. Quatro has sold over 50 million albums and continues to perform live, worldwide. Her most recent studio album was released in 2017","title":"Suzi Quatro"},{"id":"5172262","text":"also had a hit with the song, which reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1955. The British lyrics did differ from the American ones. The song was re-arranged and re-written by Geoffrey Parsons and John Turner. The song was also recorded by Connie Francis in 1959 for her album \"Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites\", with her hit single released in February 1960. Arranged and conducted by Tony Osborne, the Connie Francis version of the song was a number two hit in the UK, and peaked at number eight on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. The song in","title":"Mamma (song)"},{"id":"18554151","text":"Nothin' Like You \"Nothin' Like You\" is a song recorded by American country music duo Dan + Shay for their debut studio album, \"Where It All Began\" (2014). The song, written by both group members along with Chris DeStefano and Ashley Gorley, is about Shay's ex-girlfriend Veronica Ballestrini, who is also a country-pop singer. \"Nothin' Like You\" reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Country Airplay chart, giving the duo their first number-one country hit in their career. It also charted at numbers 5 and 51 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively. The song was certified","title":"Nothin' Like You"},{"id":"8822619","text":"in 1973, been reworked to form the basis of \"Fresh Air for My Mama\", the closing song on 10cc's debut album, \"10cc\". Parts of the song are also lyrically and melodically similar to parts of Godley and Creme's song \"Five O'Clock in the Morning\", off \"Consequences\" (1977). \"The Loser\" had been the B-side of the 1971 single \"Lady Sadie\", while an additional track, \"Today\", had first been recorded by Kevin Godley and Lol Creme in 1969 under the band name of Frabjoy and the Runcible Spoon. The album cover featured a drawing of the band by Godley and Creme. The","title":"You Didn't Like It Because You Didn't Think of It"},{"id":"17299982","text":"I Ain't Your Mama \"I Ain't Your Mama\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Maggie Rose. It was released in June 2012 as the first single from her debut album, \"Cut to Impress\". The song was written by Candy Cameron and Judson Spence. Billy Dukes of \"Taste of Country\" gave the song four stars out of five, calling it \"the boundary-pushing song country music needs to embrace every year or two\" and writing that Rose \"showcases a big, commanding voice that will be overlooked in this PG-13 rated single.\" Matt Bjorke of \"Roughstock\" gave the song four","title":"I Ain't Your Mama"},{"id":"5172263","text":"German (as well as in Dutch and in English) was recorded by Dutch child singer Heintje Simons for his album \"Heintje\" in 1967 (lyrics written by Bruno Balz). Also Heintje performed \"Mama\" in \"Zum Teufel mit der Penne (1968)\" comedy film. Mamma (song) \"Mamma\" is a popular song composed in 1940 by Cesare Andrea Bixio with Italian lyrics by Bixio Cherubini under the title \"Mamma son tanto felice\" (\"Mum, I am so happy\"). The performers of this song included: Beniamino Gigli, Luciano Tajoli, Richard Tucker, Claudio Villa, Robertino Loreti, Violetta Villas, Muslim Mogomayev, Luciano Pavarotti, Toto Cutugno, Andrea Bocelli, Sergio","title":"Mamma (song)"},{"id":"11512804","text":"Loggins and Messina version: Your Mama Don't Dance \"Your Mama Don't Dance\" is a hit 1972 song by the rock duo Loggins and Messina. Released on their self-titled album \"Loggins and Messina\", it reached number four on the \"Billboard\" pop chart and number 19 on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening Chart as a single in early 1973. This song, whose refrain and first verse is done in a blues format, deals with the 1950s and 1960s lifestyle concerning the generation gap, where the parents oppose the Rock and Roll Revolution, of the younger generation, which includes the rebelliousness against the old","title":"Your Mama Don't Dance"},{"id":"1871639","text":"number one spot. In 1979, \"I Don't Like Mondays\", was released. This was written in response to a school shooting in California carried out by Brenda Ann Spencer, and also reached No. 1 in the UK. It was a worldwide hit, with the exception being the United States. It was the band's only song to reach the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and was included in the band's third album, \"The Fine Art of Surfacing\". The album also contained \"Diamond Smiles\" and their next Top 10 hit in the UK, \"Someone's Looking at You\". In 1980 \"Banana Republic\" was released, which","title":"The Boomtown Rats"},{"id":"18452354","text":"Hey Mama (David Guetta song) \"Hey Mama\" is a song recorded by French DJ and record producer David Guetta featuring vocals by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj and American singer-songwriter Bebe Rexha, and co-produced by Dutch DJ and producer Afrojack. The song was released on 16 March 2015, as the fourth single from Guetta's sixth studio album, \"Listen\" (2014). It was written by Guetta, Rexha, Ester Dean, Sean Douglas, Giorgio Tuinfort, Onika Maraj and Nick van de Wall, and produced by the latter of the three. The song peaked at number 8 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the United States,","title":"Hey Mama (David Guetta song)"},{"id":"14520203","text":"on 17 August 1979 by the RIAA. The chord structure of the opening instrumental of \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\" bears a strong resemblance to the chord structure of the opening instrumental of Ronnie Dyson's \"One Man Band (Plays All Alone)\" (after the site's short instrumental section). According to the Hot 100, Thom Bell produced both records. Mama Can't Buy You Love \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\" is a hit single for British singer/songwriter Elton John from the EP \"The Thom Bell Sessions\". The song was written by LeRoy Bell and Casey James (of Bell and James fame). Bowing at","title":"Mama Can't Buy You Love"},{"id":"5159285","text":"screens to sing with the Spice Girls. During some of the shows, the group brought their children onstage. These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \"Mama\": Published by Windswept Pacific Music Ltd/PolyGram Music Publishing Ltd. Mama (Spice Girls song) \"Mama\" is a song by the British girl group the Spice Girls. It was written by the Spice Girls, Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard, and produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group's debut album \"Spice\", released in November 1996. \"Mama\" is a pop ballad that features instrumentation from keyboards, a rhythm guitar, a cello, and","title":"Mama (Spice Girls song)"},{"id":"11512801","text":"Your Mama Don't Dance \"Your Mama Don't Dance\" is a hit 1972 song by the rock duo Loggins and Messina. Released on their self-titled album \"Loggins and Messina\", it reached number four on the \"Billboard\" pop chart and number 19 on the \"Billboard\" Easy Listening Chart as a single in early 1973. This song, whose refrain and first verse is done in a blues format, deals with the 1950s and 1960s lifestyle concerning the generation gap, where the parents oppose the Rock and Roll Revolution, of the younger generation, which includes the rebelliousness against the old society that monitors curfews","title":"Your Mama Don't Dance"},{"id":"19017904","text":"Love Me Like You \"Love Me Like You\" is a song recorded by British girl group Little Mix for their third studio album, \"Get Weird\" (2015). The song was released on 25 September 2015, as the second single from the album. Produced by Steve Mac, he co-wrote the song with Iain James, Camille Purcell and James Newman. Backed by an instrumental of pianos, bells, sax and percussion, the song is a down-tempo retro homage to doo-wop, with lyrics about puppy love. Its composition was compared by several critics to Motown artists of the 1950s and 1960s, namely The Ronettes, The","title":"Love Me Like You"},{"id":"5532124","text":"Langston of Throwing Muses guests on most tracks. The singles from the album were \"Time\" (the album version being titled \"Question Of Time\"), which included a sample from Pink Floyd's \"Time\" (from \"The Dark Side of the Moon\"), followed by a cover of Randy Newman's \"Mama Told Me Not to Come.\" The single \"A Girl Like You\" was released in May 1992 and became an international hit, scoring No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" US Modern Rock (Alternative Songs) chart on 15 August 1992. The song was later covered by Tom Jones, who then asked the band to write \"Show Me","title":"The Wolfgang Press"},{"id":"14716143","text":"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You \"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\" is a song by the British progressive rock band The Alan Parsons Project, featured on their 1977 album \"I Robot\". Written by band leaders Alan Parsons and Eric Woolfson, \"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\" was sung by pop singer Lenny Zakatek, who would go on to sing many of the band's songs. In the United States, the song was a moderate success and charted at #36 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. In 1977, the song was released as the lead single from the group's","title":"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You"},{"id":"6573950","text":"and Keys plays a waitress at a restaurant. You Don't Know My Name \"You Don't Know My Name\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Alicia Keys from her second studio album, \"The Diary of Alicia Keys\". Written by Keys, Kanye West and Harold Lilly, and produced by Keys and West, the track was released as the album's lead single in November 2003. It contains a sample from the 1975 song \"Let Me Prove My Love to You\", written by J. R. Bailey, Mel Kent,Omar B and Ken Williams and performed by The Main Ingredient. The song became Keys' third top","title":"You Don't Know My Name"},{"id":"18868868","text":"2016. On October 18, 2017, the song was certified gold by the RIAA. That Don't Sound Like You \"That Don't Sound Like You\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Lee Brice. It was released in May 2015 as the third single from his third studio album \"I Don't Dance\". The song was written by Brice, Rhett Akins and Ashley Gorley. The song is about a man calling a former lover, realizing that her new man has \"stripped her of her fun-loving identity\". The music video was directed by Ryan Smith and premiered in June 2015.","title":"That Don't Sound Like You"},{"id":"18868867","text":"That Don't Sound Like You \"That Don't Sound Like You\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Lee Brice. It was released in May 2015 as the third single from his third studio album \"I Don't Dance\". The song was written by Brice, Rhett Akins and Ashley Gorley. The song is about a man calling a former lover, realizing that her new man has \"stripped her of her fun-loving identity\". The music video was directed by Ryan Smith and premiered in June 2015. The song has sold 333,000 copies in the United States as of May","title":"That Don't Sound Like You"},{"id":"18359771","text":"10. The Tagline \"mama ain't proud\" was penned by Guy Sebastian after a heated argument with his mother about his lack of Christianity. Mama Ain't Proud \"My Mama Ain't Proud\" is a song by Australian recording artist Guy Sebastian, released digitally in Australia on 20 October 2014. It debuted at number 17 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It is the third single from his album \"Madness\" & was produced by Twice as Nice, Shuko & Freedo. \"Mama Ain't Proud\" was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 35,000 copies. Sebastian performed the song live on \"The","title":"Mama Ain't Proud"},{"id":"6898097","text":"the film. Sonny Curtis also co-wrote the 1987 Country Song of the Year, \"I'm No Stranger to the Rain\" recorded by the late Keith Whitley. Other songs he has written include \"The Straight Life\" (recorded by Glen Campbell, and later by Bobby Goldsboro) and \"A Fool Never Learns\" (recorded by Andy Williams). In 1991, Sonny Curtis was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. Anne Murray also recorded the Sonny Curtis songs \"I Like Your Music\" and \"You Made My Life a Song\" on her 1972 LP \"Annie\". In 2007, Curtis was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame","title":"Sonny Curtis"},{"id":"15915671","text":"Not Over You \"Not Over You\" is a song by American recording artist Gavin DeGraw, released as the lead single from his fourth studio album, \"Sweeter\", on May 17, 2011. The song was written by DeGraw and Ryan Tedder, and produced by Tedder. The song poignantly evokes the difficulty of getting over someone. It received a positive critical appreciation. The song has charted on the United States's \"Billboard\" chart and also in many European territories. It peaked at No. 18 on the Hot 100, making it DeGraw's most successful song on the chart since his breakout hit \"I Don't Want","title":"Not Over You"},{"id":"16466039","text":"Mamma Knows Best \"Mamma Knows Best\" is a song by British singer-songwriter Jessie J, from her debut studio album \"Who You Are\". Written by Jessica Cornish, Ashton Thomas and produced by same. The song peaked at number 59 in UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Jessie J, Ashton Thomas and produced by same. This big-band work out was one of the first songs written by Jessie J and the first one that brought her to people's attention. \"Mamma Knows Best\" received generally positive reviews from critics. Mike Diver from \"BBC\", said: \"Mamma Knows Best\" brings a big-band-trapped-in-a-synthesizer sound","title":"Mamma Knows Best"},{"id":"7506136","text":"in Toronto at the Glenn Gould Studio. Alanis Morissette received five nominations including one as director for Best Video. Winner: Chantal Kreviazuk Other Nominees: Winner: Bryan Adams Other Nominees: Winner: Tal Bachman Other Nominees: Winner: Matthew Good Band Other Nominees: Winner: Sky Other Nominees: Winner: Shania Twain (co-Songwriter Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange), \"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\", \"That Don't Impress Me Much\", \"You've Got a Way\" Other Nominees: Winner: Shania Twain Other Nominees: Winner: Paul Brandt Other Nominees: Winner: The Rankins Other Nominees: Winner: Sarah McLachlan Winner: Tal Bachman and Bob Rock, \"She's So High\" and \"If You Sleep\"","title":"Juno Awards of 2000"},{"id":"19179436","text":"Make Me Like You \"Make Me Like You\" is a song by American singer Gwen Stefani for her third solo studio album, \"This Is What the Truth Feels Like\" (2016). The record's second single, it was released digitally on February 12, 2016, and distributed to contemporary hit radio on February 16 in the United States by Interscope. Mattias Larsson and Robin Frediksson produced the song, which was co-written by Stefani, Larsson, Frediksson, Justin Tranter, and Julia Michaels. A pop and disco recording, \"Make Me Like You\" incorporates light rock, with guitars and digital harps over an uptempo melody. The lyrics,","title":"Make Me Like You"},{"id":"19431425","text":"Ain't Your Mama \"Ain't Your Mama\" is a song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez. It was written by Meghan Trainor, Theron Thomas, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Gamal \"Lunchmoney\" Lewis, Henry \"Cirkut\" Walter and Dr. Luke, while production was handled by the latter two. A pop song with influences of reggae, dancehall and Latin music, the song has percussion, drums, minimal synths and a Latin beat in its main instrumentation. Lyrically, \"Ain't Your Mama\" deals with themes of female empowerment, where the protagonist will not accept a partner who needs to be taken care of. The song was released on April","title":"Ain't Your Mama"},{"id":"17288705","text":"I'll Always Love My Mama \"I'll Always Love My Mama\" is a 1973 single by the Philly soul group The Intruders. Released from their album \"Save the Children\", it is a song commonly played on Mother's Day. Written by Gamble & Huff and co-written by McFadden & Whitehead, the song reached #36 on the pop chart and #6 on the R&B charts in the summer of 1973. It was recorded as a long LP track, which was broken down into Parts 1 and 2 for the single release. The song was inspired by Kenny Gamble's mother, Ruby, who died in","title":"I'll Always Love My Mama"},{"id":"16503823","text":"I Don't Like You \"I Don't Like You\" is a song by Dutch singer Eva Simons. It was released on 26 March 2012. It topped the US Hot Dance Club Songs. \"I Don't Like You\" is Simons' debut on the label Interscope Records and it was produced by Russian-German producer Zedd. The song was included on \"Now That's What I Call Music! 43\", with the collection debuting at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200. Nicholas Philippou from MTV reported that Dutch producer R3hab had remixed the single. It was included on a digital remix EP, released to promote the","title":"I Don't Like You"},{"id":"2257952","text":"\"I Wish I Had a Mommy Like You\", which became a Top 25 hit, followed by \"Give Him Love\", which had similar success. In 1971, she released a country music album, \"I'd Rather Be Sorry\", for Mercury records. In 1973, a duet with country singer Tom T. Hall titled, \"Hello, We're Lonely\" was a Top 20 hit, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard Country Chart. In 1973, Page returned to Columbia Records' affiliate Epic Records. In 1974 and 1975, she released singles for Avco Records including \"I May Not Be Lovin' You\" and \"Less Than the Song\", both of which","title":"Patti Page"},{"id":"13320464","text":"Grandma's Hands \"Grandma's Hands\" is a song written by Bill Withers about his grandmother. It was included on his first album \"Just as I Am\" (1971), and was released as a single, reaching number 18 on the Best Selling Soul Singles chart and 42 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. In Canada it reached No. 37 in the RPM Magazine charts. The song was produced by Booker T. Jones and also featured drummer Al Jackson, Jr. and bassist Duck Dunn from Booker T. & the MG's. Withers' maternal grandfather, Grackus Monroe Galloway, had been born into slavery. In his youth, Withers","title":"Grandma's Hands"},{"id":"7407738","text":"Songs Of All Time\". \"Dear Mama\" was one of 25 recordings selected for preservation at the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress in 2010, making it the third hip hop song to do so, following tracks by Public Enemy and Grandmaster Flash. The Library of Congress has called the song \"a moving and eloquent homage to both the murdered rapper's own mother and all mothers struggling to maintain a family in the face of addiction, poverty and societal indifference.\" On the subject of the inclusion, Afeni Shakur stated, \"It could have been any song, but I'm honored they","title":"Dear Mama"},{"id":"6049158","text":"had numerous hits after \"Respect\", and several before its release, the song became Franklin's signature song and her best-known recording. \"I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You\" was ranked eighty-third in \"Rolling Stone\"s \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" in 2003. A year later, \"Respect\" was fifth in the magazine's \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". Respect (song) \"Respect\" is a song written and originally released by American recording artist Otis Redding in 1965. The song became a 1967 hit and signature song for R&B singer Aretha Franklin. The music in the two versions is significantly different,","title":"Respect (song)"},{"id":"5737071","text":"Like You (Bow Wow song) \"Like You\" is a song by American rapper Bow Wow featuring singer Ciara. It was written by Jermaine Dupri, Jaron Alston, and Johnta Austin, and produced by Dupri and Bryan Michael Cox for Bow Wow's fourth album \"Wanted\" (2005). The song includes the keyboard chord of New Edition's \"I'm Leaving You Again\" written by Jaron Alson, Ricky Bell, and Ralph Tresvant. \"Like You\" was released as the album's second single on August 2005 and reached number 3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. \"Like You\" was Bow","title":"Like You (Bow Wow song)"},{"id":"10708986","text":"My Mammy \"My Mammy\" is an American popular song with music by Walter Donaldson and lyrics by Joe Young and Sam M. Lewis. Though associated with Al Jolson, who performed the song very successfully, \"My Mammy\" was performed first in 1918 by William Frawley (later to become famous on \"I Love Lucy\") as a vaudeville act. Saul Bornstein, the general manager in early 1921 for Irving Berlin Music Publishing, brought the song to Jolson's attention; Jolson first interpolated the song in January 1921 to the Broadway show \"Sinbad\" which was in the fourth year of its run. Jolson recorded this","title":"My Mammy"},{"id":"6926515","text":"Mama (Genesis song) \"Mama\" was the first single from Genesis' 1983 self-titled album. It is recognisable for its harsh drum machine introduction composed by Mike Rutherford, which leads into minimalist synthesizer lines in a minor tonality and finally Phil Collins' reverb-laden voice. It remains the band's most successful single in the UK, peaking at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. It also made the top 10 in Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Ireland and the Netherlands. It was less popular in the U.S., only reaching No. 73 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. A 1992 re-release of the single managed to reach","title":"Mama (Genesis song)"},{"id":"20140767","text":"Mama (Jonas Blue song) \"Mama\" is a song by British DJ and record producer Jonas Blue, featuring Australian singer William Singe. It was released on 5 May 2017 via Blue's record label Jonas Blue Music. \"Mama\" was written by Ed Drewett, Romans, and Blue, who also produced the song. It’s the fourth single of Blue’s debut album \"Blue\". Speaking about the song, Jonas said \"'Mama' is a song about that period of your life when you're young and carefree, without stress, bills and problems and all you care about is having a good time with your friends every day and","title":"Mama (Jonas Blue song)"},{"id":"970072","text":"Paul Anka Paul Albert Anka, (, Arabic: بول عنقا; born July 30, 1941) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actor. Anka became famous during the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s with hit songs like \"Diana\", \"Lonely Boy\", \"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\", and \"(You're) Having My Baby\". He wrote such well-known music as the theme for \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" and one of Tom Jones's biggest hits, \"She's a Lady\". He also wrote the English lyrics to Claude François and Jacques Revaux's music for Frank Sinatra's signature song, \"My Way\", which has been covered by many, including","title":"Paul Anka"},{"id":"9774643","text":"Time list. The song is ranked at number 339 on the \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. On 27 November 2016, the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction, along with that of another 24 songs. \"I Can't Make You Love Me\" was written by Nashville writers Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin, who were well-noted for their successes in the country music arena. The song was rewritten many times before being finalized, months later. \"We wrote, most every week, in Mike's basement,\" Shamblin told Peter Cooper in an interview with the Nashville Tennessean. \"And","title":"I Can't Make You Love Me"},{"id":"18152166","text":"but Me\", and \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" from Brett Eldredge's album \"Glow\". She co-wrote multiple songs during this time period including Jennifer Lopez's \"Ain't Your Mama\" and \"You Gotta Not\" from British girl group Little Mix's album \"Glory Days\". On February 24, 2017, Trainor released the single \"I'm a Lady\" for the film \"\". She also voiced a character called Smurfmelody in the movie. In December 2017, Trainor was announced as one of the judges on Fox's television show \"\", alongside Sean Combs, DJ Khaled and Charlie Walk. In 2018, she appeared as a judge on both, and . In","title":"Meghan Trainor"},{"id":"7407725","text":"they had little contact for many years. Having \"lost all respect\" for his mother, he subsequently moved into a vacant apartment with friends and began writing poetry and rap lyrics. In 1990, realizing her habit was out-of-control, she enrolled in a 12-step program at a drug and alcohol treatment center in Norwalk, Connecticut. After completion, she reconciled with her son, who was at this point a successful recording artist. Record producer Tony Pizarro, explained that The song was written shortly before Shakur served a prison term. Upon completion of the track, Shakur phoned longtime friend Jada Pinkett-Smith, remarking, \"I wrote","title":"Dear Mama"},{"id":"9626610","text":"\"Mama Don't Get Dressed Up for Nothing,\" would later be released as the album's third single. In addition, this song was performed as their last performance as a duo at the 2010 ACM Awards on April 18, 2010, as well at the 50th anniversary of the ACM Awards on April 19, 2015. \"My Maria\" debuted at number 30 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of April 6, 1996. Gear Daddies released a version of the song on their 1992 album \"Can't Have Nothin' Nice\". My Maria \"My Maria\" is a song co-written by B. W.","title":"My Maria"},{"id":"15642853","text":"Like My Mother Does \"Like My Mother Does\" is a song written by Nathan Chapman, Liz Rose, and Nikki Williams. It was first recorded by American country artist Kristy Lee Cook from her 2008 album, \"Why Wait\". It was later recorded and released as a single by country music singers Jesse Lee and Lauren Alaina in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Alaina's recording became the first version of the song to chart; it debuted at number 49 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs chart, and later reached a peak of number 36 on the chart in October 2011. \"Like My","title":"Like My Mother Does"},{"id":"12456417","text":"Hey Mama (Kanye West song) \"Hey Mama\" is a song by American hip hop artist Kanye West. It was released as the sixteenth song on the track-listing of his second studio album \"Late Registration\". The song was produced by West and composer Jon Brion and the song contains a sample of \"Today Won't Come Again\" by Donal Leace. Though it appeared on his 2005 album, West had composed the song long before he had found fame, as early as 2000. The song is a ballad dedicated to West's mother, Donda West, describing his affection and appreciation for her having raised","title":"Hey Mama (Kanye West song)"},{"id":"1306166","text":"number 25 on the U.S. pop chart. The 1958 follow-up was \"This Little Girl's Gone Rockin'\", written by Bobby Darin and Mann Curtis. It reached number 7 on the R&B chart and number 24 on the pop chart. She had further hits with \"I Don't Know\" in 1959 and \"Don't Deceive Me\" in 1960, which were more successful on the R&B chart than on the pop chart. During the 1960s, Brown faded from public view and lived as a housewife and mother. She returned to music in 1975 at the urging of the comedian Redd Foxx, followed by a series","title":"Ruth Brown"},{"id":"14716144","text":"second album, \"I Robot\". The song was a moderate success, charting at #36 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and #22 on the Canadian chart. In 2013, the song was used in the best-selling video game \"Grand Theft Auto V\" in the game's classic rock channel. In 2017, the song was used in the final scene of episode nine of the Netflix series \"Mindhunter\". I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You \"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\" is a song by the British progressive rock band The Alan Parsons Project, featured on their 1977 album \"I Robot\". Written by","title":"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You"},{"id":"7034962","text":"Mama, I'm Coming Home \"Mama, I'm Coming Home\" is the third song on the 1991 album \"No More Tears\" by the English heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne. Sharon Osbourne has previously claimed that the song was written by Ozzy in tribute to her; however, the song was actually co-written by Lemmy Kilmister, Zakk Wylde (Osbourne's long-time guitarist) and multi-platinum producer/engineer Tom Fletcher. Lemmy was brought in as a songwriter for the \"No More Tears\" album, providing lyrics for the tracks \"Mama I'm Coming Home\", \"Hellraiser\", \"Desire\", and \"I Don't Want to Change the World.\" The single is Osbourne's only solo","title":"Mama, I'm Coming Home"},{"id":"11644717","text":"Famous, Rich and Beautiful Famous, Rich and Beautiful is the second album from Canadian R&B band The Philosopher Kings, released in 1997 (see 1997 in music). The band's most successful album, \"Famous, Rich and Beautiful\" earned the group several Juno Award nominations: for Best R&B/Soul Recording of the Year in 1998, and for Pop Album of the Year and Single of the Year (for \"Hurts to Love You\") in 1999. The songs \"I Am the Man\", \"You Don't Love Me (Like You Used to Do)\" and \"Cry\", a cover of the Godley & Creme song, were also notable hit singles","title":"Famous, Rich and Beautiful"},{"id":"8754601","text":"video was shot for the song in San Francisco. It features Alcatraz Island, with Klaus Meine being the recipient of capital punishment. The track was originally written in German and much of its meaning was changed in translation. The song reached number 65 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart. It also attained the number one position on the US \"Billboard\" Rock Tracks chart. In Canada, the track peaked at number 49. In 1984, the Scorpions released a live version of the song as a taster for their forthcoming live album \"World Wide Live\". The record's flipside also features a","title":"No One Like You"},{"id":"970095","text":"and Brian Mulroney. Works cited Paul Anka Paul Albert Anka, (, Arabic: بول عنقا; born July 30, 1941) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actor. Anka became famous during the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s with hit songs like \"Diana\", \"Lonely Boy\", \"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\", and \"(You're) Having My Baby\". He wrote such well-known music as the theme for \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" and one of Tom Jones's biggest hits, \"She's a Lady\". He also wrote the English lyrics to Claude François and Jacques Revaux's music for Frank Sinatra's signature song, \"My Way\", which has","title":"Paul Anka"},{"id":"6573949","text":"number three on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well as topping the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for eight consecutive weeks, her first Top 10 single in both charts since 2002's \"A Woman's Worth\". Additionally, the song won a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song and a Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Female. \"You Don't Know My Name\" was sampled on rapper Lil Wayne's 2008 song \"Comfortable\" featuring Babyface, produced by West. \"Blender\" magazine placed the song at number thirty-seven on its list of \"The 100 Best Songs of 2004\". Rapper Mos Def plays Micheal Harris, Alicia's love interest,","title":"You Don't Know My Name"},{"id":"15268567","text":"Mama Spank Mama Spank is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Liz Anderson. The song peaked at number five on U.S. Billboards Hot Country Singles chart and became the most successful record of Anderson's recording career and went on to earn Anderson a Grammy nomination for Best Female Country Vocal Performance competing against Skeeter Davis, Connie Smith, Dottie West, and the ultimate winner, Tammy Wynette. This song is a typically comic-tinged Anderson number with her fed up with her wandering husband, deciding to speak to him like a child since he's behaving as a young child,","title":"Mama Spank"},{"id":"20140768","text":"night!\" Mama (Jonas Blue song) \"Mama\" is a song by British DJ and record producer Jonas Blue, featuring Australian singer William Singe. It was released on 5 May 2017 via Blue's record label Jonas Blue Music. \"Mama\" was written by Ed Drewett, Romans, and Blue, who also produced the song. It’s the fourth single of Blue’s debut album \"Blue\". Speaking about the song, Jonas said \"'Mama' is a song about that period of your life when you're young and carefree, without stress, bills and problems and all you care about is having a good time with your friends every day","title":"Mama (Jonas Blue song)"},{"id":"6235764","text":"also co-wrote Brooks & Dunn's 2009 single \"Honky Tonk Stomp\". Pinson and Arlo Gilliam also co-wrote Emerson Drive's 2012 single \"She's My Kind of Crazy\". Pinson, Rhett Akins and Dallas Davidson also co-wrote Aaron Lewis's 2013 single \"Granddaddy's Gun\". Pinson, Brantley Gilbert, Blake Chaffin also co-wrote Brantley Gilbert's 2017 single \"The Ones That Like Me\". Bobby Pinson Bobby Olen Pinson (born August 10, 1972) is an American country music artist. Signed to RCA Records in 2005, Pinson made his debut that year with his album \"Man Like Me\". Its lead-off single, \"Don't Ask Me How I Know\", peaked at No.","title":"Bobby Pinson"},{"id":"4243357","text":"Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden is a 2001 greatest hits album by Jann Arden. In addition to Arden's best-known hits, the album also includes two new songs (\"Thing For You\" and \"Never Mind\"), two songs that Arden recorded for compilation albums (\"You Don't Know Me\", from the soundtrack to \"My Best Friend's Wedding\", and \"If It Be Your Will\", from the Leonard Cohen tribute \"Tower of Song\"), an alternate version of \"Sleepless\" and a live version of Arden's most famous song, \"Insensitive\". All songs written by Jann Arden, except where noted.","title":"Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden"},{"id":"4243358","text":"Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden is a 2001 greatest hits album by Jann Arden. In addition to Arden's best-known hits, the album also includes two new songs (\"Thing For You\" and \"Never Mind\"), two songs that Arden recorded for compilation albums (\"You Don't Know Me\", from the soundtrack to \"My Best Friend's Wedding\", and \"If It Be Your Will\", from the Leonard Cohen tribute \"Tower of Song\"), an alternate version of \"Sleepless\" and a live version of Arden's most famous song, \"Insensitive\". All songs written by Jann Arden, except where noted.","title":"Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden"},{"id":"2721220","text":"Without You (Badfinger song) \"Without You\" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album \"No Dice\". The power ballad has been recorded by over 180 artists, and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international best-sellers. Paul McCartney once described the ballad as \"the killer song of all time\". In 1972, writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. First recorded by the rock group Badfinger, the song was composed by","title":"Without You (Badfinger song)"},{"id":"7407723","text":"by the RIAA on July 13, 1995. \"Dear Mama\" has been consistently ranked among the best of its genre, appearing on numerous \"greatest\" lists. In 2010, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress, who deemed it a work that is \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically important, and/or inform or reflect life in the United States.\" In a press release, the organization called the song \"a moving and eloquent homage to both the murdered rapper's own mother and all mothers struggling to maintain a family in the face of addiction, poverty and societal indifference.\" The","title":"Dear Mama"},{"id":"8450281","text":"which was edited for the single release. According to Geldof, he wrote the song after reading a telex report at Georgia State University's campus radio station, WRAS, on the shooting spree of 16-year-old Brenda Ann Spencer, who fired at children in a school playground at Grover Cleveland Elementary School in San Diego, California, on 29 January 1979, killing two adults and injuring eight children and one police officer. Spencer showed no remorse for her crime; her full explanation for her actions was \"I don't like Mondays. This livens up the day\". Geldof had been contacted by Steve Jobs to play","title":"I Don't Like Mondays"},{"id":"16393339","text":"Your Mamma Won't Like Me Your Mamma Won't Like Me is the third studio album by Suzi Quatro. Released in 1975, the album marked a change in the hard rock sound from the singer's previous albums \"Suzi Quatro\" and \"Quatro\", instead displaying a more funk oriented rock sound. In 2012, the album was re-issued and digitally remastered by 7T's Records in the UK, along with her other studio albums. This particular re-issue contains bonus tracks and some rare pictures. This was the album Quatro was promoted during her first UK headline tour, \"RAK Rocks Britain\", where she headlined a nine","title":"Your Mamma Won't Like Me"},{"id":"19431434","text":"to social media urging music buyers to boycott the song. The following day, E! News reported that the song itself was co-written by Dr. Luke and Meghan Trainor in 2014 prior to Kesha filing her lawsuit against Dr. Luke and was originally intended for Trainor's debut album \"Title\", however Trainor ultimately decided not to use the song. Two years later after it was announced that Lopez had returned to Epic Records, the label that Trainor is also signed to, she recorded her own version of the song with Trainor providing background vocals after Trainor offered her the song. As Dr.","title":"Ain't Your Mama"},{"id":"5532064","text":"One of the songs he co-wrote for this album, \"Easy Silence\", appears on \"Free Life\", with Dixie Chicks singer Natalie Maines singing harmonies. Wilson co-wrote three of the songs on Adele's multiple-Grammy-winning \"21\", \"Don't You Remember\", “One and Only\", and, most notably, \"Someone Like You\", which became a number one hit in the US, UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand was a top ten hit around the globe. As a producer of this track, on which he also played piano, Wilson shared in the 2012 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. In an interview with American Songwriter, Wilson recounted","title":"Dan Wilson (musician)"},{"id":"13881432","text":"with a delicately rendered \"Davy\". The duet \"Davy\", recorded with the song's composer Benard Ighner, is one of the rare occasions that Bassey would share the credits with another vocalist; it was also issued as a single and hit #44 on the US Adult Contemporary chart. The album closes with Bassey's reading of Stevie Wonder's \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life\". This album failed to chart in the UK, and peaked at #142 in the US. Her next two studio albums would be top 15 albums in the UK. The original release was in stereo on vinyl and cassette.","title":"Nobody Does It Like Me"},{"id":"17044126","text":"Like You (Daddy Yankee song) \"Like You\" is a song by Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee from his third studio and first commercially released album \"Barrio Fino\" which was highly responsible for reggeaton's mainstream exposure in 2004. It was co-written by Daddy Yankee and Eddie Ávila in the English language, and produced by Luny Tunes. The song was released as the album's sixth single internationally. In the United States, the song was successful in the mainstream market but could not rank on Latin charts due to language barriers. \"Like You\"'s parent album, \"Barrio Fino\", is regarded as a major factor","title":"Like You (Daddy Yankee song)"},{"id":"6099526","text":"Miki Howard Alicia Michelle \"Miki\" Howard (born September 30, 1960) is an American singer and actress who had a string of Top 10 hit songs in the mid–1980s and early–1990s, including \"Baby, Be Mine\"(1987), \"Come Share My Love\" (1986) and \"Love Under New Management\" (1990). \"Ain't Nobody Like You\" (1992) and \"Ain't Nuthin' in the World\" (1989) both peaked at number one on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Top R&B Singles chart. Howard was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is the daughter of gospel singers Josephine Howard of The Caravans, and Clay Graham (1936-2018) of The Pilgrim Jubilees. Howard's mother took her","title":"Miki Howard"},{"id":"9338838","text":"Mama Said (The Shirelles song) \"Mama Said\" is a song performed by The Shirelles, written by Luther Dixon and Willie Denson. It became a top ten hit, on both the pop and R&B charts, when it was released as a single in 1961. \"Mama Said\" went number four on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number two on the R&B chart. It has been covered by American Spring, Melanie, Dusty Springfield, and The Stereos as well as a young Dionne Bromfield. It was also the inspiration for \"Days Like This\" by Van Morrison. It was also covered by Nick Lowe on","title":"Mama Said (The Shirelles song)"},{"id":"10541533","text":"Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs is the fifth and final studio album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1974 by MCA Records. In 2018 it was released on CD. The album was released in 1973 and reached #132 on the \"Billboard\" album chart. The title track was the only single from the album to enter the US charts, reaching #77 (in a much shorter form) on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The album is largely","title":"Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs"},{"id":"9114169","text":"focus on his acting career, appearing in several made-for-TV films. He hosted two shows in the late 1980s, \"Truckin' USA\" and \"American Sports Cavalcade\" Bruce has also appeared in several theatrical releases, including Fire Down Below with Steven Seagal. Bruce's son, Trey Bruce, is a songwriter and record producer. Ed Bruce William Edwin Bruce, Jr. (born December 29, 1939) is an American country music songwriter, singer and actor. He is known for penning the 1975 song \"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys\" and recording the 1982 country number one hit \"You're the Best Break This Old","title":"Ed Bruce"},{"id":"12200809","text":"Gordon Lorenz Gordon Lorenz (4 March 1943 – 5 June 2011) was an English songwriter and record producer, who made his fame by writing the UK Christmas number one hit \"There's No-one Quite Like Grandma\" for St Winifred's School Choir. Since the song's release, Lorenz became one of the most prolific record producers in the music industry, producing over 800 albums selling eight million records, and earning seventeen platinum, gold and silver discs. Born in Childwall, an affluent suburb of Liverpool, his parents were both members of the Salvation Army. He was a pupil of Evered Avenue school in Walton","title":"Gordon Lorenz"},{"id":"5823043","text":"Shelly Peiken Shelly Meg Peiken is an American songwriter who is best known for co-writing the US #1 hits \"What A Girl Wants\" and \"Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)\" by Christina Aguilera the US #2 hit \"Bitch\" by Meredith Brooks, and the US #16 hit \"Almost Doesn't Count\" by Brandy. She has also written for or with Britney Spears, Natasha Bedingfield, Keith Urban, Celine Dion, Cher, Reba McEntire, Laura Pausini, NSYNC, Miley Cyrus, Ed Sheeran, Aaliyah, Selena Gomez, Idina Menzel and Demi Lovato. Shelly Peiken grew up in Freeport, Long Island where she became interested in","title":"Shelly Peiken"},{"id":"9400850","text":"There's No One Quite Like Grandma \"There's No One Quite Like Grandma\" was a number-one hit in the UK Singles Chart, by the Stockport-based primary school choir St Winifred's School Choir from 27 December 1980 to 3 January 1981. It was written by Gordon Lorenz. The song was a Christmas number-one single in both the UK and Ireland. In the UK, it demoted John Lennon's last single, \"(Just Like) Starting Over,\" to number two. After two weeks at number one, a previous Lennon song, \"Imagine,\" replaced it. This was a posthumous release as Lennon had been killed three weeks prior.","title":"There's No One Quite Like Grandma"},{"id":"15909709","text":"Eric Paslay Eric Thomas Paslay (born January 29, 1983) is an American country music singer and songwriter. He has released one album for EMI Nashville, which contains the hit singles \"Friday Night\", \"Song About a Girl\", and \"She Don't Love You\". In addition to these, Paslay has written several hit singles for other artists, and has collaborated with Amy Grant, Dierks Bentley, Charles Kelley, among others. Paslay was born in Abilene, Texas, and started playing guitar at the age of 15. He graduated from Middle Tennessee State University in the fall of 2005 with his Bachelor of Science degree. In","title":"Eric Paslay"},{"id":"12905558","text":"was not something she was particularly keen on doing having told Chet Dowling, the show's scriptwriter, \"I think there's nothing more boring than a live album.\" The idea was also hatched to release the album simultaneously with her television special that September. The album was recorded live over a series of nights at the famed Mister Kelly's in Chicago. The album included \"Extraordinary\" from the Broadway play \"Pippin\", \"My Love\" written by Paul McCartney and Elliot's rendition of the classic \"I'll Be Seeing You\". Among the other songs introduced by the album was the title song written by her friend","title":"Don't Call Me Mama Anymore"},{"id":"12122971","text":"Harold Barlow (songwriter) Harold Barlow (15 May 1915, Boston, Massachusetts – 15 February 1993, Manhasset, Long Island, New York) was an American songwriter, and later a consultant on plagiarism. He studied violin at the University of Boston, graduating in 1937. His song \"The Things I Love\" (1941) was recorded by Jimmy Dorsey, Dizzy Gillespie and Harry James. He served in World War II as a bandleader. Probably his best-known song was \"I've Got Tears in My Ears\" (1949) recorded by Homer and Jethro. He also wrote the English lyrics for \"Mama\", best known as a 1960 hit song for Connie","title":"Harold Barlow (songwriter)"},{"id":"11126064","text":"Carter Bays Carter Loard Bays (born August 12, 1975) is an American television showrunner, writer and producer. He is best known as co-creator, writer, and executive producer of the CBS sitcom \"How I Met Your Mother\". His show has been nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards, including Best Original Song for \"Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit.\" Bays also co-founded the band The Solids, who perform the theme song to \"How I Met Your Mother\", \"Hey Beautiful\". Bays was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His father, James C. Bays, is a retired corporate lawyer, and his mother is a minister in","title":"Carter Bays"},{"id":"6479697","text":"on 20 April 2001, on \"Top of the Pops\". When the single reached number three, the band were invited on to \"Top of the Pops\", where they re-enacted the food fight for a live performance. This performance is sometimes used instead of the main video. The single's B-sides include a cover of Queen's \"Killer Queen\" with guest vocalist Jason Falkner (formerly of the band Jellyfish), and guitarist Andy Dunlop's writing and vocal debut on \"You Don't Know What I'm Like\". The song can be heard in The American version of The Office on various occasions as the unofficial song of","title":"Sing (Travis song)"},{"id":"14205330","text":"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do \"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do\" is a song written by James Dunne and Pamela Phillips, and recorded by Canadian Country music artist Anne Murray and singer-songwriter Dave Loggins as a duet. It was released in August 1984 as the first single from the album \"Heart Over Mind\". The song was Dave Loggins' only hit on the Country chart. It was Anne's ninth American #1 Country hit and also hit the Top 10 of Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. The track was covered by Whitney Houston and Jermaine Jackson on Houston's 1985 self-titled debut album.","title":"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do"},{"id":"14205329","text":"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do \"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do\" is a song written by James Dunne and Pamela Phillips, and recorded by Canadian Country music artist Anne Murray and singer-songwriter Dave Loggins as a duet. It was released in August 1984 as the first single from the album \"Heart Over Mind\". The song was Dave Loggins' only hit on the Country chart. It was Anne's ninth American #1 Country hit and also hit the Top 10 of Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. The track was covered by Whitney Houston and Jermaine Jackson on Houston's 1985 self-titled debut album.","title":"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do"},{"id":"7889880","text":"Baby Mama (song) \"Baby Mama\" is a song by American singer Fantasia from her debut studio album, \"Free Yourself\" (2004). The song was released on May 3, 2005, as the third single from the album. It was written by Barbara Acklin, Vito Colapietro, Neely Dinkins, Harold Lilly, and Eugene Record and produced by Co-Stars and Harold Lilly. The single was a moderate commercial success in the United States, peaking at number sixteen on the U.S \"Billboard\" R&B/Hip-Hop and number sixty on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 charts. The song is very meaningful to Fantasia because it was written as an","title":"Baby Mama (song)"},{"id":"16843095","text":"1964, Dylan has played the composition over 200 times. \"Mama, You Been on My Mind\" has been recorded by numerous artists since the mid-1960s, including Jeff Buckley, Johnny Cash, Dion & the Belmonts, The Dylan Project, Flatt & Scruggs, George Harrison, Steve Howe, The Kingston Trio, Mylon LeFevre, Peter Mulvey, Ricky Nelson, Rod Stewart and We Are Augustines. The song appeared on the soundtrack to the movie I'm Not There, performed by Jack Johnson. The song was further covered by Laura Veirs, and featured on the Dylan tribute album . An alternate title, \"Mama, You've Been on My Mind\", has","title":"Mama, You Been on My Mind"},{"id":"8986678","text":"Papa Loved Mama \"Papa Loved Mama\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in February 1992 as the fourth single from his album \"Ropin' the Wind\" and also appears on \"The Hits\", \"The Limited Series\", \"Double Live\", and \"The Ultimate Hits\". It reached number 3 on the Billboard Country Charts. The song was written by Brooks and Kim Williams. A trucker's son reflects on a tragic incident he experienced as a child. His father worked as truck driver and his time away drove his mother to commit adultery. Though his father","title":"Papa Loved Mama"},{"id":"5159271","text":"and the top fifteen in Australia. \"Mama\" was written by the Spice Girls with songwriting partners Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard. In an interview about the writing process between the group and the duo, Rowe credits Mel B as the one who came up with the song's concept. During the writing process, each member wrote a small verse in a different corner of the recording studio, while the chorus was finished around the piano with a guitar. Then, the producers added a gospel choir filled with the group's harmonies at the end of the song. Brown explained the song's inspiration","title":"Mama (Spice Girls song)"},{"id":"12797872","text":"of radio airplay. Loggins wrote the song for his brother, Danny Loggins, in 1970 when Danny became the father of a boy named Colin – his first son. \"Danny's Song\" was included as the B-side of one of their early single releases, \"Nobody But You\" (U.S. #86, 1972). Loggins and Messina would achieve chart success in 1973 with their song \"Your Mama Don't Dance\", but their version of \"Danny's Song\" remains one of their best-known songs through the frequent airplay it received on rock and adult contemporary radio stations. Canadian country-pop music singer Anne Murray was a fan of the","title":"Danny's Song"},{"id":"18136823","text":"Ghetto Hymns Ghetto Hymns is the solo debut studio album by American contemporary R&B musician Dave Hollister (formerly of Blackstreet), released via DreamWorks Records. The album was co-produced by Hollister and Erick Sermon, and it peaked at #34 on the \"Billboard\" 200. Three singles were released from the album: \"My Favorite Girl\", \"Can't Stay\" and \"Baby Mama Drama\". \"My Favorite Girl\" is Hollister's only hit to date on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, peaking at #39 in 1999. The album was certified gold on . In addition to original songs, the album contains covers of the Michael McDonald song \"I Keep","title":"Ghetto Hymns"},{"id":"12200815","text":"2011 at his home in Llandudno, Wales. Gordon Lorenz Gordon Lorenz (4 March 1943 – 5 June 2011) was an English songwriter and record producer, who made his fame by writing the UK Christmas number one hit \"There's No-one Quite Like Grandma\" for St Winifred's School Choir. Since the song's release, Lorenz became one of the most prolific record producers in the music industry, producing over 800 albums selling eight million records, and earning seventeen platinum, gold and silver discs. Born in Childwall, an affluent suburb of Liverpool, his parents were both members of the Salvation Army. He was a","title":"Gordon Lorenz"},{"id":"4357838","text":"Alive Behind the Green Door Alive Behind the Green Door is a live album by the band Flogging Molly, recorded at Molly Malone's in 1997. The album features two cover songs, \"What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)\" and \"De (That's All Right) Lilah\", which is a combination of \"Delilah\" by Tom Jones and \"That's All Right (Mama)\" by Elvis Presley. Of the original songs on the album, the song \"Never Met a Girl Like You Before\" has not been recorded in the studio. \"Every Dog Has Its Day,\" \"Selfish Man,\" and \"Black Friday Rule\" were","title":"Alive Behind the Green Door"},{"id":"19017922","text":"the other singles to be released \"Get Weird\" \"Black Magic\" and \"Secret Love Song\", as well as previous singles \"Salute\", \"Move\" and \"Wings\".. Love Me Like You \"Love Me Like You\" is a song recorded by British girl group Little Mix for their third studio album, \"Get Weird\" (2015). The song was released on 25 September 2015, as the second single from the album. Produced by Steve Mac, he co-wrote the song with Iain James, Camille Purcell and James Newman. Backed by an instrumental of pianos, bells, sax and percussion, the song is a down-tempo retro homage to doo-wop, with","title":"Love Me Like You"},{"id":"7062646","text":"10cc (album) 10cc is the debut album by British rock band 10cc. It was recorded at Strawberry Studios in Stockport, which was part-owned by guitarist and engineer Eric Stewart, and released on Jonathan King's UK Records [No: UKAL 1005] label. The album reached No.36 in the UK. Three of its five singles reached the Top 10 in the UK charts, including \"Rubber Bullets\", which hit No.1. The closing track, \"Fresh Air for My Mama\", was a reworking of \"You Didn't Like It Because You Didn't Think of It\", the B-side of 1970's \"Neanderthal Man\", an international hit by the band","title":"10cc (album)"},{"id":"17589870","text":"My Mama Said \"My Mama Said\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1974 album \"Waterloo\". It was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The song is about a girl's grumbles over her overbearing mother. The song has dual vocals by both Frida and Agnetha. The song has an R&B feel, as well as a \"sophisticated refrain and middle eight guitar solo\", which were most likely influenced by the music of the time. The bass guitar links the vocal phrases in the verses.The chorus has a bass guitar and acoustic guitar playing the same notes an octave apart,","title":"My Mama Said"},{"id":"2411888","text":"Burnette in 1960 and then at #1 with Ringo Starr more than thirteen years later. Other top-ten hits include \"Pineapple Princess,\" \"Let's Get Together,\" and more. In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for the Disney film \"The Tigger Movie\". This film marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years. The Sherman Brothers wrote \"Only a Woman Like You\" with adult contemporary/pop singer/songwriter Michael Bolton as a trio and a single from the album of the same name and it features during the end credits of the 2007 Disney film \"Super","title":"Sherman Brothers"},{"id":"13343126","text":"year, the group having formed in 1993. The oldest material on the album are the tracks \"Teenage Rules\" and \"I Don't Wanna Break Your Head\", which are previously-unreleased outtakes from the recording sessions for the band's debut album, \"The Donnas\" (1997). \"Teenage Rules\" was recorded and produced by Darin Raffaelli, who ghostwrote most of The Donnas' early material and released their first album through his Super*Teem! label. Raffaelli shares writing credit with The Donnas on all eight tracks on the second half of \"Greatest Hits Vol. 16\" and sings lead vocals on \"I Wanna Be with a Girl Like You\",","title":"Greatest Hits Vol. 16"},{"id":"6586376","text":"U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) \"U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To)\" is a song by American recording artist Brandy Norwood. It was written by Isaac Phillips, Paris Davis, Sean Bryant, Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins, and Norwood for her second studio album \"Never Say Never\" (1998), while production was handled by the latter. The track was released as the album's sixth and final single in fall 1999 (see 1999 in music). The up-tempo song peaked at number 79 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number 50 in Canada. A remix version of the track featuring female","title":"U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To)"},{"id":"2954109","text":"for Hannah Montana concerts and events. Her latest album, \"Weaponize\", was released May 27, 2008. In 2011, Hanley provides vocals on the Bowling For Soup track \"I've Never Done Anything Like This\" on their album \"Fishin' for Woos\". Hanley co-wrote \"Don't Wanna Be Famous\" on The Dollyrots' eponymous album. The title of this section indicates projects that both Hanley and Eisenstein have taken an active interest in developing, in terms of playing multiple roles, including production as well as composition and/or instrumentation. Kay Hanley Kathleen Marie \"Kay\" Hanley (born September 11, 1968) is an American musician. She is best known","title":"Kay Hanley"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"13920825\",\n \"text\": \"Mama's Song \\\"Mama's Song\\\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Carrie Underwood, co-written by her along with Kara DioGuardi, Marti Frederiksen, and Luke Laird. It was released in November 2010 as the fourth and final single from her third studio album, \\\"Play On\\\". These songwriters also wrote her previous single, \\\"Undo It\\\". Underwood performed this song on the 44th CMA Awards on November 10, 2010. The song was nominated for Best Country Solo Performance at the 54th Grammy Awards. The song is a ballad where the female narrator sings to her mother, telling her not to worry\",\n \"title\": \"Mama's Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5172261\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma (song) \\\"Mamma\\\" is a popular song composed in 1940 by Cesare Andrea Bixio with Italian lyrics by Bixio Cherubini under the title \\\"Mamma son tanto felice\\\" (\\\"Mum, I am so happy\\\"). The performers of this song included: Beniamino Gigli, Luciano Tajoli, Richard Tucker, Claudio Villa, Robertino Loreti, Violetta Villas, Muslim Mogomayev, Luciano Pavarotti, Toto Cutugno, Andrea Bocelli, Sergio Franchi, Romina Arena, Jon Christos and Mario Frangoulis. In 1946, the English lyrics were written by Harold Barlow and Phil Brito who had their popular recording hit the charts in May 1946 under the title of \\\"Mama\\\". British singer David Whitfield\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5159269\",\n \"text\": \"Mama (Spice Girls song) \\\"Mama\\\" is a song by the British girl group the Spice Girls. It was written by the Spice Girls, Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard, and produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group's debut album \\\"Spice\\\", released in November 1996. \\\"Mama\\\" is a pop ballad that features instrumentation from keyboards, a rhythm guitar, a cello, and a violin, and its lyrics deal with the difficulties in relationships between mothers and daughters that appear during adolescence. It was released as a double A-side with \\\"Who Do You Think You Are\\\", and became the official single of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mama (Spice Girls song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13920829\",\n \"text\": \"Songs and became Underwood's third single to peak at number two. As a promotional single (before the release of \\\"Play On\\\"): United States: 39,000 As a confirmed single (after the release of \\\"Play On\\\"): United States: 443,000 The song has been certified Gold by the RIAA. Mama's Song \\\"Mama's Song\\\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Carrie Underwood, co-written by her along with Kara DioGuardi, Marti Frederiksen, and Luke Laird. It was released in November 2010 as the fourth and final single from her third studio album, \\\"Play On\\\". These songwriters also wrote her previous single, \\\"Undo\",\n \"title\": \"Mama's Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18281799\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Vera, Ray Parker, Jr., Mel Carter and Berry Gordy. In 2014, New Edition, Eddie Floyd and the Mary Jane Girls were added to the list. The organization also honors songwriters, like Harold Lilly, who wrote Alicia Keyes' \\\"You Don't Know My Name\\\" and the legendary team of Holland-Dozier-Holland, who wrote numerous Motown hits. Producers, such as Clarence Avant, and Gamble & Huff are also honored as well as influential entertainment industry executives, such as BMI's Thomas Cain, Universal's Jim Urie, Jon Platt and new Motown president, Ethiopia Habtemarian. The 2015 event featured tributes to El DeBarge, Bobby Brown, The\",\n \"title\": \"HAL Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7407722\",\n \"text\": \"Dear Mama \\\"Dear Mama\\\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist 2Pac, released on February 21, 1995 as the lead single from his third studio album, \\\"Me Against the World\\\" (1995). The song is a tribute to his mother, Afeni Shakur. In the song, Shakur details his childhood poverty and his mother's addiction to crack cocaine, but argues that his love and deep respect for his mother supersede bad memories. The song topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Rap Singles chart for five weeks and also peaked at number nine on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The single was certified Platinum\",\n \"title\": \"Dear Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19017906\",\n \"text\": \"by the same man, and end up alone. Little Mix have performed the track on both the Australian and British versions of \\\"The X Factor\\\" and on \\\"Good Morning America\\\" in the United States. \\\"Love Me Like You\\\" was written by Steve Mac, Camille Purcell, Iain James and James Newman for Little Mix's third studio album, \\\"Get Weird\\\" (2015). It was published by Rokstone Music Ltd. under exclusive licence to BMG Rights Management (UK) Ltd; Kobalt Music Group; Sony/ATV Music Publishing; Black Butter Music Publishing and BMG Rights Management. The song was produced by Mac and mixed by Serban Ghenea\",\n \"title\": \"Love Me Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14520202\",\n \"text\": \"Mama Can't Buy You Love \\\"Mama Can't Buy You Love\\\" is a hit single for British singer/songwriter Elton John from the EP \\\"The Thom Bell Sessions\\\". The song was written by LeRoy Bell and Casey James (of Bell and James fame). Bowing at number 69 on the Hot 100 on 9 June 1979, the track became John's first US top ten hit in almost three years when it peaked at number 9 on 25 August 1979. \\\"Mama Can't Buy You Love\\\" also spent one week at number 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In the US, it was certified gold\",\n \"title\": \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6573948\",\n \"text\": \"You Don't Know My Name \\\"You Don't Know My Name\\\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Alicia Keys from her second studio album, \\\"The Diary of Alicia Keys\\\". Written by Keys, Kanye West and Harold Lilly, and produced by Keys and West, the track was released as the album's lead single in November 2003. It contains a sample from the 1975 song \\\"Let Me Prove My Love to You\\\", written by J. R. Bailey, Mel Kent,Omar B and Ken Williams and performed by The Main Ingredient. The song became Keys' third top ten hit in the United States, peaking at\",\n \"title\": \"You Don't Know My Name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1802349\",\n \"text\": \"singer Chris Norman reached No. 4 in the US. Quatro released her eponymous debut album in 1973. Since then, she has released fifteen studio albums, ten compilation albums, and one live album. Her solo hits include \\\"Can the Can\\\", \\\"48 Crash\\\", \\\"Daytona Demon\\\", \\\"Devil Gate Drive\\\" and \\\"Your Mamma Won't Like Me\\\". Between 1973 and 1980, Quatro was awarded six Bravo Ottos. In 2010, she was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends online Hall of Fame. Quatro has sold over 50 million albums and continues to perform live, worldwide. Her most recent studio album was released in 2017\",\n \"title\": \"Suzi Quatro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5172262\",\n \"text\": \"also had a hit with the song, which reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in 1955. The British lyrics did differ from the American ones. The song was re-arranged and re-written by Geoffrey Parsons and John Turner. The song was also recorded by Connie Francis in 1959 for her album \\\"Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites\\\", with her hit single released in February 1960. Arranged and conducted by Tony Osborne, the Connie Francis version of the song was a number two hit in the UK, and peaked at number eight on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. The song in\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18554151\",\n \"text\": \"Nothin' Like You \\\"Nothin' Like You\\\" is a song recorded by American country music duo Dan + Shay for their debut studio album, \\\"Where It All Began\\\" (2014). The song, written by both group members along with Chris DeStefano and Ashley Gorley, is about Shay's ex-girlfriend Veronica Ballestrini, who is also a country-pop singer. \\\"Nothin' Like You\\\" reached number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Country Airplay chart, giving the duo their first number-one country hit in their career. It also charted at numbers 5 and 51 on both the Hot Country Songs and Hot 100 charts respectively. The song was certified\",\n \"title\": \"Nothin' Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8822619\",\n \"text\": \"in 1973, been reworked to form the basis of \\\"Fresh Air for My Mama\\\", the closing song on 10cc's debut album, \\\"10cc\\\". Parts of the song are also lyrically and melodically similar to parts of Godley and Creme's song \\\"Five O'Clock in the Morning\\\", off \\\"Consequences\\\" (1977). \\\"The Loser\\\" had been the B-side of the 1971 single \\\"Lady Sadie\\\", while an additional track, \\\"Today\\\", had first been recorded by Kevin Godley and Lol Creme in 1969 under the band name of Frabjoy and the Runcible Spoon. The album cover featured a drawing of the band by Godley and Creme. The\",\n \"title\": \"You Didn't Like It Because You Didn't Think of It\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17299982\",\n \"text\": \"I Ain't Your Mama \\\"I Ain't Your Mama\\\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Maggie Rose. It was released in June 2012 as the first single from her debut album, \\\"Cut to Impress\\\". The song was written by Candy Cameron and Judson Spence. Billy Dukes of \\\"Taste of Country\\\" gave the song four stars out of five, calling it \\\"the boundary-pushing song country music needs to embrace every year or two\\\" and writing that Rose \\\"showcases a big, commanding voice that will be overlooked in this PG-13 rated single.\\\" Matt Bjorke of \\\"Roughstock\\\" gave the song four\",\n \"title\": \"I Ain't Your Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5172263\",\n \"text\": \"German (as well as in Dutch and in English) was recorded by Dutch child singer Heintje Simons for his album \\\"Heintje\\\" in 1967 (lyrics written by Bruno Balz). Also Heintje performed \\\"Mama\\\" in \\\"Zum Teufel mit der Penne (1968)\\\" comedy film. Mamma (song) \\\"Mamma\\\" is a popular song composed in 1940 by Cesare Andrea Bixio with Italian lyrics by Bixio Cherubini under the title \\\"Mamma son tanto felice\\\" (\\\"Mum, I am so happy\\\"). The performers of this song included: Beniamino Gigli, Luciano Tajoli, Richard Tucker, Claudio Villa, Robertino Loreti, Violetta Villas, Muslim Mogomayev, Luciano Pavarotti, Toto Cutugno, Andrea Bocelli, Sergio\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11512804\",\n \"text\": \"Loggins and Messina version: Your Mama Don't Dance \\\"Your Mama Don't Dance\\\" is a hit 1972 song by the rock duo Loggins and Messina. Released on their self-titled album \\\"Loggins and Messina\\\", it reached number four on the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop chart and number 19 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Easy Listening Chart as a single in early 1973. This song, whose refrain and first verse is done in a blues format, deals with the 1950s and 1960s lifestyle concerning the generation gap, where the parents oppose the Rock and Roll Revolution, of the younger generation, which includes the rebelliousness against the old\",\n \"title\": \"Your Mama Don't Dance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1871639\",\n \"text\": \"number one spot. In 1979, \\\"I Don't Like Mondays\\\", was released. This was written in response to a school shooting in California carried out by Brenda Ann Spencer, and also reached No. 1 in the UK. It was a worldwide hit, with the exception being the United States. It was the band's only song to reach the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and was included in the band's third album, \\\"The Fine Art of Surfacing\\\". The album also contained \\\"Diamond Smiles\\\" and their next Top 10 hit in the UK, \\\"Someone's Looking at You\\\". In 1980 \\\"Banana Republic\\\" was released, which\",\n \"title\": \"The Boomtown Rats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18452354\",\n \"text\": \"Hey Mama (David Guetta song) \\\"Hey Mama\\\" is a song recorded by French DJ and record producer David Guetta featuring vocals by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj and American singer-songwriter Bebe Rexha, and co-produced by Dutch DJ and producer Afrojack. The song was released on 16 March 2015, as the fourth single from Guetta's sixth studio album, \\\"Listen\\\" (2014). It was written by Guetta, Rexha, Ester Dean, Sean Douglas, Giorgio Tuinfort, Onika Maraj and Nick van de Wall, and produced by the latter of the three. The song peaked at number 8 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the United States,\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Mama (David Guetta song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14520203\",\n \"text\": \"on 17 August 1979 by the RIAA. The chord structure of the opening instrumental of \\\"Mama Can't Buy You Love\\\" bears a strong resemblance to the chord structure of the opening instrumental of Ronnie Dyson's \\\"One Man Band (Plays All Alone)\\\" (after the site's short instrumental section). According to the Hot 100, Thom Bell produced both records. Mama Can't Buy You Love \\\"Mama Can't Buy You Love\\\" is a hit single for British singer/songwriter Elton John from the EP \\\"The Thom Bell Sessions\\\". The song was written by LeRoy Bell and Casey James (of Bell and James fame). Bowing at\",\n \"title\": \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5159285\",\n \"text\": \"screens to sing with the Spice Girls. During some of the shows, the group brought their children onstage. These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \\\"Mama\\\": Published by Windswept Pacific Music Ltd/PolyGram Music Publishing Ltd. Mama (Spice Girls song) \\\"Mama\\\" is a song by the British girl group the Spice Girls. It was written by the Spice Girls, Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard, and produced by Rowe and Stannard for the group's debut album \\\"Spice\\\", released in November 1996. \\\"Mama\\\" is a pop ballad that features instrumentation from keyboards, a rhythm guitar, a cello, and\",\n \"title\": \"Mama (Spice Girls song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11512801\",\n \"text\": \"Your Mama Don't Dance \\\"Your Mama Don't Dance\\\" is a hit 1972 song by the rock duo Loggins and Messina. Released on their self-titled album \\\"Loggins and Messina\\\", it reached number four on the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop chart and number 19 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Easy Listening Chart as a single in early 1973. This song, whose refrain and first verse is done in a blues format, deals with the 1950s and 1960s lifestyle concerning the generation gap, where the parents oppose the Rock and Roll Revolution, of the younger generation, which includes the rebelliousness against the old society that monitors curfews\",\n \"title\": \"Your Mama Don't Dance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19017904\",\n \"text\": \"Love Me Like You \\\"Love Me Like You\\\" is a song recorded by British girl group Little Mix for their third studio album, \\\"Get Weird\\\" (2015). The song was released on 25 September 2015, as the second single from the album. Produced by Steve Mac, he co-wrote the song with Iain James, Camille Purcell and James Newman. Backed by an instrumental of pianos, bells, sax and percussion, the song is a down-tempo retro homage to doo-wop, with lyrics about puppy love. Its composition was compared by several critics to Motown artists of the 1950s and 1960s, namely The Ronettes, The\",\n \"title\": \"Love Me Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5532124\",\n \"text\": \"Langston of Throwing Muses guests on most tracks. The singles from the album were \\\"Time\\\" (the album version being titled \\\"Question Of Time\\\"), which included a sample from Pink Floyd's \\\"Time\\\" (from \\\"The Dark Side of the Moon\\\"), followed by a cover of Randy Newman's \\\"Mama Told Me Not to Come.\\\" The single \\\"A Girl Like You\\\" was released in May 1992 and became an international hit, scoring No. 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" US Modern Rock (Alternative Songs) chart on 15 August 1992. The song was later covered by Tom Jones, who then asked the band to write \\\"Show Me\",\n \"title\": \"The Wolfgang Press\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14716143\",\n \"text\": \"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You \\\"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\\\" is a song by the British progressive rock band The Alan Parsons Project, featured on their 1977 album \\\"I Robot\\\". Written by band leaders Alan Parsons and Eric Woolfson, \\\"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\\\" was sung by pop singer Lenny Zakatek, who would go on to sing many of the band's songs. In the United States, the song was a moderate success and charted at #36 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. In 1977, the song was released as the lead single from the group's\",\n \"title\": \"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6573950\",\n \"text\": \"and Keys plays a waitress at a restaurant. You Don't Know My Name \\\"You Don't Know My Name\\\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Alicia Keys from her second studio album, \\\"The Diary of Alicia Keys\\\". Written by Keys, Kanye West and Harold Lilly, and produced by Keys and West, the track was released as the album's lead single in November 2003. It contains a sample from the 1975 song \\\"Let Me Prove My Love to You\\\", written by J. R. Bailey, Mel Kent,Omar B and Ken Williams and performed by The Main Ingredient. The song became Keys' third top\",\n \"title\": \"You Don't Know My Name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18868868\",\n \"text\": \"2016. On October 18, 2017, the song was certified gold by the RIAA. That Don't Sound Like You \\\"That Don't Sound Like You\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Lee Brice. It was released in May 2015 as the third single from his third studio album \\\"I Don't Dance\\\". The song was written by Brice, Rhett Akins and Ashley Gorley. The song is about a man calling a former lover, realizing that her new man has \\\"stripped her of her fun-loving identity\\\". The music video was directed by Ryan Smith and premiered in June 2015.\",\n \"title\": \"That Don't Sound Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18868867\",\n \"text\": \"That Don't Sound Like You \\\"That Don't Sound Like You\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Lee Brice. It was released in May 2015 as the third single from his third studio album \\\"I Don't Dance\\\". The song was written by Brice, Rhett Akins and Ashley Gorley. The song is about a man calling a former lover, realizing that her new man has \\\"stripped her of her fun-loving identity\\\". The music video was directed by Ryan Smith and premiered in June 2015. The song has sold 333,000 copies in the United States as of May\",\n \"title\": \"That Don't Sound Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18359771\",\n \"text\": \"10. The Tagline \\\"mama ain't proud\\\" was penned by Guy Sebastian after a heated argument with his mother about his lack of Christianity. Mama Ain't Proud \\\"My Mama Ain't Proud\\\" is a song by Australian recording artist Guy Sebastian, released digitally in Australia on 20 October 2014. It debuted at number 17 on the ARIA Singles Chart. It is the third single from his album \\\"Madness\\\" & was produced by Twice as Nice, Shuko & Freedo. \\\"Mama Ain't Proud\\\" was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 35,000 copies. Sebastian performed the song live on \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Mama Ain't Proud\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6898097\",\n \"text\": \"the film. Sonny Curtis also co-wrote the 1987 Country Song of the Year, \\\"I'm No Stranger to the Rain\\\" recorded by the late Keith Whitley. Other songs he has written include \\\"The Straight Life\\\" (recorded by Glen Campbell, and later by Bobby Goldsboro) and \\\"A Fool Never Learns\\\" (recorded by Andy Williams). In 1991, Sonny Curtis was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame. Anne Murray also recorded the Sonny Curtis songs \\\"I Like Your Music\\\" and \\\"You Made My Life a Song\\\" on her 1972 LP \\\"Annie\\\". In 2007, Curtis was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame\",\n \"title\": \"Sonny Curtis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15915671\",\n \"text\": \"Not Over You \\\"Not Over You\\\" is a song by American recording artist Gavin DeGraw, released as the lead single from his fourth studio album, \\\"Sweeter\\\", on May 17, 2011. The song was written by DeGraw and Ryan Tedder, and produced by Tedder. The song poignantly evokes the difficulty of getting over someone. It received a positive critical appreciation. The song has charted on the United States's \\\"Billboard\\\" chart and also in many European territories. It peaked at No. 18 on the Hot 100, making it DeGraw's most successful song on the chart since his breakout hit \\\"I Don't Want\",\n \"title\": \"Not Over You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16466039\",\n \"text\": \"Mamma Knows Best \\\"Mamma Knows Best\\\" is a song by British singer-songwriter Jessie J, from her debut studio album \\\"Who You Are\\\". Written by Jessica Cornish, Ashton Thomas and produced by same. The song peaked at number 59 in UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Jessie J, Ashton Thomas and produced by same. This big-band work out was one of the first songs written by Jessie J and the first one that brought her to people's attention. \\\"Mamma Knows Best\\\" received generally positive reviews from critics. Mike Diver from \\\"BBC\\\", said: \\\"Mamma Knows Best\\\" brings a big-band-trapped-in-a-synthesizer sound\",\n \"title\": \"Mamma Knows Best\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7506136\",\n \"text\": \"in Toronto at the Glenn Gould Studio. Alanis Morissette received five nominations including one as director for Best Video. Winner: Chantal Kreviazuk Other Nominees: Winner: Bryan Adams Other Nominees: Winner: Tal Bachman Other Nominees: Winner: Matthew Good Band Other Nominees: Winner: Sky Other Nominees: Winner: Shania Twain (co-Songwriter Robert John \\\"Mutt\\\" Lange), \\\"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!\\\", \\\"That Don't Impress Me Much\\\", \\\"You've Got a Way\\\" Other Nominees: Winner: Shania Twain Other Nominees: Winner: Paul Brandt Other Nominees: Winner: The Rankins Other Nominees: Winner: Sarah McLachlan Winner: Tal Bachman and Bob Rock, \\\"She's So High\\\" and \\\"If You Sleep\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Juno Awards of 2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19179436\",\n \"text\": \"Make Me Like You \\\"Make Me Like You\\\" is a song by American singer Gwen Stefani for her third solo studio album, \\\"This Is What the Truth Feels Like\\\" (2016). The record's second single, it was released digitally on February 12, 2016, and distributed to contemporary hit radio on February 16 in the United States by Interscope. Mattias Larsson and Robin Frediksson produced the song, which was co-written by Stefani, Larsson, Frediksson, Justin Tranter, and Julia Michaels. A pop and disco recording, \\\"Make Me Like You\\\" incorporates light rock, with guitars and digital harps over an uptempo melody. The lyrics,\",\n \"title\": \"Make Me Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19431425\",\n \"text\": \"Ain't Your Mama \\\"Ain't Your Mama\\\" is a song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez. It was written by Meghan Trainor, Theron Thomas, Jacob Kasher Hindlin, Gamal \\\"Lunchmoney\\\" Lewis, Henry \\\"Cirkut\\\" Walter and Dr. Luke, while production was handled by the latter two. A pop song with influences of reggae, dancehall and Latin music, the song has percussion, drums, minimal synths and a Latin beat in its main instrumentation. Lyrically, \\\"Ain't Your Mama\\\" deals with themes of female empowerment, where the protagonist will not accept a partner who needs to be taken care of. The song was released on April\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't Your Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17288705\",\n \"text\": \"I'll Always Love My Mama \\\"I'll Always Love My Mama\\\" is a 1973 single by the Philly soul group The Intruders. Released from their album \\\"Save the Children\\\", it is a song commonly played on Mother's Day. Written by Gamble & Huff and co-written by McFadden & Whitehead, the song reached #36 on the pop chart and #6 on the R&B charts in the summer of 1973. It was recorded as a long LP track, which was broken down into Parts 1 and 2 for the single release. The song was inspired by Kenny Gamble's mother, Ruby, who died in\",\n \"title\": \"I'll Always Love My Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16503823\",\n \"text\": \"I Don't Like You \\\"I Don't Like You\\\" is a song by Dutch singer Eva Simons. It was released on 26 March 2012. It topped the US Hot Dance Club Songs. \\\"I Don't Like You\\\" is Simons' debut on the label Interscope Records and it was produced by Russian-German producer Zedd. The song was included on \\\"Now That's What I Call Music! 43\\\", with the collection debuting at number one on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. Nicholas Philippou from MTV reported that Dutch producer R3hab had remixed the single. It was included on a digital remix EP, released to promote the\",\n \"title\": \"I Don't Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2257952\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Wish I Had a Mommy Like You\\\", which became a Top 25 hit, followed by \\\"Give Him Love\\\", which had similar success. In 1971, she released a country music album, \\\"I'd Rather Be Sorry\\\", for Mercury records. In 1973, a duet with country singer Tom T. Hall titled, \\\"Hello, We're Lonely\\\" was a Top 20 hit, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard Country Chart. In 1973, Page returned to Columbia Records' affiliate Epic Records. In 1974 and 1975, she released singles for Avco Records including \\\"I May Not Be Lovin' You\\\" and \\\"Less Than the Song\\\", both of which\",\n \"title\": \"Patti Page\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13320464\",\n \"text\": \"Grandma's Hands \\\"Grandma's Hands\\\" is a song written by Bill Withers about his grandmother. It was included on his first album \\\"Just as I Am\\\" (1971), and was released as a single, reaching number 18 on the Best Selling Soul Singles chart and 42 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. In Canada it reached No. 37 in the RPM Magazine charts. The song was produced by Booker T. Jones and also featured drummer Al Jackson, Jr. and bassist Duck Dunn from Booker T. & the MG's. Withers' maternal grandfather, Grackus Monroe Galloway, had been born into slavery. In his youth, Withers\",\n \"title\": \"Grandma's Hands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7407738\",\n \"text\": \"Songs Of All Time\\\". \\\"Dear Mama\\\" was one of 25 recordings selected for preservation at the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress in 2010, making it the third hip hop song to do so, following tracks by Public Enemy and Grandmaster Flash. The Library of Congress has called the song \\\"a moving and eloquent homage to both the murdered rapper's own mother and all mothers struggling to maintain a family in the face of addiction, poverty and societal indifference.\\\" On the subject of the inclusion, Afeni Shakur stated, \\\"It could have been any song, but I'm honored they\",\n \"title\": \"Dear Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6049158\",\n \"text\": \"had numerous hits after \\\"Respect\\\", and several before its release, the song became Franklin's signature song and her best-known recording. \\\"I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You\\\" was ranked eighty-third in \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"s \\\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\\\" in 2003. A year later, \\\"Respect\\\" was fifth in the magazine's \\\"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\\\". Respect (song) \\\"Respect\\\" is a song written and originally released by American recording artist Otis Redding in 1965. The song became a 1967 hit and signature song for R&B singer Aretha Franklin. The music in the two versions is significantly different,\",\n \"title\": \"Respect (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5737071\",\n \"text\": \"Like You (Bow Wow song) \\\"Like You\\\" is a song by American rapper Bow Wow featuring singer Ciara. It was written by Jermaine Dupri, Jaron Alston, and Johnta Austin, and produced by Dupri and Bryan Michael Cox for Bow Wow's fourth album \\\"Wanted\\\" (2005). The song includes the keyboard chord of New Edition's \\\"I'm Leaving You Again\\\" written by Jaron Alson, Ricky Bell, and Ralph Tresvant. \\\"Like You\\\" was released as the album's second single on August 2005 and reached number 3 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number 1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. \\\"Like You\\\" was Bow\",\n \"title\": \"Like You (Bow Wow song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10708986\",\n \"text\": \"My Mammy \\\"My Mammy\\\" is an American popular song with music by Walter Donaldson and lyrics by Joe Young and Sam M. Lewis. Though associated with Al Jolson, who performed the song very successfully, \\\"My Mammy\\\" was performed first in 1918 by William Frawley (later to become famous on \\\"I Love Lucy\\\") as a vaudeville act. Saul Bornstein, the general manager in early 1921 for Irving Berlin Music Publishing, brought the song to Jolson's attention; Jolson first interpolated the song in January 1921 to the Broadway show \\\"Sinbad\\\" which was in the fourth year of its run. Jolson recorded this\",\n \"title\": \"My Mammy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6926515\",\n \"text\": \"Mama (Genesis song) \\\"Mama\\\" was the first single from Genesis' 1983 self-titled album. It is recognisable for its harsh drum machine introduction composed by Mike Rutherford, which leads into minimalist synthesizer lines in a minor tonality and finally Phil Collins' reverb-laden voice. It remains the band's most successful single in the UK, peaking at No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. It also made the top 10 in Switzerland, Austria, Norway, Ireland and the Netherlands. It was less popular in the U.S., only reaching No. 73 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. A 1992 re-release of the single managed to reach\",\n \"title\": \"Mama (Genesis song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20140767\",\n \"text\": \"Mama (Jonas Blue song) \\\"Mama\\\" is a song by British DJ and record producer Jonas Blue, featuring Australian singer William Singe. It was released on 5 May 2017 via Blue's record label Jonas Blue Music. \\\"Mama\\\" was written by Ed Drewett, Romans, and Blue, who also produced the song. It’s the fourth single of Blue’s debut album \\\"Blue\\\". Speaking about the song, Jonas said \\\"'Mama' is a song about that period of your life when you're young and carefree, without stress, bills and problems and all you care about is having a good time with your friends every day and\",\n \"title\": \"Mama (Jonas Blue song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"970072\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Anka Paul Albert Anka, (, Arabic: بول عنقا; born July 30, 1941) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actor. Anka became famous during the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s with hit songs like \\\"Diana\\\", \\\"Lonely Boy\\\", \\\"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\\\", and \\\"(You're) Having My Baby\\\". He wrote such well-known music as the theme for \\\"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\\\" and one of Tom Jones's biggest hits, \\\"She's a Lady\\\". He also wrote the English lyrics to Claude François and Jacques Revaux's music for Frank Sinatra's signature song, \\\"My Way\\\", which has been covered by many, including\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Anka\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9774643\",\n \"text\": \"Time list. The song is ranked at number 339 on the \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. On 27 November 2016, the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction, along with that of another 24 songs. \\\"I Can't Make You Love Me\\\" was written by Nashville writers Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin, who were well-noted for their successes in the country music arena. The song was rewritten many times before being finalized, months later. \\\"We wrote, most every week, in Mike's basement,\\\" Shamblin told Peter Cooper in an interview with the Nashville Tennessean. \\\"And\",\n \"title\": \"I Can't Make You Love Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18152166\",\n \"text\": \"but Me\\\", and \\\"Baby, It's Cold Outside\\\" from Brett Eldredge's album \\\"Glow\\\". She co-wrote multiple songs during this time period including Jennifer Lopez's \\\"Ain't Your Mama\\\" and \\\"You Gotta Not\\\" from British girl group Little Mix's album \\\"Glory Days\\\". On February 24, 2017, Trainor released the single \\\"I'm a Lady\\\" for the film \\\"\\\". She also voiced a character called Smurfmelody in the movie. In December 2017, Trainor was announced as one of the judges on Fox's television show \\\"\\\", alongside Sean Combs, DJ Khaled and Charlie Walk. In 2018, she appeared as a judge on both, and . In\",\n \"title\": \"Meghan Trainor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7407725\",\n \"text\": \"they had little contact for many years. Having \\\"lost all respect\\\" for his mother, he subsequently moved into a vacant apartment with friends and began writing poetry and rap lyrics. In 1990, realizing her habit was out-of-control, she enrolled in a 12-step program at a drug and alcohol treatment center in Norwalk, Connecticut. After completion, she reconciled with her son, who was at this point a successful recording artist. Record producer Tony Pizarro, explained that The song was written shortly before Shakur served a prison term. Upon completion of the track, Shakur phoned longtime friend Jada Pinkett-Smith, remarking, \\\"I wrote\",\n \"title\": \"Dear Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9626610\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Mama Don't Get Dressed Up for Nothing,\\\" would later be released as the album's third single. In addition, this song was performed as their last performance as a duo at the 2010 ACM Awards on April 18, 2010, as well at the 50th anniversary of the ACM Awards on April 19, 2015. \\\"My Maria\\\" debuted at number 30 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart for the week of April 6, 1996. Gear Daddies released a version of the song on their 1992 album \\\"Can't Have Nothin' Nice\\\". My Maria \\\"My Maria\\\" is a song co-written by B. W.\",\n \"title\": \"My Maria\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15642853\",\n \"text\": \"Like My Mother Does \\\"Like My Mother Does\\\" is a song written by Nathan Chapman, Liz Rose, and Nikki Williams. It was first recorded by American country artist Kristy Lee Cook from her 2008 album, \\\"Why Wait\\\". It was later recorded and released as a single by country music singers Jesse Lee and Lauren Alaina in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Alaina's recording became the first version of the song to chart; it debuted at number 49 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Songs chart, and later reached a peak of number 36 on the chart in October 2011. \\\"Like My\",\n \"title\": \"Like My Mother Does\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12456417\",\n \"text\": \"Hey Mama (Kanye West song) \\\"Hey Mama\\\" is a song by American hip hop artist Kanye West. It was released as the sixteenth song on the track-listing of his second studio album \\\"Late Registration\\\". The song was produced by West and composer Jon Brion and the song contains a sample of \\\"Today Won't Come Again\\\" by Donal Leace. Though it appeared on his 2005 album, West had composed the song long before he had found fame, as early as 2000. The song is a ballad dedicated to West's mother, Donda West, describing his affection and appreciation for her having raised\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Mama (Kanye West song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1306166\",\n \"text\": \"number 25 on the U.S. pop chart. The 1958 follow-up was \\\"This Little Girl's Gone Rockin'\\\", written by Bobby Darin and Mann Curtis. It reached number 7 on the R&B chart and number 24 on the pop chart. She had further hits with \\\"I Don't Know\\\" in 1959 and \\\"Don't Deceive Me\\\" in 1960, which were more successful on the R&B chart than on the pop chart. During the 1960s, Brown faded from public view and lived as a housewife and mother. She returned to music in 1975 at the urging of the comedian Redd Foxx, followed by a series\",\n \"title\": \"Ruth Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14716144\",\n \"text\": \"second album, \\\"I Robot\\\". The song was a moderate success, charting at #36 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and #22 on the Canadian chart. In 2013, the song was used in the best-selling video game \\\"Grand Theft Auto V\\\" in the game's classic rock channel. In 2017, the song was used in the final scene of episode nine of the Netflix series \\\"Mindhunter\\\". I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You \\\"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\\\" is a song by the British progressive rock band The Alan Parsons Project, featured on their 1977 album \\\"I Robot\\\". Written by\",\n \"title\": \"I Wouldn't Want to Be Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7034962\",\n \"text\": \"Mama, I'm Coming Home \\\"Mama, I'm Coming Home\\\" is the third song on the 1991 album \\\"No More Tears\\\" by the English heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne. Sharon Osbourne has previously claimed that the song was written by Ozzy in tribute to her; however, the song was actually co-written by Lemmy Kilmister, Zakk Wylde (Osbourne's long-time guitarist) and multi-platinum producer/engineer Tom Fletcher. Lemmy was brought in as a songwriter for the \\\"No More Tears\\\" album, providing lyrics for the tracks \\\"Mama I'm Coming Home\\\", \\\"Hellraiser\\\", \\\"Desire\\\", and \\\"I Don't Want to Change the World.\\\" The single is Osbourne's only solo\",\n \"title\": \"Mama, I'm Coming Home\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11644717\",\n \"text\": \"Famous, Rich and Beautiful Famous, Rich and Beautiful is the second album from Canadian R&B band The Philosopher Kings, released in 1997 (see 1997 in music). The band's most successful album, \\\"Famous, Rich and Beautiful\\\" earned the group several Juno Award nominations: for Best R&B/Soul Recording of the Year in 1998, and for Pop Album of the Year and Single of the Year (for \\\"Hurts to Love You\\\") in 1999. The songs \\\"I Am the Man\\\", \\\"You Don't Love Me (Like You Used to Do)\\\" and \\\"Cry\\\", a cover of the Godley & Creme song, were also notable hit singles\",\n \"title\": \"Famous, Rich and Beautiful\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8754601\",\n \"text\": \"video was shot for the song in San Francisco. It features Alcatraz Island, with Klaus Meine being the recipient of capital punishment. The track was originally written in German and much of its meaning was changed in translation. The song reached number 65 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart. It also attained the number one position on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Rock Tracks chart. In Canada, the track peaked at number 49. In 1984, the Scorpions released a live version of the song as a taster for their forthcoming live album \\\"World Wide Live\\\". The record's flipside also features a\",\n \"title\": \"No One Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"970095\",\n \"text\": \"and Brian Mulroney. Works cited Paul Anka Paul Albert Anka, (, Arabic: بول عنقا; born July 30, 1941) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actor. Anka became famous during the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s with hit songs like \\\"Diana\\\", \\\"Lonely Boy\\\", \\\"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\\\", and \\\"(You're) Having My Baby\\\". He wrote such well-known music as the theme for \\\"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\\\" and one of Tom Jones's biggest hits, \\\"She's a Lady\\\". He also wrote the English lyrics to Claude François and Jacques Revaux's music for Frank Sinatra's signature song, \\\"My Way\\\", which has\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Anka\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6573949\",\n \"text\": \"number three on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, as well as topping the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for eight consecutive weeks, her first Top 10 single in both charts since 2002's \\\"A Woman's Worth\\\". Additionally, the song won a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song and a Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Female. \\\"You Don't Know My Name\\\" was sampled on rapper Lil Wayne's 2008 song \\\"Comfortable\\\" featuring Babyface, produced by West. \\\"Blender\\\" magazine placed the song at number thirty-seven on its list of \\\"The 100 Best Songs of 2004\\\". Rapper Mos Def plays Micheal Harris, Alicia's love interest,\",\n \"title\": \"You Don't Know My Name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15268567\",\n \"text\": \"Mama Spank Mama Spank is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Liz Anderson. The song peaked at number five on U.S. Billboards Hot Country Singles chart and became the most successful record of Anderson's recording career and went on to earn Anderson a Grammy nomination for Best Female Country Vocal Performance competing against Skeeter Davis, Connie Smith, Dottie West, and the ultimate winner, Tammy Wynette. This song is a typically comic-tinged Anderson number with her fed up with her wandering husband, deciding to speak to him like a child since he's behaving as a young child,\",\n \"title\": \"Mama Spank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20140768\",\n \"text\": \"night!\\\" Mama (Jonas Blue song) \\\"Mama\\\" is a song by British DJ and record producer Jonas Blue, featuring Australian singer William Singe. It was released on 5 May 2017 via Blue's record label Jonas Blue Music. \\\"Mama\\\" was written by Ed Drewett, Romans, and Blue, who also produced the song. It’s the fourth single of Blue’s debut album \\\"Blue\\\". Speaking about the song, Jonas said \\\"'Mama' is a song about that period of your life when you're young and carefree, without stress, bills and problems and all you care about is having a good time with your friends every day\",\n \"title\": \"Mama (Jonas Blue song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6235764\",\n \"text\": \"also co-wrote Brooks & Dunn's 2009 single \\\"Honky Tonk Stomp\\\". Pinson and Arlo Gilliam also co-wrote Emerson Drive's 2012 single \\\"She's My Kind of Crazy\\\". Pinson, Rhett Akins and Dallas Davidson also co-wrote Aaron Lewis's 2013 single \\\"Granddaddy's Gun\\\". Pinson, Brantley Gilbert, Blake Chaffin also co-wrote Brantley Gilbert's 2017 single \\\"The Ones That Like Me\\\". Bobby Pinson Bobby Olen Pinson (born August 10, 1972) is an American country music artist. Signed to RCA Records in 2005, Pinson made his debut that year with his album \\\"Man Like Me\\\". Its lead-off single, \\\"Don't Ask Me How I Know\\\", peaked at No.\",\n \"title\": \"Bobby Pinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4243357\",\n \"text\": \"Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden is a 2001 greatest hits album by Jann Arden. In addition to Arden's best-known hits, the album also includes two new songs (\\\"Thing For You\\\" and \\\"Never Mind\\\"), two songs that Arden recorded for compilation albums (\\\"You Don't Know Me\\\", from the soundtrack to \\\"My Best Friend's Wedding\\\", and \\\"If It Be Your Will\\\", from the Leonard Cohen tribute \\\"Tower of Song\\\"), an alternate version of \\\"Sleepless\\\" and a live version of Arden's most famous song, \\\"Insensitive\\\". All songs written by Jann Arden, except where noted.\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4243358\",\n \"text\": \"Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden is a 2001 greatest hits album by Jann Arden. In addition to Arden's best-known hits, the album also includes two new songs (\\\"Thing For You\\\" and \\\"Never Mind\\\"), two songs that Arden recorded for compilation albums (\\\"You Don't Know Me\\\", from the soundtrack to \\\"My Best Friend's Wedding\\\", and \\\"If It Be Your Will\\\", from the Leonard Cohen tribute \\\"Tower of Song\\\"), an alternate version of \\\"Sleepless\\\" and a live version of Arden's most famous song, \\\"Insensitive\\\". All songs written by Jann Arden, except where noted.\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hurts: The Best of Jann Arden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2721220\",\n \"text\": \"Without You (Badfinger song) \\\"Without You\\\" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album \\\"No Dice\\\". The power ballad has been recorded by over 180 artists, and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international best-sellers. Paul McCartney once described the ballad as \\\"the killer song of all time\\\". In 1972, writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. First recorded by the rock group Badfinger, the song was composed by\",\n \"title\": \"Without You (Badfinger song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7407723\",\n \"text\": \"by the RIAA on July 13, 1995. \\\"Dear Mama\\\" has been consistently ranked among the best of its genre, appearing on numerous \\\"greatest\\\" lists. In 2010, the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress, who deemed it a work that is \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically important, and/or inform or reflect life in the United States.\\\" In a press release, the organization called the song \\\"a moving and eloquent homage to both the murdered rapper's own mother and all mothers struggling to maintain a family in the face of addiction, poverty and societal indifference.\\\" The\",\n \"title\": \"Dear Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8450281\",\n \"text\": \"which was edited for the single release. According to Geldof, he wrote the song after reading a telex report at Georgia State University's campus radio station, WRAS, on the shooting spree of 16-year-old Brenda Ann Spencer, who fired at children in a school playground at Grover Cleveland Elementary School in San Diego, California, on 29 January 1979, killing two adults and injuring eight children and one police officer. Spencer showed no remorse for her crime; her full explanation for her actions was \\\"I don't like Mondays. This livens up the day\\\". Geldof had been contacted by Steve Jobs to play\",\n \"title\": \"I Don't Like Mondays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16393339\",\n \"text\": \"Your Mamma Won't Like Me Your Mamma Won't Like Me is the third studio album by Suzi Quatro. Released in 1975, the album marked a change in the hard rock sound from the singer's previous albums \\\"Suzi Quatro\\\" and \\\"Quatro\\\", instead displaying a more funk oriented rock sound. In 2012, the album was re-issued and digitally remastered by 7T's Records in the UK, along with her other studio albums. This particular re-issue contains bonus tracks and some rare pictures. This was the album Quatro was promoted during her first UK headline tour, \\\"RAK Rocks Britain\\\", where she headlined a nine\",\n \"title\": \"Your Mamma Won't Like Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19431434\",\n \"text\": \"to social media urging music buyers to boycott the song. The following day, E! News reported that the song itself was co-written by Dr. Luke and Meghan Trainor in 2014 prior to Kesha filing her lawsuit against Dr. Luke and was originally intended for Trainor's debut album \\\"Title\\\", however Trainor ultimately decided not to use the song. Two years later after it was announced that Lopez had returned to Epic Records, the label that Trainor is also signed to, she recorded her own version of the song with Trainor providing background vocals after Trainor offered her the song. As Dr.\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't Your Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5532064\",\n \"text\": \"One of the songs he co-wrote for this album, \\\"Easy Silence\\\", appears on \\\"Free Life\\\", with Dixie Chicks singer Natalie Maines singing harmonies. Wilson co-wrote three of the songs on Adele's multiple-Grammy-winning \\\"21\\\", \\\"Don't You Remember\\\", “One and Only\\\", and, most notably, \\\"Someone Like You\\\", which became a number one hit in the US, UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand was a top ten hit around the globe. As a producer of this track, on which he also played piano, Wilson shared in the 2012 Grammy Award for Album of the Year. In an interview with American Songwriter, Wilson recounted\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Wilson (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13881432\",\n \"text\": \"with a delicately rendered \\\"Davy\\\". The duet \\\"Davy\\\", recorded with the song's composer Benard Ighner, is one of the rare occasions that Bassey would share the credits with another vocalist; it was also issued as a single and hit #44 on the US Adult Contemporary chart. The album closes with Bassey's reading of Stevie Wonder's \\\"You Are the Sunshine of My Life\\\". This album failed to chart in the UK, and peaked at #142 in the US. Her next two studio albums would be top 15 albums in the UK. The original release was in stereo on vinyl and cassette.\",\n \"title\": \"Nobody Does It Like Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17044126\",\n \"text\": \"Like You (Daddy Yankee song) \\\"Like You\\\" is a song by Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee from his third studio and first commercially released album \\\"Barrio Fino\\\" which was highly responsible for reggeaton's mainstream exposure in 2004. It was co-written by Daddy Yankee and Eddie Ávila in the English language, and produced by Luny Tunes. The song was released as the album's sixth single internationally. In the United States, the song was successful in the mainstream market but could not rank on Latin charts due to language barriers. \\\"Like You\\\"'s parent album, \\\"Barrio Fino\\\", is regarded as a major factor\",\n \"title\": \"Like You (Daddy Yankee song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6099526\",\n \"text\": \"Miki Howard Alicia Michelle \\\"Miki\\\" Howard (born September 30, 1960) is an American singer and actress who had a string of Top 10 hit songs in the mid–1980s and early–1990s, including \\\"Baby, Be Mine\\\"(1987), \\\"Come Share My Love\\\" (1986) and \\\"Love Under New Management\\\" (1990). \\\"Ain't Nobody Like You\\\" (1992) and \\\"Ain't Nuthin' in the World\\\" (1989) both peaked at number one on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Top R&B Singles chart. Howard was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is the daughter of gospel singers Josephine Howard of The Caravans, and Clay Graham (1936-2018) of The Pilgrim Jubilees. Howard's mother took her\",\n \"title\": \"Miki Howard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9338838\",\n \"text\": \"Mama Said (The Shirelles song) \\\"Mama Said\\\" is a song performed by The Shirelles, written by Luther Dixon and Willie Denson. It became a top ten hit, on both the pop and R&B charts, when it was released as a single in 1961. \\\"Mama Said\\\" went number four on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number two on the R&B chart. It has been covered by American Spring, Melanie, Dusty Springfield, and The Stereos as well as a young Dionne Bromfield. It was also the inspiration for \\\"Days Like This\\\" by Van Morrison. It was also covered by Nick Lowe on\",\n \"title\": \"Mama Said (The Shirelles song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10541533\",\n \"text\": \"Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs is the fifth and final studio album by American pop duo Sonny & Cher, released in 1974 by MCA Records. In 2018 it was released on CD. The album was released in 1973 and reached #132 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" album chart. The title track was the only single from the album to enter the US charts, reaching #77 (in a much shorter form) on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The album is largely\",\n \"title\": \"Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114169\",\n \"text\": \"focus on his acting career, appearing in several made-for-TV films. He hosted two shows in the late 1980s, \\\"Truckin' USA\\\" and \\\"American Sports Cavalcade\\\" Bruce has also appeared in several theatrical releases, including Fire Down Below with Steven Seagal. Bruce's son, Trey Bruce, is a songwriter and record producer. Ed Bruce William Edwin Bruce, Jr. (born December 29, 1939) is an American country music songwriter, singer and actor. He is known for penning the 1975 song \\\"Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys\\\" and recording the 1982 country number one hit \\\"You're the Best Break This Old\",\n \"title\": \"Ed Bruce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12200809\",\n \"text\": \"Gordon Lorenz Gordon Lorenz (4 March 1943 – 5 June 2011) was an English songwriter and record producer, who made his fame by writing the UK Christmas number one hit \\\"There's No-one Quite Like Grandma\\\" for St Winifred's School Choir. Since the song's release, Lorenz became one of the most prolific record producers in the music industry, producing over 800 albums selling eight million records, and earning seventeen platinum, gold and silver discs. Born in Childwall, an affluent suburb of Liverpool, his parents were both members of the Salvation Army. He was a pupil of Evered Avenue school in Walton\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon Lorenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5823043\",\n \"text\": \"Shelly Peiken Shelly Meg Peiken is an American songwriter who is best known for co-writing the US #1 hits \\\"What A Girl Wants\\\" and \\\"Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)\\\" by Christina Aguilera the US #2 hit \\\"Bitch\\\" by Meredith Brooks, and the US #16 hit \\\"Almost Doesn't Count\\\" by Brandy. She has also written for or with Britney Spears, Natasha Bedingfield, Keith Urban, Celine Dion, Cher, Reba McEntire, Laura Pausini, NSYNC, Miley Cyrus, Ed Sheeran, Aaliyah, Selena Gomez, Idina Menzel and Demi Lovato. Shelly Peiken grew up in Freeport, Long Island where she became interested in\",\n \"title\": \"Shelly Peiken\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9400850\",\n \"text\": \"There's No One Quite Like Grandma \\\"There's No One Quite Like Grandma\\\" was a number-one hit in the UK Singles Chart, by the Stockport-based primary school choir St Winifred's School Choir from 27 December 1980 to 3 January 1981. It was written by Gordon Lorenz. The song was a Christmas number-one single in both the UK and Ireland. In the UK, it demoted John Lennon's last single, \\\"(Just Like) Starting Over,\\\" to number two. After two weeks at number one, a previous Lennon song, \\\"Imagine,\\\" replaced it. This was a posthumous release as Lennon had been killed three weeks prior.\",\n \"title\": \"There's No One Quite Like Grandma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15909709\",\n \"text\": \"Eric Paslay Eric Thomas Paslay (born January 29, 1983) is an American country music singer and songwriter. He has released one album for EMI Nashville, which contains the hit singles \\\"Friday Night\\\", \\\"Song About a Girl\\\", and \\\"She Don't Love You\\\". In addition to these, Paslay has written several hit singles for other artists, and has collaborated with Amy Grant, Dierks Bentley, Charles Kelley, among others. Paslay was born in Abilene, Texas, and started playing guitar at the age of 15. He graduated from Middle Tennessee State University in the fall of 2005 with his Bachelor of Science degree. In\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Paslay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12905558\",\n \"text\": \"was not something she was particularly keen on doing having told Chet Dowling, the show's scriptwriter, \\\"I think there's nothing more boring than a live album.\\\" The idea was also hatched to release the album simultaneously with her television special that September. The album was recorded live over a series of nights at the famed Mister Kelly's in Chicago. The album included \\\"Extraordinary\\\" from the Broadway play \\\"Pippin\\\", \\\"My Love\\\" written by Paul McCartney and Elliot's rendition of the classic \\\"I'll Be Seeing You\\\". Among the other songs introduced by the album was the title song written by her friend\",\n \"title\": \"Don't Call Me Mama Anymore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12122971\",\n \"text\": \"Harold Barlow (songwriter) Harold Barlow (15 May 1915, Boston, Massachusetts – 15 February 1993, Manhasset, Long Island, New York) was an American songwriter, and later a consultant on plagiarism. He studied violin at the University of Boston, graduating in 1937. His song \\\"The Things I Love\\\" (1941) was recorded by Jimmy Dorsey, Dizzy Gillespie and Harry James. He served in World War II as a bandleader. Probably his best-known song was \\\"I've Got Tears in My Ears\\\" (1949) recorded by Homer and Jethro. He also wrote the English lyrics for \\\"Mama\\\", best known as a 1960 hit song for Connie\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Barlow (songwriter)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11126064\",\n \"text\": \"Carter Bays Carter Loard Bays (born August 12, 1975) is an American television showrunner, writer and producer. He is best known as co-creator, writer, and executive producer of the CBS sitcom \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\". His show has been nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards, including Best Original Song for \\\"Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit.\\\" Bays also co-founded the band The Solids, who perform the theme song to \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\", \\\"Hey Beautiful\\\". Bays was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His father, James C. Bays, is a retired corporate lawyer, and his mother is a minister in\",\n \"title\": \"Carter Bays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6479697\",\n \"text\": \"on 20 April 2001, on \\\"Top of the Pops\\\". When the single reached number three, the band were invited on to \\\"Top of the Pops\\\", where they re-enacted the food fight for a live performance. This performance is sometimes used instead of the main video. The single's B-sides include a cover of Queen's \\\"Killer Queen\\\" with guest vocalist Jason Falkner (formerly of the band Jellyfish), and guitarist Andy Dunlop's writing and vocal debut on \\\"You Don't Know What I'm Like\\\". The song can be heard in The American version of The Office on various occasions as the unofficial song of\",\n \"title\": \"Sing (Travis song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14205330\",\n \"text\": \"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do \\\"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do\\\" is a song written by James Dunne and Pamela Phillips, and recorded by Canadian Country music artist Anne Murray and singer-songwriter Dave Loggins as a duet. It was released in August 1984 as the first single from the album \\\"Heart Over Mind\\\". The song was Dave Loggins' only hit on the Country chart. It was Anne's ninth American #1 Country hit and also hit the Top 10 of Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. The track was covered by Whitney Houston and Jermaine Jackson on Houston's 1985 self-titled debut album.\",\n \"title\": \"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14205329\",\n \"text\": \"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do \\\"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do\\\" is a song written by James Dunne and Pamela Phillips, and recorded by Canadian Country music artist Anne Murray and singer-songwriter Dave Loggins as a duet. It was released in August 1984 as the first single from the album \\\"Heart Over Mind\\\". The song was Dave Loggins' only hit on the Country chart. It was Anne's ninth American #1 Country hit and also hit the Top 10 of Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart. The track was covered by Whitney Houston and Jermaine Jackson on Houston's 1985 self-titled debut album.\",\n \"title\": \"Nobody Loves Me Like You Do\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7889880\",\n \"text\": \"Baby Mama (song) \\\"Baby Mama\\\" is a song by American singer Fantasia from her debut studio album, \\\"Free Yourself\\\" (2004). The song was released on May 3, 2005, as the third single from the album. It was written by Barbara Acklin, Vito Colapietro, Neely Dinkins, Harold Lilly, and Eugene Record and produced by Co-Stars and Harold Lilly. The single was a moderate commercial success in the United States, peaking at number sixteen on the U.S \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B/Hip-Hop and number sixty on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 charts. The song is very meaningful to Fantasia because it was written as an\",\n \"title\": \"Baby Mama (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16843095\",\n \"text\": \"1964, Dylan has played the composition over 200 times. \\\"Mama, You Been on My Mind\\\" has been recorded by numerous artists since the mid-1960s, including Jeff Buckley, Johnny Cash, Dion & the Belmonts, The Dylan Project, Flatt & Scruggs, George Harrison, Steve Howe, The Kingston Trio, Mylon LeFevre, Peter Mulvey, Ricky Nelson, Rod Stewart and We Are Augustines. The song appeared on the soundtrack to the movie I'm Not There, performed by Jack Johnson. The song was further covered by Laura Veirs, and featured on the Dylan tribute album . An alternate title, \\\"Mama, You've Been on My Mind\\\", has\",\n \"title\": \"Mama, You Been on My Mind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8986678\",\n \"text\": \"Papa Loved Mama \\\"Papa Loved Mama\\\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released in February 1992 as the fourth single from his album \\\"Ropin' the Wind\\\" and also appears on \\\"The Hits\\\", \\\"The Limited Series\\\", \\\"Double Live\\\", and \\\"The Ultimate Hits\\\". It reached number 3 on the Billboard Country Charts. The song was written by Brooks and Kim Williams. A trucker's son reflects on a tragic incident he experienced as a child. His father worked as truck driver and his time away drove his mother to commit adultery. Though his father\",\n \"title\": \"Papa Loved Mama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5159271\",\n \"text\": \"and the top fifteen in Australia. \\\"Mama\\\" was written by the Spice Girls with songwriting partners Matt Rowe and Richard Stannard. In an interview about the writing process between the group and the duo, Rowe credits Mel B as the one who came up with the song's concept. During the writing process, each member wrote a small verse in a different corner of the recording studio, while the chorus was finished around the piano with a guitar. Then, the producers added a gospel choir filled with the group's harmonies at the end of the song. Brown explained the song's inspiration\",\n \"title\": \"Mama (Spice Girls song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12797872\",\n \"text\": \"of radio airplay. Loggins wrote the song for his brother, Danny Loggins, in 1970 when Danny became the father of a boy named Colin – his first son. \\\"Danny's Song\\\" was included as the B-side of one of their early single releases, \\\"Nobody But You\\\" (U.S. #86, 1972). Loggins and Messina would achieve chart success in 1973 with their song \\\"Your Mama Don't Dance\\\", but their version of \\\"Danny's Song\\\" remains one of their best-known songs through the frequent airplay it received on rock and adult contemporary radio stations. Canadian country-pop music singer Anne Murray was a fan of the\",\n \"title\": \"Danny's Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18136823\",\n \"text\": \"Ghetto Hymns Ghetto Hymns is the solo debut studio album by American contemporary R&B musician Dave Hollister (formerly of Blackstreet), released via DreamWorks Records. The album was co-produced by Hollister and Erick Sermon, and it peaked at #34 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. Three singles were released from the album: \\\"My Favorite Girl\\\", \\\"Can't Stay\\\" and \\\"Baby Mama Drama\\\". \\\"My Favorite Girl\\\" is Hollister's only hit to date on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, peaking at #39 in 1999. The album was certified gold on . In addition to original songs, the album contains covers of the Michael McDonald song \\\"I Keep\",\n \"title\": \"Ghetto Hymns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12200815\",\n \"text\": \"2011 at his home in Llandudno, Wales. Gordon Lorenz Gordon Lorenz (4 March 1943 – 5 June 2011) was an English songwriter and record producer, who made his fame by writing the UK Christmas number one hit \\\"There's No-one Quite Like Grandma\\\" for St Winifred's School Choir. Since the song's release, Lorenz became one of the most prolific record producers in the music industry, producing over 800 albums selling eight million records, and earning seventeen platinum, gold and silver discs. Born in Childwall, an affluent suburb of Liverpool, his parents were both members of the Salvation Army. He was a\",\n \"title\": \"Gordon Lorenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4357838\",\n \"text\": \"Alive Behind the Green Door Alive Behind the Green Door is a live album by the band Flogging Molly, recorded at Molly Malone's in 1997. The album features two cover songs, \\\"What's Made Milwaukee Famous (Has Made a Loser Out of Me)\\\" and \\\"De (That's All Right) Lilah\\\", which is a combination of \\\"Delilah\\\" by Tom Jones and \\\"That's All Right (Mama)\\\" by Elvis Presley. Of the original songs on the album, the song \\\"Never Met a Girl Like You Before\\\" has not been recorded in the studio. \\\"Every Dog Has Its Day,\\\" \\\"Selfish Man,\\\" and \\\"Black Friday Rule\\\" were\",\n \"title\": \"Alive Behind the Green Door\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19017922\",\n \"text\": \"the other singles to be released \\\"Get Weird\\\" \\\"Black Magic\\\" and \\\"Secret Love Song\\\", as well as previous singles \\\"Salute\\\", \\\"Move\\\" and \\\"Wings\\\".. Love Me Like You \\\"Love Me Like You\\\" is a song recorded by British girl group Little Mix for their third studio album, \\\"Get Weird\\\" (2015). The song was released on 25 September 2015, as the second single from the album. Produced by Steve Mac, he co-wrote the song with Iain James, Camille Purcell and James Newman. Backed by an instrumental of pianos, bells, sax and percussion, the song is a down-tempo retro homage to doo-wop, with\",\n \"title\": \"Love Me Like You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7062646\",\n \"text\": \"10cc (album) 10cc is the debut album by British rock band 10cc. It was recorded at Strawberry Studios in Stockport, which was part-owned by guitarist and engineer Eric Stewart, and released on Jonathan King's UK Records [No: UKAL 1005] label. The album reached No.36 in the UK. Three of its five singles reached the Top 10 in the UK charts, including \\\"Rubber Bullets\\\", which hit No.1. The closing track, \\\"Fresh Air for My Mama\\\", was a reworking of \\\"You Didn't Like It Because You Didn't Think of It\\\", the B-side of 1970's \\\"Neanderthal Man\\\", an international hit by the band\",\n \"title\": \"10cc (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17589870\",\n \"text\": \"My Mama Said \\\"My Mama Said\\\" is a song by ABBA, released on their 1974 album \\\"Waterloo\\\". It was written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus. The song is about a girl's grumbles over her overbearing mother. The song has dual vocals by both Frida and Agnetha. The song has an R&B feel, as well as a \\\"sophisticated refrain and middle eight guitar solo\\\", which were most likely influenced by the music of the time. The bass guitar links the vocal phrases in the verses.The chorus has a bass guitar and acoustic guitar playing the same notes an octave apart,\",\n \"title\": \"My Mama Said\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2411888\",\n \"text\": \"Burnette in 1960 and then at #1 with Ringo Starr more than thirteen years later. Other top-ten hits include \\\"Pineapple Princess,\\\" \\\"Let's Get Together,\\\" and more. In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for the Disney film \\\"The Tigger Movie\\\". This film marked the brothers' first major motion picture for the Disney company in over 28 years. The Sherman Brothers wrote \\\"Only a Woman Like You\\\" with adult contemporary/pop singer/songwriter Michael Bolton as a trio and a single from the album of the same name and it features during the end credits of the 2007 Disney film \\\"Super\",\n \"title\": \"Sherman Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13343126\",\n \"text\": \"year, the group having formed in 1993. The oldest material on the album are the tracks \\\"Teenage Rules\\\" and \\\"I Don't Wanna Break Your Head\\\", which are previously-unreleased outtakes from the recording sessions for the band's debut album, \\\"The Donnas\\\" (1997). \\\"Teenage Rules\\\" was recorded and produced by Darin Raffaelli, who ghostwrote most of The Donnas' early material and released their first album through his Super*Teem! label. Raffaelli shares writing credit with The Donnas on all eight tracks on the second half of \\\"Greatest Hits Vol. 16\\\" and sings lead vocals on \\\"I Wanna Be with a Girl Like You\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Greatest Hits Vol. 16\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6586376\",\n \"text\": \"U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) \\\"U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To)\\\" is a song by American recording artist Brandy Norwood. It was written by Isaac Phillips, Paris Davis, Sean Bryant, Rodney \\\"Darkchild\\\" Jerkins, and Norwood for her second studio album \\\"Never Say Never\\\" (1998), while production was handled by the latter. The track was released as the album's sixth and final single in fall 1999 (see 1999 in music). The up-tempo song peaked at number 79 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and number 50 in Canada. A remix version of the track featuring female\",\n \"title\": \"U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2954109\",\n \"text\": \"for Hannah Montana concerts and events. Her latest album, \\\"Weaponize\\\", was released May 27, 2008. In 2011, Hanley provides vocals on the Bowling For Soup track \\\"I've Never Done Anything Like This\\\" on their album \\\"Fishin' for Woos\\\". Hanley co-wrote \\\"Don't Wanna Be Famous\\\" on The Dollyrots' eponymous album. The title of this section indicates projects that both Hanley and Eisenstein have taken an active interest in developing, in terms of playing multiple roles, including production as well as composition and/or instrumentation. Kay Hanley Kathleen Marie \\\"Kay\\\" Hanley (born September 11, 1968) is an American musician. She is best known\",\n \"title\": \"Kay Hanley\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who wrote my mama don't like you"}}},{"rowIdx":182,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Six"],"string":"[\n \"Six\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15973686","text":"behind \"Bloodborne\" taking the top spot. A fourth game titled \"\" was released in Japan for the PS4, Vita, and Windows on October 27, 2016 and worldwide on November 8, 2016 for the PS4 and Vita. A social network game called \"Sword Art Online: End World\" was released for Japanese feature phones and smartphones on February 28, 2013 with more than 1 million registered users. Another freemium game for Android and iOS titled \"\" launched in 2014, and over 3,000,000 users have downloaded the game. Another game called \"Sword Art Online: Progress Link\" designed for the Mobage browser game platform","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973687","text":"on smartphones was released on February 10, 2015. In 2016, Bandai Namco released \"Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag\" for Android and iOS. Kirito, Asuna, Leafa, Yuuki and \"SAO Alternative: Gun Gale Online\" protagonist LLENN appear in \"\", a fighting game by Sega featuring various characters from works published under the \"Dengeki Bunko\" imprint. A browser game titled \"Sword Art Quest\" and its sequel smartphone game, \"Sword Art Quest II\" provide challenges to users to upgrade their characters to receive rewards. There is also a paid Android game titled \"SAO -Log Out-\" that users can download and play with characters from","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973688","text":"the series and obtain wallpapers from it. A virtual reality massive multiplayer online game was in development by Kadokawa and IBM Japan, but was only a demo and will not be released as a full game. An action role-playing game titled \"Accel World VS Sword Art Online: Millennium Twilight\" was announced in October 2016. The game is a crossover with \"Accel World\", developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows via Steam, and was released to western audiences on July 7, 2017. \"Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag\", launched by Bandai Namco Entertainment, was released outside of","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973685","text":"titled \"\" was released in Japan on March 26, 2015 on the PlayStation 3 and Vita platforms, with an English version being released in Asia. The game's producer revealed in October 2014 that the game is an open-world action RPG featuring an original storyline, set within Alfheim Online, where characters are able to fly. The game sold 139,298 physical retail copies on the PlayStation Vita in addition to another 55,090 units on the PlayStation 3 within its first week of release in Japan, ranking second and sixth place respectively within the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week, narrowly","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973689","text":"Japan on January 24, 2017. This RPG is available on iOS and Android devices. Featuring content from the anime series, \"Ordinal Scale\", and some original shorts written for event characters, players are allowed to play solo and progress through the story, or join up with others online to farm special items, equipment, and materials. Common events include ranked challenges against other players, floor clearing, character introductions and seasonal events. Players have the choice of spending real money to speed-up their progress. A game based in \"Gun Gale Online\", \"\", was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows on","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973690","text":"February 23, 2018. Bandai Namco Entertainment released the \"Sword Art Online VR: Lovely Honey Days\" mobile game for iOS and Android devices in Japan. The game's first episode is free-to-play, while the second episode and so on can be purchased as additional content. Bandai Namco has announced \"\", an exploration action RPG that supports up to three players in online co-op and it is the first arcade game in the \"Sword Art Online\" series. It will launch in Japanese arcades in spring 2019. \"Sword Art Online\" is a planned American live-action television adaptation of \"Sword Art Online\". Skydance Television announced","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973654","text":"of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973684","text":"Clearing\" from that previous game with the addition of new unexplored \"Hollow Area\" of Aincrad. The protagonist Kirito will cross swords with a mysterious player who would become one of the key characters in the game. The game sold 145,029 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week. The game had also been released in Taiwan by Namco Bandai Games Taiwan with Chinese and English subtitles. A digital-only North American, European and Australian release was released in August 2014. A third video game developed by Artdink and","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"19456886","text":"Sword Art Online: Code Register , also sometimes known as Sword Art Online: Code Resister, is a 2014 video game for iOS and Android devices released in Japan only. \"Sword Art Online: Code Register\" is a Japanese role-playing game with a simple tap-and-play battle system. Players can put together groups of characters with different skills and actions to take on opponents and explore different worlds. The game features multiple worlds and characters featured in the franchise, including the eponymous \"Sword Art Online\", \"ALfheim Online\", and \"Gun Gale Online\", as well as its own original characters. The game features a \"Duel","title":"Sword Art Online: Code Register"},{"id":"15973653","text":"2018, while a third season titled \"Sword Art Online: Alicization\" premiered on October 7, 2018. A live-action series will be produced by Netflix. Six video games based on the series have been released for multiple consoles. \"Sword Art Online\" has received widespread commercial success, with the light novels having over 20 million copies sold worldwide. The anime series has received mixed to positive reviews, praised for its animation, musical score, and exploration of the psychological aspects of virtual reality, but criticized for its pacing and writing. The light novel series spans several virtual reality worlds, beginning with the titular world","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973683","text":"Games for the PlayStation Portable. The game follows an alternate storyline, in which a glitch causes Kirito and the other players to remain in Sword Art Online despite defeating Heathcliff, and players from other VMMORPGs such as Leafa and Sinon get sucked into the game themselves. The game was released in both regular and limited edition box sets on March 14, 2013. \"\" is a PlayStation Vita game released in Japan on April 24, 2014. \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\" takes place in the same alternative storyline as \"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment\", and it includes all content of \"Floor","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973679","text":"Gun Gale Online\", were announced in 2017. \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\", animated by 3Hz, premiered in April 2018. \"Sword Art Online: Alicization\" began airing on October 7, 2018, with a one-hour world premiere which aired in Japan, the United States, Australia, France, Germany, Russia and South Korea on September 15, 2018. It will air for four cours (around 50 episodes) and will adapt from the novel's ninth volume, \"Alicization Beginning\", to the eighteenth volume, \"Alicization Lasting\". Yuki Kajiura composed the soundtrack for the \"Sword Art Online\" anime, which was later released in the limited edition of the","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"20720450","text":"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet is an third-person shooter action role-playing video game developed by Dimps for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows based on the \"Sword Art Online\" light novel series. It is the fifth game in the series and is the successor to the 2016 game \"\". The PlayStation 4 version were released in Japan on February 8, 2018, with a worldwide release on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows on February 23. Taking place in the virtual reality MMORPG (VRMMORPG) \"Gun Gale Online\", \"Fatal Bullet\" features an alternate timeline","title":"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet"},{"id":"15973674","text":"and MBS between July 7 and December 22, 2012, and on AT-X, Chiba TV and BS11 at later dates. The series was also streamed on Crunchyroll and Hulu. The anime is adapted from the first four novels and parts of volume seven. The anime has been licensed in North America by Aniplex of America and an English-language dub premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami from July 27, 2013 to February 15, 2014. The series was released by Aniplex of America in four DVD and Blu-ray sets, with special extras on the BD sets, between August 13 and November 19, 2013. Manga","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"18008517","text":"America and August 20 in Europe and Australia. The American/European/Australian release will be digital download only. The game also received an update adding content extending the game's play time by 30 hours, including new areas, gameplay, and costumes, while also raising the level cap from 200 to 250. The game also features costume DLC. The game sold 145,029 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that week, slightly outselling its predecessor, \"Infinity Moment\", which sold 138,180 copies. By July 2014, it outsold the previous game's total copies sold domestically,","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"15973655","text":"NerveGear were created by Akihiko Kayaba. On November 6, 10,000 players log into the \"SAO\"s mainframe cyberspace for the first time, only to discover that they are unable to log out. Kayaba appears and tells the players that they must beat all 100 floors of Aincrad, a steel castle which is the setting of \"SAO\", if they wish to be free. Those who suffer in-game deaths or forcibly remove the NerveGear out-of-game will suffer real-life deaths. One of the players, named Kazuto \"Kirito\" Kirigaya, is one of 1,000 testers in the game's previous closed beta. With the advantage of previous","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"18008518","text":"which is roughly 200,000 copies, and sold more than 280,000 copies in Japan by December 2014. The game was the top selling digital Vita game on both the European region and North American region PlayStation Store in August and September 2014, which added up to more than 450,000 copies sold worldwide as of December 2014. Of these, approximately 90,000 copies were sold in Asia, and 70,000 copies were sold in North America. The game received a \"Famitsu\" review score of 32/40. An import review by \"PlayStation Lifestyle\" gave the Japanese version of the game a rating of 9/10, noting that","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"19045575","text":"being bland and recycled. Reviewers also stated the game appeals more to fans of the series. A sequel, \"\", was announced at Dengeki Bunko Fall Fest 2015 for PS4 and Vita, with a release date set in 2016. Unlike its predecessors, which have MMORPG-like gameplay, \"Lost Song\" is labeled as an action game instead of a role-playing game. It is the first game in the series that allows one to play as characters besides protagonist Kirito; there are 19 characters available, though two are only attainable through downloadable content. Additionally, players can create their own character to use in the","title":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song"},{"id":"17745965","text":"Leafa and Sinon, get sucked into the game themselves. The game was released on March 14, 2013 in Japan for the PlayStation Portable. In June 2014, Bandai Namco released a patch that added a new game mode, which added additional gameplay after completion of the main storyline. The game sold 138,180 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that week. By June 2013, it had shipped over 200,000 copies. \"Famitsu\" awarded it scores of 8, 7, 7 and 7 out of 10, totaling 29 out of 40. The game","title":"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment"},{"id":"19071499","text":"story. The game will feature Japanese voices coupled with English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish subtitles. The opening theme is \"Windia\" by Luna Haruna. The ending theme is \"Two of Us\" by Haruka Tomatsu. An advertising campaign for the game, titled \"Sword Art On-Nyaine\", featured cats playing with toys but with \"Hollow Realization\" sounds dubbed over them. A DLC called \"Chapter 1: Explorer of Illusory Mists\" became available starting on May 16, 2017.On July 21, 2017 the second expansion was released with the title \"Chapter II: Tuner of Causality.\" The last post-release content was released on September 26, 2017 closing","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization"},{"id":"15973669","text":"characters from the original work. There are ten manga adaptations of the series, all written by Reki Kawahara and published by ASCII Media Works. , illustrated by Tamako Nakamura, was serialized in \"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\" between the September 2010 and May 2012 issues. Two \"tankōbon\" volumes of \"Aincrad\" were released on September 27, 2012. A comedy four-panel manga, titled and illustrated by Jūsei Minami, began serialization in the September 2010 issue of \"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\". The first volume of \"Sword Art Online.\" was released on September 27, 2012. A third manga, titled and illustrated by Hazuki Tsubasa, began serialization in","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"18008514","text":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment A \"Director’s Cut\" edition of the game titled \"Sword Art Online Re: Hollow Fragment\" was released on PlayStation 4 within North America, Europe, Australia, and the Middle-East in July and August 2015, and was released in Japan in November 2015. This version comes with new features, including an online play mode, additional bosses, the ability to play as a female character, among others. \"Hollow Fragment\" was succeeded by \"\", which was released in 2015 for the PlayStation 4 and Vita. The game has over 100 recruitable characters which can be chosen to accompany the player","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"15973652","text":"Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973731","text":"game titled \"Accel World VS Sword Art Online: Millennium Twilight\" was announced in October 2016. The game is a crossover with \"Sword Art Online\", developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita and released on July 7, 2017. The Windows PC version was released on September 12, 2017. Anime News Network reviewed the series and gave a story rating of A-, stating a similar basis of \"Sword Art Online\" with improved characters. Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku praised the anime for its well-thought out story, relatable main character, and great villain protagonist, but criticizes the anime for its","title":"Accel World"},{"id":"15973665","text":"to be published was approved, he started working with illustrator abec on the light novel series. The first volume was published in print on April 10, 2009, and 20 volumes have been published as of September 8, 2017. The first eight volumes of the light novel series told the story arcs for \"Sword Art Online\", \"Alfheim Online\", and \"Gun Gale Online\". The Alicization story arc was covered by volumes 9 through 18, while volumes 19 and 20 told a side story called Moon Cradle. Kawahara plans on writing \"one more big arc\" called \"Sword Art Online: Unital Ring\" that will","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"19045589","text":"stated that the game was \"hamstrung by a lack of investment\", noting the lack of English voice acting and the plot being told through static images. Meanwhile, PlayStation Lifestyle awarded it a score of 7 out of 10, calling it \"a fun, lighthearted and breezy run through well-worn action-RPG territory.\" Within the first week of its release in Japan, the PS3 and Vita versions sold 55,090 and 139,298 copies, respectively, with a total of 194,388 copies being sold. The two versions' sales were the sixth- and second-most of the week, respectively. The numbers reached as high as 65,000 (PS3), 177,000","title":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song"},{"id":"19071500","text":"the \"Abyss of the Shrine Maiden\" saga and it was titled \"Chapter III: The One Who Opposes God\" released on September 26, 2017. \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\" received \"mixed or average\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Both PlayStation 4 and Vita versions received final scores of 32/40 by \"Famitsu\", being awarded 9, 8, 7 and 8 by four individual reviewers. Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Unlike in \"\" and \"Lost Song\", a party in \"Hollow Realization\" consists of four characters including the player, instead of three. While \"HF\" is played like a role-playing game and \"LS\"","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization"},{"id":"15973697","text":"Online\" in an interview, noting how he met its writer Reki Kawahara at an event in Japan where they discussed how they independently developed similar ideas related to virtual reality. On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed \"Sword Art Online II\" among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China. In September 2018, AbemaTV hosted an election for \"Sword Art Online\". The character that received the most retweets would be crowned the winner and become the focus of a smartphone wallpaper. According to the poll, Yuuki Konno had the most votes, with 2,243 points, followed by Shino","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973670","text":"the May 2012 issue of \"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\". The first volume of \"Fairy Dance\" was released on October 27, 2012; the third volume was released on June 27, 2014. The \"Aincrad\" and \"Fairy Dance\" manga have been acquired for release in North America by Yen Press. The first volume of \"Aincrad\" was published on March 25, 2014. A spin-off manga starring Lisbeth, Silica, and Leafa, titled and illustrated by Neko Nekobyō, began serialization in the July 2013 issue of \"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\". \"Girls Ops\" was licensed by Yen Press in November 2014, the first volume of which was released on","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"18008516","text":"life as well. Part of the game is actually a high definition recompilation of \"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment\", the original game in the series released for the PlayStation Portable, including all content of \"Floor Clearing\" from the previous game with the addition of new unexplored \"Hollow Area\" of Aincrad. The game was released on April 23, 2014 in Japan and May 29, 2014 in Taiwan, Hong Kong, as well as some Southeast Asian countries with Chinese and English subtitles. It had also been announced that the game would be localized into English and released August 19, 2014 in North","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"15973698","text":"Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"17745966","text":"was remade into HD for the PlayStation Vita in the form of \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\". Some features, like the player's points and skills, can be transferred from \"Infinity Moment\" to \"Hollow Fragment\". Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment The gameplay has many similarities to MMORPGs, though it is not an online game, including the ability to buy and upgrade weapons, go on missions, and fight in a group with other characters. The protagonist, Kirito, can equip ten types of weapons, such as swords and axes. The game follows an alternate storyline from the end of the first arc of","title":"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment"},{"id":"19071498","text":"in September with the working title of \"SAO IV\". It was officially announced at Dengeki Bunko Fall Fest by Bandai Namco on October 3. According to Bandai Namco Games producer Yosuke Futami, the game was devised with the idea of Kirito starting the game at level one. A Western release date was later announced, with \"Hollow Realization\" releasing in Japan on October 27 and internationally on November 8. The North American Vita release is digital-only. Players who pre-ordered \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\" via the PlayStation Store in Japan gain a one-week early access into part of the game's main","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization"},{"id":"15973692","text":"been sold to Netflix. According to Oricon, \"Sword Art Online\" was the top selling light novel series of 2012, with eight volumes figuring among the top selling light novels. It was ranked first in the 2012 and 2013 \"Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!\" rankings, as well as top ten placement in 2011, 2014 and 2015. It was also the second best selling light novel series for the first half of 2016 in Japan, selling 489,374 copies. \"Sword Art Online: Progressive\" sold 321,535 copies in the same time period. As of 2017, the series has an estimated 20 million copies in","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973682","text":"of character songs were included in the Blu-ray and DVD volume releases of the anime. These were collected into two compilation albums: \"Sword Art Online Song Collection\", which included character songs released in the season one volumes, was released on August 27, 2014, while \"Sword Art Online Song Collection II\", which included character songs released in the season two volumes, was released on March 22, 2017. A stage event at the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011 revealed that Reki Kawahara's light novels would get video game adaptations. The first \"Sword Art Online\" adaptation, titled , was developed by Namco Bandai","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"19456889","text":"Bride Silica\" designs in June. Another 2016 crossover effort features \"Cross Register\" and \".hack\" mobile game \"New World\", with \"Code Register\" receiving a Black Rose costume and \"New World\" receiving Kirito and Asuna costumes and a Yui accessory, amongst other character and equipment cards. Geoff Thew of \"Hardcore Gamer\" complained about the lack of meaningful user interaction, claiming it \"looks as exciting as data entry.\" Sword Art Online: Code Register , also sometimes known as Sword Art Online: Code Resister, is a 2014 video game for iOS and Android devices released in Japan only. \"Sword Art Online: Code Register\" is","title":"Sword Art Online: Code Register"},{"id":"3877568","text":"Online game An online game is a video game that is either partially or primarily played through the Internet or any other computer network available. Online games are ubiquitous on modern gaming platforms, including PCs, consoles and mobile devices, and span many genres, including first-person shooters, strategy games and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). The design of online games can range from simple text-based environments to the incorporation of complex graphics and virtual worlds. The existence of online components within a game can range from being minor features, such as an online leaderboard, to being part of core gameplay,","title":"Online game"},{"id":"19045590","text":"(Vita), and 18,000 (PS4). In a January 2016 interview, producer Yousuke Futami stated the game had sold 100,000 copies in North America—30,000 of which were downloaded—and 50,000 in Europe. The sequel, \"\", was released in October 2016. Sword Art Online: Lost Song \"Lost Song\" story is based on an alternate timeline of \"Sword Art Online\" that does not follow the canon storyline of the light novels. It follows series protagonist Kirito and his friends as they play the Virtual Reality Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (VRMMORPG) called \"ALfheim Online\" (\"ALO\"). The game introduces a guild named Shamrock, led by scientist","title":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song"},{"id":"15973672","text":"following chapters being digitally serialized on Kadokawa's Comic Walker website. A seventh manga, titled \"Sword Art Online: Calibur\" and illustrated by Shii Kiya, was serialized in \"Dengeki G's Comic\" between the September 2014 and July 2015 issues. A single compilation volume was released on August 10, 2015. An eighth manga, titled \"Sword Art Online: Mother's Rosario\" and also by Tsubasa, is based on the seventh volume of the novel series and began serialization in the July 2014 issue of \"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\". A ninth manga, an adaptation of \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\", began serialization in the November","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973673","text":"2015 issue of \"Dengeki Maoh\". A tenth manga, titled \"Sword Art Online: Project Alicization\" and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, based on the Alicization arc of the light novel series, began serialization in the September 2016 issue of \"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\". An anime adaptation of \"Sword Art Online\" was announced at Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011, along with Reki Kawahara's other light novel series, \"Accel World\". The anime is produced by Aniplex and Genco, animated by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Ito with music by Yuki Kajiura. The anime aired on Tokyo MX, tvk, TV Saitama, TV Aichi, RKB, HBC","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973675","text":"Entertainment released the first series on BD/DVD in the United Kingdom in December 2013, whilst Madman Entertainment released the series in Australia and the English-language version began airing on ABC3 on June 7, 2014. \"Sword Art Online\" has been available on Netflix in North America since March 15, 2014. A year-end special, titled \"Sword Art Online Extra Edition\", aired on December 31, 2013. The special recapped the previously aired anime series and included some new footage. \"Extra Edition\" was streamed worldwide a few hours after its airing in Japan. The two-hour-long special was available on Daisuki worldwide except for French-speaking","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"18008515","text":"in the game's dungeons. Gameplay combines elements of a MMORPG—albeit in a simulated fashion as it is not an online game, though it does include limited multiplayer via ad hoc for up to four players—as well as elements of a dating sim. The game takes place in the same continuity as the prior game in the series, \"\", which exists in an alternate storyline from the \"Sword Art Online\" anime storyline. The player controls the main character Kirito, who has been trapped in the titular virtual reality MMORPG where dying in the game will lead to his death in real","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"15973668","text":"Austria, Switzerland and others. There are a number of \"dōjinshi\" (fan works) written by Kawahara under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori, titled . An 80-page assemblage of some of the \"Material Edition\" volumes was published on February 13, 2011; the latest release is \"Material Edition\" volume 25 on November 23, 2017. The author has also created some other \"dōjinshi\" including \"Lisbeth Edition\", \"Silica Edition\" and \"Pina Edition\" under cooperation with Kurusu Tatsuya from ponz.info. It is reported that these \"dōjinshi\" gain traction from the involvement of the original author in its creation process, as well as from supplying more details on","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"20720455","text":"by Dimps, \"Fatal Bullet\" runs on Unreal Engine 4; a Siliconera writer described the gameplay as bearing some similarity to \"Freedom Wars\", another game produced by Dimps. \"Fatal Bullet\" is the first in the \"SAO\" series to be available on Xbox One and PC, the latter being downloadable through Steam. The game received mixed reviews. Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet is an third-person shooter action role-playing video game developed by Dimps for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows based on the \"Sword Art Online\" light novel series. It is the fifth game in","title":"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet"},{"id":"15973666","text":"go \"back to the real world.\" The Unital Ring story arc began in volume 21, which was released in Japan on December 7, 2018. Kawahara also writes the \"Sword Art Online: Progressive\" series, which covers Kirito's adventures on the first few floors of Aincrad. The first volume of \"Progressive\" was released on October 10, 2012, and four volumes have been released as of December 10, 2015. The first volume of a light novel series based on \"Sword Art Online\" titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\", written by Keiichi Sigsawa with illustrations by Kouhaku Kuroboshi, was published by ASCII","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"17745964","text":"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment The gameplay has many similarities to MMORPGs, though it is not an online game, including the ability to buy and upgrade weapons, go on missions, and fight in a group with other characters. The protagonist, Kirito, can equip ten types of weapons, such as swords and axes. The game follows an alternate storyline from the end of the first arc of the original story, in which a glitch causes Kirito and the other players to remain in Sword Art Online despite defeating Heathcliff, and players from other VRMMORPGs, such as second and third arc protagonists","title":"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment"},{"id":"19071496","text":"and Seven, a new PvP feature, and an additional story. The paid expansion pack \"Shrine Maiden of the Abyss\", to be released in 2017, will add an additional three chapters into the game. \"Hollow Realization\" takes place in \"Sword Art: Origin\", a restoration of Aincrad titled Ainground, with intentions of research and development in the year 2026, three years after the original \"Sword Art Online\" event. However, unlike in \"Sword Art Online\", Aincrad is one large floor, instead of multiple, while the castle itself was renamed to Ainground, where several monsters can be battled. The main character of the game","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization"},{"id":"15973676","text":"areas, as well as China and Korea. Daisuki offered subtitles in various languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and German. English-speaking countries, Mexico, Central and South America could also watch the stream on Crunchyroll. \"Extra Edition\" was also simulcast in Korea on Aniplus cable channel and in China on the LeTV streaming website. French-speaking countries could watch on the Wakanim streaming website. The Blu-ray Disc and DVD of \"Extra Edition\" was released on April 23, 2014 in Japan. The limited edition included a Yui character song titled \"Heart Sweet Heart\" by Kanae Itō and an original side story written","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"16998146","text":"Reki Kawahara The \"Sword Art Online\" series was first published online in 2002, under the pen name . Kawahara entered the first \"Accel World\" novel into ASCII Media Works' 15th Dengeki Novel Prize in 2008 and the novel won the Grand Prize. The first novel was published by ASCII Media Works on February 10, 2009 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. As of September 8, 2017, 20 volumes have been published. An anime series debuted in April 2012. After gaining fame from the Dengeki award, Kawahara republished \"Sword Art Online\" in print. 19 volumes have been published as of February 2017,","title":"Reki Kawahara"},{"id":"15973677","text":"by Kawahara titled . At the end of the special, the anime television series was confirmed for a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", which premiered on July 5, 2014. The first 14 episodes of the second season is an adaptation of volumes five and six the light novels that cover the Phantom Bullet arc. Episodes 15 to 17 cover the Calibur arc from volume 8 of the novels, with episodes 18 to 24 covering volume 7 of the novels, the Mother's Rosario arc. Premiere screening events of the second season were held in the United States, France, Germany,","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"20565626","text":"ASCII Media Works \"seinen\" manga magazine \"Dengeki Maoh\" on October 27, 2015. Yen Press announced their license to the series at Sakura-Con on April 15, 2017. An anime television series adaptation was announced at the Dengeki Bunko Fall Festival 2017 event on October 1, 2017. The series is directed by Masayuki Sakoi, written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and animated by studio 3Hz, with character designs by Yoshio Kosakai. The opening theme song is by Eir Aoi and the ending theme song is \"To see the future\" by Tomori Kusunoki. The series aired in Japan between April 8 and June 30, 2018,","title":"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online"},{"id":"20673244","text":"AmaLee Amanda Lee (born March 13, 1992), also known as AmaLee, is an American singer and voice actress. She is known for her English-language interpretations of songs from anime and video games on YouTube, which have been viewed over 300 million times and subscribed over 1 million subscribers. A few of her most popular covers include \"Crossing Field\" (\"Sword Art Online\"), \"aLIEz\" (\"Aldnoah.Zero\"), and \"Papermoon\" (\"Soul Eater\"). In voice acting, she has voiced in titles such as \"Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2\", \"\", and \"Yandere Simulator\". Amanda has also provided vocals for many independent video-game soundtracks and theme songs - including","title":"AmaLee"},{"id":"15973691","text":"on August 2, 2016, that they had acquired the global rights to produce a live-action television adaptation of Reki Kawahara's \"Sword Art Online\" light novel series. Laeta Kalogridis has been attached to write a script for the pilot, and will also serve as executive producer for the series alongside Skydance CEO David Ellison, Dana Goldberg, and Marcy Ross. Skydance has stated their intent to \"fast-track\" the launch of the series, along with plans to follow the TV series with the release of a \"Sword Art Online\" virtual reality experience. In February 2018, it was reported that the live-action series had","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"19071495","text":"\"wider world\", \"Hollow Realization\" features monsters new to the series. A healing system in the game allows defeated characters to rejoin the battle as long as teammates are still fighting. The game features online multiplayer. \"Hollow Realization\" is approximately 30 to 40 hours in length; however, completely finishing the game such as leveling up to the highest level and completing all the quests will take the player approximately 70 to 100 hours. The game will eventually feature downloadable content. For example, the free expansion pack \"Fighters of the Blue Sky\", to be released in 2016, will feature \"\" characters Rain","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization"},{"id":"15973659","text":"the cost of his life, entrusts Kirito with The Seed – a package program designed to create virtual worlds. Kazuto eventually reunites with Asuna in the real world and The Seed is released onto the Internet, reviving Aincrad as other VRMMORPGs begin to thrive. Soon after, at the prompting of a government official investigating strange occurrences in VR, Kazuto takes on a job to investigate a series of murders involving another VRMMORPG called \"Gun Gale Online\" (\"GGO\"), the AmuSphere (the successor of the NerveGear), and a player called Death Gun. Aided by a female player named Shino \"Sinon\" Asada, he","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"3877582","text":"18. Furthermore, online games must also carry an ESRB notice that warns that any \"online interactions are not rated by the ESRB\". Online game An online game is a video game that is either partially or primarily played through the Internet or any other computer network available. Online games are ubiquitous on modern gaming platforms, including PCs, consoles and mobile devices, and span many genres, including first-person shooters, strategy games and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). The design of online games can range from simple text-based environments to the incorporation of complex graphics and virtual worlds. The existence of","title":"Online game"},{"id":"20720452","text":"Gale Online\", a Bullet Line system – which serves as an assist in defending the user – is included in \"Fatal Bullet\". The game features multiplayer, which allows players to form four-man cooperative parties or fight against one another in four-on-four player versus player (PvP) matches. In PvP deathmatches, players are split into Alpha and Bravo teams, fighting each other in addition to computer-controlled enemies. As in previous installments, the player can engage in bed conversations with other characters; as Kirito, one can do so with those in the canon, while the protagonist avatar has such dialogues with characters from","title":"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet"},{"id":"20565627","text":"and is airing on Tokyo MX, BS11, Tochigi TV, Gunma TV, MBS, and TV Aichi. The series will be released on 6 home video sets with 2 episodes each, for a total of 12 episodes. Aniplex of America has licensed the series and simulcast the series on Crunchyroll and Hulu. Anime Limited announced that they had acquired the series for release in the United Kingdom and Ireland. During the first half of 2015, the series was 11th best-selling light novel series, with its first and second volumes ranking at 8th and 17th place, respectively. The 4th volume also managed to","title":"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online"},{"id":"190404","text":"games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing video games to online gambling. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as GameSpy and MPlayer. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights","title":"Internet"},{"id":"20565628","text":"be the 25th best-selling novel during the first half of 2016. As of May 2018, the series had 1 million copies in print. Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Due to the incident that occurred in VR MMORPG \"Sword Art Online\" — where 10,000 players were trapped in the game on launch day — the popularity of VR games has plummeted due to fear of similar incidents. The NerveGear, SAO's VR device, was recalled and destroyed, but with the launch of its successor, the AmuSphere, combined with release of the license-free development support package the \"Seed,\" the popularity of","title":"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online"},{"id":"18008520","text":"in the west, the game received mixed reviews. It has a score of 67 out of 100 on Metacritic. IGN awarded it a score of 5.5 out of 10, saying \"Sword Art Online\" excellent combat is marred by a juvenile romance system, a horrible translation. Destructoid gave the game a rating of 7/10, noting that the game is solid and provides a fun experience, however may lack replay value, while \"Gaming Age\" gave the game a \"B\" score, praising the game environment and mechanics, although noting that the camera controls feel flawed. PlayStation Universe awarded it a score of 5.5","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"15973656","text":"VR gaming experience and a drive to protect other beta testers from discrimination, he isolates himself from the greater groups and plays the game alone, bearing the mantle of \"beater\", a portmanteau of \"beta tester\" and \"cheater\". As the players progress through the game Kirito eventually befriends a young girl named Asuna Yuuki, forming a relationship with and later marrying her in-game. After the duo discover the identity of Kayaba's secret ID, who was playing as the leader of the guild Asuna joined in, they confront and destroy him, freeing themselves and the other players from the game. In the","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973696","text":"grow, and references the Oculus Rift as a prime example of the starting point of virtual reality. It also praises \"Sword Art Online\" for exploring the psychological and social aspects of virtual reality gaming. Adam Facey of \"The Muse,\" criticized the series as being sexist and the female characters as being overly sexualized. Kirito has a cameo appearance in episode 8 of the anime series \"Eromanga Sensei\", with Yoshitsugu Matsuoka reprising his role. Steven Spielberg's 2018 film \"Ready Player One\" contains a reference to \"Sword Art Online\". Ernest Cline, the writer of 2011 novel \"Ready Player One\", discussed \"Sword Art","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"20720454","text":"who frequently challenges the protagonist to claim ArFA-sys, Zeliskam, a strong yet friendly player who also has an ArFA-sys, and Itsuki, a strategist and sniper with a preference for using traps like land mines. The final chapter of the main campaign also offers a branching ending based on player choice and provides a third ending, called \"True Ending\" as the canon ending. Series author Reki Kawahara supervised development of the game's story. As the game progresses, the player can switch to Kirito Mode, which allows them to play a different storyline. The game was announced on August 18, 2017. Developed","title":"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet"},{"id":"18008521","text":"out of 10, saying \"\"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\" will only offer the most enjoyment to hardcore fans of the franchise that are willing to slog through the uninspired, tedious gameplay to get to the ample fan service on offer.\" GameZone gave a rating of 8/10, praising the amount of content available within the game. Twinfinite gave the game a 4/5, criticizing the steep learning curve and the dialogue translation, while finding the combat and game design to be positive, while Attack of the Fanboy referred to it as a solid RPG experience as long as one can look beyond","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"15973658","text":"(originally an AI from \"SAO\"), he quickly learns that the trapped players in \"ALO\" are part of a plan conceived by Sugou to perform illegal experiments on their minds. The goal is to create the perfect mind-control for financial gain and to subjugate Asuna, whom he intends to marry in the real world, to assume control of her family's corporation. Kirito eventually stops the experiment and rescues the remaining 300 \"SAO\" players, foiling Sugou's plans. Before leaving \"ALO\" to see Asuna, Kayaba, who has uploaded his mind to the Internet using an experimental and destructively high-power version of NerveGear at","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"20565624","text":"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Due to the incident that occurred in VR MMORPG \"Sword Art Online\" — where 10,000 players were trapped in the game on launch day — the popularity of VR games has plummeted due to fear of similar incidents. The NerveGear, SAO's VR device, was recalled and destroyed, but with the launch of its successor, the AmuSphere, combined with release of the license-free development support package the \"Seed,\" the popularity of VR games saw a sudden resurgence. The story follows Karen Kohiruimaki, a university student with a complex about her abnormal height. She begins","title":"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online"},{"id":"19045587","text":"costumes for \"God Eater 2\", and 14 days later, released a code of \"GE2\" characters Julius and Alisa's costumes for \"Lost Song\". At Tokyo Game Show 2015, Kuroyukihime, from \"Sword Art Online\" author Reki Kawahara's series \"Accel World\", was added as another playable character in \"Lost Song\". \"Lost Song\" was released in Japan for the PS3 and Vita on March 26, 2015, while a Traditional Chinese version was released on April 28. An English-subtitled version of the game was released in Asia on May 12, the PAL regions on November 13, and North America on November 17. \"Sword Art Online:","title":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song"},{"id":"15973678","text":"Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Japan before the television premiere between June 29 and July 4, 2014. At Katsucon, it was announced that the English dub of the second season would air on Toonami beginning March 28, 2015. An animated film titled \"\", featuring an original story by Kawahara set after the events of \"Sword Art Online II\", premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. The third season of \"Sword Art Online\", titled \"Sword Art Online: Alicization\", and a spin-off anime, titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"11705281","text":"gaming and other Internet capabilities to the system, and continued doing so for later consoles such as the PlayStation 4. In 2012, Nintendo made a successor to the dying Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection involving their next-gen console, the Wii U, and its handheld counterpart, the Nintendo 3DS, by creating the Nintendo Network to continue on its online multiplayer and Internet capabilities, in order to compete against Microsoft's Xbox Live and Sony's PlayStation Network. Nintendo's latest console, the Nintendo Switch, does offer online play via Nintendo Network. History of online games Online games are video games played over a computer network. The","title":"History of online games"},{"id":"19387318","text":"whilst also avoiding nearly all of its most aggravating faults.\" Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In the year 2026, the Augma is released to the public as an alternative system to the AmuSphere, due to its function to simulate reality while the player is conscious rather than using FullDive. The most prominent combat-based game is Ordinal Scale, in which a player's abilities are ranked by ordinal numbers. Asuna, Lisbeth and Silica encourage Kirito to play OS upon hearing that Aincrad bosses have appeared. Kirito joins Asuna and Klein in a boss fight where the game's mascot, AI idol","title":"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale"},{"id":"15973661","text":"a virtual reality cyberspace created with The Seed package, named UnderWorld (UW). In the UW, the flow of time proceeds a thousand times faster than in the real world, and Kirito's memories of what happens inside are restricted. However, Black injures Kazuto with suxamethonium chloride. The MOD recovers Kazuto and places him back into the STL to preserve his mind while attempts are made to save him. Meanwhile, it is revealed that UnderWorld was created as part of an experiment to create artificial intelligence that could be used for military purposes. Reki Kawahara wrote the first volume in 2002 as","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"15973671","text":"May 19, 2015. A manga adaption of \"Sword Art Online: Progressive\", illustrated by Kiseki Himura, began serialization in the August 2013 issue of \"Dengeki G's Magazine\". The manga ended serialization in the magazine's May 2014 issue and was transferred to \"Dengeki G's Comic\" starting with the June 2014 issue. The \"Progressive\" manga adaption has been licensed by Yen Press, with the first two volumes released in January and April 2015, respectively. A sixth manga, titled \"Sword Art Online: Phantom Bullet\" and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, had its first chapter serialized in the May 2014 issue of \"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\", with","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"19071493","text":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Unlike in \"\" and \"Lost Song\", a party in \"Hollow Realization\" consists of four characters including the player, instead of three. While \"HF\" is played like a role-playing game and \"LS\" like an action role-playing game, \"HR\" is based on \"HF\" style, but with action elements integrated. Characters can be customized through in-game character creation, with gender, height, figure, weapons, and physical appearance changeable. Additionally, over 300 non-player characters appear in the game, with all of them being recruitable to join the player's party. Players can create special bonds with these characters by giving equipment","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization"},{"id":"18008522","text":"the game's minor flaws. However, Hardcore Gamer rated \"Hollow Fragment\" a score of 1.5 out of 5, referring to it as a \"bad game... the most debased, pandering garbage Japan has to offer... (a) rushed, broken, and imbecilic excuse for software\" with \"awful story, tedious combat, and inexcusable translation.\" Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment A \"Director’s Cut\" edition of the game titled \"Sword Art Online Re: Hollow Fragment\" was released on PlayStation 4 within North America, Europe, Australia, and the Middle-East in July and August 2015, and was released in Japan in November 2015. This version comes with new features,","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"19045585","text":"Seven meets Rain again; Rain tells her about their childhood and their split after their parents divorced. After she was reminded of two Russian greetings that Rain had taught her, Seven's memories return and the two are finally reunited. The game's development was officially announced at the Tokyo Game Show on September 19, 2014 with the working title of \"SAO III\". While predecessors \"\" and \"Hollow Fragment\" were developed by Aquria, Artdink was selected to develop \"Lost Song\". For the game's theme music, Eir Aoi and Luna Haruna, who performed the theme songs for the anime, had their singles and","title":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song"},{"id":"15973667","text":"Media Works on December 10, 2014. An original 100-page prequel novel to \"\" written by Kawahara, titled \"Hopeful Chant\", was released to people who watched the film in Japan during March 4–10, 2017. At their Japan Expo USA panel, Yen Press announced the rights to publish the light novels; the first volume was released on April 22, 2014. Yen Press later announced their license of the \"Sword Art Online: Progressive\" series, which is scheduled for release in 2015. The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam, with future plans for publications in France, Germany, Italy,","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"19456888","text":"a special Kirito avatar. A pre-release promotion by Bandai Namco allows registered users to help decide the voice actress for the new original character Sayuki. They are also entered into a lottery where the winner receives a Leafa figure. \"Sword Art Online: Code Register\" featured in a 2015 crossover collaboration with the \"Tales\" franchise, with characters from \"Tales of Link\" making their way into the game, along with various events and illustrations. \"Snow White of Saintly Healing Asuna\" and \"Gluttonous Reindeer Silica\" outfits were available in December 2015 as part of a Christmas promotion, after \"Lovely Bride Asuna\" and \"Pretty","title":"Sword Art Online: Code Register"},{"id":"15973660","text":"participates in a gunfight tournament called the Bullet of Bullets (BoB) and discovers the truth behind the murders, which originated with a player who participated in a player-killing guild in \"SAO\". Through his and Sinon's efforts, two suspects are captured, though the third suspect, Johnny Black, escapes. Kazuto is later recruited to assist in testing an experimental FullDive machine, Soul Translator (STL), which has an interface that is far more realistic and complex than the previous machine he had played to help develop an artificial intelligence for the Ministry of Defense (MOD) named A.L.I.C.E. He tests the STL by entering","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"19045578","text":"perform the \"switch attack\", where one character attacks first and a party member immediately follows with a second attack. The game has multiplayer, allowing players to engage in player versus player (PvP) duels. Online capability is also available, with a lobby featuring up to 16 players who can be split into four-person parties to complete quests, such as fighting stronger versions of bosses found in single-player. Four-player groups can also participate in PvP as 4v4 battles. \"Lost Song\" takes place in Svart ALfheim, a set of floating continents in \"ALfheim Online\". Two of the continents are \"Flosshilde\", an ice-based region,","title":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song"},{"id":"3691032","text":"PlayOnline PlayOnline is an online gaming service created by Square (now Square Enix) on January 28, 2000, and has been the launcher application and Internet service for many of the online PC, PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 games the company publishes. Games hosted included \"Front Mission Online\", \"\", \"Tetra Master\", and the Japanese releases of \"EverQuest II\", \"\" and \"JongHoLo\". As of 2018, the PC version of \"Final Fantasy XI\" is the only remaining game supported by the service. PlayOnline was one of the first cross-platform gaming services and hosted hundreds of thousands of players at its peak. It was","title":"PlayOnline"},{"id":"20673247","text":"September 2, 2012, they uploaded their most viewed video, a cover of the song \"Crossing Field\" from the anime \"Sword Art Online\", with over 18 million views as of April 2018. This cover later help AmaLee get her musical career off the ground, often being considered her most popular and recognizable work. On January 7, 2017, she released her first album, \"Nostalgia\", which brought together English-language versions of 12 songs beloved by gaming and anime obsessives. The album charted at #6 on \"Billboard\" Heatseekers Albums, #27 on \"Billboard\" Independent Albums, and #43 on \"Billboard\" Top Rock Albums. On September 22,","title":"AmaLee"},{"id":"19071497","text":"is a 14-year old AI, known as Premiere, that travels with Kirito. Although she is part of the game's initial release, a later patch would tweak her \"vocabulary and personality\" in-game to a \"specific character\", based on keywords in Twitter tweets as part of a promotional campaign featuring the character. These conversations with Twitter users would dictate her personality over time and ultimately decide if she would become a \"good girl\" or \"bad girl\" in-game. Other prominent characters from the franchise such as Asuna, Leafa, Sinon, Lisbeth and Silica also feature. The game was teased at Tokyo Game Show 2015","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization"},{"id":"15973680","text":"anime's fourth and seventh Blu-ray and DVD volumes. The first volume of the second season's soundtrack was bundled with the limited edition of the season's third and seventh Blu-ray and DVD volumes. For the first 14 episodes of season one, the opening theme song is \"Crossing Field\" by LiSA, and the ending theme song is by Haruka Tomatsu. From episode 15 onward, the opening theme is \"Innocence\" by Eir Aoi and the ending theme is \"Overfly\" by Luna Haruna. The main theme for \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" is by Aoi. For the second season, the first opening theme is","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"2736687","text":"Pixel art Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of software, where images are edited on the pixel level. The aesthetic for this kind of graphics comes from 8-bit and 16-bit computers and video game consoles, in addition to other limited systems such as graphing calculators. Creating or modifying pixel art characters or objects for video games is sometimes called spriting, a term that arose from the hobbyist community. Pixel art largely originates from classic video games, particularly classic arcade games such as \"Space Invaders\" (1978) and \"Pac-Man\" (1980), and 8-bit consoles such as the","title":"Pixel art"},{"id":"19404855","text":"Titania versions), Leafa, and Suguha. Asuna has featured in several \"Sword Art Online\"-related video games. This includes \"\", in which several characters appearing under the \"Dengeki Bunko\" imprint are featured. Asuna, Kirito and Leafa appeared in a campaign by the \"Manga Anime Guardians\" project in combating anime and manga piracy, with the being project supported by 15 anime production studios and manga publishers. Asuna (Sword Art Online) Both Asuna and Kirito have become popular characters in anime and manga fandom, frequently appearing on lists of the most popular anime characters. Additionally, Asuna has featured in numerous official \"Sword Art Online\"","title":"Asuna (Sword Art Online)"},{"id":"17301514","text":"Originally airing 30 episodes of content on May 16, the first series to be included were \"Sword Art Online\", \"Puella Magi Madoka Magica\", \"The Prince of Tennis: The National Tournament\", \"\", \"Mobile Suit Z Gundam\", and \"Mobile Suit Gundam SEED\". Originally set to launch in April 2013, Daisuki was delayed until May 16, 2013. The initial media services were streaming over the web, with future plans to expand for mobile devices and the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles. In October 2013, they released an iPad app, followed by an iPhone app in February 2014, and an Android app in","title":"Daisuki (website)"},{"id":"1462018","text":"\"Wizardry\" in Japan also inspired various light novels, manga comics, Japanese pen-and-paper role-playing games, and an original video animation. A popular light novel series titled \"Sword Art Online\" also had a character who stated that his inspiration came from this game. Most have been released only in Japan. Wizardry Wizardry is a series of role-playing video games, developed by Sir-Tech, which were highly influential in the evolution of modern role-playing video games. The original \"Wizardry\" was a significant influence on early console role-playing games such as \"Final Fantasy\" and \"Dragon Warrior\". Originally made for the Apple II, the games were","title":"Wizardry"},{"id":"19071494","text":"to them. Strengthening the bond also increases the character's strength. A new battle system also features in \"Hollow Realization\", where the four-person team of players fight monsters using sword skills in a similar fashion to the original \"Sword Art Online\" game. Players can also direct and receive guidance from party members in collaborating to perform team strategies and attacks. Players perform chain attacks with party members using a \"Switch\" system for greater damage output against powerful monsters, including charged attacks and aerial combos. This includes \"Named Monsters\", which are monsters with significant strength that appear without warning. Set in a","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization"},{"id":"10731415","text":"or Regenade Jester : Gambler or Assassin Mage : Ice Wizard or Fire Wizard Craftsman : Demolitionist or Artisan Warrior : Swordmaster or Berserker Priest : Apostle or Templar Hunter : Gunner or Archer Cook : Chef or Food Fighter After offering entertainment for many years, many servers were shutdown by their local server company. Servers in Indonesia and Thailand, for example, were closed in mid-2017. Seal Online Seal Online (씰 온라인) is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing game, originally developed by the Korean company Grigon Entertainment. In February 2007 Publisher YNK acquired the rights for the game, and in","title":"Seal Online"},{"id":"19045576","text":"game's story mode. Regardless of which character is being used, the story will progress as if the player is Kirito. Each character can wield three types of weapons—for instance, Kirito can dual-wield or use a one- or two-handed sword—and weapons have skills that can be trained to unlock new abilities. While in battle, a party consists of three members: the player and two player-selected characters. Fighting is performed on the ground and in the air, with the latter allowing the player to move freely, although players cannot fly in dungeons and are restricted to an altitude limit during the early","title":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song"},{"id":"19045574","text":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song \"Lost Song\" story is based on an alternate timeline of \"Sword Art Online\" that does not follow the canon storyline of the light novels. It follows series protagonist Kirito and his friends as they play the Virtual Reality Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (VRMMORPG) called \"ALfheim Online\" (\"ALO\"). The game introduces a guild named Shamrock, led by scientist and idol Seven, who Kirito competes against to be the first to clear \"ALO\" expansion, Svart ALfheim. \"Lost Song\" received mostly mixed reviews, with the multiplayer and controls being praised; however, the game's dungeons were criticized for","title":"Sword Art Online: Lost Song"},{"id":"15973695","text":"nothing but the quest item the male lead is hunting for.\" Eisenbeis closes his review of the series by stating in regards to the two halves, \"Both, however, are enjoyable for what they are.\" Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network has criticized the series as having pacing problems, logical gaps, and \"sloppy writing\". Theron Martin of Anime News Network criticized the story as struggling \"to achieve and maintain the level of gravitas that life-or-death danger should have\", while calling it unwilling to commit to Kirito's \"lone wolf\" image. DeviceCritique explains that \"Sword Art Online\" influences the virtual reality market to","title":"Sword Art Online"},{"id":"2736697","text":"often choose to mimic the style of the past. Some view the pixel art revival as restoring the golden age of second and third generation consoles, where it is argued graphics were more aesthetically pleasing. Pixel art still remains popular and has been used in social networking virtual worlds such as Citypixel and Habbo, as well as among hand-held devices such as the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, PSP, PS Vita and mobile phones, and in modern indie games such as \"Hotline Miami\" and \"\". Pixel art Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of software,","title":"Pixel art"},{"id":"19434037","text":"in these games a lot.\" He also added that he wrote the series to change popular opinion of online gaming; viewing it not a social ill or just an escape from real life, and thus decided to show games in a more positive light in his light novels. When fans asked him about Kirito using a sword in a gun-based game, Kawahara responded that the energy sword in \"Halo\" can be the most powerful weapon if used properly. Kirito is voiced in Japanese by Yoshitsugu Matsuoka and in English by Bryce Papenbrook. In an interview with Matsuoka on the similarities","title":"Kirito (Sword Art Online)"},{"id":"18008519","text":"the game provides plenty of hours worth of content and has no obvious performance issues which affect the gameplay experience. The Asian version of the game which was localized into English and Chinese was noted by \"The Straits Times\" to contain various localization errors, such as grammar and spelling mistakes within the subtitled dialogue; nevertheless, the game was given a review score of 8/10. The production team is said to be aware of the problems regarding the game's English translation and it have been stated that its sequel would be translated differently to produce a better translation. Following its release","title":"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment"},{"id":"19456887","text":"Order System\" where players tap characters to make them perform actions against enemies and thus pull of combos, and utilize the \"Switch\" system to change the order of attack for better strategies and combos. Similar to the light novel and anime, there exists different kinds of Sword Skills and Unit Skills which players can utilize to deal damage or recover health; with using these different skills and combos being the key to winning the game. There also exists systems to create custom weapons using materials gathered from quests, levelling up skills, and adding abilities. Players who register early can obtain","title":"Sword Art Online: Code Register"},{"id":"20720453","text":"the game universe. \"Fatal Bullet\" takes place in \"Gun Gale Online\", a VRMMORPG that was introduced in the second season of the anime. Following the events of \"\", \"GGO\" was released by Zaskar following the advent of The Seed. The player creates their own character, who joins \"GGO\" alongside their friend Kureha. During the story, the pair meet ArFA-sys, a humanoid AI, along with the rest of the main cast. In contrast with the light novels and anime, characters like Asuna and Leafa are present in \"GGO\". Other new characters introduced in the game include Basalt Joe, a powerful player","title":"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet"},{"id":"19387315","text":"April 19, 2017. The film was set to play in about 1,000 theaters worldwide. A few days after the world premiere, a leak of the film was found online, tracing the source back to Malaysia and Singapore. The Blu-ray and DVD home video release volumes of \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale\" were released in Japan on September 27, 2017 and North America on December 19, 2017. The Japanese home video release features a sequel novel titled \"Sword Art Online: Cordial Code\" written by Kawahara and illustrated by abec, set eight days after the events of \"Ordinal Scale\". The","title":"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale"},{"id":"11705278","text":"including the Sega NetLink service for the Sega Saturn and the SegaNet service for the Dreamcast. In 1995, Nintendo released the Satellaview, a satellite modem for the Super Famicom in Japan only after partnering up with St.GIGA, that gave the console online multiplayer gaming. In 1999, Nintendo released an add-on for the Nintendo 64 called the 64DD in Japan only, which offered Internet through a now-defunct dedicated online service for e-commerce, online gaming, and media sharing. The late 1990s saw an explosion of MMORPGs, including \"\" (1996), \"Ultima Online\" (1997), \"Lineage\" (1998), and \"EverQuest\" (1999). In 2000, Sony introduced online","title":"History of online games"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15973686\",\n \"text\": \"behind \\\"Bloodborne\\\" taking the top spot. A fourth game titled \\\"\\\" was released in Japan for the PS4, Vita, and Windows on October 27, 2016 and worldwide on November 8, 2016 for the PS4 and Vita. A social network game called \\\"Sword Art Online: End World\\\" was released for Japanese feature phones and smartphones on February 28, 2013 with more than 1 million registered users. Another freemium game for Android and iOS titled \\\"\\\" launched in 2014, and over 3,000,000 users have downloaded the game. Another game called \\\"Sword Art Online: Progress Link\\\" designed for the Mobage browser game platform\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973687\",\n \"text\": \"on smartphones was released on February 10, 2015. In 2016, Bandai Namco released \\\"Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag\\\" for Android and iOS. Kirito, Asuna, Leafa, Yuuki and \\\"SAO Alternative: Gun Gale Online\\\" protagonist LLENN appear in \\\"\\\", a fighting game by Sega featuring various characters from works published under the \\\"Dengeki Bunko\\\" imprint. A browser game titled \\\"Sword Art Quest\\\" and its sequel smartphone game, \\\"Sword Art Quest II\\\" provide challenges to users to upgrade their characters to receive rewards. There is also a paid Android game titled \\\"SAO -Log Out-\\\" that users can download and play with characters from\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973688\",\n \"text\": \"the series and obtain wallpapers from it. A virtual reality massive multiplayer online game was in development by Kadokawa and IBM Japan, but was only a demo and will not be released as a full game. An action role-playing game titled \\\"Accel World VS Sword Art Online: Millennium Twilight\\\" was announced in October 2016. The game is a crossover with \\\"Accel World\\\", developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows via Steam, and was released to western audiences on July 7, 2017. \\\"Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag\\\", launched by Bandai Namco Entertainment, was released outside of\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973685\",\n \"text\": \"titled \\\"\\\" was released in Japan on March 26, 2015 on the PlayStation 3 and Vita platforms, with an English version being released in Asia. The game's producer revealed in October 2014 that the game is an open-world action RPG featuring an original storyline, set within Alfheim Online, where characters are able to fly. The game sold 139,298 physical retail copies on the PlayStation Vita in addition to another 55,090 units on the PlayStation 3 within its first week of release in Japan, ranking second and sixth place respectively within the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week, narrowly\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973689\",\n \"text\": \"Japan on January 24, 2017. This RPG is available on iOS and Android devices. Featuring content from the anime series, \\\"Ordinal Scale\\\", and some original shorts written for event characters, players are allowed to play solo and progress through the story, or join up with others online to farm special items, equipment, and materials. Common events include ranked challenges against other players, floor clearing, character introductions and seasonal events. Players have the choice of spending real money to speed-up their progress. A game based in \\\"Gun Gale Online\\\", \\\"\\\", was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows on\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973690\",\n \"text\": \"February 23, 2018. Bandai Namco Entertainment released the \\\"Sword Art Online VR: Lovely Honey Days\\\" mobile game for iOS and Android devices in Japan. The game's first episode is free-to-play, while the second episode and so on can be purchased as additional content. Bandai Namco has announced \\\"\\\", an exploration action RPG that supports up to three players in online co-op and it is the first arcade game in the \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" series. It will launch in Japanese arcades in spring 2019. \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" is a planned American live-action television adaptation of \\\"Sword Art Online\\\". Skydance Television announced\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973654\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"Sword Art Online\\\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \\\"SAO\\\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \\\"ALO\\\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" (\\\"SAO\\\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973684\",\n \"text\": \"Clearing\\\" from that previous game with the addition of new unexplored \\\"Hollow Area\\\" of Aincrad. The protagonist Kirito will cross swords with a mysterious player who would become one of the key characters in the game. The game sold 145,029 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week. The game had also been released in Taiwan by Namco Bandai Games Taiwan with Chinese and English subtitles. A digital-only North American, European and Australian release was released in August 2014. A third video game developed by Artdink and\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19456886\",\n \"text\": \"Sword Art Online: Code Register , also sometimes known as Sword Art Online: Code Resister, is a 2014 video game for iOS and Android devices released in Japan only. \\\"Sword Art Online: Code Register\\\" is a Japanese role-playing game with a simple tap-and-play battle system. Players can put together groups of characters with different skills and actions to take on opponents and explore different worlds. The game features multiple worlds and characters featured in the franchise, including the eponymous \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", \\\"ALfheim Online\\\", and \\\"Gun Gale Online\\\", as well as its own original characters. The game features a \\\"Duel\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Code Register\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973653\",\n \"text\": \"2018, while a third season titled \\\"Sword Art Online: Alicization\\\" premiered on October 7, 2018. A live-action series will be produced by Netflix. Six video games based on the series have been released for multiple consoles. \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" has received widespread commercial success, with the light novels having over 20 million copies sold worldwide. The anime series has received mixed to positive reviews, praised for its animation, musical score, and exploration of the psychological aspects of virtual reality, but criticized for its pacing and writing. The light novel series spans several virtual reality worlds, beginning with the titular world\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973683\",\n \"text\": \"Games for the PlayStation Portable. The game follows an alternate storyline, in which a glitch causes Kirito and the other players to remain in Sword Art Online despite defeating Heathcliff, and players from other VMMORPGs such as Leafa and Sinon get sucked into the game themselves. The game was released in both regular and limited edition box sets on March 14, 2013. \\\"\\\" is a PlayStation Vita game released in Japan on April 24, 2014. \\\"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\\\" takes place in the same alternative storyline as \\\"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment\\\", and it includes all content of \\\"Floor\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973679\",\n \"text\": \"Gun Gale Online\\\", were announced in 2017. \\\"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\\\", animated by 3Hz, premiered in April 2018. \\\"Sword Art Online: Alicization\\\" began airing on October 7, 2018, with a one-hour world premiere which aired in Japan, the United States, Australia, France, Germany, Russia and South Korea on September 15, 2018. It will air for four cours (around 50 episodes) and will adapt from the novel's ninth volume, \\\"Alicization Beginning\\\", to the eighteenth volume, \\\"Alicization Lasting\\\". Yuki Kajiura composed the soundtrack for the \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" anime, which was later released in the limited edition of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20720450\",\n \"text\": \"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet is an third-person shooter action role-playing video game developed by Dimps for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows based on the \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" light novel series. It is the fifth game in the series and is the successor to the 2016 game \\\"\\\". The PlayStation 4 version were released in Japan on February 8, 2018, with a worldwide release on PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows on February 23. Taking place in the virtual reality MMORPG (VRMMORPG) \\\"Gun Gale Online\\\", \\\"Fatal Bullet\\\" features an alternate timeline\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973674\",\n \"text\": \"and MBS between July 7 and December 22, 2012, and on AT-X, Chiba TV and BS11 at later dates. The series was also streamed on Crunchyroll and Hulu. The anime is adapted from the first four novels and parts of volume seven. The anime has been licensed in North America by Aniplex of America and an English-language dub premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami from July 27, 2013 to February 15, 2014. The series was released by Aniplex of America in four DVD and Blu-ray sets, with special extras on the BD sets, between August 13 and November 19, 2013. Manga\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008517\",\n \"text\": \"America and August 20 in Europe and Australia. The American/European/Australian release will be digital download only. The game also received an update adding content extending the game's play time by 30 hours, including new areas, gameplay, and costumes, while also raising the level cap from 200 to 250. The game also features costume DLC. The game sold 145,029 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that week, slightly outselling its predecessor, \\\"Infinity Moment\\\", which sold 138,180 copies. By July 2014, it outsold the previous game's total copies sold domestically,\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973655\",\n \"text\": \"NerveGear were created by Akihiko Kayaba. On November 6, 10,000 players log into the \\\"SAO\\\"s mainframe cyberspace for the first time, only to discover that they are unable to log out. Kayaba appears and tells the players that they must beat all 100 floors of Aincrad, a steel castle which is the setting of \\\"SAO\\\", if they wish to be free. Those who suffer in-game deaths or forcibly remove the NerveGear out-of-game will suffer real-life deaths. One of the players, named Kazuto \\\"Kirito\\\" Kirigaya, is one of 1,000 testers in the game's previous closed beta. With the advantage of previous\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008518\",\n \"text\": \"which is roughly 200,000 copies, and sold more than 280,000 copies in Japan by December 2014. The game was the top selling digital Vita game on both the European region and North American region PlayStation Store in August and September 2014, which added up to more than 450,000 copies sold worldwide as of December 2014. Of these, approximately 90,000 copies were sold in Asia, and 70,000 copies were sold in North America. The game received a \\\"Famitsu\\\" review score of 32/40. An import review by \\\"PlayStation Lifestyle\\\" gave the Japanese version of the game a rating of 9/10, noting that\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19045575\",\n \"text\": \"being bland and recycled. Reviewers also stated the game appeals more to fans of the series. A sequel, \\\"\\\", was announced at Dengeki Bunko Fall Fest 2015 for PS4 and Vita, with a release date set in 2016. Unlike its predecessors, which have MMORPG-like gameplay, \\\"Lost Song\\\" is labeled as an action game instead of a role-playing game. It is the first game in the series that allows one to play as characters besides protagonist Kirito; there are 19 characters available, though two are only attainable through downloadable content. Additionally, players can create their own character to use in the\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17745965\",\n \"text\": \"Leafa and Sinon, get sucked into the game themselves. The game was released on March 14, 2013 in Japan for the PlayStation Portable. In June 2014, Bandai Namco released a patch that added a new game mode, which added additional gameplay after completion of the main storyline. The game sold 138,180 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that week. By June 2013, it had shipped over 200,000 copies. \\\"Famitsu\\\" awarded it scores of 8, 7, 7 and 7 out of 10, totaling 29 out of 40. The game\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19071499\",\n \"text\": \"story. The game will feature Japanese voices coupled with English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish subtitles. The opening theme is \\\"Windia\\\" by Luna Haruna. The ending theme is \\\"Two of Us\\\" by Haruka Tomatsu. An advertising campaign for the game, titled \\\"Sword Art On-Nyaine\\\", featured cats playing with toys but with \\\"Hollow Realization\\\" sounds dubbed over them. A DLC called \\\"Chapter 1: Explorer of Illusory Mists\\\" became available starting on May 16, 2017.On July 21, 2017 the second expansion was released with the title \\\"Chapter II: Tuner of Causality.\\\" The last post-release content was released on September 26, 2017 closing\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973669\",\n \"text\": \"characters from the original work. There are ten manga adaptations of the series, all written by Reki Kawahara and published by ASCII Media Works. , illustrated by Tamako Nakamura, was serialized in \\\"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\\\" between the September 2010 and May 2012 issues. Two \\\"tankōbon\\\" volumes of \\\"Aincrad\\\" were released on September 27, 2012. A comedy four-panel manga, titled and illustrated by Jūsei Minami, began serialization in the September 2010 issue of \\\"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\\\". The first volume of \\\"Sword Art Online.\\\" was released on September 27, 2012. A third manga, titled and illustrated by Hazuki Tsubasa, began serialization in\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008514\",\n \"text\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment A \\\"Director’s Cut\\\" edition of the game titled \\\"Sword Art Online Re: Hollow Fragment\\\" was released on PlayStation 4 within North America, Europe, Australia, and the Middle-East in July and August 2015, and was released in Japan in November 2015. This version comes with new features, including an online play mode, additional bosses, the ability to play as a female character, among others. \\\"Hollow Fragment\\\" was succeeded by \\\"\\\", which was released in 2015 for the PlayStation 4 and Vita. The game has over 100 recruitable characters which can be chosen to accompany the player\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973652\",\n \"text\": \"Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \\\"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\\\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \\\"Sword Art Online II\\\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \\\"\\\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \\\"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\\\" premiered in April\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973731\",\n \"text\": \"game titled \\\"Accel World VS Sword Art Online: Millennium Twilight\\\" was announced in October 2016. The game is a crossover with \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita and released on July 7, 2017. The Windows PC version was released on September 12, 2017. Anime News Network reviewed the series and gave a story rating of A-, stating a similar basis of \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" with improved characters. Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku praised the anime for its well-thought out story, relatable main character, and great villain protagonist, but criticizes the anime for its\",\n \"title\": \"Accel World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973665\",\n \"text\": \"to be published was approved, he started working with illustrator abec on the light novel series. The first volume was published in print on April 10, 2009, and 20 volumes have been published as of September 8, 2017. The first eight volumes of the light novel series told the story arcs for \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", \\\"Alfheim Online\\\", and \\\"Gun Gale Online\\\". The Alicization story arc was covered by volumes 9 through 18, while volumes 19 and 20 told a side story called Moon Cradle. Kawahara plans on writing \\\"one more big arc\\\" called \\\"Sword Art Online: Unital Ring\\\" that will\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19045589\",\n \"text\": \"stated that the game was \\\"hamstrung by a lack of investment\\\", noting the lack of English voice acting and the plot being told through static images. Meanwhile, PlayStation Lifestyle awarded it a score of 7 out of 10, calling it \\\"a fun, lighthearted and breezy run through well-worn action-RPG territory.\\\" Within the first week of its release in Japan, the PS3 and Vita versions sold 55,090 and 139,298 copies, respectively, with a total of 194,388 copies being sold. The two versions' sales were the sixth- and second-most of the week, respectively. The numbers reached as high as 65,000 (PS3), 177,000\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19071500\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Abyss of the Shrine Maiden\\\" saga and it was titled \\\"Chapter III: The One Who Opposes God\\\" released on September 26, 2017. \\\"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\\\" received \\\"mixed or average\\\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Both PlayStation 4 and Vita versions received final scores of 32/40 by \\\"Famitsu\\\", being awarded 9, 8, 7 and 8 by four individual reviewers. Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Unlike in \\\"\\\" and \\\"Lost Song\\\", a party in \\\"Hollow Realization\\\" consists of four characters including the player, instead of three. While \\\"HF\\\" is played like a role-playing game and \\\"LS\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973697\",\n \"text\": \"Online\\\" in an interview, noting how he met its writer Reki Kawahara at an event in Japan where they discussed how they independently developed similar ideas related to virtual reality. On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed \\\"Sword Art Online II\\\" among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China. In September 2018, AbemaTV hosted an election for \\\"Sword Art Online\\\". The character that received the most retweets would be crowned the winner and become the focus of a smartphone wallpaper. According to the poll, Yuuki Konno had the most votes, with 2,243 points, followed by Shino\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973670\",\n \"text\": \"the May 2012 issue of \\\"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\\\". The first volume of \\\"Fairy Dance\\\" was released on October 27, 2012; the third volume was released on June 27, 2014. The \\\"Aincrad\\\" and \\\"Fairy Dance\\\" manga have been acquired for release in North America by Yen Press. The first volume of \\\"Aincrad\\\" was published on March 25, 2014. A spin-off manga starring Lisbeth, Silica, and Leafa, titled and illustrated by Neko Nekobyō, began serialization in the July 2013 issue of \\\"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\\\". \\\"Girls Ops\\\" was licensed by Yen Press in November 2014, the first volume of which was released on\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008516\",\n \"text\": \"life as well. Part of the game is actually a high definition recompilation of \\\"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment\\\", the original game in the series released for the PlayStation Portable, including all content of \\\"Floor Clearing\\\" from the previous game with the addition of new unexplored \\\"Hollow Area\\\" of Aincrad. The game was released on April 23, 2014 in Japan and May 29, 2014 in Taiwan, Hong Kong, as well as some Southeast Asian countries with Chinese and English subtitles. It had also been announced that the game would be localized into English and released August 19, 2014 in North\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973698\",\n \"text\": \"Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \\\"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\\\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \\\"Sword Art Online II\\\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \\\"\\\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17745966\",\n \"text\": \"was remade into HD for the PlayStation Vita in the form of \\\"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\\\". Some features, like the player's points and skills, can be transferred from \\\"Infinity Moment\\\" to \\\"Hollow Fragment\\\". Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment The gameplay has many similarities to MMORPGs, though it is not an online game, including the ability to buy and upgrade weapons, go on missions, and fight in a group with other characters. The protagonist, Kirito, can equip ten types of weapons, such as swords and axes. The game follows an alternate storyline from the end of the first arc of\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19071498\",\n \"text\": \"in September with the working title of \\\"SAO IV\\\". It was officially announced at Dengeki Bunko Fall Fest by Bandai Namco on October 3. According to Bandai Namco Games producer Yosuke Futami, the game was devised with the idea of Kirito starting the game at level one. A Western release date was later announced, with \\\"Hollow Realization\\\" releasing in Japan on October 27 and internationally on November 8. The North American Vita release is digital-only. Players who pre-ordered \\\"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\\\" via the PlayStation Store in Japan gain a one-week early access into part of the game's main\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973692\",\n \"text\": \"been sold to Netflix. According to Oricon, \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" was the top selling light novel series of 2012, with eight volumes figuring among the top selling light novels. It was ranked first in the 2012 and 2013 \\\"Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!\\\" rankings, as well as top ten placement in 2011, 2014 and 2015. It was also the second best selling light novel series for the first half of 2016 in Japan, selling 489,374 copies. \\\"Sword Art Online: Progressive\\\" sold 321,535 copies in the same time period. As of 2017, the series has an estimated 20 million copies in\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973682\",\n \"text\": \"of character songs were included in the Blu-ray and DVD volume releases of the anime. These were collected into two compilation albums: \\\"Sword Art Online Song Collection\\\", which included character songs released in the season one volumes, was released on August 27, 2014, while \\\"Sword Art Online Song Collection II\\\", which included character songs released in the season two volumes, was released on March 22, 2017. A stage event at the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011 revealed that Reki Kawahara's light novels would get video game adaptations. The first \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" adaptation, titled , was developed by Namco Bandai\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19456889\",\n \"text\": \"Bride Silica\\\" designs in June. Another 2016 crossover effort features \\\"Cross Register\\\" and \\\".hack\\\" mobile game \\\"New World\\\", with \\\"Code Register\\\" receiving a Black Rose costume and \\\"New World\\\" receiving Kirito and Asuna costumes and a Yui accessory, amongst other character and equipment cards. Geoff Thew of \\\"Hardcore Gamer\\\" complained about the lack of meaningful user interaction, claiming it \\\"looks as exciting as data entry.\\\" Sword Art Online: Code Register , also sometimes known as Sword Art Online: Code Resister, is a 2014 video game for iOS and Android devices released in Japan only. \\\"Sword Art Online: Code Register\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Code Register\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877568\",\n \"text\": \"Online game An online game is a video game that is either partially or primarily played through the Internet or any other computer network available. Online games are ubiquitous on modern gaming platforms, including PCs, consoles and mobile devices, and span many genres, including first-person shooters, strategy games and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). The design of online games can range from simple text-based environments to the incorporation of complex graphics and virtual worlds. The existence of online components within a game can range from being minor features, such as an online leaderboard, to being part of core gameplay,\",\n \"title\": \"Online game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19045590\",\n \"text\": \"(Vita), and 18,000 (PS4). In a January 2016 interview, producer Yousuke Futami stated the game had sold 100,000 copies in North America—30,000 of which were downloaded—and 50,000 in Europe. The sequel, \\\"\\\", was released in October 2016. Sword Art Online: Lost Song \\\"Lost Song\\\" story is based on an alternate timeline of \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" that does not follow the canon storyline of the light novels. It follows series protagonist Kirito and his friends as they play the Virtual Reality Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (VRMMORPG) called \\\"ALfheim Online\\\" (\\\"ALO\\\"). The game introduces a guild named Shamrock, led by scientist\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973672\",\n \"text\": \"following chapters being digitally serialized on Kadokawa's Comic Walker website. A seventh manga, titled \\\"Sword Art Online: Calibur\\\" and illustrated by Shii Kiya, was serialized in \\\"Dengeki G's Comic\\\" between the September 2014 and July 2015 issues. A single compilation volume was released on August 10, 2015. An eighth manga, titled \\\"Sword Art Online: Mother's Rosario\\\" and also by Tsubasa, is based on the seventh volume of the novel series and began serialization in the July 2014 issue of \\\"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\\\". A ninth manga, an adaptation of \\\"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\\\", began serialization in the November\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973673\",\n \"text\": \"2015 issue of \\\"Dengeki Maoh\\\". A tenth manga, titled \\\"Sword Art Online: Project Alicization\\\" and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, based on the Alicization arc of the light novel series, began serialization in the September 2016 issue of \\\"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\\\". An anime adaptation of \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" was announced at Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011, along with Reki Kawahara's other light novel series, \\\"Accel World\\\". The anime is produced by Aniplex and Genco, animated by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Ito with music by Yuki Kajiura. The anime aired on Tokyo MX, tvk, TV Saitama, TV Aichi, RKB, HBC\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973675\",\n \"text\": \"Entertainment released the first series on BD/DVD in the United Kingdom in December 2013, whilst Madman Entertainment released the series in Australia and the English-language version began airing on ABC3 on June 7, 2014. \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" has been available on Netflix in North America since March 15, 2014. A year-end special, titled \\\"Sword Art Online Extra Edition\\\", aired on December 31, 2013. The special recapped the previously aired anime series and included some new footage. \\\"Extra Edition\\\" was streamed worldwide a few hours after its airing in Japan. The two-hour-long special was available on Daisuki worldwide except for French-speaking\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008515\",\n \"text\": \"in the game's dungeons. Gameplay combines elements of a MMORPG—albeit in a simulated fashion as it is not an online game, though it does include limited multiplayer via ad hoc for up to four players—as well as elements of a dating sim. The game takes place in the same continuity as the prior game in the series, \\\"\\\", which exists in an alternate storyline from the \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" anime storyline. The player controls the main character Kirito, who has been trapped in the titular virtual reality MMORPG where dying in the game will lead to his death in real\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973668\",\n \"text\": \"Austria, Switzerland and others. There are a number of \\\"dōjinshi\\\" (fan works) written by Kawahara under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori, titled . An 80-page assemblage of some of the \\\"Material Edition\\\" volumes was published on February 13, 2011; the latest release is \\\"Material Edition\\\" volume 25 on November 23, 2017. The author has also created some other \\\"dōjinshi\\\" including \\\"Lisbeth Edition\\\", \\\"Silica Edition\\\" and \\\"Pina Edition\\\" under cooperation with Kurusu Tatsuya from ponz.info. It is reported that these \\\"dōjinshi\\\" gain traction from the involvement of the original author in its creation process, as well as from supplying more details on\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20720455\",\n \"text\": \"by Dimps, \\\"Fatal Bullet\\\" runs on Unreal Engine 4; a Siliconera writer described the gameplay as bearing some similarity to \\\"Freedom Wars\\\", another game produced by Dimps. \\\"Fatal Bullet\\\" is the first in the \\\"SAO\\\" series to be available on Xbox One and PC, the latter being downloadable through Steam. The game received mixed reviews. Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet is an third-person shooter action role-playing video game developed by Dimps for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows based on the \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" light novel series. It is the fifth game in\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973666\",\n \"text\": \"go \\\"back to the real world.\\\" The Unital Ring story arc began in volume 21, which was released in Japan on December 7, 2018. Kawahara also writes the \\\"Sword Art Online: Progressive\\\" series, which covers Kirito's adventures on the first few floors of Aincrad. The first volume of \\\"Progressive\\\" was released on October 10, 2012, and four volumes have been released as of December 10, 2015. The first volume of a light novel series based on \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" titled \\\"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\\\", written by Keiichi Sigsawa with illustrations by Kouhaku Kuroboshi, was published by ASCII\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17745964\",\n \"text\": \"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment The gameplay has many similarities to MMORPGs, though it is not an online game, including the ability to buy and upgrade weapons, go on missions, and fight in a group with other characters. The protagonist, Kirito, can equip ten types of weapons, such as swords and axes. The game follows an alternate storyline from the end of the first arc of the original story, in which a glitch causes Kirito and the other players to remain in Sword Art Online despite defeating Heathcliff, and players from other VRMMORPGs, such as second and third arc protagonists\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19071496\",\n \"text\": \"and Seven, a new PvP feature, and an additional story. The paid expansion pack \\\"Shrine Maiden of the Abyss\\\", to be released in 2017, will add an additional three chapters into the game. \\\"Hollow Realization\\\" takes place in \\\"Sword Art: Origin\\\", a restoration of Aincrad titled Ainground, with intentions of research and development in the year 2026, three years after the original \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" event. However, unlike in \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", Aincrad is one large floor, instead of multiple, while the castle itself was renamed to Ainground, where several monsters can be battled. The main character of the game\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973676\",\n \"text\": \"areas, as well as China and Korea. Daisuki offered subtitles in various languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and German. English-speaking countries, Mexico, Central and South America could also watch the stream on Crunchyroll. \\\"Extra Edition\\\" was also simulcast in Korea on Aniplus cable channel and in China on the LeTV streaming website. French-speaking countries could watch on the Wakanim streaming website. The Blu-ray Disc and DVD of \\\"Extra Edition\\\" was released on April 23, 2014 in Japan. The limited edition included a Yui character song titled \\\"Heart Sweet Heart\\\" by Kanae Itō and an original side story written\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16998146\",\n \"text\": \"Reki Kawahara The \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" series was first published online in 2002, under the pen name . Kawahara entered the first \\\"Accel World\\\" novel into ASCII Media Works' 15th Dengeki Novel Prize in 2008 and the novel won the Grand Prize. The first novel was published by ASCII Media Works on February 10, 2009 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint. As of September 8, 2017, 20 volumes have been published. An anime series debuted in April 2012. After gaining fame from the Dengeki award, Kawahara republished \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" in print. 19 volumes have been published as of February 2017,\",\n \"title\": \"Reki Kawahara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973677\",\n \"text\": \"by Kawahara titled . At the end of the special, the anime television series was confirmed for a second season, titled \\\"Sword Art Online II\\\", which premiered on July 5, 2014. The first 14 episodes of the second season is an adaptation of volumes five and six the light novels that cover the Phantom Bullet arc. Episodes 15 to 17 cover the Calibur arc from volume 8 of the novels, with episodes 18 to 24 covering volume 7 of the novels, the Mother's Rosario arc. Premiere screening events of the second season were held in the United States, France, Germany,\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20565626\",\n \"text\": \"ASCII Media Works \\\"seinen\\\" manga magazine \\\"Dengeki Maoh\\\" on October 27, 2015. Yen Press announced their license to the series at Sakura-Con on April 15, 2017. An anime television series adaptation was announced at the Dengeki Bunko Fall Festival 2017 event on October 1, 2017. The series is directed by Masayuki Sakoi, written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and animated by studio 3Hz, with character designs by Yoshio Kosakai. The opening theme song is by Eir Aoi and the ending theme song is \\\"To see the future\\\" by Tomori Kusunoki. The series aired in Japan between April 8 and June 30, 2018,\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20673244\",\n \"text\": \"AmaLee Amanda Lee (born March 13, 1992), also known as AmaLee, is an American singer and voice actress. She is known for her English-language interpretations of songs from anime and video games on YouTube, which have been viewed over 300 million times and subscribed over 1 million subscribers. A few of her most popular covers include \\\"Crossing Field\\\" (\\\"Sword Art Online\\\"), \\\"aLIEz\\\" (\\\"Aldnoah.Zero\\\"), and \\\"Papermoon\\\" (\\\"Soul Eater\\\"). In voice acting, she has voiced in titles such as \\\"Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2\\\", \\\"\\\", and \\\"Yandere Simulator\\\". Amanda has also provided vocals for many independent video-game soundtracks and theme songs - including\",\n \"title\": \"AmaLee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973691\",\n \"text\": \"on August 2, 2016, that they had acquired the global rights to produce a live-action television adaptation of Reki Kawahara's \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" light novel series. Laeta Kalogridis has been attached to write a script for the pilot, and will also serve as executive producer for the series alongside Skydance CEO David Ellison, Dana Goldberg, and Marcy Ross. Skydance has stated their intent to \\\"fast-track\\\" the launch of the series, along with plans to follow the TV series with the release of a \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" virtual reality experience. In February 2018, it was reported that the live-action series had\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19071495\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"wider world\\\", \\\"Hollow Realization\\\" features monsters new to the series. A healing system in the game allows defeated characters to rejoin the battle as long as teammates are still fighting. The game features online multiplayer. \\\"Hollow Realization\\\" is approximately 30 to 40 hours in length; however, completely finishing the game such as leveling up to the highest level and completing all the quests will take the player approximately 70 to 100 hours. The game will eventually feature downloadable content. For example, the free expansion pack \\\"Fighters of the Blue Sky\\\", to be released in 2016, will feature \\\"\\\" characters Rain\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973659\",\n \"text\": \"the cost of his life, entrusts Kirito with The Seed – a package program designed to create virtual worlds. Kazuto eventually reunites with Asuna in the real world and The Seed is released onto the Internet, reviving Aincrad as other VRMMORPGs begin to thrive. Soon after, at the prompting of a government official investigating strange occurrences in VR, Kazuto takes on a job to investigate a series of murders involving another VRMMORPG called \\\"Gun Gale Online\\\" (\\\"GGO\\\"), the AmuSphere (the successor of the NerveGear), and a player called Death Gun. Aided by a female player named Shino \\\"Sinon\\\" Asada, he\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877582\",\n \"text\": \"18. Furthermore, online games must also carry an ESRB notice that warns that any \\\"online interactions are not rated by the ESRB\\\". Online game An online game is a video game that is either partially or primarily played through the Internet or any other computer network available. Online games are ubiquitous on modern gaming platforms, including PCs, consoles and mobile devices, and span many genres, including first-person shooters, strategy games and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG). The design of online games can range from simple text-based environments to the incorporation of complex graphics and virtual worlds. The existence of\",\n \"title\": \"Online game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20720452\",\n \"text\": \"Gale Online\\\", a Bullet Line system – which serves as an assist in defending the user – is included in \\\"Fatal Bullet\\\". The game features multiplayer, which allows players to form four-man cooperative parties or fight against one another in four-on-four player versus player (PvP) matches. In PvP deathmatches, players are split into Alpha and Bravo teams, fighting each other in addition to computer-controlled enemies. As in previous installments, the player can engage in bed conversations with other characters; as Kirito, one can do so with those in the canon, while the protagonist avatar has such dialogues with characters from\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20565627\",\n \"text\": \"and is airing on Tokyo MX, BS11, Tochigi TV, Gunma TV, MBS, and TV Aichi. The series will be released on 6 home video sets with 2 episodes each, for a total of 12 episodes. Aniplex of America has licensed the series and simulcast the series on Crunchyroll and Hulu. Anime Limited announced that they had acquired the series for release in the United Kingdom and Ireland. During the first half of 2015, the series was 11th best-selling light novel series, with its first and second volumes ranking at 8th and 17th place, respectively. The 4th volume also managed to\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"190404\",\n \"text\": \"games. These range from MMORPG to first-person shooters, from role-playing video games to online gambling. While online gaming has been around since the 1970s, modern modes of online gaming began with subscription services such as GameSpy and MPlayer. Non-subscribers were limited to certain types of game play or certain games. Many people use the Internet to access and download music, movies and other works for their enjoyment and relaxation. Free and fee-based services exist for all of these activities, using centralized servers and distributed peer-to-peer technologies. Some of these sources exercise more care with respect to the original artists' copyrights\",\n \"title\": \"Internet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20565628\",\n \"text\": \"be the 25th best-selling novel during the first half of 2016. As of May 2018, the series had 1 million copies in print. Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Due to the incident that occurred in VR MMORPG \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" — where 10,000 players were trapped in the game on launch day — the popularity of VR games has plummeted due to fear of similar incidents. The NerveGear, SAO's VR device, was recalled and destroyed, but with the launch of its successor, the AmuSphere, combined with release of the license-free development support package the \\\"Seed,\\\" the popularity of\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008520\",\n \"text\": \"in the west, the game received mixed reviews. It has a score of 67 out of 100 on Metacritic. IGN awarded it a score of 5.5 out of 10, saying \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" excellent combat is marred by a juvenile romance system, a horrible translation. Destructoid gave the game a rating of 7/10, noting that the game is solid and provides a fun experience, however may lack replay value, while \\\"Gaming Age\\\" gave the game a \\\"B\\\" score, praising the game environment and mechanics, although noting that the camera controls feel flawed. PlayStation Universe awarded it a score of 5.5\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973656\",\n \"text\": \"VR gaming experience and a drive to protect other beta testers from discrimination, he isolates himself from the greater groups and plays the game alone, bearing the mantle of \\\"beater\\\", a portmanteau of \\\"beta tester\\\" and \\\"cheater\\\". As the players progress through the game Kirito eventually befriends a young girl named Asuna Yuuki, forming a relationship with and later marrying her in-game. After the duo discover the identity of Kayaba's secret ID, who was playing as the leader of the guild Asuna joined in, they confront and destroy him, freeing themselves and the other players from the game. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973696\",\n \"text\": \"grow, and references the Oculus Rift as a prime example of the starting point of virtual reality. It also praises \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" for exploring the psychological and social aspects of virtual reality gaming. Adam Facey of \\\"The Muse,\\\" criticized the series as being sexist and the female characters as being overly sexualized. Kirito has a cameo appearance in episode 8 of the anime series \\\"Eromanga Sensei\\\", with Yoshitsugu Matsuoka reprising his role. Steven Spielberg's 2018 film \\\"Ready Player One\\\" contains a reference to \\\"Sword Art Online\\\". Ernest Cline, the writer of 2011 novel \\\"Ready Player One\\\", discussed \\\"Sword Art\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20720454\",\n \"text\": \"who frequently challenges the protagonist to claim ArFA-sys, Zeliskam, a strong yet friendly player who also has an ArFA-sys, and Itsuki, a strategist and sniper with a preference for using traps like land mines. The final chapter of the main campaign also offers a branching ending based on player choice and provides a third ending, called \\\"True Ending\\\" as the canon ending. Series author Reki Kawahara supervised development of the game's story. As the game progresses, the player can switch to Kirito Mode, which allows them to play a different storyline. The game was announced on August 18, 2017. Developed\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008521\",\n \"text\": \"out of 10, saying \\\"\\\"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\\\" will only offer the most enjoyment to hardcore fans of the franchise that are willing to slog through the uninspired, tedious gameplay to get to the ample fan service on offer.\\\" GameZone gave a rating of 8/10, praising the amount of content available within the game. Twinfinite gave the game a 4/5, criticizing the steep learning curve and the dialogue translation, while finding the combat and game design to be positive, while Attack of the Fanboy referred to it as a solid RPG experience as long as one can look beyond\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973658\",\n \"text\": \"(originally an AI from \\\"SAO\\\"), he quickly learns that the trapped players in \\\"ALO\\\" are part of a plan conceived by Sugou to perform illegal experiments on their minds. The goal is to create the perfect mind-control for financial gain and to subjugate Asuna, whom he intends to marry in the real world, to assume control of her family's corporation. Kirito eventually stops the experiment and rescues the remaining 300 \\\"SAO\\\" players, foiling Sugou's plans. Before leaving \\\"ALO\\\" to see Asuna, Kayaba, who has uploaded his mind to the Internet using an experimental and destructively high-power version of NerveGear at\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20565624\",\n \"text\": \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Due to the incident that occurred in VR MMORPG \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" — where 10,000 players were trapped in the game on launch day — the popularity of VR games has plummeted due to fear of similar incidents. The NerveGear, SAO's VR device, was recalled and destroyed, but with the launch of its successor, the AmuSphere, combined with release of the license-free development support package the \\\"Seed,\\\" the popularity of VR games saw a sudden resurgence. The story follows Karen Kohiruimaki, a university student with a complex about her abnormal height. She begins\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19045587\",\n \"text\": \"costumes for \\\"God Eater 2\\\", and 14 days later, released a code of \\\"GE2\\\" characters Julius and Alisa's costumes for \\\"Lost Song\\\". At Tokyo Game Show 2015, Kuroyukihime, from \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" author Reki Kawahara's series \\\"Accel World\\\", was added as another playable character in \\\"Lost Song\\\". \\\"Lost Song\\\" was released in Japan for the PS3 and Vita on March 26, 2015, while a Traditional Chinese version was released on April 28. An English-subtitled version of the game was released in Asia on May 12, the PAL regions on November 13, and North America on November 17. \\\"Sword Art Online:\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973678\",\n \"text\": \"Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Japan before the television premiere between June 29 and July 4, 2014. At Katsucon, it was announced that the English dub of the second season would air on Toonami beginning March 28, 2015. An animated film titled \\\"\\\", featuring an original story by Kawahara set after the events of \\\"Sword Art Online II\\\", premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. The third season of \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", titled \\\"Sword Art Online: Alicization\\\", and a spin-off anime, titled \\\"Sword Art Online Alternative\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11705281\",\n \"text\": \"gaming and other Internet capabilities to the system, and continued doing so for later consoles such as the PlayStation 4. In 2012, Nintendo made a successor to the dying Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection involving their next-gen console, the Wii U, and its handheld counterpart, the Nintendo 3DS, by creating the Nintendo Network to continue on its online multiplayer and Internet capabilities, in order to compete against Microsoft's Xbox Live and Sony's PlayStation Network. Nintendo's latest console, the Nintendo Switch, does offer online play via Nintendo Network. History of online games Online games are video games played over a computer network. The\",\n \"title\": \"History of online games\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19387318\",\n \"text\": \"whilst also avoiding nearly all of its most aggravating faults.\\\" Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In the year 2026, the Augma is released to the public as an alternative system to the AmuSphere, due to its function to simulate reality while the player is conscious rather than using FullDive. The most prominent combat-based game is Ordinal Scale, in which a player's abilities are ranked by ordinal numbers. Asuna, Lisbeth and Silica encourage Kirito to play OS upon hearing that Aincrad bosses have appeared. Kirito joins Asuna and Klein in a boss fight where the game's mascot, AI idol\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973661\",\n \"text\": \"a virtual reality cyberspace created with The Seed package, named UnderWorld (UW). In the UW, the flow of time proceeds a thousand times faster than in the real world, and Kirito's memories of what happens inside are restricted. However, Black injures Kazuto with suxamethonium chloride. The MOD recovers Kazuto and places him back into the STL to preserve his mind while attempts are made to save him. Meanwhile, it is revealed that UnderWorld was created as part of an experiment to create artificial intelligence that could be used for military purposes. Reki Kawahara wrote the first volume in 2002 as\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973671\",\n \"text\": \"May 19, 2015. A manga adaption of \\\"Sword Art Online: Progressive\\\", illustrated by Kiseki Himura, began serialization in the August 2013 issue of \\\"Dengeki G's Magazine\\\". The manga ended serialization in the magazine's May 2014 issue and was transferred to \\\"Dengeki G's Comic\\\" starting with the June 2014 issue. The \\\"Progressive\\\" manga adaption has been licensed by Yen Press, with the first two volumes released in January and April 2015, respectively. A sixth manga, titled \\\"Sword Art Online: Phantom Bullet\\\" and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, had its first chapter serialized in the May 2014 issue of \\\"Dengeki Bunko Magazine\\\", with\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19071493\",\n \"text\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Unlike in \\\"\\\" and \\\"Lost Song\\\", a party in \\\"Hollow Realization\\\" consists of four characters including the player, instead of three. While \\\"HF\\\" is played like a role-playing game and \\\"LS\\\" like an action role-playing game, \\\"HR\\\" is based on \\\"HF\\\" style, but with action elements integrated. Characters can be customized through in-game character creation, with gender, height, figure, weapons, and physical appearance changeable. Additionally, over 300 non-player characters appear in the game, with all of them being recruitable to join the player's party. Players can create special bonds with these characters by giving equipment\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008522\",\n \"text\": \"the game's minor flaws. However, Hardcore Gamer rated \\\"Hollow Fragment\\\" a score of 1.5 out of 5, referring to it as a \\\"bad game... the most debased, pandering garbage Japan has to offer... (a) rushed, broken, and imbecilic excuse for software\\\" with \\\"awful story, tedious combat, and inexcusable translation.\\\" Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment A \\\"Director’s Cut\\\" edition of the game titled \\\"Sword Art Online Re: Hollow Fragment\\\" was released on PlayStation 4 within North America, Europe, Australia, and the Middle-East in July and August 2015, and was released in Japan in November 2015. This version comes with new features,\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19045585\",\n \"text\": \"Seven meets Rain again; Rain tells her about their childhood and their split after their parents divorced. After she was reminded of two Russian greetings that Rain had taught her, Seven's memories return and the two are finally reunited. The game's development was officially announced at the Tokyo Game Show on September 19, 2014 with the working title of \\\"SAO III\\\". While predecessors \\\"\\\" and \\\"Hollow Fragment\\\" were developed by Aquria, Artdink was selected to develop \\\"Lost Song\\\". For the game's theme music, Eir Aoi and Luna Haruna, who performed the theme songs for the anime, had their singles and\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973667\",\n \"text\": \"Media Works on December 10, 2014. An original 100-page prequel novel to \\\"\\\" written by Kawahara, titled \\\"Hopeful Chant\\\", was released to people who watched the film in Japan during March 4–10, 2017. At their Japan Expo USA panel, Yen Press announced the rights to publish the light novels; the first volume was released on April 22, 2014. Yen Press later announced their license of the \\\"Sword Art Online: Progressive\\\" series, which is scheduled for release in 2015. The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam, with future plans for publications in France, Germany, Italy,\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19456888\",\n \"text\": \"a special Kirito avatar. A pre-release promotion by Bandai Namco allows registered users to help decide the voice actress for the new original character Sayuki. They are also entered into a lottery where the winner receives a Leafa figure. \\\"Sword Art Online: Code Register\\\" featured in a 2015 crossover collaboration with the \\\"Tales\\\" franchise, with characters from \\\"Tales of Link\\\" making their way into the game, along with various events and illustrations. \\\"Snow White of Saintly Healing Asuna\\\" and \\\"Gluttonous Reindeer Silica\\\" outfits were available in December 2015 as part of a Christmas promotion, after \\\"Lovely Bride Asuna\\\" and \\\"Pretty\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Code Register\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973660\",\n \"text\": \"participates in a gunfight tournament called the Bullet of Bullets (BoB) and discovers the truth behind the murders, which originated with a player who participated in a player-killing guild in \\\"SAO\\\". Through his and Sinon's efforts, two suspects are captured, though the third suspect, Johnny Black, escapes. Kazuto is later recruited to assist in testing an experimental FullDive machine, Soul Translator (STL), which has an interface that is far more realistic and complex than the previous machine he had played to help develop an artificial intelligence for the Ministry of Defense (MOD) named A.L.I.C.E. He tests the STL by entering\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19045578\",\n \"text\": \"perform the \\\"switch attack\\\", where one character attacks first and a party member immediately follows with a second attack. The game has multiplayer, allowing players to engage in player versus player (PvP) duels. Online capability is also available, with a lobby featuring up to 16 players who can be split into four-person parties to complete quests, such as fighting stronger versions of bosses found in single-player. Four-player groups can also participate in PvP as 4v4 battles. \\\"Lost Song\\\" takes place in Svart ALfheim, a set of floating continents in \\\"ALfheim Online\\\". Two of the continents are \\\"Flosshilde\\\", an ice-based region,\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3691032\",\n \"text\": \"PlayOnline PlayOnline is an online gaming service created by Square (now Square Enix) on January 28, 2000, and has been the launcher application and Internet service for many of the online PC, PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 games the company publishes. Games hosted included \\\"Front Mission Online\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Tetra Master\\\", and the Japanese releases of \\\"EverQuest II\\\", \\\"\\\" and \\\"JongHoLo\\\". As of 2018, the PC version of \\\"Final Fantasy XI\\\" is the only remaining game supported by the service. PlayOnline was one of the first cross-platform gaming services and hosted hundreds of thousands of players at its peak. It was\",\n \"title\": \"PlayOnline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20673247\",\n \"text\": \"September 2, 2012, they uploaded their most viewed video, a cover of the song \\\"Crossing Field\\\" from the anime \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", with over 18 million views as of April 2018. This cover later help AmaLee get her musical career off the ground, often being considered her most popular and recognizable work. On January 7, 2017, she released her first album, \\\"Nostalgia\\\", which brought together English-language versions of 12 songs beloved by gaming and anime obsessives. The album charted at #6 on \\\"Billboard\\\" Heatseekers Albums, #27 on \\\"Billboard\\\" Independent Albums, and #43 on \\\"Billboard\\\" Top Rock Albums. On September 22,\",\n \"title\": \"AmaLee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19071497\",\n \"text\": \"is a 14-year old AI, known as Premiere, that travels with Kirito. Although she is part of the game's initial release, a later patch would tweak her \\\"vocabulary and personality\\\" in-game to a \\\"specific character\\\", based on keywords in Twitter tweets as part of a promotional campaign featuring the character. These conversations with Twitter users would dictate her personality over time and ultimately decide if she would become a \\\"good girl\\\" or \\\"bad girl\\\" in-game. Other prominent characters from the franchise such as Asuna, Leafa, Sinon, Lisbeth and Silica also feature. The game was teased at Tokyo Game Show 2015\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973680\",\n \"text\": \"anime's fourth and seventh Blu-ray and DVD volumes. The first volume of the second season's soundtrack was bundled with the limited edition of the season's third and seventh Blu-ray and DVD volumes. For the first 14 episodes of season one, the opening theme song is \\\"Crossing Field\\\" by LiSA, and the ending theme song is by Haruka Tomatsu. From episode 15 onward, the opening theme is \\\"Innocence\\\" by Eir Aoi and the ending theme is \\\"Overfly\\\" by Luna Haruna. The main theme for \\\"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\\\" is by Aoi. For the second season, the first opening theme is\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2736687\",\n \"text\": \"Pixel art Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of software, where images are edited on the pixel level. The aesthetic for this kind of graphics comes from 8-bit and 16-bit computers and video game consoles, in addition to other limited systems such as graphing calculators. Creating or modifying pixel art characters or objects for video games is sometimes called spriting, a term that arose from the hobbyist community. Pixel art largely originates from classic video games, particularly classic arcade games such as \\\"Space Invaders\\\" (1978) and \\\"Pac-Man\\\" (1980), and 8-bit consoles such as the\",\n \"title\": \"Pixel art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19404855\",\n \"text\": \"Titania versions), Leafa, and Suguha. Asuna has featured in several \\\"Sword Art Online\\\"-related video games. This includes \\\"\\\", in which several characters appearing under the \\\"Dengeki Bunko\\\" imprint are featured. Asuna, Kirito and Leafa appeared in a campaign by the \\\"Manga Anime Guardians\\\" project in combating anime and manga piracy, with the being project supported by 15 anime production studios and manga publishers. Asuna (Sword Art Online) Both Asuna and Kirito have become popular characters in anime and manga fandom, frequently appearing on lists of the most popular anime characters. Additionally, Asuna has featured in numerous official \\\"Sword Art Online\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Asuna (Sword Art Online)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17301514\",\n \"text\": \"Originally airing 30 episodes of content on May 16, the first series to be included were \\\"Sword Art Online\\\", \\\"Puella Magi Madoka Magica\\\", \\\"The Prince of Tennis: The National Tournament\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Mobile Suit Z Gundam\\\", and \\\"Mobile Suit Gundam SEED\\\". Originally set to launch in April 2013, Daisuki was delayed until May 16, 2013. The initial media services were streaming over the web, with future plans to expand for mobile devices and the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles. In October 2013, they released an iPad app, followed by an iPhone app in February 2014, and an Android app in\",\n \"title\": \"Daisuki (website)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1462018\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Wizardry\\\" in Japan also inspired various light novels, manga comics, Japanese pen-and-paper role-playing games, and an original video animation. A popular light novel series titled \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" also had a character who stated that his inspiration came from this game. Most have been released only in Japan. Wizardry Wizardry is a series of role-playing video games, developed by Sir-Tech, which were highly influential in the evolution of modern role-playing video games. The original \\\"Wizardry\\\" was a significant influence on early console role-playing games such as \\\"Final Fantasy\\\" and \\\"Dragon Warrior\\\". Originally made for the Apple II, the games were\",\n \"title\": \"Wizardry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19071494\",\n \"text\": \"to them. Strengthening the bond also increases the character's strength. A new battle system also features in \\\"Hollow Realization\\\", where the four-person team of players fight monsters using sword skills in a similar fashion to the original \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" game. Players can also direct and receive guidance from party members in collaborating to perform team strategies and attacks. Players perform chain attacks with party members using a \\\"Switch\\\" system for greater damage output against powerful monsters, including charged attacks and aerial combos. This includes \\\"Named Monsters\\\", which are monsters with significant strength that appear without warning. Set in a\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10731415\",\n \"text\": \"or Regenade Jester : Gambler or Assassin Mage : Ice Wizard or Fire Wizard Craftsman : Demolitionist or Artisan Warrior : Swordmaster or Berserker Priest : Apostle or Templar Hunter : Gunner or Archer Cook : Chef or Food Fighter After offering entertainment for many years, many servers were shutdown by their local server company. Servers in Indonesia and Thailand, for example, were closed in mid-2017. Seal Online Seal Online (씰 온라인) is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing game, originally developed by the Korean company Grigon Entertainment. In February 2007 Publisher YNK acquired the rights for the game, and in\",\n \"title\": \"Seal Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19045576\",\n \"text\": \"game's story mode. Regardless of which character is being used, the story will progress as if the player is Kirito. Each character can wield three types of weapons—for instance, Kirito can dual-wield or use a one- or two-handed sword—and weapons have skills that can be trained to unlock new abilities. While in battle, a party consists of three members: the player and two player-selected characters. Fighting is performed on the ground and in the air, with the latter allowing the player to move freely, although players cannot fly in dungeons and are restricted to an altitude limit during the early\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19045574\",\n \"text\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song \\\"Lost Song\\\" story is based on an alternate timeline of \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" that does not follow the canon storyline of the light novels. It follows series protagonist Kirito and his friends as they play the Virtual Reality Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (VRMMORPG) called \\\"ALfheim Online\\\" (\\\"ALO\\\"). The game introduces a guild named Shamrock, led by scientist and idol Seven, who Kirito competes against to be the first to clear \\\"ALO\\\" expansion, Svart ALfheim. \\\"Lost Song\\\" received mostly mixed reviews, with the multiplayer and controls being praised; however, the game's dungeons were criticized for\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Lost Song\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15973695\",\n \"text\": \"nothing but the quest item the male lead is hunting for.\\\" Eisenbeis closes his review of the series by stating in regards to the two halves, \\\"Both, however, are enjoyable for what they are.\\\" Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network has criticized the series as having pacing problems, logical gaps, and \\\"sloppy writing\\\". Theron Martin of Anime News Network criticized the story as struggling \\\"to achieve and maintain the level of gravitas that life-or-death danger should have\\\", while calling it unwilling to commit to Kirito's \\\"lone wolf\\\" image. DeviceCritique explains that \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" influences the virtual reality market to\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2736697\",\n \"text\": \"often choose to mimic the style of the past. Some view the pixel art revival as restoring the golden age of second and third generation consoles, where it is argued graphics were more aesthetically pleasing. Pixel art still remains popular and has been used in social networking virtual worlds such as Citypixel and Habbo, as well as among hand-held devices such as the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, PSP, PS Vita and mobile phones, and in modern indie games such as \\\"Hotline Miami\\\" and \\\"\\\". Pixel art Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of software,\",\n \"title\": \"Pixel art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19434037\",\n \"text\": \"in these games a lot.\\\" He also added that he wrote the series to change popular opinion of online gaming; viewing it not a social ill or just an escape from real life, and thus decided to show games in a more positive light in his light novels. When fans asked him about Kirito using a sword in a gun-based game, Kawahara responded that the energy sword in \\\"Halo\\\" can be the most powerful weapon if used properly. Kirito is voiced in Japanese by Yoshitsugu Matsuoka and in English by Bryce Papenbrook. In an interview with Matsuoka on the similarities\",\n \"title\": \"Kirito (Sword Art Online)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18008519\",\n \"text\": \"the game provides plenty of hours worth of content and has no obvious performance issues which affect the gameplay experience. The Asian version of the game which was localized into English and Chinese was noted by \\\"The Straits Times\\\" to contain various localization errors, such as grammar and spelling mistakes within the subtitled dialogue; nevertheless, the game was given a review score of 8/10. The production team is said to be aware of the problems regarding the game's English translation and it have been stated that its sequel would be translated differently to produce a better translation. Following its release\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19456887\",\n \"text\": \"Order System\\\" where players tap characters to make them perform actions against enemies and thus pull of combos, and utilize the \\\"Switch\\\" system to change the order of attack for better strategies and combos. Similar to the light novel and anime, there exists different kinds of Sword Skills and Unit Skills which players can utilize to deal damage or recover health; with using these different skills and combos being the key to winning the game. There also exists systems to create custom weapons using materials gathered from quests, levelling up skills, and adding abilities. Players who register early can obtain\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Code Register\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20720453\",\n \"text\": \"the game universe. \\\"Fatal Bullet\\\" takes place in \\\"Gun Gale Online\\\", a VRMMORPG that was introduced in the second season of the anime. Following the events of \\\"\\\", \\\"GGO\\\" was released by Zaskar following the advent of The Seed. The player creates their own character, who joins \\\"GGO\\\" alongside their friend Kureha. During the story, the pair meet ArFA-sys, a humanoid AI, along with the rest of the main cast. In contrast with the light novels and anime, characters like Asuna and Leafa are present in \\\"GGO\\\". Other new characters introduced in the game include Basalt Joe, a powerful player\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19387315\",\n \"text\": \"April 19, 2017. The film was set to play in about 1,000 theaters worldwide. A few days after the world premiere, a leak of the film was found online, tracing the source back to Malaysia and Singapore. The Blu-ray and DVD home video release volumes of \\\"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale\\\" were released in Japan on September 27, 2017 and North America on December 19, 2017. The Japanese home video release features a sequel novel titled \\\"Sword Art Online: Cordial Code\\\" written by Kawahara and illustrated by abec, set eight days after the events of \\\"Ordinal Scale\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11705278\",\n \"text\": \"including the Sega NetLink service for the Sega Saturn and the SegaNet service for the Dreamcast. In 1995, Nintendo released the Satellaview, a satellite modem for the Super Famicom in Japan only after partnering up with St.GIGA, that gave the console online multiplayer gaming. In 1999, Nintendo released an add-on for the Nintendo 64 called the 64DD in Japan only, which offered Internet through a now-defunct dedicated online service for e-commerce, online gaming, and media sharing. The late 1990s saw an explosion of MMORPGs, including \\\"\\\" (1996), \\\"Ultima Online\\\" (1997), \\\"Lineage\\\" (1998), and \\\"EverQuest\\\" (1999). In 2000, Sony introduced online\",\n \"title\": \"History of online games\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"how many sword art online games are there"}}},{"rowIdx":183,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Germany"],"string":"[\n \"Germany\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"7594828","text":"borrowing heavily from Wall Street. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916, but allowed a great increase in US government lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934, the last instalment was finally paid in 2015. Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from","title":"World War I"},{"id":"5500607","text":"were as follows: the Albanian National Liberation Front, the Chinese Red Army, the Greek National Liberation Front, the Hukbalahap, the Malayan Communist Party, the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Polish People's Army, the Tuvan People's Republic (annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944), the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans. The United States had indirectly supported Britain's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement. Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend-Lease Act starting in 1941. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"14015229","text":"Morgan's bank in New York, was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador, Sir Cecil Spring Rice. The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations. J.P. Morgan &Co. became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors. Morgan, Harjes, the House of Morgan's French affiliated bank, controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"16352599","text":"headed for the enemy. Finance was a special challenge. Germany financed the Central Powers. Britain financed the Allies until 1916, when it ran out of money and had to borrow from the United States. The US took over the financing of the Allies in 1917 with loans that it insisted be repaid after the war. The victorious Allies looked to defeated Germany in 1919 to pay \"reparations\" that would cover some of their costs. Above all, it was essential to conduct the mobilization in such a way that the short term confidence of the people was maintained, the long-term power","title":"Home front during World War I"},{"id":"17654563","text":"200,000 75mm shells a day. The US provided much food, steel, coal and machine tools, and $3.6 billion in loans to finance it all; the British loaned another $3 billion. Considerable relief came with the influx of American food, money and raw materials in 1917. The economy was supported after 1917 by American government loans which were used to purchase foods and manufactured goods. The arrival of over a million American soldiers in 1918 brought heavy spending for food and construction materials. France's diverse regions suffered in different ways. While the occupied area in 1913 contained only 14% of France's","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"13782213","text":"relief such as \"Tom's Little Star\". By 1916, Britain was funding most of the Empire's war expenditures, all of Italy's and two thirds of the war costs of France and Russia, plus smaller nations as well. The gold reserves, overseas investments and private credit then ran out, forcing Britain to borrow $4 billion from the U.S. Treasury in 1917–18. Much of this money was spent paying United States industries to manufacture ammunition. United States Cartridge Company expanded its work force ten-fold in response to September 1914 contracts with British purchasing agents; and ultimately manufactured over two billion rifle and machine","title":"United States home front during World War I"},{"id":"17654541","text":"1916, Britain was funding most of the Empire's war expenditures, all of Italy's and two thirds of the war costs of France and Russia, plus smaller nations as well. The gold reserves, overseas investments and private credit then ran out forcing Britain to borrow $4 billion from the U.S. Treasury in 1917–18. Shipments of American raw materials and food allowed Britain to feed itself and its army while maintaining her productivity. The financing was generally successful, as the City's strong financial position minimized the damaging effects of inflation, as opposed to much worse conditions in Germany. Overall consumer consumption declined","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"14015228","text":"build-up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long-run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918. In 1913, J. P. Morgan, Jr. took over the House of Morgan, an American-based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York, London, and Paris, after the death of his father, J. Pierpont Morgan. The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America's entrance in 1917. J.P. Morgan & Co., the House of","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"19647636","text":"Anglo-French Financial Commission The Anglo-French Financial Commission was a special delegation to the United States from the governments of the United Kingdom and France in 1915 during the First World War. The Commission, led by Lord Reading, secured the single largest loan from private US banks prior to American entry into World War I in 1917. In February 1915, France, Britain and Russia held the first joint financial conference of the First World War. Thereafter, the Allied Powers agreed to cooperate closely in financial matters to help finance the ongoing war with Germany. In September 1915 France and the United","title":"Anglo-French Financial Commission"},{"id":"14015230","text":"in American markets. Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight. France's ability to borrow from other sources diminished, leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc. After the war, in 1918, J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief. Because America was still a declared neutral state, the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government. Secretary of","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"14138898","text":"United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"20090239","text":"Council, new committees had specialized tasks. The Inter-Allied Finance Council handled the issues of distributing money among the Allies. The United States had virtually all the available money by 1917, and made all the decisions. It loaned large sums to the main players, including loans to England that were redistributed to smaller allies. There were related councils dealing with purchases food, and shipping, including the Allied Council on War Purchases and Finance, the Inter—Allied Food Council, the Inter-Allied Meat and Fats Executive, the Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, the Inter—Allied Maritime Council, and the Inter—Allied Transport Council, among others. British diplomacy","title":"Diplomatic history of World War I"},{"id":"17654592","text":"The United States and Canada prospered during the war. The reparations levied on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were, in theory, supposed to restore the damage to the civilian economies, but little of the reparations money went for that. Most of Germany's reparations payments were funded by loans from American banks, and the recipients used them to pay off loans they had from the U.S. Treasury. Between 1919 and 1932, Germany paid out 19 billion goldmarks in reparations, and received 27 billion goldmarks in loans from New York bankers and others. These loans were eventually paid back by Germany","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"3196238","text":"U.S. Treasury loans and cash grants were given in 1945-47, and especially the Marshall Plan gave large sums (1948-51). There was post-Marshall aid (1951-55) designed to help France rearm and provide massive support for its war in Indochina. Apart from low-interest loans, the other funds were grants that did not involve repayment. The debts left over from World War I, whose payment had been suspended since 1931, was renegotiated in the Blum-Byrnes agreement of 1946. The United States forgave all $2.8 billion in debt from the First World War, and gave France a new loan of $650 million. In return","title":"France–United States relations"},{"id":"93027","text":"Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I, the United States provided Lend-Lease grants of $50,000,000,000. Working closely with Winston Churchill of Britain, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Roosevelt sent his forces into the Pacific against Japan, then into North Africa against Italy and Germany, and finally into Europe starting with France and Italy in 1944 against the Germans. The American economy roared forward, doubling industrial production, and building vast quantities of airplanes, ships, tanks, munitions, and, finally, the atomic bomb. Much of the American war effort went to strategic bombers, which flattened the cities","title":"Foreign policy of the United States"},{"id":"454824","text":"using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic. The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27May 1941 by sinking the German battleship \"Bismarck\". In November 1939, the United States was taking measures to assist China and the Western Allies, and amended the Neutrality Act to allow \"cash and carry\" purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased. In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose","title":"World War II"},{"id":"20090229","text":"the Jews were promised a homeland in Palestine in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, but the Arabs had already been promised a sovereign state in Turkish-controlled regions. Aspiring nationalities were promised their own homelands. France was promised Alsace-Lorraine, which had been ceded to Germany in 1871. In terms of finance, the British generously loaned money to Russia, France, Italy and smaller allies. When British money ran out, the United States replaced it in early 1917 with even larger loans. The Allies put a heavy emphasis on \"soft power\" including economic aid and trade, and propaganda. For example, Britain cut off","title":"Diplomatic history of World War I"},{"id":"14138937","text":"Republican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"20090251","text":"British influence. France was to get control of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. French credit collapsed in 1916 and Britain began loaning large sums to Paris. The J.P. Morgan & Co bank in New York assumed control of French loans in the fall of 1916 and relinquished it to the U.S. government when the U.S. entered the war in 1917. France suffered very heavy losses, in terms of battle casualties, financing, and destruction in the German-occupied areas. At the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vengeance against defeated Germany was the main French theme, and Prime Minister Clemenceau was largely","title":"Diplomatic history of World War I"},{"id":"14015232","text":"in October 1915, the latter amounting to US$500,000,000. Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives, little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans, in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests. The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913–1914. As war began in Europe, however, the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low-growth environment of","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"16352654","text":"failed; likewise, the peace efforts sponsored by industrialist Henry Ford went nowhere. Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off Britain; the US declared war in April 1917. America had the largest industrial, financial and agricultural base of any of the great powers, but it took 12–18 months to fully reorient it to the war effort. American money, food and munitions flowed freely to Europe from spring 1917, but troops arrived slowly. The US Army in 1917 was small and poorly equipped. The draft began in spring 1917 but volunteers were also accepted. Four million","title":"Home front during World War I"},{"id":"20602747","text":"$10.7 billion, and all other countries $2.9 billion. The question of repayment came up, and Roosevelt repeatedly insisted the United States did not want a postwar debt problem of the sort that had troubled relations after the first world war. A small fraction of goods that were still useful – such as merchant ships – were returned to the United States. The recipients provided bases and supplies to American forces on their own soil. The cost, including rents, was called \"Reverse Lend Lease\", that is, aid given to the United States. It came to $7.8 billion overall, of which 86%","title":"United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II"},{"id":"4184458","text":"War Finance Corporation The War Finance Corporation was a government corporation in the United States created to give financial support to industries essential for World War I, and to banking institutions that aided such industries. It continued to give support to various efforts during the interwar period. The corporation was created by a Congressional act of April 5, 1918, and abolished on July 1, 1939. Since government borrowing to pay for the war had attracted a majority of private capital, little capital was available for corporations to borrow; the War Finance Corporation was designed to make such capital available. After","title":"War Finance Corporation"},{"id":"14138909","text":"whereby the United States would broker a peace. Most of the leaders of the women's movement, typified by Jane Addams, likewise sought pacifistic solutions. The most prominent opponent of war was industrialist Henry Ford, who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents; no negotiations resulted. Britain had significant support among intellectuals, Yankees, and families with close ties to Britain. The most prominent leader was Samuel Insull of Chicago, a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England. Insull funded many propaganda efforts, and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"4432421","text":"loan of forty out-of-date American destroyers in return for leasing, rent free for ninety-nine years, British naval and air bases on five British West Indian islands—the Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago—as well as British Guiana, Bermuda, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands, and Newfoundland. The Lend-Lease Agreement was signed formally in London on March 27, 1941. Under its terms, the United States established eleven military bases in the area (and in Bermuda) and quickly transformed five British colonies in the West Indies into outposts of Caribbean defense for use against German submarine warfare. After President Franklin D. Roosevelt","title":"World War II by country"},{"id":"14138902","text":"affairs: while the country was at peace, the domestic economy ran on a \"laissez-faire\" basis, with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France — funds that were in large part used to buy munitions, raw materials and food from across the Atlantic. Until 1917, Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing, despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness. He did however expand the United States Navy. In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war, and with Britain and France low on","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"14138904","text":"just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for \"a war to end all wars\" that would \"make the world safe for democracy\", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary. U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918. After the war began in 1914, the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson's antipathies against Germany. Early in the war, the United States started to favor the British","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"14015216","text":"to sink passenger ships of merchant ships without giving the people aboard time to launch their lifeboats. While the country was at peace, American banks made huge loans to Britain and France to buy munitions, raw materials, and food from across the Atlantic. Until 1917, Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing, despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness. He did, however, expand the United States Navy. In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval, and with Britain and France low on credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"14015231","text":"State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914. He told President Wilson that \"refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war.\" Wilson at first agreed, but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase. J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and, following negotiations with the Anglo-French Financial Commission, another joint loan to Britain and France","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"611477","text":"Martin, called his \"last and greatest role.\" After the first punishing year of World War I, the Allied Powers desperately needed financial support to continue the war effort. To that end, Hill was a major figure in the effort launched by J.P. Morgan to float the Anglo-French Bond drive of 1915, which allowed the Allies to purchase much-needed foodstuffs and other supplies. In September 1915, the first public loan, the $500,000,000 Anglo-French loan, was floated after negotiations with the Anglo-French Financial Commission. Concomitantly, the resulting trade in munitions with England and France carried the United States from a depression in","title":"James J. Hill"},{"id":"14138449","text":"poor coordination that Wohlstetter concludes no accurate predictions of the attack on Pearl Harbor was at all likely before December 7. The same pattern which emerged with the first world war continued with the second: warring European powers, blockades, official U.S. neutrality but this time President Roosevelt tried to avoid all of Wilson's mistakes. American policy substantially favored Britain and its allies, and the U.S. getting caught up in the war. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend-Lease. Industries greatly expanded to produce war","title":"History of United States foreign policy"},{"id":"661740","text":"Lend-Lease The Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, () was an American program to defeat Germany, Japan and Italy by distributing food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945. The aid went to the United Kingdom, China, and later the Soviet Union, Free France, and other Allied nations. It included warships and warplanes, along with other weaponry. The policy was signed into law on March 11, 1941, and ended overnight without prior warning when the war against Japan ended. The aid was free for all countries, although goods in transit when","title":"Lend-Lease"},{"id":"7529831","text":"American public opinion was hostile to Hitler's Germany, but how much aid to give the Allies was controversial. Public opinion was even more hostile to Japan, and there was little opposition to increased support for China. By 1940 the U.S., while still neutral, was becoming the \"Arsenal of Democracy\" for the Allies, supplying money and war materials. The sudden defeat of France in spring 1940 caused the nation to begin to greatly grow its armed forces, including the first peacetime draft. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, America began sending Lend Lease aid to the","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"17381071","text":"for his American troops while he suggested that the Australian troops should continue clearing and rounding up the Japanese from New Guinea, New Britain, Borneo and Bougainville. President Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson's mistakes in World War I. He often made exactly the opposite decision. Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed, while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend-Lease, with little expectation of repayment. Wilson","title":"Diplomatic history of World War II"},{"id":"7529849","text":"and Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940. The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942, after their Soviet allies had pushed","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"14138931","text":"the war. The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets, helped sell war bonds, and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war. As late as 1917, the United States maintained only a small army, one which was in fact smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war. After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917, it drafted 4 million men into military service. By the summer of 1918, about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France, about half of whom eventually saw front-line service; by the Armistice of November","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"7594715","text":"the sinking of seven US merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany on 2 April 1917, which the US Congress declared 4 days later. The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled \"Associated Power\". The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act, it drafted 2.8 million men, and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the US Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to","title":"World War I"},{"id":"5860433","text":"The war bonds were debt securities that would be issued by the government to finance the military operations and defense mechanisms during the time of a war. In practice, war can be financed through the creation of a fresh money supply adding additional money to the financial system and the function of these bonds were to help to control the increase of inflation and to keep it stable. The United States government during World War 1 spent over $300 million which converts to over $4 billion in today’s financial market. People would then buy these bonds which looked like stamps","title":"War finance"},{"id":"14138918","text":"the liberal wing of the Progressive movement, that was, that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation. Specifically, they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers (such as J. P. Morgan) with millions at risk, profiteering munition makers (such as Bethlehem Steel, which made armor, and DuPont, which made powder) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control. Antiwar critics blasted them. These selfish special interests were too powerful, especially, Senator La Follette noted, in the conservative wing of the Republican Party. The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many. Garrison's plan unleashed the","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"13782222","text":"crisis occurred in Britain due to the 1917 German submarine campaign. Standard Oil of NJ, for example, lost 6 tankers (including the brand new \"John D. Archbold\") between May and September. The solution was expanded oil shipments from America in convoys. The Allies formed the Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference with USA, Britain, France, and Italy as the members. Standard and Royal Dutch/Shell ran it and made it work. The introduction of convoys as an antidote to the German U-boats and the joint management system by Standard Oil and Royal Dutch/Shell helped to solve the Allies' supply problems. The close working relationship","title":"United States home front during World War I"},{"id":"4419362","text":"from Emperor Meiji in the Imperial Palace. Schiff also had a private audience with King Edward VII of the United Kingdom in 1904. In addition to his famous loan to Japan, Schiff financed loans to many other nations, including those that would come to comprise the Central Powers. During World War I, Schiff urged U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and other Allied statesmen to end the war as quickly as possible, even without an Allied victory. He feared for the lives of his family, back in Germany, but also for the future of his adopted land. He arranged loans to France","title":"Jacob Schiff"},{"id":"2783465","text":"from the United States and the United Kingdom. In the course of the war the US supplied $11 billion of materiel through Lend-Lease. This included 400,000 trucks, 12,000 armored vehicles (including 7,000 tanks), 11,400 aircraft and 1.75 million tons of food. The British supplied aircraft including 3,000 Hurricanes and 4,000 other aircraft during the war. Five thousand tanks were provided by the British and Canada. Total British supplies were about four million tons. Germany on the other hand had the resources of conquered Europe at its disposal; those numbers are however not included into the tables above, such as production","title":"Eastern Front (World War II)"},{"id":"14138903","text":"credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe, while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East. In the same year, Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war. Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican–American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram, which was intercepted by British Intelligence. Publication of that communique outraged Americans","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"17654536","text":"old and new. Agriculture had to provide food for both civilians and for soldiers (some of whom had been farmers and needed to be replaced by women, children and the elderly who now did the work without animal assistance) and for horses to move supplies. Transportation in general was a challenge, especially when Britain and Germany each tried to intercept merchant ships headed for the enemy. Finance was a special challenge. Germany financed the Central Powers. Britain financed the Allies until 1916, when it ran out of money and had to borrow from the United States. The U.S. took over","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"8103658","text":"Lend-Lease Sherman tanks The United States provided tens of thousands of its Medium Tank M4, also named the Sherman, to many of its Allies during the Second World War, under the terms of Lend-Lease. The British received far more M4 medium tanks, approximately 17,000 (roughly 34% of all M4s produced), than any other Allied nation. The British practice of naming American tanks after American Civil War generals was continued, giving it the name General Sherman after Union General William Tecumseh Sherman, usually shortened to Sherman. The US later adopted the name and the practice of naming tanks after generals. In","title":"Lend-Lease Sherman tanks"},{"id":"10069305","text":"Anglo-American loan The Anglo-American Loan Agreement was a post World War II loan made to the United Kingdom by the United States on 15 July 1946, and paid off in 2006. The loan was negotiated by John Maynard Keynes. The loan was for $3.75 billion (US$57 billion in 2015) at a low 2% interest rate; Canada loaned an additional US$1.19 billion. The loan was made primarily to support British overseas expenditure in the immediate post-war years and not to implement the Labour government's welfare reforms. British treasury officials believed they could implement the Labour government's domestic reforms without the loan","title":"Anglo-American loan"},{"id":"17654581","text":"marks during the war, of which taxes covered only 8%, and the rest was borrowed from German banks and private citizens. Eight national war loans reached out to the entire population and raised 100 million marks. It proved almost impossible to borrow money from outside. The national debt rose from only 5 billion marks in 1914 to 156 billion in 1918. These bonds became worthless in 1923 because of hyperinflation. As the war went on conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas by 1915. Causes involved the transfer of many farmers","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"7529830","text":"With the Soviets unstoppable in the east, and the Allies unstoppable in the west, Germany was squeezed to death. Berlin fell to the Soviets in May 1945, and with Adolf Hitler dead, the Germans surrendered. The military effort was strongly supported by civilians on the home front, who provided the military personnel, the munitions, the money, and the morale to fight the war to victory. World War II cost the United States an estimated $341 billion in 1945 dollars – equivalent to 74% of America's GDP and expenditures during the war. In 2015 dollars, the war cost over $4.5 trillion.","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"13782216","text":"and Baldwin declared bankruptcy in 1935. The US effort to produce and ship war material to France was characterized by several factors. The US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 with only a small munitions industry, very few medium and heavy artillery pieces, and few machine guns. By June 1917 the US had decided that their forces would primarily operate alongside the French, and would acquire their artillery and machine guns by purchasing mostly French weapons in theater, along with some British weapons in the case of heavy artillery. Shipments from the US to France would primarily be","title":"United States home front during World War I"},{"id":"20602746","text":"It received back about $7.8 billion in goods and services provided by the recipients to the United States, especially the cost of rent for American installations abroad. Lend Lease aid was usually not dollars that the recipient could use for any purpose. Instead it was supplies and services counted by the dollar value of military and naval munitions as well as civilian supplies such as freighters, oil, food, chemicals, metals, machinery, rent and shipping services. The total given to the British Empire, 1940-45 was $30.0 billion. This includes supplies to India, Australia, and the other dominions and colonies. Russia received","title":"United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II"},{"id":"661742","text":"Lease gave them importance. The budget was hidden away in the overall military budget, and details were not released until after the war. A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to $ presently) was involved, or 11% of the total war expenditures of the U.S. In all, $31.4 billion (equivalent to $ today) went to Britain and its Empire, $11.3 billion (equivalent to $ today) to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion (equivalent to $ today) to France, $1.6 billion (equivalent to $ today) to China, and the remaining $2.6 billion to the other Allies. Reverse lend-lease policies comprised services such as","title":"Lend-Lease"},{"id":"16352602","text":"dollars, where $1 billion then equals about $25 billion in 2017. The two governments agreed that financially Britain would support the weaker Allies and that France would take care of itself. In August 1914, Henry Pomeroy Davison, a Morgan partner, traveled to London and made a deal with the Bank of England to make J.P. Morgan & Co. the sole underwriter of war bonds for Great Britain and France. The Bank of England became a fiscal agent of J.P. Morgan & Co., and \"vice versa\". Over the course of the war, J.P. Morgan loaned about $1.5 billion (approximately $ billion","title":"Home front during World War I"},{"id":"661772","text":"with the Anglo-Soviet Military Supplies Agreement of 27 June 1942, military aid sent from Britain to the Soviet Union during the war was entirely free of charge. \"Reverse Lend-lease\" was the supply of equipment and services to the United States. Nearly $8 billion (equivalent to $124 billion today) worth of war material was provided to U.S. forces by her allies, 90% of this sum coming from the British Empire. Reciprocal contributions included the Austin K2/Y military ambulance, British aviation spark plugs used in B-17 Flying Fortresses, Canadian-made Fairmile launches used in anti-submarine warfare, Mosquito photo-reconnaissance aircraft, and Indian petroleum products.","title":"Lend-Lease"},{"id":"14138924","text":"war would be over, Germany thought, with Germany victorious. The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head: refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917. In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. The German Foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution-torn Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram. In return, the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican–American War 70 years earlier. British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"7594741","text":"a result of the war: the Romanovs, the Hohenzollerns, the Habsburgs, and the Ottomans. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected. A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919. The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox–Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921","title":"World War I"},{"id":"3793529","text":"Amendment.: However, due to Roosevelt's elimination of the open gold market, the Court ruled that the bond-holders' loss was unquantifiable, and that to repay them in dollars according to the 1918 standard of value would be an \"unjustified enrichment\". The ruling therefore had little practical effect. Liberty bond A Liberty bond (or liberty loan) was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the","title":"Liberty bond"},{"id":"14138444","text":"Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson's mistakes in World War I. He often made exactly the opposite decision. Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed, while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend-Lease, with little expectation of repayment. Wilson did not greatly expand war production before the declaration of war; Roosevelt did. Wilson waited for the declaration to begin a draft; Roosevelt started one in 1940. Wilson","title":"History of United States foreign policy"},{"id":"20602745","text":"Giraud, the French high commissioner in North Africa, and General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French. Roosevelt strongly disliked de Gaulle, while Churchill championed him. The final decision was to split control of liberated French areas between the two Frenchmen. By 1944, de Gaulle prevailed, but he never forgave Roosevelt and always distrusted Anglo-Saxon collaboration as hostile to French interests. The Americans spent about $40 billion dollars on Lend Lease aid to the British Empire, the Soviet Union, France, China, and some smaller countries. That amounted to about 11% of the cost of the war to the U.S..","title":"United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II"},{"id":"450936","text":"agreed to make symbolic token payments against the loans that had been defaulted on in the 1920s, but deferred some of the debt until West and East Germany were unified. In 1995, following reunification, Germany began making the final payments towards the loans. A final installment of was made on 3 October 2010, settling German loan debts in regard to reparations. During the period of reparations, Germany received between 27 and 38 billion marks in loans. By 1931, German foreign debt stood at 21.514 billion marks; the main sources of aid were the United States, Britain, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.","title":"World War I reparations"},{"id":"17654537","text":"the financing of the Allies in 1917 with loans that it insisted be repaid after the war. The victorious Allies looked to defeated Germany in 1919 to pay reparations that would cover some of their costs. Above all, it was essential to conduct the mobilization in such a way that the short term confidence of the people was maintained, the long-term power of the political establishment was upheld, and the long-term economic health of the nation was preserved. Gross domestic product (GDP) increased for three Allies (Britain, Italy, and U.S.), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"13782206","text":"\"Lusitania\" in 1915. Germany promised not to repeat, but it reversed its position in early 1917, believing that unrestricted U-boat warfare against all ships headed to Britain would win the war even at the cost of American entry. When Americans read the text of the German offer to Mexico, known as the Zimmermann Telegram, they saw an offer for Mexico to go to war with Germany against the United States, with German funding, with the promise of the return of the lost territories of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. On Apr 1, 1917, Wilson called for war, emphasizing that the","title":"United States home front during World War I"},{"id":"7594827","text":"three Allies (Britain, Italy, and the United States), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the three main Central Powers. The shrinkage in GDP in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30% and 40%. In Austria, for example, most pigs were slaughtered, so at war's end there was no meat. In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the United States, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began","title":"World War I"},{"id":"9013307","text":"and Soviet leaders distrusted each other throughout the war, and relations further suffered after 1943 as both sides supported sympathetic governments in liberated territories. By the end of the war, several states, including all of Latin America, had also joined the Allies. The main American role in the war, beyond the military mission itself, was financing the war and providing large quantities of munitions and civilian goods. Lend lease, as passed by Congress in 1941, was a declaration of economic warfare, and that economic warfare continued after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt believed that the financing of World War","title":"Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt"},{"id":"13297623","text":"materials and other supplies to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States. It began with the passage by Congress of the Lend-lease act (PL 77-11) on 11 March 1941. Initially, the main recipient was Great Britain; the Soviet Union began receiving supplies (paid for in gold) in June 1941 outside of Lend-lease, and was included in the Lend-lease agreement in November 1941. By the end of the war, most of the Allied countries had been declared eligible for Lend-lease aid, although not all received it. By the time the program was ended by President","title":"United States foreign aid"},{"id":"13297621","text":"$314 million from the British and French governments and about $200 million from non-governmental sources). These government monies were given in the form of loans, but a considerable portion of those loans was forgiven. After the war, the American Relief Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover who had also been prominent in the CRB, continued food distribution to war-devastated European countries. It also distributed food and combated typhus in Russia during 1921-23. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20 million for the ARA under the Russian Famine Relief Act of 1921. Levels of United States aid increased greatly during World War Two, mainly","title":"United States foreign aid"},{"id":"12805046","text":"3rd Liberty Loan Act The Third Liberty Loan Act was a liberty bond sold during World War I that helped cover the war expenses of the United States. In effect, the bonds were loans from citizens to the US Government which would be repaid with interest in the future. There were two previous loan acts, The Liberty Loan Act and The Second Liberty Loan Act, each providing additional money to the US Government to fund the war. The Third Liberty Loan Act was enacted on April 5, 1918. The third act specifically allowed the US government to issue $3 billion","title":"3rd Liberty Loan Act"},{"id":"14015227","text":"coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913–1914 in America. Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917. Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period. Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector. Between 1914 and 1917, industrial production increased 32% and GNP increased by almost 20%. The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war. The capital","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"14138933","text":"convoys. Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted US units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. The US rejected the first proposition and accepted the second. General John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up US units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to fight in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"20090214","text":"Diplomatic history of World War I The Diplomatic history of World War I covers the non-military interactions among the major players during World War I. For the domestic histories see Home front during World War I. For a longer-term perspective see International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) and Causes of World War I. For the following era see International relations (1919–1939). The major allied players included Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (starting in 1915) and the United States (from 1917). The major Central Powers included Germany and the Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Other countries—and their colonies—were","title":"Diplomatic history of World War I"},{"id":"13297620","text":"foreign aid as a share of the total federal budget. In the past, less than 1% of the national budget went to foreign assistance. As of fiscal year 2017, foreign aid between the U.S. State Department and USAID totaled $50.1 billion, or just over 1% of the budget. In fiscal year 2014, the U.S. government allocated the following amounts for aid: Total economic and military assistance: $43.10 billion Notes: During World War One, the Committee for Relief in Belgium (CRB), which sent food to the hungry in that war-torn country, received $387 million from the U.S. government (as well as","title":"United States foreign aid"},{"id":"6094422","text":"acquired the Guaranty Trust bank as part of his efforts to consolidate banking in New York City. After his father died in 1913, the bank became Jack's base. Morgan played a prominent part in financing World War I. Following its outbreak, he made the first loan of $12,000,000 to Russia. In 1915, a loan of $500,000,000 was made to France and Britain following negotiations by the Anglo-French Financial Commission. The firm's involvement with British and French interests fueled charges the bank was conspiring to maneuver the United States into supporting the Allies in order to rescue its loans. By 1915,","title":"J. P. Morgan Jr."},{"id":"19647641","text":"Times\" decried opponents of the agreement as \"anti-American\". Financier James J. Hill hailed the loan as marking the moment that America changed \"from being a debtor to a creditor nation\". German efforts to influence the proceedings proved to be fruitless. In May 1916 the British had to take over the financing of French purchases in the United States as a result of the weakness of the French wartime economy. Anglo-French Financial Commission The Anglo-French Financial Commission was a special delegation to the United States from the governments of the United Kingdom and France in 1915 during the First World War.","title":"Anglo-French Financial Commission"},{"id":"1919341","text":"deep isolationism, rejecting international conferences, and focusing moment mostly on reciprocal tariff agreements with smaller countries of Latin America. President Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson's mistakes in World War I. He often made exactly the opposite decision. Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed, while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend-Lease, with little expectation of repayment. Wilson did not greatly expand war production before the","title":"History of the United States (1918–1945)"},{"id":"2783342","text":"II, eventually serving as the main reason for the defeat of Nazi Germany and the Axis nations. The two principal belligerent powers were Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies. Though never engaged in military action in the Eastern Front, the United States and the United Kingdom both provided substantial material aid in the form of the Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union. The joint German–Finnish operations across the northernmost Finnish–Soviet border and in the Murmansk region are considered part of the Eastern Front. In addition, the Soviet–Finnish Continuation War may also be considered the northern flank","title":"Eastern Front (World War II)"},{"id":"17425078","text":"payments to reparations from Germany. Ratification by the French parliament was delayed until July 1929. The Great Depression began soon after. In the end, little of the debt was repaid. The Dawes Plan of 1924 defined a realistic schedule for German reparations to the victorious Allies in World War I. By establishing confidence, it made it possible for Germany to borrow from the United States at reasonable rates, and use this money to pay Great Britain and France. They in turn used the reparations to repay their debt to the United States, in what John Maynard Keynes described as a","title":"Mellon–Berenger Agreement"},{"id":"2838578","text":"leading up to and during World War I. According to the United States Senate website: Nye created headlines by drawing connections between the wartime profits of the banking and munitions industries to America's involvement in World War I. Many Americans felt betrayed and questioned that the war had been an epic battle between the forces of good (democracy) and evil (autocracy). This investigation of these \"merchants of death\" helped to bolster sentiments for non-interventionism. The committee reported that between 1915 and January 1917, the United States lent Germany 27 million dollars, and in the same period, it lent to the","title":"Nye Committee"},{"id":"17654556","text":"remainder came from Australia). When the war began Bank of England officials worked with the government of South Africa to block any gold shipments to Germany, and force the mine owners to sell only to the Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the U.S, and other neutrals. By 1919 London lost control to the mining companies (which were now backed by the South African government). They wanted the higher prices and sales to New York that a free market would provide. The Germans invaded Belgium at the start of the war","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"661741","text":"the program ended were charged for. Some transport ships were returned to the US after the war, but practically all the items sent out were used up or worthless in peacetime. In Reverse Lend Lease, the U.S. was given no-cost leases on army and naval bases in Allied territory during the war, as well as local supplies. The program was under the direct control of the White House, with Roosevelt paying close attention, assisted by Harry Hopkins, W. Averell Harriman, and Edward Stettinius Jr.. Roosevelt often sent them on special missions to London and Moscow, where their control over Lend","title":"Lend-Lease"},{"id":"20090238","text":"& Co., and \"vice versa\". Over the course of the war, J.P. Morgan loaned about $1.5 billion (approximately $ billion in today's dollars) to the Allies to fight against the Germans. Morgan also invested in the suppliers of war equipment to Britain and France, thus profiting from the financing and purchasing activities of the two European governments. Britain made heavy loans to Tsarist Russia; the Lenin government after 1920 refused to honor them, causing long-term issues. In late 1917 Colonel House, President Wilson's representative, took the lead in organizing Allied non-military actions. Operating under the authority of the Supreme War","title":"Diplomatic history of World War I"},{"id":"16352601","text":"listed here, was about $80 billion (in 1913 US dollars) Since $1 billion in 1913 = about $25 billion in 2017 US dollars the total cost comes to about $2 trillion in 2017 dollars. Direct cost is figured as actual expenditures during war minus normal prewar spending. It excludes postwar costs such as pensions, interest, and veteran hospitals. Loans to/from allies are not included in \"direct cost\". Repayment of loans after 1918 is not included. The total direct cost of the war as a percent of wartime national income: The amounts listed below are presented in terms of 1913 US","title":"Home front during World War I"},{"id":"4432586","text":"on the United States three days later. The United States subscribed to the Allied plan of making German defeat the priority, coordinating with the United Kingdom in most major operations. However, it also maintained a strong effort against Japan, being the primary Allied power in the Pacific Theater. The U.S. supplied valuable industrial production as the Arsenal of Democracy. After the war the United States retained military commitments to European security while providing economic investment to rebuild nations devastated during the war. Politically, the U.S. became a founding member of NATO, and hosts the United Nations in which it gained","title":"World War II by country"},{"id":"2643379","text":"of World War I, the U.S. Government increased income taxes (see the War Revenue Act of 1917) and government debt, called war bonds. Traditionally, the government borrowed from other countries, but there were no other countries from which to borrow in 1917. The Treasury raised funding throughout the war by selling $21.5 billion in 'Liberty bonds.' These bonds were sold at subscription where officials created coupon price and then sold it at par value. At this price, subscriptions could be filled in as little as one day, but usually remained open for several weeks, depending on demand for the bond.","title":"United States Treasury security"},{"id":"4184459","text":"the armistice in late 1918, the Corporation assisted in the transition to peacetime by financing railroads under government control, and making loans to American exporters and agricultural cooperative marketing associations. The Corporation established agricultural loan agencies in farming areas, and cooperated with several livestock loan companies. Eugene Meyer, a wealthy and ambitious Wall Street financier (who also became Federal Reserve chairman and owner of the \"Washington Post\"), was its managing director. War Finance Corporation The War Finance Corporation was a government corporation in the United States created to give financial support to industries essential for World War I, and to","title":"War Finance Corporation"},{"id":"17381055","text":"all of them (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) soon declared war on Germany. The fears in London that South Africa would take the advice of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and remain neutral were relieved when the parliament voted 80 to 67 for war, and Hertzog resigned. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave strong diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941, In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed","title":"Diplomatic history of World War II"},{"id":"14015288","text":"messages. This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up, shifting American support towards the Allies. Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917, and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic, it tried to line up new allies, especially Mexico. Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister, sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16, 1917. Zimmermann invited Mexico (knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession) to join in a war against the United States. Germany promised to pay for Mexico's","title":"American entry into World War I"},{"id":"7594618","text":"In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. After the sinking of seven US merchant ships by German submarines, and the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government, ending","title":"World War I"},{"id":"13782204","text":"Progressive Era, when efficiency and expertise were highly valued. Therefore, both individual states and the federal government established a multitude of temporary agencies to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy and society into the production of munitions and food needed for the war, as well as the circulation of beliefs and ideals in order to motivate the people. Firmly maintaining neutrality when World War I began in Europe in 1914, the United States helped supply the Allies, but could not ship anything to Germany because of the British blockade. Sympathies among many politically and culturally influential Americans","title":"United States home front during World War I"},{"id":"17381052","text":"in anti-submarine warfare. Roosevelt also sold (for cash) munitions that were carried away in British ships, including over half a million rifles, 85,000 machine guns, 25,000 automatic rifles, mortars, hundreds of field guns, with supplies of the necessary ammunition. The British needed these munitions to reequip the soldiers who lost all their arms when Dunkirk was evacuated in June 1940. Beginning in March 1941, the United States enacted Lend-Lease sending tanks, warplanes, munitions, ammunition, food, and medical supplies. Britain received $31.4 billion out of a total of $50.1 billion of supplies sent to the Allies. In sharp contrast to the","title":"Diplomatic history of World War II"},{"id":"182732","text":"Lease had barely restarted When it was unexpectedly handed in August 1945. The U.S. Army shipped in food, 1944-46. U.S. Treasury loans and cash grants were given in 1945-47, and especially the Marshall Plan gave large sums (1948-51). There was post-Marshall aid (1951-55) designed to help France rearm and provide massive support for its war in Indochina. Apart from low-interest loans, the other funds were grants that did not involve repayment. The debts left over from World War I, whose payment had been suspended since 1931, was renegotiated in the Blum-Byrnes agreement of 1946. The United States forgave all $2.8","title":"History of France"},{"id":"17654565","text":"credit, and the provincial government was ineffective. The French government floated four war bond issues on the London market and raised 55 million pounds. These bonds were denominated in francs instead of pounds or gold, and were not guaranteed against exchange rate fluctuations. After the war the franc lost value and British bondholders tried, and failed, to get restitution. J.P. Morgan & Co. of New York was the major American financier for the Allies, and worked closely with French bankers. However its dealings became strained because of growing misunderstandings between the Wall Street bankers and French bankers and diplomats. French","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"450935","text":"Germany—four times more, in price-adjusted terms, than the U.S. furnished to West Germany under the post-1948 Marshall Plan. According to Gerhard Weinberg, reparations were paid, towns were rebuilt, orchards replanted, mines reopened and pensions paid. However, the burden of repairs was shifted away from the German economy and onto the damaged economies of the war's victors. To help make reparations payments, Germany took out various loans during the 1920s. In 1933, following the cancellation of reparations, the new German Chancellor Adolf Hitler cancelled all payments. In June 1953, an agreement on this existing debt was reached with West Germany, which","title":"World War I reparations"},{"id":"5500725","text":"of the United States entering the war, was also a contributing factor. The US entered the war as an \"associated power\", rather than a formal ally of France and the United Kingdom, in order to avoid \"foreign entanglements\". Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria severed relations with the United States, neither declared war, as did Austria-Hungary. Eventually, however, the United States also declared war on Austria-Hungary in December 1917, predominantly to help hard-pressed Italy. Three non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were","title":"Allies of World War I"},{"id":"17425077","text":"Mellon–Berenger Agreement The Mellon-Berenger Agreement (or Mellon-Bérenger Accord) (29 April 1926) was an agreement on the amount and rate of repayment of France's debt to the United States arising from loans and payments in kind made during World War I (1914-1918), both before and after the armistice with Germany. The agreement greatly reduced the amount owing by France, with relatively easy payment terms. However, it was deeply unpopular in France, whose people felt that the United States should waive the debt in light of the huge losses of life and material damage that France had suffered, or at least link","title":"Mellon–Berenger Agreement"},{"id":"17654559","text":"the German invasion, the National Bank's reserves were transferred to Antwerp and eventually to England where they were deposited at the Bank of England. Throughout the German occupation there was a shortage of official coins and banknotes in circulation, and so around 600 \"communes\", local governments and companies issued their own unofficial \"Necessity Money\" to enable the continued functioning of the local economies. The Belgian franc was fixed at an exchange rate of 1 franc to 1.25 German mark, which was also introduced as legal tender. Neutral countries led by the United States set up the Commission for Relief in","title":"Economic history of World War I"},{"id":"2783359","text":"of bombs were dropped on their eastern allies of Romania and Hungary, primarily in an attempt to cripple Romanian oil production. British and Commonwealth forces also contributed directly to the fighting on the Eastern Front through their service in the Arctic convoys and training Red Air Force pilots, as well as in the provision of early material and intelligence support. The later massive material support of the Lend-Lease agreement by the United States and Canada played a significant part particularly in the logistics of the war. Among other goods, Lend-Lease supplied: The above figures includes all personnel in the German","title":"Eastern Front (World War II)"},{"id":"14138932","text":"11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily. In 1917, Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones Act. In the end, Germany miscalculated the United States' influence on the outcome of the conflict, believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup. The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland and submarines to help guard","title":"United States in World War I"},{"id":"20611813","text":"war. There was a charge for supplies delivered after September 2, 1945. Britain's borrowing from India and other countries measured by \"sterling balances\" amounted to ₤3.4 billion in 1945. Britain treated this as a long-term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date. The British treasury was nearly empty by 1945. When the war began Britain imposed exchange controls. The British Government used its gold reserves and dollar reserves to pay for munitions, oil, raw materials and machinery, mostly from the U.S. By the third quarter of 1940 the volume of British exports was down 37% compared to 1935.","title":"United Kingdom home front during World War II"},{"id":"739841","text":"with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II. Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the \"Arsenal of Democracy\", pledging full-scale financial and munitions support for the Allies – but no military personnel. This was carried out through the Lend-Lease agreements. Japan tried to neutralize America's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which catalyzed American support to enter the war. The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money, industrial output, food, petroleum, technological innovation, and (especially 1944–45), military personnel. Much of","title":"History of the United States"},{"id":"17425086","text":"1929. By 1931 France was starting to feel the impact of the Great Depression. By 1932 the French were in serious financial difficulties, and were forced to consider missing the payment due on 15 December 1932. In the end, most of the debt was never repaid. Citations Sources Mellon–Berenger Agreement The Mellon-Berenger Agreement (or Mellon-Bérenger Accord) (29 April 1926) was an agreement on the amount and rate of repayment of France's debt to the United States arising from loans and payments in kind made during World War I (1914-1918), both before and after the armistice with Germany. The agreement greatly","title":"Mellon–Berenger Agreement"},{"id":"7594704","text":"American intervention could make an impact. Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation, while German industrial output fell, and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated. On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and","title":"World War I"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"7594828\",\n \"text\": \"borrowing heavily from Wall Street. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916, but allowed a great increase in US government lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United States $4.4 billion of World War I debt in 1934, the last instalment was finally paid in 2015. Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from\",\n \"title\": \"World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500607\",\n \"text\": \"were as follows: the Albanian National Liberation Front, the Chinese Red Army, the Greek National Liberation Front, the Hukbalahap, the Malayan Communist Party, the People's Republic of Mongolia, the Polish People's Army, the Tuvan People's Republic (annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944), the Viet Minh and the Yugoslav Partisans. The United States had indirectly supported Britain's war effort against Germany up to 1941 and declared its opposition to territorial aggrandizement. Materiel support to Britain was provided while the U.S. was officially neutral via the Lend-Lease Act starting in 1941. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill in\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015229\",\n \"text\": \"Morgan's bank in New York, was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador, Sir Cecil Spring Rice. The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations. J.P. Morgan &Co. became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors. Morgan, Harjes, the House of Morgan's French affiliated bank, controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16352599\",\n \"text\": \"headed for the enemy. Finance was a special challenge. Germany financed the Central Powers. Britain financed the Allies until 1916, when it ran out of money and had to borrow from the United States. The US took over the financing of the Allies in 1917 with loans that it insisted be repaid after the war. The victorious Allies looked to defeated Germany in 1919 to pay \\\"reparations\\\" that would cover some of their costs. Above all, it was essential to conduct the mobilization in such a way that the short term confidence of the people was maintained, the long-term power\",\n \"title\": \"Home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654563\",\n \"text\": \"200,000 75mm shells a day. The US provided much food, steel, coal and machine tools, and $3.6 billion in loans to finance it all; the British loaned another $3 billion. Considerable relief came with the influx of American food, money and raw materials in 1917. The economy was supported after 1917 by American government loans which were used to purchase foods and manufactured goods. The arrival of over a million American soldiers in 1918 brought heavy spending for food and construction materials. France's diverse regions suffered in different ways. While the occupied area in 1913 contained only 14% of France's\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13782213\",\n \"text\": \"relief such as \\\"Tom's Little Star\\\". By 1916, Britain was funding most of the Empire's war expenditures, all of Italy's and two thirds of the war costs of France and Russia, plus smaller nations as well. The gold reserves, overseas investments and private credit then ran out, forcing Britain to borrow $4 billion from the U.S. Treasury in 1917–18. Much of this money was spent paying United States industries to manufacture ammunition. United States Cartridge Company expanded its work force ten-fold in response to September 1914 contracts with British purchasing agents; and ultimately manufactured over two billion rifle and machine\",\n \"title\": \"United States home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654541\",\n \"text\": \"1916, Britain was funding most of the Empire's war expenditures, all of Italy's and two thirds of the war costs of France and Russia, plus smaller nations as well. The gold reserves, overseas investments and private credit then ran out forcing Britain to borrow $4 billion from the U.S. Treasury in 1917–18. Shipments of American raw materials and food allowed Britain to feed itself and its army while maintaining her productivity. The financing was generally successful, as the City's strong financial position minimized the damaging effects of inflation, as opposed to much worse conditions in Germany. Overall consumer consumption declined\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015228\",\n \"text\": \"build-up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long-run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918. In 1913, J. P. Morgan, Jr. took over the House of Morgan, an American-based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York, London, and Paris, after the death of his father, J. Pierpont Morgan. The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America's entrance in 1917. J.P. Morgan & Co., the House of\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19647636\",\n \"text\": \"Anglo-French Financial Commission The Anglo-French Financial Commission was a special delegation to the United States from the governments of the United Kingdom and France in 1915 during the First World War. The Commission, led by Lord Reading, secured the single largest loan from private US banks prior to American entry into World War I in 1917. In February 1915, France, Britain and Russia held the first joint financial conference of the First World War. Thereafter, the Allied Powers agreed to cooperate closely in financial matters to help finance the ongoing war with Germany. In September 1915 France and the United\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-French Financial Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015230\",\n \"text\": \"in American markets. Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight. France's ability to borrow from other sources diminished, leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc. After the war, in 1918, J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief. Because America was still a declared neutral state, the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government. Secretary of\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138898\",\n \"text\": \"United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090239\",\n \"text\": \"Council, new committees had specialized tasks. The Inter-Allied Finance Council handled the issues of distributing money among the Allies. The United States had virtually all the available money by 1917, and made all the decisions. It loaned large sums to the main players, including loans to England that were redistributed to smaller allies. There were related councils dealing with purchases food, and shipping, including the Allied Council on War Purchases and Finance, the Inter—Allied Food Council, the Inter-Allied Meat and Fats Executive, the Inter-Allied Scientific Food Commission, the Inter—Allied Maritime Council, and the Inter—Allied Transport Council, among others. British diplomacy\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654592\",\n \"text\": \"The United States and Canada prospered during the war. The reparations levied on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were, in theory, supposed to restore the damage to the civilian economies, but little of the reparations money went for that. Most of Germany's reparations payments were funded by loans from American banks, and the recipients used them to pay off loans they had from the U.S. Treasury. Between 1919 and 1932, Germany paid out 19 billion goldmarks in reparations, and received 27 billion goldmarks in loans from New York bankers and others. These loans were eventually paid back by Germany\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3196238\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Treasury loans and cash grants were given in 1945-47, and especially the Marshall Plan gave large sums (1948-51). There was post-Marshall aid (1951-55) designed to help France rearm and provide massive support for its war in Indochina. Apart from low-interest loans, the other funds were grants that did not involve repayment. The debts left over from World War I, whose payment had been suspended since 1931, was renegotiated in the Blum-Byrnes agreement of 1946. The United States forgave all $2.8 billion in debt from the First World War, and gave France a new loan of $650 million. In return\",\n \"title\": \"France–United States relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"93027\",\n \"text\": \"Instead of the loans given to allies in World War I, the United States provided Lend-Lease grants of $50,000,000,000. Working closely with Winston Churchill of Britain, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union, Roosevelt sent his forces into the Pacific against Japan, then into North Africa against Italy and Germany, and finally into Europe starting with France and Italy in 1944 against the Germans. The American economy roared forward, doubling industrial production, and building vast quantities of airplanes, ships, tanks, munitions, and, finally, the atomic bomb. Much of the American war effort went to strategic bombers, which flattened the cities\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"454824\",\n \"text\": \"using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic. The British Home Fleet scored a significant victory on 27May 1941 by sinking the German battleship \\\"Bismarck\\\". In November 1939, the United States was taking measures to assist China and the Western Allies, and amended the Neutrality Act to allow \\\"cash and carry\\\" purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased. In September the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose\",\n \"title\": \"World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090229\",\n \"text\": \"the Jews were promised a homeland in Palestine in the Balfour Declaration of 1917, but the Arabs had already been promised a sovereign state in Turkish-controlled regions. Aspiring nationalities were promised their own homelands. France was promised Alsace-Lorraine, which had been ceded to Germany in 1871. In terms of finance, the British generously loaned money to Russia, France, Italy and smaller allies. When British money ran out, the United States replaced it in early 1917 with even larger loans. The Allies put a heavy emphasis on \\\"soft power\\\" including economic aid and trade, and propaganda. For example, Britain cut off\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138937\",\n \"text\": \"Republican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090251\",\n \"text\": \"British influence. France was to get control of southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, Syria and Lebanon. French credit collapsed in 1916 and Britain began loaning large sums to Paris. The J.P. Morgan & Co bank in New York assumed control of French loans in the fall of 1916 and relinquished it to the U.S. government when the U.S. entered the war in 1917. France suffered very heavy losses, in terms of battle casualties, financing, and destruction in the German-occupied areas. At the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, vengeance against defeated Germany was the main French theme, and Prime Minister Clemenceau was largely\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015232\",\n \"text\": \"in October 1915, the latter amounting to US$500,000,000. Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives, little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans, in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests. The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913–1914. As war began in Europe, however, the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low-growth environment of\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16352654\",\n \"text\": \"failed; likewise, the peace efforts sponsored by industrialist Henry Ford went nowhere. Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off Britain; the US declared war in April 1917. America had the largest industrial, financial and agricultural base of any of the great powers, but it took 12–18 months to fully reorient it to the war effort. American money, food and munitions flowed freely to Europe from spring 1917, but troops arrived slowly. The US Army in 1917 was small and poorly equipped. The draft began in spring 1917 but volunteers were also accepted. Four million\",\n \"title\": \"Home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20602747\",\n \"text\": \"$10.7 billion, and all other countries $2.9 billion. The question of repayment came up, and Roosevelt repeatedly insisted the United States did not want a postwar debt problem of the sort that had troubled relations after the first world war. A small fraction of goods that were still useful – such as merchant ships – were returned to the United States. The recipients provided bases and supplies to American forces on their own soil. The cost, including rents, was called \\\"Reverse Lend Lease\\\", that is, aid given to the United States. It came to $7.8 billion overall, of which 86%\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4184458\",\n \"text\": \"War Finance Corporation The War Finance Corporation was a government corporation in the United States created to give financial support to industries essential for World War I, and to banking institutions that aided such industries. It continued to give support to various efforts during the interwar period. The corporation was created by a Congressional act of April 5, 1918, and abolished on July 1, 1939. Since government borrowing to pay for the war had attracted a majority of private capital, little capital was available for corporations to borrow; the War Finance Corporation was designed to make such capital available. After\",\n \"title\": \"War Finance Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138909\",\n \"text\": \"whereby the United States would broker a peace. Most of the leaders of the women's movement, typified by Jane Addams, likewise sought pacifistic solutions. The most prominent opponent of war was industrialist Henry Ford, who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents; no negotiations resulted. Britain had significant support among intellectuals, Yankees, and families with close ties to Britain. The most prominent leader was Samuel Insull of Chicago, a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England. Insull funded many propaganda efforts, and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432421\",\n \"text\": \"loan of forty out-of-date American destroyers in return for leasing, rent free for ninety-nine years, British naval and air bases on five British West Indian islands—the Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua, St. Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago—as well as British Guiana, Bermuda, Leeward Islands, Windward Islands, and Newfoundland. The Lend-Lease Agreement was signed formally in London on March 27, 1941. Under its terms, the United States established eleven military bases in the area (and in Bermuda) and quickly transformed five British colonies in the West Indies into outposts of Caribbean defense for use against German submarine warfare. After President Franklin D. Roosevelt\",\n \"title\": \"World War II by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138902\",\n \"text\": \"affairs: while the country was at peace, the domestic economy ran on a \\\"laissez-faire\\\" basis, with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France — funds that were in large part used to buy munitions, raw materials and food from across the Atlantic. Until 1917, Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing, despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness. He did however expand the United States Navy. In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war, and with Britain and France low on\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138904\",\n \"text\": \"just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for \\\"a war to end all wars\\\" that would \\\"make the world safe for democracy\\\", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary. U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918. After the war began in 1914, the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson's antipathies against Germany. Early in the war, the United States started to favor the British\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015216\",\n \"text\": \"to sink passenger ships of merchant ships without giving the people aboard time to launch their lifeboats. While the country was at peace, American banks made huge loans to Britain and France to buy munitions, raw materials, and food from across the Atlantic. Until 1917, Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing, despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness. He did, however, expand the United States Navy. In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval, and with Britain and France low on credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015231\",\n \"text\": \"State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914. He told President Wilson that \\\"refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war.\\\" Wilson at first agreed, but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase. J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and, following negotiations with the Anglo-French Financial Commission, another joint loan to Britain and France\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"611477\",\n \"text\": \"Martin, called his \\\"last and greatest role.\\\" After the first punishing year of World War I, the Allied Powers desperately needed financial support to continue the war effort. To that end, Hill was a major figure in the effort launched by J.P. Morgan to float the Anglo-French Bond drive of 1915, which allowed the Allies to purchase much-needed foodstuffs and other supplies. In September 1915, the first public loan, the $500,000,000 Anglo-French loan, was floated after negotiations with the Anglo-French Financial Commission. Concomitantly, the resulting trade in munitions with England and France carried the United States from a depression in\",\n \"title\": \"James J. Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138449\",\n \"text\": \"poor coordination that Wohlstetter concludes no accurate predictions of the attack on Pearl Harbor was at all likely before December 7. The same pattern which emerged with the first world war continued with the second: warring European powers, blockades, official U.S. neutrality but this time President Roosevelt tried to avoid all of Wilson's mistakes. American policy substantially favored Britain and its allies, and the U.S. getting caught up in the war. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend-Lease. Industries greatly expanded to produce war\",\n \"title\": \"History of United States foreign policy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"661740\",\n \"text\": \"Lend-Lease The Lend-Lease policy, formally titled An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, () was an American program to defeat Germany, Japan and Italy by distributing food, oil, and materiel between 1941 and August 1945. The aid went to the United Kingdom, China, and later the Soviet Union, Free France, and other Allied nations. It included warships and warplanes, along with other weaponry. The policy was signed into law on March 11, 1941, and ended overnight without prior warning when the war against Japan ended. The aid was free for all countries, although goods in transit when\",\n \"title\": \"Lend-Lease\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529831\",\n \"text\": \"American public opinion was hostile to Hitler's Germany, but how much aid to give the Allies was controversial. Public opinion was even more hostile to Japan, and there was little opposition to increased support for China. By 1940 the U.S., while still neutral, was becoming the \\\"Arsenal of Democracy\\\" for the Allies, supplying money and war materials. The sudden defeat of France in spring 1940 caused the nation to begin to greatly grow its armed forces, including the first peacetime draft. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, America began sending Lend Lease aid to the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17381071\",\n \"text\": \"for his American troops while he suggested that the Australian troops should continue clearing and rounding up the Japanese from New Guinea, New Britain, Borneo and Bougainville. President Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson's mistakes in World War I. He often made exactly the opposite decision. Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed, while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend-Lease, with little expectation of repayment. Wilson\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529849\",\n \"text\": \"and Allied merchant shipping. The convoys, coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces. These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States from September 13, 1941. The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10, 1940. The United States entered the war in the west with Operation Torch on 8 November 1942, after their Soviet allies had pushed\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138931\",\n \"text\": \"the war. The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets, helped sell war bonds, and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war. As late as 1917, the United States maintained only a small army, one which was in fact smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war. After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917, it drafted 4 million men into military service. By the summer of 1918, about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France, about half of whom eventually saw front-line service; by the Armistice of November\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7594715\",\n \"text\": \"the sinking of seven US merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany on 2 April 1917, which the US Congress declared 4 days later. The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled \\\"Associated Power\\\". The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act, it drafted 2.8 million men, and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the US Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to\",\n \"title\": \"World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5860433\",\n \"text\": \"The war bonds were debt securities that would be issued by the government to finance the military operations and defense mechanisms during the time of a war. In practice, war can be financed through the creation of a fresh money supply adding additional money to the financial system and the function of these bonds were to help to control the increase of inflation and to keep it stable. The United States government during World War 1 spent over $300 million which converts to over $4 billion in today’s financial market. People would then buy these bonds which looked like stamps\",\n \"title\": \"War finance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138918\",\n \"text\": \"the liberal wing of the Progressive movement, that was, that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation. Specifically, they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers (such as J. P. Morgan) with millions at risk, profiteering munition makers (such as Bethlehem Steel, which made armor, and DuPont, which made powder) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control. Antiwar critics blasted them. These selfish special interests were too powerful, especially, Senator La Follette noted, in the conservative wing of the Republican Party. The only road to peace was disarmament in the eyes of many. Garrison's plan unleashed the\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13782222\",\n \"text\": \"crisis occurred in Britain due to the 1917 German submarine campaign. Standard Oil of NJ, for example, lost 6 tankers (including the brand new \\\"John D. Archbold\\\") between May and September. The solution was expanded oil shipments from America in convoys. The Allies formed the Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference with USA, Britain, France, and Italy as the members. Standard and Royal Dutch/Shell ran it and made it work. The introduction of convoys as an antidote to the German U-boats and the joint management system by Standard Oil and Royal Dutch/Shell helped to solve the Allies' supply problems. The close working relationship\",\n \"title\": \"United States home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4419362\",\n \"text\": \"from Emperor Meiji in the Imperial Palace. Schiff also had a private audience with King Edward VII of the United Kingdom in 1904. In addition to his famous loan to Japan, Schiff financed loans to many other nations, including those that would come to comprise the Central Powers. During World War I, Schiff urged U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and other Allied statesmen to end the war as quickly as possible, even without an Allied victory. He feared for the lives of his family, back in Germany, but also for the future of his adopted land. He arranged loans to France\",\n \"title\": \"Jacob Schiff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2783465\",\n \"text\": \"from the United States and the United Kingdom. In the course of the war the US supplied $11 billion of materiel through Lend-Lease. This included 400,000 trucks, 12,000 armored vehicles (including 7,000 tanks), 11,400 aircraft and 1.75 million tons of food. The British supplied aircraft including 3,000 Hurricanes and 4,000 other aircraft during the war. Five thousand tanks were provided by the British and Canada. Total British supplies were about four million tons. Germany on the other hand had the resources of conquered Europe at its disposal; those numbers are however not included into the tables above, such as production\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138903\",\n \"text\": \"credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe, while the Ottoman Empire clung to its possessions in the Middle East. In the same year, Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war. Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican–American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram, which was intercepted by British Intelligence. Publication of that communique outraged Americans\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654536\",\n \"text\": \"old and new. Agriculture had to provide food for both civilians and for soldiers (some of whom had been farmers and needed to be replaced by women, children and the elderly who now did the work without animal assistance) and for horses to move supplies. Transportation in general was a challenge, especially when Britain and Germany each tried to intercept merchant ships headed for the enemy. Finance was a special challenge. Germany financed the Central Powers. Britain financed the Allies until 1916, when it ran out of money and had to borrow from the United States. The U.S. took over\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8103658\",\n \"text\": \"Lend-Lease Sherman tanks The United States provided tens of thousands of its Medium Tank M4, also named the Sherman, to many of its Allies during the Second World War, under the terms of Lend-Lease. The British received far more M4 medium tanks, approximately 17,000 (roughly 34% of all M4s produced), than any other Allied nation. The British practice of naming American tanks after American Civil War generals was continued, giving it the name General Sherman after Union General William Tecumseh Sherman, usually shortened to Sherman. The US later adopted the name and the practice of naming tanks after generals. In\",\n \"title\": \"Lend-Lease Sherman tanks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10069305\",\n \"text\": \"Anglo-American loan The Anglo-American Loan Agreement was a post World War II loan made to the United Kingdom by the United States on 15 July 1946, and paid off in 2006. The loan was negotiated by John Maynard Keynes. The loan was for $3.75 billion (US$57 billion in 2015) at a low 2% interest rate; Canada loaned an additional US$1.19 billion. The loan was made primarily to support British overseas expenditure in the immediate post-war years and not to implement the Labour government's welfare reforms. British treasury officials believed they could implement the Labour government's domestic reforms without the loan\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-American loan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654581\",\n \"text\": \"marks during the war, of which taxes covered only 8%, and the rest was borrowed from German banks and private citizens. Eight national war loans reached out to the entire population and raised 100 million marks. It proved almost impossible to borrow money from outside. The national debt rose from only 5 billion marks in 1914 to 156 billion in 1918. These bonds became worthless in 1923 because of hyperinflation. As the war went on conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas by 1915. Causes involved the transfer of many farmers\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529830\",\n \"text\": \"With the Soviets unstoppable in the east, and the Allies unstoppable in the west, Germany was squeezed to death. Berlin fell to the Soviets in May 1945, and with Adolf Hitler dead, the Germans surrendered. The military effort was strongly supported by civilians on the home front, who provided the military personnel, the munitions, the money, and the morale to fight the war to victory. World War II cost the United States an estimated $341 billion in 1945 dollars – equivalent to 74% of America's GDP and expenditures during the war. In 2015 dollars, the war cost over $4.5 trillion.\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13782216\",\n \"text\": \"and Baldwin declared bankruptcy in 1935. The US effort to produce and ship war material to France was characterized by several factors. The US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 with only a small munitions industry, very few medium and heavy artillery pieces, and few machine guns. By June 1917 the US had decided that their forces would primarily operate alongside the French, and would acquire their artillery and machine guns by purchasing mostly French weapons in theater, along with some British weapons in the case of heavy artillery. Shipments from the US to France would primarily be\",\n \"title\": \"United States home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20602746\",\n \"text\": \"It received back about $7.8 billion in goods and services provided by the recipients to the United States, especially the cost of rent for American installations abroad. Lend Lease aid was usually not dollars that the recipient could use for any purpose. Instead it was supplies and services counted by the dollar value of military and naval munitions as well as civilian supplies such as freighters, oil, food, chemicals, metals, machinery, rent and shipping services. The total given to the British Empire, 1940-45 was $30.0 billion. This includes supplies to India, Australia, and the other dominions and colonies. Russia received\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"661742\",\n \"text\": \"Lease gave them importance. The budget was hidden away in the overall military budget, and details were not released until after the war. A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to $ presently) was involved, or 11% of the total war expenditures of the U.S. In all, $31.4 billion (equivalent to $ today) went to Britain and its Empire, $11.3 billion (equivalent to $ today) to the Soviet Union, $3.2 billion (equivalent to $ today) to France, $1.6 billion (equivalent to $ today) to China, and the remaining $2.6 billion to the other Allies. Reverse lend-lease policies comprised services such as\",\n \"title\": \"Lend-Lease\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16352602\",\n \"text\": \"dollars, where $1 billion then equals about $25 billion in 2017. The two governments agreed that financially Britain would support the weaker Allies and that France would take care of itself. In August 1914, Henry Pomeroy Davison, a Morgan partner, traveled to London and made a deal with the Bank of England to make J.P. Morgan & Co. the sole underwriter of war bonds for Great Britain and France. The Bank of England became a fiscal agent of J.P. Morgan & Co., and \\\"vice versa\\\". Over the course of the war, J.P. Morgan loaned about $1.5 billion (approximately $ billion\",\n \"title\": \"Home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"661772\",\n \"text\": \"with the Anglo-Soviet Military Supplies Agreement of 27 June 1942, military aid sent from Britain to the Soviet Union during the war was entirely free of charge. \\\"Reverse Lend-lease\\\" was the supply of equipment and services to the United States. Nearly $8 billion (equivalent to $124 billion today) worth of war material was provided to U.S. forces by her allies, 90% of this sum coming from the British Empire. Reciprocal contributions included the Austin K2/Y military ambulance, British aviation spark plugs used in B-17 Flying Fortresses, Canadian-made Fairmile launches used in anti-submarine warfare, Mosquito photo-reconnaissance aircraft, and Indian petroleum products.\",\n \"title\": \"Lend-Lease\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138924\",\n \"text\": \"war would be over, Germany thought, with Germany victorious. The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head: refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917. In January 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. The German Foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann invited revolution-torn Mexico to join the war as Germany's ally against the United States in the Zimmermann Telegram. In return, the Germans would send Mexico money and help it recover the territories of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona that Mexico lost during the Mexican–American War 70 years earlier. British intelligence intercepted the telegram and passed\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7594741\",\n \"text\": \"a result of the war: the Romanovs, the Hohenzollerns, the Habsburgs, and the Ottomans. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected. A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the Treaty of Versailles with Germany on 28 June 1919. The United States Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the Knox–Porter Resolution was signed on 2 July 1921\",\n \"title\": \"World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3793529\",\n \"text\": \"Amendment.: However, due to Roosevelt's elimination of the open gold market, the Court ruled that the bond-holders' loss was unquantifiable, and that to repay them in dollars according to the 1918 standard of value would be an \\\"unjustified enrichment\\\". The ruling therefore had little practical effect. Liberty bond A Liberty bond (or liberty loan) was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the\",\n \"title\": \"Liberty bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138444\",\n \"text\": \"Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson's mistakes in World War I. He often made exactly the opposite decision. Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed, while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend-Lease, with little expectation of repayment. Wilson did not greatly expand war production before the declaration of war; Roosevelt did. Wilson waited for the declaration to begin a draft; Roosevelt started one in 1940. Wilson\",\n \"title\": \"History of United States foreign policy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20602745\",\n \"text\": \"Giraud, the French high commissioner in North Africa, and General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French. Roosevelt strongly disliked de Gaulle, while Churchill championed him. The final decision was to split control of liberated French areas between the two Frenchmen. By 1944, de Gaulle prevailed, but he never forgave Roosevelt and always distrusted Anglo-Saxon collaboration as hostile to French interests. The Americans spent about $40 billion dollars on Lend Lease aid to the British Empire, the Soviet Union, France, China, and some smaller countries. That amounted to about 11% of the cost of the war to the U.S..\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"450936\",\n \"text\": \"agreed to make symbolic token payments against the loans that had been defaulted on in the 1920s, but deferred some of the debt until West and East Germany were unified. In 1995, following reunification, Germany began making the final payments towards the loans. A final installment of was made on 3 October 2010, settling German loan debts in regard to reparations. During the period of reparations, Germany received between 27 and 38 billion marks in loans. By 1931, German foreign debt stood at 21.514 billion marks; the main sources of aid were the United States, Britain, the Netherlands, and Switzerland.\",\n \"title\": \"World War I reparations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654537\",\n \"text\": \"the financing of the Allies in 1917 with loans that it insisted be repaid after the war. The victorious Allies looked to defeated Germany in 1919 to pay reparations that would cover some of their costs. Above all, it was essential to conduct the mobilization in such a way that the short term confidence of the people was maintained, the long-term power of the political establishment was upheld, and the long-term economic health of the nation was preserved. Gross domestic product (GDP) increased for three Allies (Britain, Italy, and U.S.), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13782206\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Lusitania\\\" in 1915. Germany promised not to repeat, but it reversed its position in early 1917, believing that unrestricted U-boat warfare against all ships headed to Britain would win the war even at the cost of American entry. When Americans read the text of the German offer to Mexico, known as the Zimmermann Telegram, they saw an offer for Mexico to go to war with Germany against the United States, with German funding, with the promise of the return of the lost territories of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. On Apr 1, 1917, Wilson called for war, emphasizing that the\",\n \"title\": \"United States home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7594827\",\n \"text\": \"three Allies (Britain, Italy, and the United States), but decreased in France and Russia, in neutral Netherlands, and in the three main Central Powers. The shrinkage in GDP in Austria, Russia, France, and the Ottoman Empire ranged between 30% and 40%. In Austria, for example, most pigs were slaughtered, so at war's end there was no meat. In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the United States, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began\",\n \"title\": \"World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9013307\",\n \"text\": \"and Soviet leaders distrusted each other throughout the war, and relations further suffered after 1943 as both sides supported sympathetic governments in liberated territories. By the end of the war, several states, including all of Latin America, had also joined the Allies. The main American role in the war, beyond the military mission itself, was financing the war and providing large quantities of munitions and civilian goods. Lend lease, as passed by Congress in 1941, was a declaration of economic warfare, and that economic warfare continued after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt believed that the financing of World War\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13297623\",\n \"text\": \"materials and other supplies to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States. It began with the passage by Congress of the Lend-lease act (PL 77-11) on 11 March 1941. Initially, the main recipient was Great Britain; the Soviet Union began receiving supplies (paid for in gold) in June 1941 outside of Lend-lease, and was included in the Lend-lease agreement in November 1941. By the end of the war, most of the Allied countries had been declared eligible for Lend-lease aid, although not all received it. By the time the program was ended by President\",\n \"title\": \"United States foreign aid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13297621\",\n \"text\": \"$314 million from the British and French governments and about $200 million from non-governmental sources). These government monies were given in the form of loans, but a considerable portion of those loans was forgiven. After the war, the American Relief Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover who had also been prominent in the CRB, continued food distribution to war-devastated European countries. It also distributed food and combated typhus in Russia during 1921-23. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20 million for the ARA under the Russian Famine Relief Act of 1921. Levels of United States aid increased greatly during World War Two, mainly\",\n \"title\": \"United States foreign aid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12805046\",\n \"text\": \"3rd Liberty Loan Act The Third Liberty Loan Act was a liberty bond sold during World War I that helped cover the war expenses of the United States. In effect, the bonds were loans from citizens to the US Government which would be repaid with interest in the future. There were two previous loan acts, The Liberty Loan Act and The Second Liberty Loan Act, each providing additional money to the US Government to fund the war. The Third Liberty Loan Act was enacted on April 5, 1918. The third act specifically allowed the US government to issue $3 billion\",\n \"title\": \"3rd Liberty Loan Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015227\",\n \"text\": \"coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913–1914 in America. Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917. Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period. Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector. Between 1914 and 1917, industrial production increased 32% and GNP increased by almost 20%. The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war. The capital\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138933\",\n \"text\": \"convoys. Several regiments of Marines were also dispatched to France. The British and French wanted US units used to reinforce their troops already on the battle lines and not to waste scarce shipping on bringing over supplies. The US rejected the first proposition and accepted the second. General John J. Pershing, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) commander, refused to break up US units to serve as mere reinforcements for British Empire and French units. As an exception, he did allow African-American combat regiments to fight in French divisions. The Harlem Hellfighters fought as part of the French 16th Division, earning a\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090214\",\n \"text\": \"Diplomatic history of World War I The Diplomatic history of World War I covers the non-military interactions among the major players during World War I. For the domestic histories see Home front during World War I. For a longer-term perspective see International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) and Causes of World War I. For the following era see International relations (1919–1939). The major allied players included Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy (starting in 1915) and the United States (from 1917). The major Central Powers included Germany and the Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). Other countries—and their colonies—were\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13297620\",\n \"text\": \"foreign aid as a share of the total federal budget. In the past, less than 1% of the national budget went to foreign assistance. As of fiscal year 2017, foreign aid between the U.S. State Department and USAID totaled $50.1 billion, or just over 1% of the budget. In fiscal year 2014, the U.S. government allocated the following amounts for aid: Total economic and military assistance: $43.10 billion Notes: During World War One, the Committee for Relief in Belgium (CRB), which sent food to the hungry in that war-torn country, received $387 million from the U.S. government (as well as\",\n \"title\": \"United States foreign aid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6094422\",\n \"text\": \"acquired the Guaranty Trust bank as part of his efforts to consolidate banking in New York City. After his father died in 1913, the bank became Jack's base. Morgan played a prominent part in financing World War I. Following its outbreak, he made the first loan of $12,000,000 to Russia. In 1915, a loan of $500,000,000 was made to France and Britain following negotiations by the Anglo-French Financial Commission. The firm's involvement with British and French interests fueled charges the bank was conspiring to maneuver the United States into supporting the Allies in order to rescue its loans. By 1915,\",\n \"title\": \"J. P. Morgan Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19647641\",\n \"text\": \"Times\\\" decried opponents of the agreement as \\\"anti-American\\\". Financier James J. Hill hailed the loan as marking the moment that America changed \\\"from being a debtor to a creditor nation\\\". German efforts to influence the proceedings proved to be fruitless. In May 1916 the British had to take over the financing of French purchases in the United States as a result of the weakness of the French wartime economy. Anglo-French Financial Commission The Anglo-French Financial Commission was a special delegation to the United States from the governments of the United Kingdom and France in 1915 during the First World War.\",\n \"title\": \"Anglo-French Financial Commission\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1919341\",\n \"text\": \"deep isolationism, rejecting international conferences, and focusing moment mostly on reciprocal tariff agreements with smaller countries of Latin America. President Roosevelt tried to avoid repeating what he saw as Woodrow Wilson's mistakes in World War I. He often made exactly the opposite decision. Wilson called for neutrality in thought and deed, while Roosevelt made it clear his administration strongly favored Britain and China. Unlike the loans in World War I, the United States made large-scale grants of military and economic aid to the Allies through Lend-Lease, with little expectation of repayment. Wilson did not greatly expand war production before the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States (1918–1945)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2783342\",\n \"text\": \"II, eventually serving as the main reason for the defeat of Nazi Germany and the Axis nations. The two principal belligerent powers were Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies. Though never engaged in military action in the Eastern Front, the United States and the United Kingdom both provided substantial material aid in the form of the Lend-Lease to the Soviet Union. The joint German–Finnish operations across the northernmost Finnish–Soviet border and in the Murmansk region are considered part of the Eastern Front. In addition, the Soviet–Finnish Continuation War may also be considered the northern flank\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17425078\",\n \"text\": \"payments to reparations from Germany. Ratification by the French parliament was delayed until July 1929. The Great Depression began soon after. In the end, little of the debt was repaid. The Dawes Plan of 1924 defined a realistic schedule for German reparations to the victorious Allies in World War I. By establishing confidence, it made it possible for Germany to borrow from the United States at reasonable rates, and use this money to pay Great Britain and France. They in turn used the reparations to repay their debt to the United States, in what John Maynard Keynes described as a\",\n \"title\": \"Mellon–Berenger Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2838578\",\n \"text\": \"leading up to and during World War I. According to the United States Senate website: Nye created headlines by drawing connections between the wartime profits of the banking and munitions industries to America's involvement in World War I. Many Americans felt betrayed and questioned that the war had been an epic battle between the forces of good (democracy) and evil (autocracy). This investigation of these \\\"merchants of death\\\" helped to bolster sentiments for non-interventionism. The committee reported that between 1915 and January 1917, the United States lent Germany 27 million dollars, and in the same period, it lent to the\",\n \"title\": \"Nye Committee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654556\",\n \"text\": \"remainder came from Australia). When the war began Bank of England officials worked with the government of South Africa to block any gold shipments to Germany, and force the mine owners to sell only to the Treasury, at prices set by the Treasury. This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the U.S, and other neutrals. By 1919 London lost control to the mining companies (which were now backed by the South African government). They wanted the higher prices and sales to New York that a free market would provide. The Germans invaded Belgium at the start of the war\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"661741\",\n \"text\": \"the program ended were charged for. Some transport ships were returned to the US after the war, but practically all the items sent out were used up or worthless in peacetime. In Reverse Lend Lease, the U.S. was given no-cost leases on army and naval bases in Allied territory during the war, as well as local supplies. The program was under the direct control of the White House, with Roosevelt paying close attention, assisted by Harry Hopkins, W. Averell Harriman, and Edward Stettinius Jr.. Roosevelt often sent them on special missions to London and Moscow, where their control over Lend\",\n \"title\": \"Lend-Lease\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090238\",\n \"text\": \"& Co., and \\\"vice versa\\\". Over the course of the war, J.P. Morgan loaned about $1.5 billion (approximately $ billion in today's dollars) to the Allies to fight against the Germans. Morgan also invested in the suppliers of war equipment to Britain and France, thus profiting from the financing and purchasing activities of the two European governments. Britain made heavy loans to Tsarist Russia; the Lenin government after 1920 refused to honor them, causing long-term issues. In late 1917 Colonel House, President Wilson's representative, took the lead in organizing Allied non-military actions. Operating under the authority of the Supreme War\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16352601\",\n \"text\": \"listed here, was about $80 billion (in 1913 US dollars) Since $1 billion in 1913 = about $25 billion in 2017 US dollars the total cost comes to about $2 trillion in 2017 dollars. Direct cost is figured as actual expenditures during war minus normal prewar spending. It excludes postwar costs such as pensions, interest, and veteran hospitals. Loans to/from allies are not included in \\\"direct cost\\\". Repayment of loans after 1918 is not included. The total direct cost of the war as a percent of wartime national income: The amounts listed below are presented in terms of 1913 US\",\n \"title\": \"Home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4432586\",\n \"text\": \"on the United States three days later. The United States subscribed to the Allied plan of making German defeat the priority, coordinating with the United Kingdom in most major operations. However, it also maintained a strong effort against Japan, being the primary Allied power in the Pacific Theater. The U.S. supplied valuable industrial production as the Arsenal of Democracy. After the war the United States retained military commitments to European security while providing economic investment to rebuild nations devastated during the war. Politically, the U.S. became a founding member of NATO, and hosts the United Nations in which it gained\",\n \"title\": \"World War II by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2643379\",\n \"text\": \"of World War I, the U.S. Government increased income taxes (see the War Revenue Act of 1917) and government debt, called war bonds. Traditionally, the government borrowed from other countries, but there were no other countries from which to borrow in 1917. The Treasury raised funding throughout the war by selling $21.5 billion in 'Liberty bonds.' These bonds were sold at subscription where officials created coupon price and then sold it at par value. At this price, subscriptions could be filled in as little as one day, but usually remained open for several weeks, depending on demand for the bond.\",\n \"title\": \"United States Treasury security\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4184459\",\n \"text\": \"the armistice in late 1918, the Corporation assisted in the transition to peacetime by financing railroads under government control, and making loans to American exporters and agricultural cooperative marketing associations. The Corporation established agricultural loan agencies in farming areas, and cooperated with several livestock loan companies. Eugene Meyer, a wealthy and ambitious Wall Street financier (who also became Federal Reserve chairman and owner of the \\\"Washington Post\\\"), was its managing director. War Finance Corporation The War Finance Corporation was a government corporation in the United States created to give financial support to industries essential for World War I, and to\",\n \"title\": \"War Finance Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17381055\",\n \"text\": \"all of them (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa) soon declared war on Germany. The fears in London that South Africa would take the advice of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and remain neutral were relieved when the parliament voted 80 to 67 for war, and Hertzog resigned. After the French defeat in June 1940, Britain and its empire stood alone in combat against Germany, until June 1941. The United States gave strong diplomatic, financial and material support, starting in 1940, especially through Lend Lease, which began in 1941, In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and agreed\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14015288\",\n \"text\": \"messages. This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up, shifting American support towards the Allies. Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917, and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic, it tried to line up new allies, especially Mexico. Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister, sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16, 1917. Zimmermann invited Mexico (knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession) to join in a war against the United States. Germany promised to pay for Mexico's\",\n \"title\": \"American entry into World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7594618\",\n \"text\": \"In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. After the sinking of seven US merchant ships by German submarines, and the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government, ending\",\n \"title\": \"World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13782204\",\n \"text\": \"Progressive Era, when efficiency and expertise were highly valued. Therefore, both individual states and the federal government established a multitude of temporary agencies to bring together the expertise necessary to redirect the economy and society into the production of munitions and food needed for the war, as well as the circulation of beliefs and ideals in order to motivate the people. Firmly maintaining neutrality when World War I began in Europe in 1914, the United States helped supply the Allies, but could not ship anything to Germany because of the British blockade. Sympathies among many politically and culturally influential Americans\",\n \"title\": \"United States home front during World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17381052\",\n \"text\": \"in anti-submarine warfare. Roosevelt also sold (for cash) munitions that were carried away in British ships, including over half a million rifles, 85,000 machine guns, 25,000 automatic rifles, mortars, hundreds of field guns, with supplies of the necessary ammunition. The British needed these munitions to reequip the soldiers who lost all their arms when Dunkirk was evacuated in June 1940. Beginning in March 1941, the United States enacted Lend-Lease sending tanks, warplanes, munitions, ammunition, food, and medical supplies. Britain received $31.4 billion out of a total of $50.1 billion of supplies sent to the Allies. In sharp contrast to the\",\n \"title\": \"Diplomatic history of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"182732\",\n \"text\": \"Lease had barely restarted When it was unexpectedly handed in August 1945. The U.S. Army shipped in food, 1944-46. U.S. Treasury loans and cash grants were given in 1945-47, and especially the Marshall Plan gave large sums (1948-51). There was post-Marshall aid (1951-55) designed to help France rearm and provide massive support for its war in Indochina. Apart from low-interest loans, the other funds were grants that did not involve repayment. The debts left over from World War I, whose payment had been suspended since 1931, was renegotiated in the Blum-Byrnes agreement of 1946. The United States forgave all $2.8\",\n \"title\": \"History of France\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654565\",\n \"text\": \"credit, and the provincial government was ineffective. The French government floated four war bond issues on the London market and raised 55 million pounds. These bonds were denominated in francs instead of pounds or gold, and were not guaranteed against exchange rate fluctuations. After the war the franc lost value and British bondholders tried, and failed, to get restitution. J.P. Morgan & Co. of New York was the major American financier for the Allies, and worked closely with French bankers. However its dealings became strained because of growing misunderstandings between the Wall Street bankers and French bankers and diplomats. French\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"450935\",\n \"text\": \"Germany—four times more, in price-adjusted terms, than the U.S. furnished to West Germany under the post-1948 Marshall Plan. According to Gerhard Weinberg, reparations were paid, towns were rebuilt, orchards replanted, mines reopened and pensions paid. However, the burden of repairs was shifted away from the German economy and onto the damaged economies of the war's victors. To help make reparations payments, Germany took out various loans during the 1920s. In 1933, following the cancellation of reparations, the new German Chancellor Adolf Hitler cancelled all payments. In June 1953, an agreement on this existing debt was reached with West Germany, which\",\n \"title\": \"World War I reparations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500725\",\n \"text\": \"of the United States entering the war, was also a contributing factor. The US entered the war as an \\\"associated power\\\", rather than a formal ally of France and the United Kingdom, in order to avoid \\\"foreign entanglements\\\". Although the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria severed relations with the United States, neither declared war, as did Austria-Hungary. Eventually, however, the United States also declared war on Austria-Hungary in December 1917, predominantly to help hard-pressed Italy. Three non-state combatants, which voluntarily fought with the Allies and seceded from the constituent states of the Central Powers at the end of the war, were\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17425077\",\n \"text\": \"Mellon–Berenger Agreement The Mellon-Berenger Agreement (or Mellon-Bérenger Accord) (29 April 1926) was an agreement on the amount and rate of repayment of France's debt to the United States arising from loans and payments in kind made during World War I (1914-1918), both before and after the armistice with Germany. The agreement greatly reduced the amount owing by France, with relatively easy payment terms. However, it was deeply unpopular in France, whose people felt that the United States should waive the debt in light of the huge losses of life and material damage that France had suffered, or at least link\",\n \"title\": \"Mellon–Berenger Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654559\",\n \"text\": \"the German invasion, the National Bank's reserves were transferred to Antwerp and eventually to England where they were deposited at the Bank of England. Throughout the German occupation there was a shortage of official coins and banknotes in circulation, and so around 600 \\\"communes\\\", local governments and companies issued their own unofficial \\\"Necessity Money\\\" to enable the continued functioning of the local economies. The Belgian franc was fixed at an exchange rate of 1 franc to 1.25 German mark, which was also introduced as legal tender. Neutral countries led by the United States set up the Commission for Relief in\",\n \"title\": \"Economic history of World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2783359\",\n \"text\": \"of bombs were dropped on their eastern allies of Romania and Hungary, primarily in an attempt to cripple Romanian oil production. British and Commonwealth forces also contributed directly to the fighting on the Eastern Front through their service in the Arctic convoys and training Red Air Force pilots, as well as in the provision of early material and intelligence support. The later massive material support of the Lend-Lease agreement by the United States and Canada played a significant part particularly in the logistics of the war. Among other goods, Lend-Lease supplied: The above figures includes all personnel in the German\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Front (World War II)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14138932\",\n \"text\": \"11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily. In 1917, Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones Act. In the end, Germany miscalculated the United States' influence on the outcome of the conflict, believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup. The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland and submarines to help guard\",\n \"title\": \"United States in World War I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20611813\",\n \"text\": \"war. There was a charge for supplies delivered after September 2, 1945. Britain's borrowing from India and other countries measured by \\\"sterling balances\\\" amounted to ₤3.4 billion in 1945. Britain treated this as a long-term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date. The British treasury was nearly empty by 1945. When the war began Britain imposed exchange controls. The British Government used its gold reserves and dollar reserves to pay for munitions, oil, raw materials and machinery, mostly from the U.S. By the third quarter of 1940 the volume of British exports was down 37% compared to 1935.\",\n \"title\": \"United Kingdom home front during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"739841\",\n \"text\": \"with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II. Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the \\\"Arsenal of Democracy\\\", pledging full-scale financial and munitions support for the Allies – but no military personnel. This was carried out through the Lend-Lease agreements. Japan tried to neutralize America's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, which catalyzed American support to enter the war. The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money, industrial output, food, petroleum, technological innovation, and (especially 1944–45), military personnel. Much of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17425086\",\n \"text\": \"1929. By 1931 France was starting to feel the impact of the Great Depression. By 1932 the French were in serious financial difficulties, and were forced to consider missing the payment due on 15 December 1932. In the end, most of the debt was never repaid. Citations Sources Mellon–Berenger Agreement The Mellon-Berenger Agreement (or Mellon-Bérenger Accord) (29 April 1926) was an agreement on the amount and rate of repayment of France's debt to the United States arising from loans and payments in kind made during World War I (1914-1918), both before and after the armistice with Germany. The agreement greatly\",\n \"title\": \"Mellon–Berenger Agreement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7594704\",\n \"text\": \"American intervention could make an impact. Tonnage sunk rose above 500,000 tons per month from February to July. It peaked at 860,000 tons in April. After July, the newly re-introduced convoy system became effective in reducing the U-boat threat. Britain was safe from starvation, while German industrial output fell, and the United States joined the war far earlier than Germany had anticipated. On 3 May 1917, during the Nivelle Offensive, the French 2nd Colonial Division, veterans of the Battle of Verdun, refused orders, arriving drunk and without their weapons. Their officers lacked the means to punish an entire division, and\",\n \"title\": \"World War I\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who did the us lend money to in ww1"}}},{"rowIdx":184,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["31"],"string":"[\n \"31\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2456615","text":"table of the 20 states and the date that the state abolished the death penalty. From 1976 to July 1, 2018, there were 1,477 executions, of which 1,302 were by lethal injection, 158 by electrocution, 11 by gas inhalation, 3 by hanging, and 3 by firing squad. The South had the great majority of these executions, with 1,207; there were 181 in the Midwest, 85 in the West, and only 4 in the Northeast. No state in the Northeast has conducted an execution since Connecticut, now abolitionist, in 2005. The state of Texas alone conducted 552 executions, over 1/3 of","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456614","text":"2018, Washington state became the 20th state to abolish capital punishment when its state Supreme Court deemed the death penalty unconstitutional on the grounds of racial bias. Since \"Furman\", 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process. All resulted in a vote for reinstating it, rejecting its abolition, expanding its application field, specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional, or expediting the appeal process in capital cases. 20 states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have abolished the death penalty for all crimes. Below is a","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456646","text":"said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions. Alabama has the highest \"per capita\" rate of death sentences. This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment, a possibility it removed in March 2017. The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates. California, which is the most populous state, has also the largest death row with over 700 inmates.","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456676","text":"a moratorium in place, as the state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999. Capital punishment in the United States Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States, currently used by 30 states, the federal government, and the military. Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies. The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty. It is one of 54 countries worldwide applying it, and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution, which has since been adopted by five other countries.","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"6529461","text":"Capital punishment in Texas Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Texas. In 1982, the state became the first jurisdiction in the world to carry out an execution by lethal injection, when it put to death Charles Brooks Jr.. It was the first execution in the state since 1964. Texas, which is the second most populous state of the Union, has executed 558 offenders from the U.S. capital punishment resumption in 1976 (beginning in 1982 with the Brooks execution) to December 11, 2018 (the Alvin Avon Braziel, Jr. execution), more than a third of the national","title":"Capital punishment in Texas"},{"id":"2456596","text":"Capital punishment in the United States Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States, currently used by 30 states, the federal government, and the military. Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies. The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty. It is one of 54 countries worldwide applying it, and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution, which has since been adopted by five other countries. The Philippines has since abolished executions, and Guatemala has done so for civil offenses, leaving the USA","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456601","text":"and Alaska in 1957, both before their statehood. Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981. Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively, but both reinstated it, again by popular vote, some years later; Arizona reinstated the death penalty in 1918 and Oregon in 1978. Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions: in 1952 and 1964, respectively. Nevertheless, capital punishment continued to be used by a majority of states and the federal government for various","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456613","text":"Illinois and Maryland, governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law. In Connecticut, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive. New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute. Nebraska's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015, but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it. Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8, 2016. The same day, California's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty, and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process. On October 11,","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456630","text":"still \"infect capital cases\". Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria. California law, for example, has 22 \"special circumstances\", making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases. A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general. Of the 30 states with the death penalty, 28 require the sentence to be decided by a jury, and 27 require a unanimous decision by that jury. The only state which does not require a unanimous jury decision is Alabama. In Alabama, at least 10 jurors must concur. A retrial happens if","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"14024049","text":"Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment debate in the United States existed as early as the colonial period. As of 2017 it remains a legal penalty in 31 states, the federal government, and military criminal justice systems. Gallup, Inc. monitors support for the death penalty in the United States since 1937 by asking \"Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder?\" Opposition to the death penalty peaked in 1966, with 47% of Americans opposing it; by comparison, 42% supported the death penalty and 11% had \"no opinion.\" The death penalty increased","title":"Capital punishment debate in the United States"},{"id":"2457132","text":"Capital punishment by the United States federal government Capital punishment is a legal penalty under the United States federal government criminal justice system. It can be handed down for treason, espionage, murder, large-scale drug trafficking, or attempted murder of a witness, juror, or court officer in certain cases. As of 2018, all inmates currently under federal death sentences were condemned for aggravated murder. Executions performed by the federal government are infrequent compared to those performed by state governments. The Federal Bureau of Prisons manages the housing and execution of federal death row prisoners. As of September 28, 2018, 63 offenders","title":"Capital punishment by the United States federal government"},{"id":"13639256","text":"Security and Cooperation in Europe to have carried out executions in 2011. As of April 2015, only 18 states and the District of Columbia do not have the death penalty. Capital punishment is controversial. Death penalty opponents regard the death penalty as inhumane and criticize it for its irreversibility and assert that it lacks a deterrent effect, as have several studies and debunking studies that claim to show a deterrent effect. According to Amnesty International, \"the death penalty is the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights.\" The 1972 US Supreme Court case \"Furman v. Georgia\" held that arbitrary imposition of","title":"Human rights in the United States"},{"id":"6683604","text":"3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million total crimes. Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 31 states. No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In 1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and","title":"United States"},{"id":"72903","text":"as when countries shifted from authoritarianism to democracy, or when it became an entry condition for the European Union. The United States is a notable exception: some states have had bans on capital punishment for decades, the earliest being Michigan where it was abolished in 1846, while other states still actively use it today. The death penalty in the United States remains a contentious issue which is hotly debated. In retentionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived when a miscarriage of justice has occurred though this tends to cause legislative efforts to improve the judicial process rather than to abolish","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"2456674","text":"inmates having exhausted the appeal process. Since 1976, four states have executed only condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived further appeals: Pennsylvania has executed three inmates, Oregon two, Connecticut one, and New Mexico one. In North Carolina, executions are suspended following a decision by the state's medical board that physicians cannot participate in executions, which is a requirement under state law. In California, United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15, 2006, ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed. On November 25, 2009, the Kentucky Supreme","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456597","text":"one of 4 countries to use this method, along with China, Thailand, and Vietnam. There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in \"Furman v. Georgia\", reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment. Subsequently, a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes, and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case \"Gregg v. Georgia\". Since then, more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death; of these, more than 1,400 have been executed. A total of","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456616","text":"the total; the states of Texas, Virginia, and Oklahoma combined make up over half the total, with 777 executions between them. 3 executions have been conducted by the federal government, the last in 2003. Executions increased in frequency until 1999; 98 prisoners were executed that year. Since 1999, the number of executions has greatly decreased, and the 20 executions in 2016 were the fewest since 1991. The death penalty became an issue during the 1988 presidential election. It came up in the October 13, 1988, debate between the two presidential nominees George H. W. Bush and Michael Dukakis, when Bernard","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"18220971","text":"Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state) Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Georgia. Georgia reintroduced the death penalty in 1973 after \"Furman v. Georgia\" ruled all states' death penalty statutes unconstitutional. The first execution to take place afterwards occurred in 1983. As of May 5, 2018, 72 people in total have been executed since 1983. As of May 5, 2018, 52 men are on death row awaiting execution. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty","title":"Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)"},{"id":"866406","text":"Chad abolished the death penalty in 2014, but restored it for terrorism in 2015. In 2018, The Gambia announced a moratorium as a first step toward abolition. Executions in Africa in 2017: Egypt (35+), Somalia (24), South Sudan (4)<br> \"Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.\" Of the 35 independent states in the Americas that are UN members: Many Caribbean countries have carried out no executions for over 10 years, but are not believed to have an abolitionist policy or established practice. Currently (2018), the United States is the only country in the Americas to","title":"Capital punishment by country"},{"id":"2459929","text":"moratorium. All death penalty cases that come to Inslee will result in him issuing a reprieve, not a pardon or commutation. On January 16, 2017, Governor Inslee and Attorney General Bob Ferguson introduced legislation to abolish the death penalty in Washington state. Though the legislation failed to pass, Governor Inslee stated a commitment to ending capital punishment in the future. On October 11, 2018, the Washington State Supreme Court ruled the current death penalty statute unconstitutional, on the ground that it resulted in racial bias, thus abolishing capital punishment in the state. It became the 20th state in the nation","title":"Capital punishment in Washington (state)"},{"id":"13998341","text":"Capital punishment in New Mexico Capital punishment was abolished in the U.S. State of New Mexico in 2009. The law replaced the death penalty for the most serious crimes with life imprisonment and life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. This makes New Mexico the fifteenth state in the U.S. to abolish capital punishment. Since the death penalty was reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1976 (in the case of \"Gregg v. Georgia\"), only one person has been executed in New Mexico. This was Terry Clark, who was put to death in 2001, by lethal injection, for the murder","title":"Capital punishment in New Mexico"},{"id":"11517633","text":"commission of another felony (the felony murder rule), or there are other aggravating circumstances present (such as rapes before such murders or for murder of any law enforcement official or other public servant) in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, including states without the death penalty, and as one or the only alternative sentence in states that have the death penalty and in federal and military courts. Life imprisonment is also a mandatory punishment in Idaho for aircraft hijacking, in New York State for terrorism, in Florida for capital sexual battery (sexual abuse of a child under 12","title":"Life imprisonment in the United States"},{"id":"14328651","text":"charge. \"Life imprisonment\" is a common penalty for first and second degree murder, but its meaning varies widely. Capital punishment is a legal sentence in 32 states, and also the federal civilian and military legal systems. The United States is unusual in actually performing executions, with 34 states having performed executions since capital punishment was reinstated in 1976. The methods of execution have varied but the most common method since 1976 has been lethal injection. In 2014 a total of 35 people were executed, and 3,002 were on death row. The Unborn Victims of Violence Act, enacted in 2004, codified","title":"Murder (United States law)"},{"id":"72916","text":"for all peacetime offences in 1998. In the United States, Michigan was the first state to ban the death penalty, on 18 May 1846. The death penalty was declared unconstitutional between 1972 and 1976 based on the \"Furman v. Georgia\" case, but the 1976 \"Gregg v. Georgia\" case once again permitted the death penalty under certain circumstances. Further limitations were placed on the death penalty in \"Atkins v. Virginia\" (death penalty unconstitutional for people with an intellectual disability) and \"Roper v. Simmons\" (death penalty unconstitutional if defendant was under age 18 at the time the crime was committed). In the","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"72917","text":"United States, 18 states and the District of Columbia ban capital punishment. Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture. Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it \"cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment\". Amnesty International considers it to be \"the ultimate, irreversible denial of Human Rights\". Most countries, including almost all First World nations, have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice. Notable exceptions are the United States, China, India,","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"72923","text":"countries to have recently carried out executions. The U.S. federal government, the U.S. military, and 31 states have a valid death penalty statute, and over 1,400 executions have been carried in the United States since it reinstated the death penalty in 1976, including 28 in 2015 alone. Japan has 111 inmates with finalized death sentences ; after executing Shoko Asahara and six other senior members of Aum Shinrikyo, a cult group which carried out multiple atrocities involving thousands of victims such as the Tokyo subway sarin attack, which took place on 20 March 1995, on 6 July the executions of","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"2457138","text":"executions by the United States include Juan Raul Garza on June 19, 2001, and Louis Jones Jr. on March 18, 2003. Sentences of death handed down by a jury cannot be rejected by the judge. The use of the federal death penalty increased in the 2000s, with the number of those sentenced to death federally climbing from 18 to 50 by 2007. Most such sentences were given in states which have active death state penalty statutes, with the largest number of federal death sentences handed down in Texas. However U.S. attorneys increasingly began pursuing death sentences in states with no","title":"Capital punishment by the United States federal government"},{"id":"2456645","text":"is issued by the governor in several states, in the vast majority it is a judicial order, issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution. The warrant usually sets an execution day. Some states instead provide a longer period, such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution. This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last-minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later. Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2459980","text":"Capital punishment in Oklahoma Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The state has executed the third largest number of convicts in the United States (after Texas and Virginia) since re-legalization following \"Gregg v. Georgia \" in 1976. Oklahoma also has the highest number of executions per capita in the country. Oklahoma was the first jurisdiction in the world to adopt lethal injection as method of execution. No executions have been performed in Oklahoma since January 2015. After a three-year moratorium on lethal injection in March 2018, Oklahoma lifted aforementioned moratorium. Oklahoma will now use","title":"Capital punishment in Oklahoma"},{"id":"12564349","text":"that exclusively grants all state pardons. Alabama (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Connecticut (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Idaho (Commission of Pardons and Paroles), Minnesota (Board of Pardons), Nebraska (Board of Pardons), Nevada (Board of Pardon Commissioners), South Carolina (Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon), and Utah (Board of Pardons and Paroles) are the other eight (8) states in the United States with similar state boards. Clemency is given by the Board at its discretion. The Board has the sole constitutional authority to commute death sentences to either life imprisonment or life without parole. Georgia is one of the three","title":"Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles"},{"id":"2456606","text":"the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment. The \"Furman\" decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment, and was described by scholars as a \"legal bombshell\". The next day, columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was \"unlikely\" that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States. Instead of abandoning capital punishment, 37 states enacted new death penalty statutes that attempted to address the concerns of White and Stewart in \"Furman\". Some states responded by enacting mandatory death penalty statutes which prescribed a sentence of death for anyone convicted of certain","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"72918","text":"Japan, and most Islamic states. The United States is the only Western country to still use the death penalty. Since World War II, there has been a trend toward abolishing the death penalty. 58 countries retain the death penalty in active use, 102 countries have abolished capital punishment altogether, six have done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 32 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions. According to Amnesty International, 23 countries are","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"11517639","text":"unusual punishment\" in the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. These court decisions have been the subject of considerable controversy. Life imprisonment in the United States In the United States, 1 in every 2,000 residents are imprisoned for life. This is similar to the total imprisonment rate in Japan, which is roughly 51 per 100,000 residents (approx. 1 in 1,960 residents). There are many U.S. states in which a convict can be released on parole after a decade or more has passed, but in California, people sentenced to life imprisonment can normally apply for parole after seven years. The laws","title":"Life imprisonment in the United States"},{"id":"2459986","text":"on death row. Capital punishment in Oklahoma Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The state has executed the third largest number of convicts in the United States (after Texas and Virginia) since re-legalization following \"Gregg v. Georgia \" in 1976. Oklahoma also has the highest number of executions per capita in the country. Oklahoma was the first jurisdiction in the world to adopt lethal injection as method of execution. No executions have been performed in Oklahoma since January 2015. After a three-year moratorium on lethal injection in March 2018, Oklahoma lifted aforementioned moratorium. Oklahoma","title":"Capital punishment in Oklahoma"},{"id":"2456628","text":"death in two states (Florida and Missouri). Aircraft hijacking is a capital crime in Georgia and Mississippi. The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps: (1) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty (2) sentencing, (3) direct review, (4) state collateral review, and (5) federal habeas corpus. Clemency, through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence, is an executive rather than judicial process. While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution, the death","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"18830839","text":"aggravated sexual intercourse without consent, but the death penalty for these crimes is no longer constitutional since the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case \"Kennedy v. Louisiana\". Capital punishment in Montana Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Montana. Of the states that currently retain the death penalty, Montana is the only one that has not handed down a death sentence in the 21st century. The last time the state sentenced a defendant to death was in 1996. The state is among eleven states to have not carried out an execution in over a decade, with its","title":"Capital punishment in Montana"},{"id":"13639259","text":"recommendation. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 there have been 1077 executions in the United States (as of May 23, 2007). There were 53 executions in 2006. Texas overwhelmingly leads the United States in executions, with 379 executions from 1976 to 2006; the second-highest ranking state is Virginia, with 98 executions. A ruling on March 1, 2005, by the Supreme Court in \"Roper v. Simmons\" prohibits the execution of people who committed their crimes when they were under the age of 18. Between 1990 and 2005, Amnesty International recorded 19 executions in the United States for crime","title":"Human rights in the United States"},{"id":"2456598","text":"161 who were sentenced to death in the modern era were exonerated before their execution. As of April 1, 2018, 2,743 are still on death row. The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall, who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for spying for the Spanish government. The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment. The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty, requiring a grand jury indictment for","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"11930177","text":"of sentencing, and even what acts are crimes: Some prisoners are given life sentences. In some states, a life sentence means life, without the possibility of parole. In other states, people with life sentences are eligible for parole. In some cases, the death penalty may be applicable; however, since the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Ring v. Arizona, a recommendation of the trial jury is required to impose a sentence of death. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines prescribe a reduction of sentence time for most defendants who accept responsibility and plead guilty; further discounts are available to some defendants through fact","title":"Criminal sentencing in the United States"},{"id":"11517634","text":"that causes injury to the child) and in Georgia for a second conviction for armed robbery, kidnapping, or rape and other serious violent felonies under Georgia's seven-deadly-sins law. Life imprisonment is a possible for aggravated mayhem and torture in California. Other specifics about life sentences in the United States continue to vary widely by individual states. Also, the sentence may be given for \"drug kingpins\" and \"habitual criminals.\" It has been applied in every state except Alaska, as well as in the federal courts. In Alaska, the maximum term of imprisonment is for 99 years, but that is almost always","title":"Life imprisonment in the United States"},{"id":"2459947","text":"Capital punishment in Nebraska Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Nebraska. In 2015, the state legislature voted to repeal the death penalty, overriding governor Pete Ricketts' veto. However, a petition drive secured enough signatures to suspend the repeal until a public vote. In the November 2016 general election, voters rejected the repeal measure, preserving capital punishment in the state. Nebraska has currently 12 inmates on death row. All are convicted of either multiple murders or child murder. On August 14, 2018, Nebraska executed Carey Dean Moore, who was convicted of murder, in what was the","title":"Capital punishment in Nebraska"},{"id":"6564256","text":"the death penalty, while it is still on the books in 51 countries. Since 2007, the United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called for a universal moratorium with a view toward total abolition of capital punishment. In 2011 progress was made in all regions of the world, particularly the United States: Illinois became abolitionist and in April 2012 Connecticut became the 17th state to abolish the death penalty, thus becoming the fifth American state to revoke capital punishment in the last five years.\" On the \"Cities for Life Day\", November 30, many important cities around the world celebrate the first","title":"Cities for Life Day"},{"id":"2459944","text":"sent the bill to Governor Martin O'Malley, who then signed it into law on May 2, 2013, declaring Maryland the 18th state in the US to ban the death penalty. O'Malley announced on December 31, 2014, that he would commute the sentences of the four remaining death-row inmates to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Maryland does not have a death penalty after Gov. Martin O'Malley signed a bill on May 2, 2013. Before the Governor signed the bill, only first-degree murder was a capital offense in the state of Maryland when it involved one of the following","title":"Capital punishment in Maryland"},{"id":"6683605","text":"Oklahoma. Meanwhile, several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2015, the country had the fifth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and largest prison population in the world. At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults. In December 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in","title":"United States"},{"id":"866398","text":"country to use the death penalty; Singapore has the highest unadjusted HDI. The use of capital punishment is usually divided into the four categories set out below. , of the 195 independent states that are UN members or have UN observer status: Of the countries/regions categorized as 'very high' on the Human Development Index, 10 countries perform capital punishment: the United States, Japan, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Belarus, Oman, and Taiwan. In Malaysia, South Korea, and Russia, there is a moratorium. Qatar, the Bahamas, Barbados, and Brunei have a moratorium in practice. In Israel, Kazakhstan, and","title":"Capital punishment by country"},{"id":"20350413","text":"treason\"), Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya (\"high treason\"), Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar (\"high treason\"), Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Korea (\"conspiracy with foreign countries\"), South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand (\"high treason\"), Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States (\"Federal and in some individual States like Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Vermont; Vermont keeps death penalty for treason,","title":"Capital punishment for non-violent offenses"},{"id":"11343817","text":"Capital punishment in Alabama Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Alabama. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, its courts impose more death sentences than Texas, a state that has a population five times as large. However, Texas has more executions per capita. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a retrial happens before another jury. Until 2017, Alabama was","title":"Capital punishment in Alabama"},{"id":"18830837","text":"Capital punishment in Montana Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Montana. Of the states that currently retain the death penalty, Montana is the only one that has not handed down a death sentence in the 21st century. The last time the state sentenced a defendant to death was in 1996. The state is among eleven states to have not carried out an execution in over a decade, with its last execution carried out in 2006. Montana has currently two condemned inmates, including Canadian Ronald Allen Smith for the kidnapping and murder of two aboriginal men.","title":"Capital punishment in Montana"},{"id":"2459842","text":"Capital punishment in Arkansas Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Since 1820, a total of 505 individuals have been executed. According to the Arkansas Department of Correction, as of March 13, 2018, a total of 29 men were under a sentence of death in the state. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial). The","title":"Capital punishment in Arkansas"},{"id":"1319663","text":"years in Honduras, 25 years in Ecuador, 30 years in Nicaragua, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Venezuela, and 25 years in Paraguay. Brazil has a maximum sentence of 30 years under statutory law, but life imprisonment and capital punishment are provided by law for crimes committed during wartime (for military crimes such as treason, desertion, and mutiny) and in the Constitution. In the United States, a 2009 report by the Sentencing Project suggested that life imprisonment without parole should be abolished in the country. U.S. law enforcement officials opposed its proposed abolition. Pope Francis proposed the abolition of both capital punishment and","title":"Life imprisonment"},{"id":"72902","text":"and Canada have abolished capital punishment. In Latin America, most states have completely abolished the use of capital punishment, while some countries such as Brazil and Guatemala allow for capital punishment only in exceptional situations, such as treason committed during wartime. The United States (the federal government and 31 of the states), some Caribbean countries and the majority of countries in Asia (for example, Japan and India) retain capital punishment. In Africa, less than half of countries retain it, for example Botswana and Zambia. South Africa abolished the death penalty in 1995. Abolition was often adopted due to political change,","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"2457139","text":"state death penalties and/or with inactive state death penalties. In federal trials, courts may exclude jurors who are opposed to the death penalty, even in trials taking place in non-death penalty states. In 2004 Brigham stated that due to an increase of federal death penalty verdicts in the preceding decade, \"some fear a \"federalization\" of the death penalty is taking place\". The three most recent offenders sentenced to death by federal courts are Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in 2015 for his role in the Boston Marathon bombing, white supremacist Dylann Roof in 2017 for the Charleston church shooting where he killed nine","title":"Capital punishment by the United States federal government"},{"id":"2456599","text":"\"capital crime\" and a due process of law for deprivation of \"life\" by the government. The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any states. The \"Espy file\", compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla, lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991. From 1930 to 2002, there were 4,661 executions in the U.S., about two-thirds of them in the first 20 years. Additionally, the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 (the most recent). Three states","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2459873","text":"modified to reinstate capital punishment under an initiative called Proposition 17. In 1973 a new statute was subsequently enacted, making the death penalty mandatory for a number of crimes including first degree murder in specific instances, kidnapping where a person dies, train wrecking where a person dies, treason against the state, and assault by a life prisoner if the victim dies within a year. The debate over capital punishment played out in a somewhat similar fashion on the national level. On June 29, 1972, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in \"Furman v. Georgia\", holding all capital punishment","title":"Capital punishment in California"},{"id":"6568455","text":"Bloomberg, a former Mayor of New York City, said that the United States could learn a thing or two from nations like Singapore when it came to drug trafficking, noting that \"executing a handful of people saves thousands and thousands of lives.\" The last execution in New York took place in 1963. Several courts have ruled that the death penalty violates the New York Constitution (see \"People v. LaValle\"). In 2007, the state of New York abolished the death penalty. 20 states, plus Washington D.C., have abolished the death penalty, with the most recent being Washington state in 2018. However,","title":"Capital punishment in Singapore"},{"id":"2456625","text":"and murder of an on-duty police officer. Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors, but the victim's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies. In 2011, Texas raised this age from six to ten. In some states, the high number of aggravating factors has been criticized on account of giving prosecutors too much discretion in choosing cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted. In California especially, an official commission proposed, in 2008, to reduce these factors to five (multiple murders, torture murder, murder of a police officer, murder committed in jail,","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"14024104","text":"submitted a written question to the judge asking if Rhines might enjoy prison because he was sexually attracted to men. The judge would not answer that question, and the jury sentenced Rhines to death. In 2018, the Supreme Court said that it would not interfere with the execution of Rhines. In the United States, there has been an evolving debate as to whether capital punishment should apply to persons with diminished mental capacity. In \"Ford v. Wainwright\", the Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the state from carrying out the death penalty on an individual who is insane,","title":"Capital punishment debate in the United States"},{"id":"13639266","text":"(for all crimes) in the United States far exceed those in most other countries. The United States is currently the country with the most life sentences, most of which are life without parole (LWOP). Mandatory minimum sentences and three-strikes laws are probably the largest contributors to the country's frequency of life imprisonment. It is estimated that 35% of federal US prisoners are older than age 60, many of whom were younger than 30 at the time of sentencing. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture, Juan E. Méndez, has requested that the United States stop holding prisoners in solitary confinement","title":"Human rights in the United States"},{"id":"16864839","text":"the only crime punishable by death. Despite reinstatement, no one has been executed since. Capital punishment in Kansas Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kansas but it is rarely used. Kansas is one of only two death-penalty states, along with New Hampshire, where no executions have been carried out since the 1976 reinstatement of capital punishment in the United States. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is","title":"Capital punishment in Kansas"},{"id":"11517620","text":"Life imprisonment in the United States In the United States, 1 in every 2,000 residents are imprisoned for life. This is similar to the total imprisonment rate in Japan, which is roughly 51 per 100,000 residents (approx. 1 in 1,960 residents). There are many U.S. states in which a convict can be released on parole after a decade or more has passed, but in California, people sentenced to life imprisonment can normally apply for parole after seven years. The laws in the United States divide life sentences between \"determinate life sentences\" and \"indeterminate life sentences.\" For example, sentences of \"15","title":"Life imprisonment in the United States"},{"id":"13566649","text":"Capital punishment in Florida Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Florida. Since 1976, the state has executed 97 convicted murderers, all at Florida State Prison. As of December 14, 2018, 344 offenders are awaiting execution. Florida performed its last pre-\"Furman\" execution in 1964 (Sie Dawson). After the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all states' death penalty procedures in the \"Furman v. Georgia\" ruling, essentially ruling the imposition of the death penalty at the same time as a guilty verdict unconstitutional, Florida was the first state to draft a newly written statute on","title":"Capital punishment in Florida"},{"id":"11196066","text":"both cases, being the lone justice to concur in the two. Sixteen years later, \"Roper v. Simmons\" overruled \"Stanford\". Justice Kennedy, who concurred to Scalia’s opinion in \"Stanford\", instead wrote the opinion of the court in \"Roper\" and became the key vote. Justice O’Connor dissented. Before 2005, of the 38 U.S. states that allow capital punishment: At the time of the \"Roper v. Simmons\" decision, there were 71 juvenile offenders awaiting execution on death row: 13 in Alabama; four in Arizona; three in Florida; two in Georgia; four in Louisiana; five in Mississippi; one in Nevada; four in North Carolina;","title":"Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States"},{"id":"6663642","text":"plurality opinion, on behalf of Justices Stewart, Blackmun, and Stevens. The Court's proportionality jurisprudence is informed by objective evidence, which comes from the laws enacted by state legislatures and the behavior of sentencing juries. The Court had found that it was always a minority of states that allowed the death penalty for rape. In 1925, 18 of 48 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government authorized the death penalty for rape of an adult woman. In 1963, the figure was 17 of 50 states, almost all of them in the Southern and Western United States, as well as","title":"Coker v. Georgia"},{"id":"2456669","text":"in the capital punishment debate is the cost. Various commentators predicted that the death penalty would likely have disappeared in the United States if Hillary Clinton had been elected U.S. President in November 2016 and allowed to appoint a liberal Supreme Court Justice to replace the late Antonin Scalia. Because Donald Trump won and citizens in three states voted the same day for ballot measures supporting capital punishment, columnists came to the conclusion that it will remain indefinitely. One of the main arguments against the use of capital punishment in the United States is that there has been a long","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2459932","text":"negatively impact his support among voters, as evidenced by the fact that he won the 2016 gubernatorial race (54.4%) by a larger margin than the 2012 race (51.5%). the Capital punishment in Washington (state) Capital punishment in the state of Washington was abolished on October 11, 2018 when the state Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional as applied. When the prosecution sought the death penalty, the sentence was decided by the jury and had to be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence would be issued, even if a single","title":"Capital punishment in Washington (state)"},{"id":"19081929","text":"Judicial override In United States jurisprudence, a judicial override is when a judge overrules a jury's determination. Only three U.S. states have allowed judicial overrides: Alabama, Delaware, and Florida. Delaware and Florida have cases in which the jury has imposed a death sentence and the judge has changed the ruling to life in prison. Alabama is unique in allowing judges to override a jury sentence of life in prison with capital punishment. Florida abolished the override in 2016 and Alabama in 2017. In 2016 the Delaware Supreme Court declared the state's death penalty law unconstitutional due to the override. In","title":"Judicial override"},{"id":"3054257","text":"to convict. Additionally, the Manual for Courts-Martial requires only a judge and a specified number of panel members (five for a general court-martial or three for a special court-martial; no panel is seated for a summary court-martial) in all non-capital cases. In capital cases, a panel of 12 members is required. Of the 30 U.S. states with the death penalty, 28 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury, and 27 require a unanimous sentence. However, the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury: The first outcome is referred as the \"true","title":"Hung jury"},{"id":"2457141","text":"held at Springfield MCFP, and one is held at USP Beaumont. Two people have been re-sentenced since 1976 to life in prison and one had the sentence commuted to life in prison by President Bill Clinton in 2001. In 2017, President Barack Obama commuted two death sentences, one handed down by a federal district court and one other issued by a court-martial. In the federal system, the final decision to seek the death penalty rests with the United States Attorney General. This differs from states, where local prosecutors have the final say with no involvement from the state attorney general.","title":"Capital punishment by the United States federal government"},{"id":"2457140","text":"people, and Gary Lee Sampson who was sentenced to death a second time in 2017 for two carjacking murders (after an original 2003 death sentence for the same crimes was vacated in 2011). As of September 28, 2018, there are 63 offenders on federal death row, most of them at Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana. The only woman on federal death row as of 2018, Lisa M. Montgomery, is held at Federal Medical Center, Carswell, in Fort Worth, Texas. , aside from those at Terre Haute, three male death row inmates are held at ADX Florence, two are","title":"Capital punishment by the United States federal government"},{"id":"11343822","text":"in prison without parole in January 1999. Capital punishment in Alabama Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Alabama. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, its courts impose more death sentences than Texas, a state that has a population five times as large. However, Texas has more executions per capita. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a retrial happens","title":"Capital punishment in Alabama"},{"id":"2456627","text":"the ruling does not apply to \"treason, espionage, terrorism, and drug kingpin activity, which are offenses against the State\". Since no one is on death row for such offenses, the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them. Treason, espionage and large-scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law. Treason is also punishable by death in six states (Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri). Vermont still has a pre-\"Furman\" statute providing the death penalty for treason despite removing capital punishment for murder in 1965. Large-scale drug trafficking is punishable by","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2459931","text":"and advocates, the subcommittee issued its final report in December, 2006. Noting the extra costs associated with capital trials and great disparities in the current system, the report suggested that compensation for attorneys be increased, with all defense and prosecution costs to be paid by the state. Support for the death penalty in the United States is at historic lows. In a 2017 end of the year report, the Death Penalty Information Center reported that public support of the death penalty reached 45 year lows. In Washington state, Jay Inslee's decision to institute a moratorium on capital punishment did not","title":"Capital punishment in Washington (state)"},{"id":"2456612","text":"Constitution. The decision of the New York Court of Appeals was based on the state constitution, making unavailable any appeal. The state lower house has since blocked all attempts to reinstate the death penalty by adopting a valid sentencing scheme. In 2016, Delaware's death penalty statute was also struck down by its state supreme court. In 2007, New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since \"Gregg v. Georgia\", followed by New Mexico in 2009, Illinois in 2011, Connecticut in 2012, and Maryland in 2013. The repeals were not retroactive, but in New Jersey,","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2460056","text":"Lists of people executed in Texas The list of people executed by the U.S. state of Texas, with the exception of 1819-1849, is divided into periods of ten years. Since 1819, 1,313 individuals (all but nine of whom have been men) have been executed in Texas as of December 11, 2018. Between 1819 and 1923, 390 people were executed by hanging in the county where the trial took place. During the American Civil War, three Confederate deserters and a man convicted of attempted rape were executed by firing squad. The law was changed in 1923 requiring executions to be carried","title":"Lists of people executed in Texas"},{"id":"2459867","text":"Capital punishment in California Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of California. It carried out 709 executions from 1778 to the 1972 California Supreme Court decision in \"People v. Anderson\" that struck down the state capital punishment statute. California voters reinstated the death penalty a few months later, with Proposition 17 legalizing the death penalty in the state constitution and ending the \"Anderson\" ruling. Since that ruling, there have been just 13 executions, yet hundreds of inmates have been sentenced. The last execution that took place in California was in 2006. , official California Department of","title":"Capital punishment in California"},{"id":"16864834","text":"Capital punishment in Kansas Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kansas but it is rarely used. Kansas is one of only two death-penalty states, along with New Hampshire, where no executions have been carried out since the 1976 reinstatement of capital punishment in the United States. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death. There is no retrial. The Governor","title":"Capital punishment in Kansas"},{"id":"2459923","text":"Capital punishment in Washington (state) Capital punishment in the state of Washington was abolished on October 11, 2018 when the state Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional as applied. When the prosecution sought the death penalty, the sentence was decided by the jury and had to be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence would be issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial). The governor had the power of clemency with respect to death sentences. The following are considered circumstances for aggravated first degree murder:","title":"Capital punishment in Washington (state)"},{"id":"2456647","text":"Wyoming, which is the least populous state, has only one condemned man. But executions are more frequent (and happen more quickly after sentencing) in conservative states. Texas, which is the second most populous state of the Union, carried out over 500 executions during the post-\"Furman\" era, more than a third of the national total. California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period, and has carried out none since 2006. African Americans made up 41% of death row inmates while making up only 12.6% of the general population. They have made up 34% of those actually executed since","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456610","text":"Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor. The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty. First, the case of \"Atkins v. Virginia\", decided on June 20, 2002, held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional. Second, in 2005, the court's decision in \"Roper v. Simmons\" struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime. In the 2008 case \"Kennedy v. Louisiana\", the court also held 5–4 that the death penalty","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2459922","text":"governor with consent of the state senate. The governor can only grant a stay of execution not extending beyond the next session of the board. Under Utah law, aggravated murder is the only crime subject to the penalty of death. It is defined as follows: Capital punishment in Utah Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Utah. Utah was the first state to resume executions after the 1967-1976 national moratorium on capital punishment, when Gary Gilmore was executed by firing squad in 1977. Utah is one of only two states to have ever carried out executions","title":"Capital punishment in Utah"},{"id":"12448370","text":"in 2010. Exemption amounts under the state estate taxes vary, ranging from the federal estate tax exemption amount or $5.34 million, indexed for inflation (two states) to $675,000 (New Jersey). The most common amount is $1 million (three states and the District of Columbia). In 2014, four states increased their exemption amounts: Minnesota (phased up to $2 million for 2018 deaths), Rhode Island ($1.5 million for 2015 deaths), and Maryland and New York (both phased their exemptions up to the federal amount for 2019 deaths). Top rates range from 12 percent to 19 percent with most states, like Minnesota, imposing","title":"Estate tax in the United States"},{"id":"20984110","text":"the cases involving either murder or rape, mostly by hanging and at least one of whom was shot by a firing-squad. In 1957, Hawaii, then still a territory of the United States, abolished the death penalty. Hawaii became a state in 1959. Aside from Alaska, it is the only U.S. state that has never had the death penalty while a state. Capital punishment in Hawaii Under post-contact common law criminal justice, the penal laws of the Kingdom, Provisional Government, Republic, and U.S. Territory of Hawaii allowed for the execution of persons convicted of capital crimes. The Espy file and historian","title":"Capital punishment in Hawaii"},{"id":"2460058","text":"four times as many as Virginia (the state with the second-highest total of executions in the post-\"Gregg\" era) and over 37 times as many as California (the state with the largest number of death row inmates; California has not executed anyone since January 2006). Lists of people executed in Texas The list of people executed by the U.S. state of Texas, with the exception of 1819-1849, is divided into periods of ten years. Since 1819, 1,313 individuals (all but nine of whom have been men) have been executed in Texas as of December 11, 2018. Between 1819 and 1923, 390","title":"Lists of people executed in Texas"},{"id":"6683607","text":"Prisons, the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses. The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate. In 2018, Oklahoma had the highest incarceration rate (1,079 per 100,000 people), and Massachusetts the lowest (324 per 100,000 people). Among the U.S. territories, the highest incarceration rate was in the U.S. Virgin Islands (542 per 100,000 people) and the lowest was in Puerto Rico (313 per 100,000 people). The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity. According","title":"United States"},{"id":"15185","text":"of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals, and four trial courts: the circuit court (trial court of general jurisdiction), and the district, probate, and municipal courts. Some critics believe that the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger. Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in death penalty cases. It was the only","title":"Alabama"},{"id":"15631739","text":"to meet the three-judge court's deadline and needed to be granted another extension until February 2016. The California electorate further reduced defined felonies by passing California Proposition 47 (2014). The state must still submit monthly updates to the Three Judge Court regarding population reduction and other efforts to implement the decision. As of the last update on May 9, 2018, the prison population was at 134.7% of its design capacity. 114,618 inmates are in state institutions, while 3,553 inmates are in out of state facilities as of May 9, 2018. The final update of 2017 reported 114,813 inmates in state","title":"Brown v. Plata"},{"id":"2456655","text":"a court or unavailable for practical reasons: Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes, providing lethal injection, nitrogen hypoxia, electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable. The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution, though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia. Three states (Oklahoma, Tennessee and Utah) have added back-up methods recently in 2014 or 2015 (or have expanded their application fields)","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"2456665","text":"who normally opposed the death penalty when asked the 1937 question. A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing that killed 168 victims. Capital punishment is a controversial issue, with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate. Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds. Some law enforcement organizations, and some victims' rights groups support capital punishment. The United States is one of the four developed countries that still practice capital punishment, along with Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan. Religious groups are","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"5271146","text":"(Northern Ireland) 1967. Sections 1(4) and (5) of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973 read: See sections 1(1)(b) and 3 of the Criminal Justice Act 1964 (both of which are now repealed) and section 8 of the Criminal Justice Act 1990. The term \"capital murder\" is used in only seven U.S. states; however, 31 states and United States federal government currently allow for capital punishment, and each has its own terminology for an offense punishable by death. In most states, the term \"First-Degree Murder\" is used; others may use the term \"Aggravated Murder\" (such as New York, Ohio, Oregon,","title":"Capital murder"},{"id":"2456663","text":"in 1996, 55% in 2014, and 49% in 2016. The 2014 poll showed significant differences by race: 63% of whites, 40% of Hispanics, and 36% of blacks, respectively, supported the death penalty in that year. However, in 2018 Polls showed Public support for the death penalty increased to 54% up from 49%. Since 2016, opinions among Republicans and Democrats have changed little, but the share of independents favoring the death penalty has increased 8 percentage points (from 44% to 52%). A 2010 poll found that 61% of voters would choose a penalty other than the death sentence for murder. When","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"10953164","text":"the year 2016, according to a report by the Prison Policy Initiative. Jurisdictions that have opted out since 2009 include: Wisconsin (2009), Oklahoma (2010), Indiana (2014), Delaware (2014), Georgia (2015), Massachusetts (2016), Ohio (2016), the District of Columbia (2017), Utah (2018), Iowa (2018), and Pennsylvania. Additionally, Virginia passed opt-out legislation in 2017, but only as it pertains to the possession of cannabis. \"Smoke a joint, lose your license\" laws have been criticized for a variety of reasons, including the fact that the punishment often has nothing to do with the crime. The severity of punishment is also considered to be","title":"Solomon–Lautenberg amendment"},{"id":"2459896","text":"lethal injection, following a 1996 federal court (9th Circuit) ruling that the use of the gas chamber in California was unconstitutional. Capital punishment in California Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of California. It carried out 709 executions from 1778 to the 1972 California Supreme Court decision in \"People v. Anderson\" that struck down the state capital punishment statute. California voters reinstated the death penalty a few months later, with Proposition 17 legalizing the death penalty in the state constitution and ending the \"Anderson\" ruling. Since that ruling, there have been just 13 executions, yet hundreds","title":"Capital punishment in California"},{"id":"72922","text":"support for the death penalty remains high. Some countries have resumed practising the death penalty after having previously suspended the practice for long periods. The United States suspended executions in 1972 but resumed them in 1976; there was no execution in India between 1995 and 2004; and Sri Lanka declared an end to its moratorium on the death penalty on 20 November 2004, although it has not yet performed any further executions. The Philippines re-introduced the death penalty in 1993 after abolishing it in 1987, but again abolished it in 2006. The United States and Japan are the only developed","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"2456657","text":"primary method of execution rather than as a backup, after experts testified that the method would be painless, easy and \"inexpensive\". The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. The federal government has a facility (at U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute) and regulations only for executions by lethal injection, but the United States Code allows U.S.","title":"Capital punishment in the United States"},{"id":"13566657","text":"commutations were granted out of 268 cases. Since 1972, when the death penalty was re-instituted, only six commutations have been granted, all under the administration of Governor Bob Graham. Capital punishment in Florida Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Florida. Since 1976, the state has executed 97 convicted murderers, all at Florida State Prison. As of December 14, 2018, 344 offenders are awaiting execution. Florida performed its last pre-\"Furman\" execution in 1964 (Sie Dawson). After the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all states' death penalty procedures in the \"Furman v. Georgia\" ruling,","title":"Capital punishment in Florida"},{"id":"72926","text":"365 juvenile offenders were executed by the British Colonial authorities and subsequently by State authorities and the federal government of the United States. The United States Supreme Court abolished capital punishment for offenders under the age of 16 in \"Thompson v. Oklahoma\" (1988), and for all juveniles in \"Roper v. Simmons\" (2005). Between 2005 and May 2008, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen were reported to have executed child offenders, the largest number occurring in Iran. During Hassan Rouhani's current tenure as president of Iran since 2013, at least 3,602 death sentences have been carried out. This includes the","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"14328665","text":"he commits first degree murder and have an aggravating circumstance, for example if he kills a public safety official, such as a police officer, firefighter, or paramedic/EMT. In this case he can receive the death penalty. However, in October of 2018, the Washington State Supreme Court ruled that execution could no longer be used as a penalty for any crime. Murder (United States law) In the United States, the law regarding murder varies by jurisdiction. In most U.S. jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which \"first degree murder\" and \"felony murder\" are the most","title":"Murder (United States law)"},{"id":"2459886","text":"$6.5 million, dwarfing the $1 million raised by opponents of Proposition 34. The proposition was defeated with 52% against and 48% in favor. On July 16, 2014, federal judge Cormac J. Carney of the United States District Court ruled that California's death penalty system is unconstitutional because it is arbitrary and plagued with delay. The state has not executed a prisoner since 2006. The judge stated that the current system violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment by imposing a sentence that “no rational jury or legislature could ever impose: life in prison, with the remote possibility","title":"Capital punishment in California"},{"id":"72925","text":"People's Republic of China (PRC), Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United States, and Yemen. The PRC, Pakistan, the United States, Yemen and Iran have since raised the minimum age to 18. Amnesty International has recorded 61 verified executions since then, in several countries, of both juveniles and adults who had been convicted of committing their offences as juveniles. The PRC does not allow for the execution of those under 18, but child executions have reportedly taken place. Starting in 1642 within the then British American colonies until present day, an estimated","title":"Capital punishment"},{"id":"2140435","text":"Paraguay, on 8 June 1990. While Article 4 of the American Convention had already placed severe restrictions on the states' ability to impose the death penalty – only applicable for the most serious crimes; no reinstatement once abolished; not to be used for political offenses or common crimes; not to be used against those aged under 18 or over 70, or against pregnant women – signing this protocol formalizes a state's solemn commitment to refrain from using capital punishment in any peacetime circumstance. To date it has been ratified by 13 nations (see below). The Inter-American Court makes a broad","title":"American Convention on Human Rights"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2456615\",\n \"text\": \"table of the 20 states and the date that the state abolished the death penalty. From 1976 to July 1, 2018, there were 1,477 executions, of which 1,302 were by lethal injection, 158 by electrocution, 11 by gas inhalation, 3 by hanging, and 3 by firing squad. The South had the great majority of these executions, with 1,207; there were 181 in the Midwest, 85 in the West, and only 4 in the Northeast. No state in the Northeast has conducted an execution since Connecticut, now abolitionist, in 2005. The state of Texas alone conducted 552 executions, over 1/3 of\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456614\",\n \"text\": \"2018, Washington state became the 20th state to abolish capital punishment when its state Supreme Court deemed the death penalty unconstitutional on the grounds of racial bias. Since \\\"Furman\\\", 11 states have organized popular votes dealing with the death penalty through the initiative and referendum process. All resulted in a vote for reinstating it, rejecting its abolition, expanding its application field, specifying in the state constitution that it is not unconstitutional, or expediting the appeal process in capital cases. 20 states, plus the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have abolished the death penalty for all crimes. Below is a\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456646\",\n \"text\": \"said to be widely or routinely used in the United States; in recent years the average has been about one death sentence for every 200 murder convictions. Alabama has the highest \\\"per capita\\\" rate of death sentences. This is because Alabama was one of the few states that allowed judges to override a jury recommendation in favor of life imprisonment, a possibility it removed in March 2017. The distribution of death sentences among states is loosely proportional to their populations and murder rates. California, which is the most populous state, has also the largest death row with over 700 inmates.\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456676\",\n \"text\": \"a moratorium in place, as the state had not executed anyone since Gary M. Heidnik in 1999. Capital punishment in the United States Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States, currently used by 30 states, the federal government, and the military. Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies. The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty. It is one of 54 countries worldwide applying it, and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution, which has since been adopted by five other countries.\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6529461\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Texas Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Texas. In 1982, the state became the first jurisdiction in the world to carry out an execution by lethal injection, when it put to death Charles Brooks Jr.. It was the first execution in the state since 1964. Texas, which is the second most populous state of the Union, has executed 558 offenders from the U.S. capital punishment resumption in 1976 (beginning in 1982 with the Brooks execution) to December 11, 2018 (the Alvin Avon Braziel, Jr. execution), more than a third of the national\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Texas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456596\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in the United States Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the United States, currently used by 30 states, the federal government, and the military. Its existence can be traced to the beginning of the American colonies. The United States is the only Western country currently applying the death penalty. It is one of 54 countries worldwide applying it, and was the first to develop lethal injection as a method of execution, which has since been adopted by five other countries. The Philippines has since abolished executions, and Guatemala has done so for civil offenses, leaving the USA\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456601\",\n \"text\": \"and Alaska in 1957, both before their statehood. Puerto Rico repealed it in 1929 and the District of Columbia in 1981. Arizona and Oregon abolished the death penalty by popular vote in 1916 and 1964 respectively, but both reinstated it, again by popular vote, some years later; Arizona reinstated the death penalty in 1918 and Oregon in 1978. Puerto Rico and Michigan are the only two U.S. jurisdictions to have explicitly prohibited capital punishment in their constitutions: in 1952 and 1964, respectively. Nevertheless, capital punishment continued to be used by a majority of states and the federal government for various\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456613\",\n \"text\": \"Illinois and Maryland, governors commuted all death sentences after enacting the new law. In Connecticut, the Connecticut Supreme Court ruled in 2015 that the repeal must be retroactive. New Mexico is the only state with remaining death row inmates and no present death penalty statute. Nebraska's legislature also passed a repeal in 2015, but a referendum campaign gathered enough signatures to suspend it. Capital punishment was reinstated by popular vote on November 8, 2016. The same day, California's electorate defeated a proposal to repeal the death penalty, and adopted another initiative to speed up its appeal process. On October 11,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456630\",\n \"text\": \"still \\\"infect capital cases\\\". Wide prosecutorial discretion remains because of overly broad criteria. California law, for example, has 22 \\\"special circumstances\\\", making nearly all premeditated murders potential capital cases. A proposed remedy against prosecutorial arbitrariness is to transfer the prosecution of capital cases to the state attorney general. Of the 30 states with the death penalty, 28 require the sentence to be decided by a jury, and 27 require a unanimous decision by that jury. The only state which does not require a unanimous jury decision is Alabama. In Alabama, at least 10 jurors must concur. A retrial happens if\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14024049\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment debate in the United States Capital punishment debate in the United States existed as early as the colonial period. As of 2017 it remains a legal penalty in 31 states, the federal government, and military criminal justice systems. Gallup, Inc. monitors support for the death penalty in the United States since 1937 by asking \\\"Are you in favor of the death penalty for a person convicted of murder?\\\" Opposition to the death penalty peaked in 1966, with 47% of Americans opposing it; by comparison, 42% supported the death penalty and 11% had \\\"no opinion.\\\" The death penalty increased\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment debate in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2457132\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment by the United States federal government Capital punishment is a legal penalty under the United States federal government criminal justice system. It can be handed down for treason, espionage, murder, large-scale drug trafficking, or attempted murder of a witness, juror, or court officer in certain cases. As of 2018, all inmates currently under federal death sentences were condemned for aggravated murder. Executions performed by the federal government are infrequent compared to those performed by state governments. The Federal Bureau of Prisons manages the housing and execution of federal death row prisoners. As of September 28, 2018, 63 offenders\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment by the United States federal government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13639256\",\n \"text\": \"Security and Cooperation in Europe to have carried out executions in 2011. As of April 2015, only 18 states and the District of Columbia do not have the death penalty. Capital punishment is controversial. Death penalty opponents regard the death penalty as inhumane and criticize it for its irreversibility and assert that it lacks a deterrent effect, as have several studies and debunking studies that claim to show a deterrent effect. According to Amnesty International, \\\"the death penalty is the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights.\\\" The 1972 US Supreme Court case \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\" held that arbitrary imposition of\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6683604\",\n \"text\": \"3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012, for a total of over 9 million total crimes. Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and used in 31 states. No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty. In 1976, that Court ruled that, under appropriate circumstances, capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed. Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions, a majority of these taking place in three states: Texas, Virginia, and\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72903\",\n \"text\": \"as when countries shifted from authoritarianism to democracy, or when it became an entry condition for the European Union. The United States is a notable exception: some states have had bans on capital punishment for decades, the earliest being Michigan where it was abolished in 1846, while other states still actively use it today. The death penalty in the United States remains a contentious issue which is hotly debated. In retentionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived when a miscarriage of justice has occurred though this tends to cause legislative efforts to improve the judicial process rather than to abolish\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456674\",\n \"text\": \"inmates having exhausted the appeal process. Since 1976, four states have executed only condemned prisoners who voluntarily waived further appeals: Pennsylvania has executed three inmates, Oregon two, Connecticut one, and New Mexico one. In North Carolina, executions are suspended following a decision by the state's medical board that physicians cannot participate in executions, which is a requirement under state law. In California, United States District Judge Jeremy Fogel suspended all executions in the state on December 15, 2006, ruling that the implementation used in California was unconstitutional but that it could be fixed. On November 25, 2009, the Kentucky Supreme\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456597\",\n \"text\": \"one of 4 countries to use this method, along with China, Thailand, and Vietnam. There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\", reducing all death sentences pending at the time to life imprisonment. Subsequently, a majority of states passed new death penalty statutes, and the court affirmed the legality of capital punishment in the 1976 case \\\"Gregg v. Georgia\\\". Since then, more than 7,800 defendants have been sentenced to death; of these, more than 1,400 have been executed. A total of\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456616\",\n \"text\": \"the total; the states of Texas, Virginia, and Oklahoma combined make up over half the total, with 777 executions between them. 3 executions have been conducted by the federal government, the last in 2003. Executions increased in frequency until 1999; 98 prisoners were executed that year. Since 1999, the number of executions has greatly decreased, and the 20 executions in 2016 were the fewest since 1991. The death penalty became an issue during the 1988 presidential election. It came up in the October 13, 1988, debate between the two presidential nominees George H. W. Bush and Michael Dukakis, when Bernard\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18220971\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state) Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Georgia. Georgia reintroduced the death penalty in 1973 after \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\" ruled all states' death penalty statutes unconstitutional. The first execution to take place afterwards occurred in 1983. As of May 5, 2018, 72 people in total have been executed since 1983. As of May 5, 2018, 52 men are on death row awaiting execution. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"866406\",\n \"text\": \"Chad abolished the death penalty in 2014, but restored it for terrorism in 2015. In 2018, The Gambia announced a moratorium as a first step toward abolition. Executions in Africa in 2017: Egypt (35+), Somalia (24), South Sudan (4)<br> \\\"Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.\\\" Of the 35 independent states in the Americas that are UN members: Many Caribbean countries have carried out no executions for over 10 years, but are not believed to have an abolitionist policy or established practice. Currently (2018), the United States is the only country in the Americas to\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459929\",\n \"text\": \"moratorium. All death penalty cases that come to Inslee will result in him issuing a reprieve, not a pardon or commutation. On January 16, 2017, Governor Inslee and Attorney General Bob Ferguson introduced legislation to abolish the death penalty in Washington state. Though the legislation failed to pass, Governor Inslee stated a commitment to ending capital punishment in the future. On October 11, 2018, the Washington State Supreme Court ruled the current death penalty statute unconstitutional, on the ground that it resulted in racial bias, thus abolishing capital punishment in the state. It became the 20th state in the nation\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Washington (state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13998341\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in New Mexico Capital punishment was abolished in the U.S. State of New Mexico in 2009. The law replaced the death penalty for the most serious crimes with life imprisonment and life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. This makes New Mexico the fifteenth state in the U.S. to abolish capital punishment. Since the death penalty was reinstated by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1976 (in the case of \\\"Gregg v. Georgia\\\"), only one person has been executed in New Mexico. This was Terry Clark, who was put to death in 2001, by lethal injection, for the murder\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in New Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11517633\",\n \"text\": \"commission of another felony (the felony murder rule), or there are other aggravating circumstances present (such as rapes before such murders or for murder of any law enforcement official or other public servant) in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, including states without the death penalty, and as one or the only alternative sentence in states that have the death penalty and in federal and military courts. Life imprisonment is also a mandatory punishment in Idaho for aircraft hijacking, in New York State for terrorism, in Florida for capital sexual battery (sexual abuse of a child under 12\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14328651\",\n \"text\": \"charge. \\\"Life imprisonment\\\" is a common penalty for first and second degree murder, but its meaning varies widely. Capital punishment is a legal sentence in 32 states, and also the federal civilian and military legal systems. The United States is unusual in actually performing executions, with 34 states having performed executions since capital punishment was reinstated in 1976. The methods of execution have varied but the most common method since 1976 has been lethal injection. In 2014 a total of 35 people were executed, and 3,002 were on death row. The Unborn Victims of Violence Act, enacted in 2004, codified\",\n \"title\": \"Murder (United States law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72916\",\n \"text\": \"for all peacetime offences in 1998. In the United States, Michigan was the first state to ban the death penalty, on 18 May 1846. The death penalty was declared unconstitutional between 1972 and 1976 based on the \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\" case, but the 1976 \\\"Gregg v. Georgia\\\" case once again permitted the death penalty under certain circumstances. Further limitations were placed on the death penalty in \\\"Atkins v. Virginia\\\" (death penalty unconstitutional for people with an intellectual disability) and \\\"Roper v. Simmons\\\" (death penalty unconstitutional if defendant was under age 18 at the time the crime was committed). In the\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72917\",\n \"text\": \"United States, 18 states and the District of Columbia ban capital punishment. Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the right to life is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a psychological torture. Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it \\\"cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment\\\". Amnesty International considers it to be \\\"the ultimate, irreversible denial of Human Rights\\\". Most countries, including almost all First World nations, have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice. Notable exceptions are the United States, China, India,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72923\",\n \"text\": \"countries to have recently carried out executions. The U.S. federal government, the U.S. military, and 31 states have a valid death penalty statute, and over 1,400 executions have been carried in the United States since it reinstated the death penalty in 1976, including 28 in 2015 alone. Japan has 111 inmates with finalized death sentences ; after executing Shoko Asahara and six other senior members of Aum Shinrikyo, a cult group which carried out multiple atrocities involving thousands of victims such as the Tokyo subway sarin attack, which took place on 20 March 1995, on 6 July the executions of\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2457138\",\n \"text\": \"executions by the United States include Juan Raul Garza on June 19, 2001, and Louis Jones Jr. on March 18, 2003. Sentences of death handed down by a jury cannot be rejected by the judge. The use of the federal death penalty increased in the 2000s, with the number of those sentenced to death federally climbing from 18 to 50 by 2007. Most such sentences were given in states which have active death state penalty statutes, with the largest number of federal death sentences handed down in Texas. However U.S. attorneys increasingly began pursuing death sentences in states with no\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment by the United States federal government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456645\",\n \"text\": \"is issued by the governor in several states, in the vast majority it is a judicial order, issued by a judge or by the state supreme court at the request of the prosecution. The warrant usually sets an execution day. Some states instead provide a longer period, such as a week or 10 days to carry out the execution. This is designated to avoid issuing a new warrant in case of a last-minute stay of execution that would be vacated only few days or few hours later. Within the context of the overall murder rate, the death penalty cannot be\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459980\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Oklahoma Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The state has executed the third largest number of convicts in the United States (after Texas and Virginia) since re-legalization following \\\"Gregg v. Georgia \\\" in 1976. Oklahoma also has the highest number of executions per capita in the country. Oklahoma was the first jurisdiction in the world to adopt lethal injection as method of execution. No executions have been performed in Oklahoma since January 2015. After a three-year moratorium on lethal injection in March 2018, Oklahoma lifted aforementioned moratorium. Oklahoma will now use\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Oklahoma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12564349\",\n \"text\": \"that exclusively grants all state pardons. Alabama (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Connecticut (Board of Pardons and Paroles), Idaho (Commission of Pardons and Paroles), Minnesota (Board of Pardons), Nebraska (Board of Pardons), Nevada (Board of Pardon Commissioners), South Carolina (Board of Probation, Parole and Pardon), and Utah (Board of Pardons and Paroles) are the other eight (8) states in the United States with similar state boards. Clemency is given by the Board at its discretion. The Board has the sole constitutional authority to commute death sentences to either life imprisonment or life without parole. Georgia is one of the three\",\n \"title\": \"Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456606\",\n \"text\": \"the Eighth Amendment as cruel and unusual punishment. The \\\"Furman\\\" decision caused all death sentences pending at the time to be reduced to life imprisonment, and was described by scholars as a \\\"legal bombshell\\\". The next day, columnist Barry Schweid wrote that it was \\\"unlikely\\\" that the death penalty could exist anymore in the United States. Instead of abandoning capital punishment, 37 states enacted new death penalty statutes that attempted to address the concerns of White and Stewart in \\\"Furman\\\". Some states responded by enacting mandatory death penalty statutes which prescribed a sentence of death for anyone convicted of certain\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72918\",\n \"text\": \"Japan, and most Islamic states. The United States is the only Western country to still use the death penalty. Since World War II, there has been a trend toward abolishing the death penalty. 58 countries retain the death penalty in active use, 102 countries have abolished capital punishment altogether, six have done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 32 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions. According to Amnesty International, 23 countries are\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11517639\",\n \"text\": \"unusual punishment\\\" in the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. These court decisions have been the subject of considerable controversy. Life imprisonment in the United States In the United States, 1 in every 2,000 residents are imprisoned for life. This is similar to the total imprisonment rate in Japan, which is roughly 51 per 100,000 residents (approx. 1 in 1,960 residents). There are many U.S. states in which a convict can be released on parole after a decade or more has passed, but in California, people sentenced to life imprisonment can normally apply for parole after seven years. The laws\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459986\",\n \"text\": \"on death row. Capital punishment in Oklahoma Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The state has executed the third largest number of convicts in the United States (after Texas and Virginia) since re-legalization following \\\"Gregg v. Georgia \\\" in 1976. Oklahoma also has the highest number of executions per capita in the country. Oklahoma was the first jurisdiction in the world to adopt lethal injection as method of execution. No executions have been performed in Oklahoma since January 2015. After a three-year moratorium on lethal injection in March 2018, Oklahoma lifted aforementioned moratorium. Oklahoma\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Oklahoma\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456628\",\n \"text\": \"death in two states (Florida and Missouri). Aircraft hijacking is a capital crime in Georgia and Mississippi. The legal administration of the death penalty in the United States typically involves five critical steps: (1) prosecutorial decision to seek the death penalty (2) sentencing, (3) direct review, (4) state collateral review, and (5) federal habeas corpus. Clemency, through which the Governor or President of the jurisdiction can unilaterally reduce or abrogate a death sentence, is an executive rather than judicial process. While judges in criminal cases can usually impose a harsher prison sentence than the one demanded by prosecution, the death\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18830839\",\n \"text\": \"aggravated sexual intercourse without consent, but the death penalty for these crimes is no longer constitutional since the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case \\\"Kennedy v. Louisiana\\\". Capital punishment in Montana Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Montana. Of the states that currently retain the death penalty, Montana is the only one that has not handed down a death sentence in the 21st century. The last time the state sentenced a defendant to death was in 1996. The state is among eleven states to have not carried out an execution in over a decade, with its\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Montana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13639259\",\n \"text\": \"recommendation. Since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 there have been 1077 executions in the United States (as of May 23, 2007). There were 53 executions in 2006. Texas overwhelmingly leads the United States in executions, with 379 executions from 1976 to 2006; the second-highest ranking state is Virginia, with 98 executions. A ruling on March 1, 2005, by the Supreme Court in \\\"Roper v. Simmons\\\" prohibits the execution of people who committed their crimes when they were under the age of 18. Between 1990 and 2005, Amnesty International recorded 19 executions in the United States for crime\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456598\",\n \"text\": \"161 who were sentenced to death in the modern era were exonerated before their execution. As of April 1, 2018, 2,743 are still on death row. The first recorded death sentence in the British North American colonies was carried out in 1608 on Captain George Kendall, who was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony for spying for the Spanish government. The Bill of Rights adopted in 1789 included the Eighth Amendment which prohibited cruel and unusual punishment. The Fifth Amendment was drafted with language implying a possible use of the death penalty, requiring a grand jury indictment for\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11930177\",\n \"text\": \"of sentencing, and even what acts are crimes: Some prisoners are given life sentences. In some states, a life sentence means life, without the possibility of parole. In other states, people with life sentences are eligible for parole. In some cases, the death penalty may be applicable; however, since the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Ring v. Arizona, a recommendation of the trial jury is required to impose a sentence of death. The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines prescribe a reduction of sentence time for most defendants who accept responsibility and plead guilty; further discounts are available to some defendants through fact\",\n \"title\": \"Criminal sentencing in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11517634\",\n \"text\": \"that causes injury to the child) and in Georgia for a second conviction for armed robbery, kidnapping, or rape and other serious violent felonies under Georgia's seven-deadly-sins law. Life imprisonment is a possible for aggravated mayhem and torture in California. Other specifics about life sentences in the United States continue to vary widely by individual states. Also, the sentence may be given for \\\"drug kingpins\\\" and \\\"habitual criminals.\\\" It has been applied in every state except Alaska, as well as in the federal courts. In Alaska, the maximum term of imprisonment is for 99 years, but that is almost always\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459947\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Nebraska Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Nebraska. In 2015, the state legislature voted to repeal the death penalty, overriding governor Pete Ricketts' veto. However, a petition drive secured enough signatures to suspend the repeal until a public vote. In the November 2016 general election, voters rejected the repeal measure, preserving capital punishment in the state. Nebraska has currently 12 inmates on death row. All are convicted of either multiple murders or child murder. On August 14, 2018, Nebraska executed Carey Dean Moore, who was convicted of murder, in what was the\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Nebraska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6564256\",\n \"text\": \"the death penalty, while it is still on the books in 51 countries. Since 2007, the United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called for a universal moratorium with a view toward total abolition of capital punishment. In 2011 progress was made in all regions of the world, particularly the United States: Illinois became abolitionist and in April 2012 Connecticut became the 17th state to abolish the death penalty, thus becoming the fifth American state to revoke capital punishment in the last five years.\\\" On the \\\"Cities for Life Day\\\", November 30, many important cities around the world celebrate the first\",\n \"title\": \"Cities for Life Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459944\",\n \"text\": \"sent the bill to Governor Martin O'Malley, who then signed it into law on May 2, 2013, declaring Maryland the 18th state in the US to ban the death penalty. O'Malley announced on December 31, 2014, that he would commute the sentences of the four remaining death-row inmates to life in prison without the possibility of parole. Maryland does not have a death penalty after Gov. Martin O'Malley signed a bill on May 2, 2013. Before the Governor signed the bill, only first-degree murder was a capital offense in the state of Maryland when it involved one of the following\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6683605\",\n \"text\": \"Oklahoma. Meanwhile, several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws. In 2015, the country had the fifth-highest number of executions in the world, following China, Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and largest prison population in the world. At the start of 2008, more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated, more than one in every 100 adults. In December 2012, the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders. About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"866398\",\n \"text\": \"country to use the death penalty; Singapore has the highest unadjusted HDI. The use of capital punishment is usually divided into the four categories set out below. , of the 195 independent states that are UN members or have UN observer status: Of the countries/regions categorized as 'very high' on the Human Development Index, 10 countries perform capital punishment: the United States, Japan, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Belarus, Oman, and Taiwan. In Malaysia, South Korea, and Russia, there is a moratorium. Qatar, the Bahamas, Barbados, and Brunei have a moratorium in practice. In Israel, Kazakhstan, and\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment by country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20350413\",\n \"text\": \"treason\\\"), Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya (\\\"high treason\\\"), Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Myanmar (\\\"high treason\\\"), Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Somalia, South Korea (\\\"conspiracy with foreign countries\\\"), South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Syria, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand (\\\"high treason\\\"), Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United States (\\\"Federal and in some individual States like Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Vermont; Vermont keeps death penalty for treason,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment for non-violent offenses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11343817\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Alabama Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Alabama. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, its courts impose more death sentences than Texas, a state that has a population five times as large. However, Texas has more executions per capita. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a retrial happens before another jury. Until 2017, Alabama was\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18830837\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Montana Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Montana. Of the states that currently retain the death penalty, Montana is the only one that has not handed down a death sentence in the 21st century. The last time the state sentenced a defendant to death was in 1996. The state is among eleven states to have not carried out an execution in over a decade, with its last execution carried out in 2006. Montana has currently two condemned inmates, including Canadian Ronald Allen Smith for the kidnapping and murder of two aboriginal men.\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Montana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459842\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Arkansas Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Arkansas. Since 1820, a total of 505 individuals have been executed. According to the Arkansas Department of Correction, as of March 13, 2018, a total of 29 men were under a sentence of death in the state. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial). The\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Arkansas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1319663\",\n \"text\": \"years in Honduras, 25 years in Ecuador, 30 years in Nicaragua, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Venezuela, and 25 years in Paraguay. Brazil has a maximum sentence of 30 years under statutory law, but life imprisonment and capital punishment are provided by law for crimes committed during wartime (for military crimes such as treason, desertion, and mutiny) and in the Constitution. In the United States, a 2009 report by the Sentencing Project suggested that life imprisonment without parole should be abolished in the country. U.S. law enforcement officials opposed its proposed abolition. Pope Francis proposed the abolition of both capital punishment and\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72902\",\n \"text\": \"and Canada have abolished capital punishment. In Latin America, most states have completely abolished the use of capital punishment, while some countries such as Brazil and Guatemala allow for capital punishment only in exceptional situations, such as treason committed during wartime. The United States (the federal government and 31 of the states), some Caribbean countries and the majority of countries in Asia (for example, Japan and India) retain capital punishment. In Africa, less than half of countries retain it, for example Botswana and Zambia. South Africa abolished the death penalty in 1995. Abolition was often adopted due to political change,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2457139\",\n \"text\": \"state death penalties and/or with inactive state death penalties. In federal trials, courts may exclude jurors who are opposed to the death penalty, even in trials taking place in non-death penalty states. In 2004 Brigham stated that due to an increase of federal death penalty verdicts in the preceding decade, \\\"some fear a \\\"federalization\\\" of the death penalty is taking place\\\". The three most recent offenders sentenced to death by federal courts are Dzhokhar Tsarnaev in 2015 for his role in the Boston Marathon bombing, white supremacist Dylann Roof in 2017 for the Charleston church shooting where he killed nine\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment by the United States federal government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456599\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"capital crime\\\" and a due process of law for deprivation of \\\"life\\\" by the government. The Fourteenth Amendment adopted in 1868 also requires a due process of law for deprivation of life by any states. The \\\"Espy file\\\", compiled by M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykla, lists 15,269 people executed in the United States and its predecessor colonies between 1608 and 1991. From 1930 to 2002, there were 4,661 executions in the U.S., about two-thirds of them in the first 20 years. Additionally, the United States Army executed 135 soldiers between 1916 and 1955 (the most recent). Three states\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459873\",\n \"text\": \"modified to reinstate capital punishment under an initiative called Proposition 17. In 1973 a new statute was subsequently enacted, making the death penalty mandatory for a number of crimes including first degree murder in specific instances, kidnapping where a person dies, train wrecking where a person dies, treason against the state, and assault by a life prisoner if the victim dies within a year. The debate over capital punishment played out in a somewhat similar fashion on the national level. On June 29, 1972, the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\", holding all capital punishment\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6568455\",\n \"text\": \"Bloomberg, a former Mayor of New York City, said that the United States could learn a thing or two from nations like Singapore when it came to drug trafficking, noting that \\\"executing a handful of people saves thousands and thousands of lives.\\\" The last execution in New York took place in 1963. Several courts have ruled that the death penalty violates the New York Constitution (see \\\"People v. LaValle\\\"). In 2007, the state of New York abolished the death penalty. 20 states, plus Washington D.C., have abolished the death penalty, with the most recent being Washington state in 2018. However,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Singapore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456625\",\n \"text\": \"and murder of an on-duty police officer. Several states have included child murder to their list of aggravating factors, but the victim's age under which the murder is punishable by death varies. In 2011, Texas raised this age from six to ten. In some states, the high number of aggravating factors has been criticized on account of giving prosecutors too much discretion in choosing cases where they believe capital punishment is warranted. In California especially, an official commission proposed, in 2008, to reduce these factors to five (multiple murders, torture murder, murder of a police officer, murder committed in jail,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14024104\",\n \"text\": \"submitted a written question to the judge asking if Rhines might enjoy prison because he was sexually attracted to men. The judge would not answer that question, and the jury sentenced Rhines to death. In 2018, the Supreme Court said that it would not interfere with the execution of Rhines. In the United States, there has been an evolving debate as to whether capital punishment should apply to persons with diminished mental capacity. In \\\"Ford v. Wainwright\\\", the Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the state from carrying out the death penalty on an individual who is insane,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment debate in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13639266\",\n \"text\": \"(for all crimes) in the United States far exceed those in most other countries. The United States is currently the country with the most life sentences, most of which are life without parole (LWOP). Mandatory minimum sentences and three-strikes laws are probably the largest contributors to the country's frequency of life imprisonment. It is estimated that 35% of federal US prisoners are older than age 60, many of whom were younger than 30 at the time of sentencing. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture, Juan E. Méndez, has requested that the United States stop holding prisoners in solitary confinement\",\n \"title\": \"Human rights in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16864839\",\n \"text\": \"the only crime punishable by death. Despite reinstatement, no one has been executed since. Capital punishment in Kansas Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kansas but it is rarely used. Kansas is one of only two death-penalty states, along with New Hampshire, where no executions have been carried out since the 1976 reinstatement of capital punishment in the United States. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Kansas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11517620\",\n \"text\": \"Life imprisonment in the United States In the United States, 1 in every 2,000 residents are imprisoned for life. This is similar to the total imprisonment rate in Japan, which is roughly 51 per 100,000 residents (approx. 1 in 1,960 residents). There are many U.S. states in which a convict can be released on parole after a decade or more has passed, but in California, people sentenced to life imprisonment can normally apply for parole after seven years. The laws in the United States divide life sentences between \\\"determinate life sentences\\\" and \\\"indeterminate life sentences.\\\" For example, sentences of \\\"15\",\n \"title\": \"Life imprisonment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13566649\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Florida Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Florida. Since 1976, the state has executed 97 convicted murderers, all at Florida State Prison. As of December 14, 2018, 344 offenders are awaiting execution. Florida performed its last pre-\\\"Furman\\\" execution in 1964 (Sie Dawson). After the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all states' death penalty procedures in the \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\" ruling, essentially ruling the imposition of the death penalty at the same time as a guilty verdict unconstitutional, Florida was the first state to draft a newly written statute on\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11196066\",\n \"text\": \"both cases, being the lone justice to concur in the two. Sixteen years later, \\\"Roper v. Simmons\\\" overruled \\\"Stanford\\\". Justice Kennedy, who concurred to Scalia’s opinion in \\\"Stanford\\\", instead wrote the opinion of the court in \\\"Roper\\\" and became the key vote. Justice O’Connor dissented. Before 2005, of the 38 U.S. states that allow capital punishment: At the time of the \\\"Roper v. Simmons\\\" decision, there were 71 juvenile offenders awaiting execution on death row: 13 in Alabama; four in Arizona; three in Florida; two in Georgia; four in Louisiana; five in Mississippi; one in Nevada; four in North Carolina;\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6663642\",\n \"text\": \"plurality opinion, on behalf of Justices Stewart, Blackmun, and Stevens. The Court's proportionality jurisprudence is informed by objective evidence, which comes from the laws enacted by state legislatures and the behavior of sentencing juries. The Court had found that it was always a minority of states that allowed the death penalty for rape. In 1925, 18 of 48 states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government authorized the death penalty for rape of an adult woman. In 1963, the figure was 17 of 50 states, almost all of them in the Southern and Western United States, as well as\",\n \"title\": \"Coker v. Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456669\",\n \"text\": \"in the capital punishment debate is the cost. Various commentators predicted that the death penalty would likely have disappeared in the United States if Hillary Clinton had been elected U.S. President in November 2016 and allowed to appoint a liberal Supreme Court Justice to replace the late Antonin Scalia. Because Donald Trump won and citizens in three states voted the same day for ballot measures supporting capital punishment, columnists came to the conclusion that it will remain indefinitely. One of the main arguments against the use of capital punishment in the United States is that there has been a long\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459932\",\n \"text\": \"negatively impact his support among voters, as evidenced by the fact that he won the 2016 gubernatorial race (54.4%) by a larger margin than the 2012 race (51.5%). the Capital punishment in Washington (state) Capital punishment in the state of Washington was abolished on October 11, 2018 when the state Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional as applied. When the prosecution sought the death penalty, the sentence was decided by the jury and had to be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence would be issued, even if a single\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Washington (state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19081929\",\n \"text\": \"Judicial override In United States jurisprudence, a judicial override is when a judge overrules a jury's determination. Only three U.S. states have allowed judicial overrides: Alabama, Delaware, and Florida. Delaware and Florida have cases in which the jury has imposed a death sentence and the judge has changed the ruling to life in prison. Alabama is unique in allowing judges to override a jury sentence of life in prison with capital punishment. Florida abolished the override in 2016 and Alabama in 2017. In 2016 the Delaware Supreme Court declared the state's death penalty law unconstitutional due to the override. In\",\n \"title\": \"Judicial override\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3054257\",\n \"text\": \"to convict. Additionally, the Manual for Courts-Martial requires only a judge and a specified number of panel members (five for a general court-martial or three for a special court-martial; no panel is seated for a summary court-martial) in all non-capital cases. In capital cases, a panel of 12 members is required. Of the 30 U.S. states with the death penalty, 28 provide the sentence to be decided by a jury, and 27 require a unanimous sentence. However, the states differ on what happens if the penalty phase results in a hung jury: The first outcome is referred as the \\\"true\",\n \"title\": \"Hung jury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2457141\",\n \"text\": \"held at Springfield MCFP, and one is held at USP Beaumont. Two people have been re-sentenced since 1976 to life in prison and one had the sentence commuted to life in prison by President Bill Clinton in 2001. In 2017, President Barack Obama commuted two death sentences, one handed down by a federal district court and one other issued by a court-martial. In the federal system, the final decision to seek the death penalty rests with the United States Attorney General. This differs from states, where local prosecutors have the final say with no involvement from the state attorney general.\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment by the United States federal government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2457140\",\n \"text\": \"people, and Gary Lee Sampson who was sentenced to death a second time in 2017 for two carjacking murders (after an original 2003 death sentence for the same crimes was vacated in 2011). As of September 28, 2018, there are 63 offenders on federal death row, most of them at Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana. The only woman on federal death row as of 2018, Lisa M. Montgomery, is held at Federal Medical Center, Carswell, in Fort Worth, Texas. , aside from those at Terre Haute, three male death row inmates are held at ADX Florence, two are\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment by the United States federal government\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11343822\",\n \"text\": \"in prison without parole in January 1999. Capital punishment in Alabama Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Alabama. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, its courts impose more death sentences than Texas, a state that has a population five times as large. However, Texas has more executions per capita. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and at least 10 jurors must concur. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a retrial happens\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456627\",\n \"text\": \"the ruling does not apply to \\\"treason, espionage, terrorism, and drug kingpin activity, which are offenses against the State\\\". Since no one is on death row for such offenses, the court has yet to rule on the constitutionality of the death penalty applied for them. Treason, espionage and large-scale drug trafficking are all capital crimes under federal law. Treason is also punishable by death in six states (Arkansas, California, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri). Vermont still has a pre-\\\"Furman\\\" statute providing the death penalty for treason despite removing capital punishment for murder in 1965. Large-scale drug trafficking is punishable by\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459931\",\n \"text\": \"and advocates, the subcommittee issued its final report in December, 2006. Noting the extra costs associated with capital trials and great disparities in the current system, the report suggested that compensation for attorneys be increased, with all defense and prosecution costs to be paid by the state. Support for the death penalty in the United States is at historic lows. In a 2017 end of the year report, the Death Penalty Information Center reported that public support of the death penalty reached 45 year lows. In Washington state, Jay Inslee's decision to institute a moratorium on capital punishment did not\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Washington (state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456612\",\n \"text\": \"Constitution. The decision of the New York Court of Appeals was based on the state constitution, making unavailable any appeal. The state lower house has since blocked all attempts to reinstate the death penalty by adopting a valid sentencing scheme. In 2016, Delaware's death penalty statute was also struck down by its state supreme court. In 2007, New Jersey became the first state to repeal the death penalty by legislative vote since \\\"Gregg v. Georgia\\\", followed by New Mexico in 2009, Illinois in 2011, Connecticut in 2012, and Maryland in 2013. The repeals were not retroactive, but in New Jersey,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460056\",\n \"text\": \"Lists of people executed in Texas The list of people executed by the U.S. state of Texas, with the exception of 1819-1849, is divided into periods of ten years. Since 1819, 1,313 individuals (all but nine of whom have been men) have been executed in Texas as of December 11, 2018. Between 1819 and 1923, 390 people were executed by hanging in the county where the trial took place. During the American Civil War, three Confederate deserters and a man convicted of attempted rape were executed by firing squad. The law was changed in 1923 requiring executions to be carried\",\n \"title\": \"Lists of people executed in Texas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459867\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in California Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of California. It carried out 709 executions from 1778 to the 1972 California Supreme Court decision in \\\"People v. Anderson\\\" that struck down the state capital punishment statute. California voters reinstated the death penalty a few months later, with Proposition 17 legalizing the death penalty in the state constitution and ending the \\\"Anderson\\\" ruling. Since that ruling, there have been just 13 executions, yet hundreds of inmates have been sentenced. The last execution that took place in California was in 2006. , official California Department of\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16864834\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Kansas Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Kansas but it is rarely used. Kansas is one of only two death-penalty states, along with New Hampshire, where no executions have been carried out since the 1976 reinstatement of capital punishment in the United States. When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death. There is no retrial. The Governor\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Kansas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459923\",\n \"text\": \"Capital punishment in Washington (state) Capital punishment in the state of Washington was abolished on October 11, 2018 when the state Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional as applied. When the prosecution sought the death penalty, the sentence was decided by the jury and had to be unanimous. In case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence would be issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial). The governor had the power of clemency with respect to death sentences. The following are considered circumstances for aggravated first degree murder:\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Washington (state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456647\",\n \"text\": \"Wyoming, which is the least populous state, has only one condemned man. But executions are more frequent (and happen more quickly after sentencing) in conservative states. Texas, which is the second most populous state of the Union, carried out over 500 executions during the post-\\\"Furman\\\" era, more than a third of the national total. California has carried out only 13 executions during the same period, and has carried out none since 2006. African Americans made up 41% of death row inmates while making up only 12.6% of the general population. They have made up 34% of those actually executed since\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456610\",\n \"text\": \"Supreme Court ruled that murder can be punished by death only if it involves a narrow and precise aggravating factor. The U.S. Supreme Court has placed two major restrictions on the use of the death penalty. First, the case of \\\"Atkins v. Virginia\\\", decided on June 20, 2002, held that the execution of intellectually disabled inmates is unconstitutional. Second, in 2005, the court's decision in \\\"Roper v. Simmons\\\" struck down executions for offenders under the age of 18 at the time of the crime. In the 2008 case \\\"Kennedy v. Louisiana\\\", the court also held 5–4 that the death penalty\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459922\",\n \"text\": \"governor with consent of the state senate. The governor can only grant a stay of execution not extending beyond the next session of the board. Under Utah law, aggravated murder is the only crime subject to the penalty of death. It is defined as follows: Capital punishment in Utah Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Utah. Utah was the first state to resume executions after the 1967-1976 national moratorium on capital punishment, when Gary Gilmore was executed by firing squad in 1977. Utah is one of only two states to have ever carried out executions\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Utah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12448370\",\n \"text\": \"in 2010. Exemption amounts under the state estate taxes vary, ranging from the federal estate tax exemption amount or $5.34 million, indexed for inflation (two states) to $675,000 (New Jersey). The most common amount is $1 million (three states and the District of Columbia). In 2014, four states increased their exemption amounts: Minnesota (phased up to $2 million for 2018 deaths), Rhode Island ($1.5 million for 2015 deaths), and Maryland and New York (both phased their exemptions up to the federal amount for 2019 deaths). Top rates range from 12 percent to 19 percent with most states, like Minnesota, imposing\",\n \"title\": \"Estate tax in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20984110\",\n \"text\": \"the cases involving either murder or rape, mostly by hanging and at least one of whom was shot by a firing-squad. In 1957, Hawaii, then still a territory of the United States, abolished the death penalty. Hawaii became a state in 1959. Aside from Alaska, it is the only U.S. state that has never had the death penalty while a state. Capital punishment in Hawaii Under post-contact common law criminal justice, the penal laws of the Kingdom, Provisional Government, Republic, and U.S. Territory of Hawaii allowed for the execution of persons convicted of capital crimes. The Espy file and historian\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Hawaii\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2460058\",\n \"text\": \"four times as many as Virginia (the state with the second-highest total of executions in the post-\\\"Gregg\\\" era) and over 37 times as many as California (the state with the largest number of death row inmates; California has not executed anyone since January 2006). Lists of people executed in Texas The list of people executed by the U.S. state of Texas, with the exception of 1819-1849, is divided into periods of ten years. Since 1819, 1,313 individuals (all but nine of whom have been men) have been executed in Texas as of December 11, 2018. Between 1819 and 1923, 390\",\n \"title\": \"Lists of people executed in Texas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6683607\",\n \"text\": \"Prisons, the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses. The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate. In 2018, Oklahoma had the highest incarceration rate (1,079 per 100,000 people), and Massachusetts the lowest (324 per 100,000 people). Among the U.S. territories, the highest incarceration rate was in the U.S. Virgin Islands (542 per 100,000 people) and the lowest was in Puerto Rico (313 per 100,000 people). The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity. According\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15185\",\n \"text\": \"of Civil Appeals and the Court of Criminal Appeals, and four trial courts: the circuit court (trial court of general jurisdiction), and the district, probate, and municipal courts. Some critics believe that the election of judges has contributed to an exceedingly high rate of executions. Alabama has the highest per capita death penalty rate in the country. In some years, it imposes more death sentences than does Texas, a state which has a population five times larger. Some of its cases have been highly controversial; the Supreme Court has overturned 24 convictions in death penalty cases. It was the only\",\n \"title\": \"Alabama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15631739\",\n \"text\": \"to meet the three-judge court's deadline and needed to be granted another extension until February 2016. The California electorate further reduced defined felonies by passing California Proposition 47 (2014). The state must still submit monthly updates to the Three Judge Court regarding population reduction and other efforts to implement the decision. As of the last update on May 9, 2018, the prison population was at 134.7% of its design capacity. 114,618 inmates are in state institutions, while 3,553 inmates are in out of state facilities as of May 9, 2018. The final update of 2017 reported 114,813 inmates in state\",\n \"title\": \"Brown v. Plata\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456655\",\n \"text\": \"a court or unavailable for practical reasons: Oklahoma is the only state allowing more than two methods of execution in its statutes, providing lethal injection, nitrogen hypoxia, electrocution and firing squad to be used in that order in the event that all earlier methods are unavailable. The nitrogen option was added by the Oklahoma Legislature in 2015 and has never been used in a judicial execution, though it is routinely used to give a painless death in animal euthanasia. Three states (Oklahoma, Tennessee and Utah) have added back-up methods recently in 2014 or 2015 (or have expanded their application fields)\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456665\",\n \"text\": \"who normally opposed the death penalty when asked the 1937 question. A similar result was found in 2001 when respondents were polled about the execution of Timothy McVeigh for the Oklahoma City Bombing that killed 168 victims. Capital punishment is a controversial issue, with many prominent organizations and individuals participating in the debate. Amnesty International and other groups oppose capital punishment on moral grounds. Some law enforcement organizations, and some victims' rights groups support capital punishment. The United States is one of the four developed countries that still practice capital punishment, along with Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan. Religious groups are\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5271146\",\n \"text\": \"(Northern Ireland) 1967. Sections 1(4) and (5) of the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973 read: See sections 1(1)(b) and 3 of the Criminal Justice Act 1964 (both of which are now repealed) and section 8 of the Criminal Justice Act 1990. The term \\\"capital murder\\\" is used in only seven U.S. states; however, 31 states and United States federal government currently allow for capital punishment, and each has its own terminology for an offense punishable by death. In most states, the term \\\"First-Degree Murder\\\" is used; others may use the term \\\"Aggravated Murder\\\" (such as New York, Ohio, Oregon,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital murder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456663\",\n \"text\": \"in 1996, 55% in 2014, and 49% in 2016. The 2014 poll showed significant differences by race: 63% of whites, 40% of Hispanics, and 36% of blacks, respectively, supported the death penalty in that year. However, in 2018 Polls showed Public support for the death penalty increased to 54% up from 49%. Since 2016, opinions among Republicans and Democrats have changed little, but the share of independents favoring the death penalty has increased 8 percentage points (from 44% to 52%). A 2010 poll found that 61% of voters would choose a penalty other than the death sentence for murder. When\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10953164\",\n \"text\": \"the year 2016, according to a report by the Prison Policy Initiative. Jurisdictions that have opted out since 2009 include: Wisconsin (2009), Oklahoma (2010), Indiana (2014), Delaware (2014), Georgia (2015), Massachusetts (2016), Ohio (2016), the District of Columbia (2017), Utah (2018), Iowa (2018), and Pennsylvania. Additionally, Virginia passed opt-out legislation in 2017, but only as it pertains to the possession of cannabis. \\\"Smoke a joint, lose your license\\\" laws have been criticized for a variety of reasons, including the fact that the punishment often has nothing to do with the crime. The severity of punishment is also considered to be\",\n \"title\": \"Solomon–Lautenberg amendment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459896\",\n \"text\": \"lethal injection, following a 1996 federal court (9th Circuit) ruling that the use of the gas chamber in California was unconstitutional. Capital punishment in California Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of California. It carried out 709 executions from 1778 to the 1972 California Supreme Court decision in \\\"People v. Anderson\\\" that struck down the state capital punishment statute. California voters reinstated the death penalty a few months later, with Proposition 17 legalizing the death penalty in the state constitution and ending the \\\"Anderson\\\" ruling. Since that ruling, there have been just 13 executions, yet hundreds\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72922\",\n \"text\": \"support for the death penalty remains high. Some countries have resumed practising the death penalty after having previously suspended the practice for long periods. The United States suspended executions in 1972 but resumed them in 1976; there was no execution in India between 1995 and 2004; and Sri Lanka declared an end to its moratorium on the death penalty on 20 November 2004, although it has not yet performed any further executions. The Philippines re-introduced the death penalty in 1993 after abolishing it in 1987, but again abolished it in 2006. The United States and Japan are the only developed\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2456657\",\n \"text\": \"primary method of execution rather than as a backup, after experts testified that the method would be painless, easy and \\\"inexpensive\\\". The method of execution of federal prisoners for offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 is that of the state in which the conviction took place. If the state has no death penalty, the judge must choose a state with the death penalty for carrying out the execution. The federal government has a facility (at U.S. Penitentiary Terre Haute) and regulations only for executions by lethal injection, but the United States Code allows U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13566657\",\n \"text\": \"commutations were granted out of 268 cases. Since 1972, when the death penalty was re-instituted, only six commutations have been granted, all under the administration of Governor Bob Graham. Capital punishment in Florida Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Florida. Since 1976, the state has executed 97 convicted murderers, all at Florida State Prison. As of December 14, 2018, 344 offenders are awaiting execution. Florida performed its last pre-\\\"Furman\\\" execution in 1964 (Sie Dawson). After the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all states' death penalty procedures in the \\\"Furman v. Georgia\\\" ruling,\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72926\",\n \"text\": \"365 juvenile offenders were executed by the British Colonial authorities and subsequently by State authorities and the federal government of the United States. The United States Supreme Court abolished capital punishment for offenders under the age of 16 in \\\"Thompson v. Oklahoma\\\" (1988), and for all juveniles in \\\"Roper v. Simmons\\\" (2005). Between 2005 and May 2008, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen were reported to have executed child offenders, the largest number occurring in Iran. During Hassan Rouhani's current tenure as president of Iran since 2013, at least 3,602 death sentences have been carried out. This includes the\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14328665\",\n \"text\": \"he commits first degree murder and have an aggravating circumstance, for example if he kills a public safety official, such as a police officer, firefighter, or paramedic/EMT. In this case he can receive the death penalty. However, in October of 2018, the Washington State Supreme Court ruled that execution could no longer be used as a penalty for any crime. Murder (United States law) In the United States, the law regarding murder varies by jurisdiction. In most U.S. jurisdictions there is a hierarchy of acts, known collectively as homicide, of which \\\"first degree murder\\\" and \\\"felony murder\\\" are the most\",\n \"title\": \"Murder (United States law)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2459886\",\n \"text\": \"$6.5 million, dwarfing the $1 million raised by opponents of Proposition 34. The proposition was defeated with 52% against and 48% in favor. On July 16, 2014, federal judge Cormac J. Carney of the United States District Court ruled that California's death penalty system is unconstitutional because it is arbitrary and plagued with delay. The state has not executed a prisoner since 2006. The judge stated that the current system violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment by imposing a sentence that “no rational jury or legislature could ever impose: life in prison, with the remote possibility\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment in California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72925\",\n \"text\": \"People's Republic of China (PRC), Bangladesh, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, the United States, and Yemen. The PRC, Pakistan, the United States, Yemen and Iran have since raised the minimum age to 18. Amnesty International has recorded 61 verified executions since then, in several countries, of both juveniles and adults who had been convicted of committing their offences as juveniles. The PRC does not allow for the execution of those under 18, but child executions have reportedly taken place. Starting in 1642 within the then British American colonies until present day, an estimated\",\n \"title\": \"Capital punishment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2140435\",\n \"text\": \"Paraguay, on 8 June 1990. While Article 4 of the American Convention had already placed severe restrictions on the states' ability to impose the death penalty – only applicable for the most serious crimes; no reinstatement once abolished; not to be used for political offenses or common crimes; not to be used against those aged under 18 or over 70, or against pregnant women – signing this protocol formalizes a state's solemn commitment to refrain from using capital punishment in any peacetime circumstance. To date it has been ratified by 13 nations (see below). The Inter-American Court makes a broad\",\n \"title\": \"American Convention on Human Rights\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"how many states in the us have the death penalty 2018"}}},{"rowIdx":185,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["National Football League"],"string":"[\n \"National Football League\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"9651866","text":"the NFL, MLB and the NBA rank as the top three most lucrative sports leagues in the world, with the Premier League of English soccer and the NHL ranked at fourth and fifth place. The major sports leagues have their games televised on the big four U.S. broadcast TV networks—ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox—enjoy strong TV viewer ratings, and earn significant revenues from these TV contracts. All of the top four major sports leagues have had television contracts with at least one of the original \"big three\" U.S. broadcast television networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC) since those networks' early years,","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"9651867","text":"indicative of the sports' widespread appeal since their inception, continuing today additionally with Fox. In Canada, the NHL has been broadcast on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation since 1952. The NFL has the largest TV contracts, and earns over $6 billion annually from its contracts with Fox, CBS, NBC, ESPN and DirecTV for the 2014 through 2022 seasons. MLB earns $1.5 billion annually from its contracts with ESPN, Fox, and Turner Sports (TBS) for the 2014 through 2021 seasons. In October 2014, the NBA signed a nine-year television deal with ESPN and TNT that generates annual league TV revenues of $2.66","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"9651850","text":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada The major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada are the highest professional competitions of team sports in those countries. The four leagues universally included in the definition are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). Other prominent leagues include Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Canadian Football League (CFL). MLB, the NBA, NFL, and NHL are commonly referred to as the \"Big Four\". Each of these is the wealthiest professional club competition in its","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"9651927","text":"in their respective sports, not only in revenue, but also in quality of talent, player salaries, and worldwide interest. However, of the four major leagues, the NFL has the least presence outside both countries; it is mainly an American and Canadian interest. Basketball is a strong spectator and participation sport in parts of the world, and the NBA is unquestionably the top basketball league. Hockey (Europe) and baseball (East Asia, Latin America) have loyal followings in some of the world's other regions as well. Selling league broadcasting rights to foreign markets is another way for the leagues to generate revenue,","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"19345036","text":"the NBA with the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. It has 30 teams, 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. The NBA is watched by audiences both domestically and internationally. The National Football League was founded in 1920 as a combination of various teams from regional leagues such as the Ohio League, the New York Pro Football League, and the Chicago circuit. The NFL partially absorbed the All-America Football Conference in 1949 and merged with the American Football League in 1970. It has 32 teams, all located in the United States. NFL games are the most attended of domestic","title":"Professional sports leagues in the United States"},{"id":"9651868","text":"billion beginning with the 2016–17 season. The NHL earns $633 million annually from its media deals—$200m in the U.S. with NBC Sports, and $433m in Canada with Rogers Sportsnet. All four major sports leagues have launched a network of their own—NBA TV in 1999, the NFL Network in 2003, the NHL Network in Canada in 2001 and in the U.S. in 2007, and the MLB Network in 2009. Teams in the MLB, NBA, and NHL—which play several days per week—negotiate contracts with local broadcasters to air most of their games, both terrestrial networks and regional sports networks. Some teams (such","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"9651921","text":"list, and teams can add or remove players to a 45-position negotiation list without their permission and at any time, regardless of age. Since 2018, ten of the 45 players must be publicly announced. The average annual salary for players in the four major leagues is about US $2.9 million in 2008, although player salaries can range from $300,000 for backup players to $20 million for superstars. NBA players have the highest average player salaries of the four leagues; however, their teams also have the smallest rosters. The NFL has the highest average team payroll. However, NFL rosters are far","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"9651872","text":"Buffalo Bills, NBA's New Orleans Pelicans). The NHL has the largest multiples between the highest-value and lowest-value teams, with the New York Rangers worth 6.5 times the Florida Panthers. Recent expansion franchises have commanded huge entry fees, which represent the price the new team must pay to gain its share of the existing teams' often guaranteed revenue streams. The Houston Texans paid $700 million to join the NFL in 2002. By comparison, the Charlotte Bobcats (now the Hornets) paid $300 million to join the NBA. The Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Rays (originally Devil Rays) paid $130 million each to","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"6683650","text":"annually since January 1944. American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport; the National Football League (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally. Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century, with Major League Baseball (MLB) being the top league. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Hockey League (NHL). These four major sports, when played professionally,","title":"United States"},{"id":"9651949","text":"As of 2015, MLB also handles the NHL's digital operations. Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada The major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada are the highest professional competitions of team sports in those countries. The four leagues universally included in the definition are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). Other prominent leagues include Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Canadian Football League (CFL). MLB, the NBA, NFL, and NHL are commonly referred to as the \"Big Four\". Each","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"5571947","text":"Sports in the United States Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. American football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball, baseball, and soccer. Tennis, golf, hockey, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country. Based on revenue, the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly","title":"Sports in the United States"},{"id":"5572042","text":"have a national TV contract that pays rights fees. Sports in the United States Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. American football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball, baseball, and soccer. Tennis, golf, hockey, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country. Based on revenue, the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). The market","title":"Sports in the United States"},{"id":"5571985","text":"those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regards to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and","title":"Sports in the United States"},{"id":"19341688","text":"League Baseball (MLB) being the top league, while American football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport, with the National Football League (NFL) having the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and a Super Bowl watched by millions globally. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Hockey League (NHL). These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year. College football and basketball attract large","title":"History of sports in the United States"},{"id":"19747746","text":"Basketball in the United States Of those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regard to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams","title":"Basketball in the United States"},{"id":"3402412","text":"($196.66 million), The Chicago Cubs ($183.9 million), Houston Astros ($182.4 million), Los Angeles Dodgers ($181.99 million) and New York Yankees ($178.8 million). The luxury tax is separate from revenue sharing, which is a system to balance out the income distribution between large and small market teams by dividing money from merchandise sales and media contracts. The money generated from the luxury tax is not distributed to the rest of the league, as is the case with the NBA, but rather is used for other purposes. The first $2,375,400 and 50% of the remaining total are used to fund player benefits,","title":"Luxury tax (sports)"},{"id":"15218310","text":"sport\" was released by a representative of the NBA Players' Association in 2008 A \"Fortune\" magazine article states, however, that a working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the percentage of NFL players who go bankrupt after two years is a much smaller 1.9%, climbing to 15.7% after 12 years. the average salary for the about 500 players in Major League Baseball was slightly more than $2,000 a season ($ today). The star hitter Ty Cobb received $9,000 a season ($ today), and sold automobiles in the off season. While Cobb encouraged young men to play","title":"Personal finances of professional American athletes"},{"id":"16017941","text":"has earned on a 1 year contract, Jordan also holds the record for the second largest 1 year contract at $30,140,000 in the 1996-97 season. Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013–14 season began. LeBron James became the third in the 2016–17 season. Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40-Million per year when he signed a record 5-year contract worth $201-Million in 2017, starting with $34,682,550 in the 2017-18 season and ending with the largest earnings in the 2021-22 season with a record payout of $45,780,966. Beginning in the 1984–85 NBA","title":"Highest-paid NBA players by season"},{"id":"7461441","text":"the rings. The NFL pays up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for teams that win the Super Bowl. Teams can distribute any number of rings but must pay for any additional costs, and may offer lesser rings at their discretion. The NBA standardized its championship ring from 1969 through 1983; presently the winning team selects its own design and the league covers the cost of the rings. The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff.","title":"Championship ring"},{"id":"5572035","text":"Sports have been a major part of American broadcasting since the early days of radio. Today, television networks and radio networks pay millions (sometimes billions) of dollars for the rights to broadcast sporting events. Contracts between leagues and broadcasters stipulate how often games must be interrupted for commercials. Because of all of the advertisements, broadcasting contracts are very lucrative and account for the biggest chunk of major professional teams' revenues. Broadcasters also covet the television contracts for the major sports leagues (especially in the case of the NFL) in order to amplify their ability to promote their programming to the","title":"Sports in the United States"},{"id":"7445149","text":"billion ($2.7 billion/year) extension with ESPN, ABC and Turner Sports beginning with the 2016–17 season and running through the 2024–25 season - the second most expensive media rights in the world after NFL and on a par with Premier League in annual rights fee from 2016–17 to 2018–19 season. NBA entered the cable territory in 1979 when USA Network signed a three-year $1.5 million deal and extended for two years until the 1983-84 season, ESPN also had a brief affair with NBA from 1982 to 1984. Turner Sports obtained rights to air NBA games beginning with the 1984-85 season (replacing","title":"National Basketball Association on television"},{"id":"15121399","text":"Curry is speculated to receive even more money than Durant from his contract with Under Armour. Meanwhile, Puma pays sprinter Usain Bolt $10 million per year. Many athletes maintain contracts with a variety of companies; some of them are related to sports and others that are not. Roger Federer holds agreements with Nike, Wilson, Rolex, Mercedes-Benz, and Gillette, worth a sum close to $60 million each year. LeBron James’ contracts with Nike, Beats by Dre, Coca-Cola, Kia, McDonald’s, and Samsung accrue the NBA player more than $40 million per year. Peyton Manning meanwhile holds sponsorship agreements with companies including Buick,","title":"Sports marketing"},{"id":"2402909","text":"WNBA combined. Outside the highest leagues, however, the money professional athletes can earn drops dramatically, as fan bases are generally smaller and television revenues are nonexistent. For instance, while the National Football League's teams can afford to pay their players millions of dollars each year and still maintain a significant profit, the second-highest American football league in the United States, the United Football League, consistently struggled to pay its bills and has continually lost money despite allotting its players only US$20,000 a year, and television networks made the league pay for television airtime instead of paying the league, making the","title":"Professional sports"},{"id":"19576143","text":"does not publicize what specific charities receive donations. The NFL has contributed a large sum to retired players with health problems, and to charities. The MLB has had several instances where they have let players choose their own charity. The program NBA Cares is in charge of choosing what charities the NBA will support; some of these include UNICEF, Habitat for Humanity, Boys and Girls Club of America, and Feed the Children. The fine money of NBA players isn't donated to charities directly, according to NBA collective bargaining agreement, The NBA and National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) first equally split","title":"NBA fines"},{"id":"11719490","text":"to air the Rose, Sugar and Orange bowls, plus $470–475 million annually for the rest of the package. Also in 2012, ESPN and Major League Baseball agreed to an eight-year extension, increasing ESPN's average yearly payment from about $360 million to approximately $700 million. And in October 2014, ESPN signed a nine-year extension with the NBA, worth three times as much as the previous deal. These deals were made when new sports channels like NBCSN and Fox Sports 1 emerged, and so analysts believe that ESPN deliberately drove the prices up as a defensive measure to block these competitors from","title":"Criticism of ESPN"},{"id":"6569339","text":"2011. The next CBA, which took effect in 2011, set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011–12, with a 49-to-51 band in subsequent years. To ensure the players get their share of the BRI, teams are required to spend 90 percent of the salary cap each year, the salary floor for the 2016–17 season will be 84.73 million. In December 2016, the league and the players' union reached a tentative agreement on a new CBA, with both sides ratifying it by the end of that month. The new agreement will run through the 2023–24 season, with either side","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"9651905","text":"CFL's most successful U.S. market). All told, 13 of the NFL's current 32 franchises were absorbed from a rival league—all 10 AFL franchises of the 1960s, two from the AAFC, and one from the 1936 AFL. The NBA was formed in 1949 after three years of competition between the large-market Basketball Association of America (from which the NBA traces its existence) and the industrial-based National Basketball League. The NBA also had to fend off two incarnations of the American Basketball League, the first being an Eastern circuit that predated the NBA, and the second existing from 1961 to 1963, after","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"7445147","text":"the 1973-74 until the 1989–90 season, during which the early 1980s is notoriously known as the tape delay playoff era. NBC then succeeded the broadcast rights from 1990 to 2002. During NBC's partnership with the NBA in the 1990s, the league rose to unprecedented popularity, with ratings surpassing the days of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in the mid 1980s. Upon expiration of the contract in 2002, the league signed an agreement with ABC, which began airing games in the 2002-03 season. NBC had made a four-year $1.3 billion ($330 million/year) bid in the spring of 2002 to renew its","title":"National Basketball Association on television"},{"id":"12004312","text":"City on June 6, 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league adopted the name National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949 after merging with the rival National Basketball League (NBL). As of the early 21st century, the NBA is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition. The American Basketball Association (ABA) was founded as an alternative to the NBA in 1967 at a time when the NBA was experiencing a lot of popularity. The ABA offered an alternative ethos and game style as well as some","title":"History of basketball"},{"id":"4639806","text":"National Football League on television The television rights to broadcast National Football League (NFL) games are the most lucrative and expensive rights of any American sport. Television brought professional football into prominence in the modern era after World War II. Since then, National Football League broadcasts have become among the most-watched programs on American television, and the financial fortunes of entire networks have rested on owning NFL broadcasting rights. This has raised questions about the impartiality of the networks' coverage of games and whether they can criticize the NFL without fear of losing the rights and their income. Since the","title":"National Football League on television"},{"id":"2526502","text":"sport. For example, while the Premier League is roughly as lucrative and wealthy as the \"Big Four\" North American leagues, the Football Association nevertheless has the power to veto the appointment of that league's chief executive. Current commissioners of the North American professional leagues are Roger Goodell in the NFL, Rob Manfred in the MLB (and minor league baseball), Adam Silver in the NBA, Gary Bettman in the NHL, Don Garber in MLS, Randy Ambrosie in the CFL and Oliver Luck in the XFL. In many cases, the term Commissioner is part of a more specific title, including English renditions","title":"Commissioner"},{"id":"2292823","text":"as of 2017 (35.5% of all World Series for a 23.9% success rate). In the past 30 years, 18 different teams have won the World Series. In comparison, only 14 different teams won the NFL Super Bowl, 13 won the NHL Stanley Cup and 10 won the NBA championship in that same time frame. Other pundits, such as Michael Lewis, the author of the bestseller \"Moneyball\", have argued that using World Series championships as an example of parity may be misleading, and playoff appearances may be a better indicator of relative team strength. The playoff system used in baseball comprises","title":"Salary cap"},{"id":"7461440","text":"four most-well known championship rings in North American professional sports are the NFL's Super Bowl ring, the NBA Championship ring, MLB's World Series ring, and the NHL's Stanley Cup ring. Similar rings are often presented to individuals inducted into a North American sports hall of fame. Championship rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and the championship number (usually indicated in Roman numerals for the NFL's Super Bowl wins). Championship ring policies differ between the four major professional leagues. NHL and MLB owners pay for the cost of","title":"Championship ring"},{"id":"12714411","text":"to pay the St. Louis owners $2.2 million in cash up front in addition to a 1/7 share of the four remaining teams' television revenues \"in perpetuity\". As the NBA's popularity exploded in the 1980s and 1990s, the league's television rights were sold to CBS and then NBC, and additional deals were struck with the TNT and TBS cable networks; league television revenue soared into the hundreds of millions of dollars. The Silnas continue to receive checks from the NBA on a yearly basis, representing a 4/7 share of the television money that would normally go to any NBA franchise,","title":"ABA–NBA merger"},{"id":"1440037","text":"a billionaire in the process. Much of the league's financial success since 1989 has been credited to Jones himself. In particular, he was decisive in securing Fox as the NFC's primary broadcaster at a time when the traditional \"Big Three\" networks were trying to convince the league into accepting a rollback in television rights fees. Increased television revenues have played a decisive role in securing the NFL's place as the world's richest sports league, with revenues of well over $10 billion per season. The 2018 NFL season is Jones' 30th as Cowboys owner - more than the number of seasons","title":"Jerry Jones"},{"id":"4639939","text":"31, 2013 (except UK and Ireland). ESPN and/or 21st Century Fox-owned networks distribute NFL games to most other regions of the world. National Football League on television The television rights to broadcast National Football League (NFL) games are the most lucrative and expensive rights of any American sport. Television brought professional football into prominence in the modern era after World War II. Since then, National Football League broadcasts have become among the most-watched programs on American television, and the financial fortunes of entire networks have rested on owning NFL broadcasting rights. This has raised questions about the impartiality of the","title":"National Football League on television"},{"id":"7445148","text":"NBA rights, but the league instead went to ESPN and ABC with a six-year deal worth $2.4 billion ($400 million/year), a total of $4.6 billion ($766 million/year) when adding the cable deal with Turner Sports. Partially due to the retirement of Michael Jordan, the league suffered ratings decline after ESPN and ABC took over the rights. NBA extended its national TV package on June 27, 2007 worth eight-year $7.4 billion ($930 million/year) through 2015–16 season, during which the league had its new resurgence leading by renewed Celtics–Lakers rivalry and LeBron James. On October 6, 2014, NBA announced a nine-year $24","title":"National Basketball Association on television"},{"id":"9457237","text":"in line with recent psychological theory that suggests salient external motivators (like a large monetary contract) may work to undermine intrinsic motivation (and thus performance). The contract year phenomenon is most associated with the NBA due to the league's high salaries and lengthy guaranteed contracts. This occurrence is sometimes seen in MLB, but it is almost never found in the NFL due to the league's relatively low salaries and most importantly, the lack of guaranteed contracts. NFL players who sign contracts with new teams and then don't perform can simply be released from their team, as the team is then","title":"Contract year phenomenon"},{"id":"296029","text":"playoff round, a best-of-seven series between the victors of both conferences, is known as the NBA Finals, and is held annually in June. The victor in the NBA Finals wins the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. Each player and major contributor—including coaches and the general manager—on the winning team receive a championship ring. In addition, the league awards the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award to the best performing player of the series. The league began using its current format, with the top eight teams in each conference advancing regardless of divisional alignment, in the 2015–16 season. Previously, the","title":"National Basketball Association"},{"id":"20326718","text":"in other North American countries use promotion and relegation systems, where teams are transferred between two divisions based on their performance at the end of each season. The major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada dominate organized men's professional team sports in those two countries: Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), the National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Canadian Football League (CFL). Liga MX, the top level Association football in Mexico is also widely popular. Caribbean, where cricket is popular, that region's major domestic competitions","title":"Sports in North America"},{"id":"5571948","text":"$69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. All four enjoy wide-ranging domestic media coverage and are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world, although American football does not have a substantial following in other nations. Three of those leagues have teams that represent Canadian cities, and all four are the most financially lucrative sports leagues of their sport. Major League Soccer (MLS), which also includes teams based in Canada, is sometimes included in a \"top five\" of leagues. Professional teams in all major sports in the","title":"Sports in the United States"},{"id":"17692148","text":"Grumman, thanks to a new sponsorship deal with the major defense contractor. Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are respectively the most popular professional and amateur football organizations in the United States. The National Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 persons per game during the 2011 NFL season. The NFL championship","title":"Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football"},{"id":"1811627","text":"As a result of James's endorsement money and NBA salary, he has been listed as one of the world's highest-paid athletes. In 2013, he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world, with earnings of $56.5 million. In 2014, James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple's acquisition of Beats Electronics; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones. In 2015, he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson, and third highest in 2016 (after Cristiano","title":"LeBron James"},{"id":"6569382","text":"signed the contract once the NBA's free agency moratorium ended on July 6, 2017. Shortly thereafter, James Harden agreed on a DVPE with the Rockets. At the time of signing, his current contract had two years remaining with total pay of $59 million; the extension will add another $170 million over four seasons, ending in 2022–23. The next supermax signing was that of John Wall, who agreed later in July to a four-year, $170 million extension that will start in 2019–20. In late September, Russell Westbrook became the fourth and final supermax signing of the 2017 offseason, signing a five-year,","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"11073594","text":"more densely populated and was settled and developed much earlier than the West. Fox Sports sportscaster Joe Buck attributes the shift to the economics of running a business: \"If you think there is a perceived East Coast bias, guess what? You're right. That's where people are watching, that's where the numbers are.\" ESPN ombudsman Le Anne Schreiber wrote that fans should forget about expecting equity in teams the network selects to broadcast. \"It is long proven in NBA and NFL and MLB that spreading the wealth to 30 or 32 teams is a prescription for deflating ratings,\" said Len DeLuca,","title":"East Coast bias"},{"id":"9651853","text":"happened since 1978). Relocation can change the name of a team, but it is generally still considered to be the same entity. Baseball, American football, and hockey have had professional leagues continuously for over 100 years; early leagues such as the National Association, Ohio League, and National Hockey Association formed the basis of the modern MLB, NFL, and NHL, respectively. Basketball was invented in 1891 and its first professional league formed in the 1920s. The Basketball Association of America formed the basis of the NBA. Soccer was first professionalized in 1894, but leagues suffered greatly from lack of sustainability and","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"5333846","text":"of the previous 23 Super Bowls, with an average win of $5.5 million over the previous 10 years. The most profitable Super Bowl was in 2005, when the Philadelphia Eagles covered the spread against the favored New England Patriots, earning the books $15.4 million. The two losses were in 1995—when the San Francisco 49ers defeated the San Diego Chargers—and 2008—when the favored Patriots lost to the New York Giants, costing the books $2.5 million. In 2009, a bill passed to allow sports betting on almost every sport. That year, the NFL, MLB, NHL, NBA, and NCAA filed a lawsuit against","title":"Sportsbook"},{"id":"712699","text":"\"budget surplus\" - revenues in excess of disbursements for that year - of over $80 million. Over $700 million of that revenue total was from licensing TV rights to its sporting events. In addition, the NCAA also earns money through investment growth of its endowment fund. Established in 2004 with $45 million, the fund has grown to over $380 million in 2014. According to the NCAA it receives most of its annual revenue from two sources: Division I Men's Basketball television and marketing rights, and championships ticket sales. According to the NCAA, \"that money is distributed in more than a","title":"National Collegiate Athletic Association"},{"id":"6569340","text":"able to opt out after the 2022–23 season. NBA Salary Cap in USD NBA Salary Cap in 2016 USD (Inflation rate through May 2016) Unlike the NFL and NHL, the NBA features a so-called soft cap, meaning that there are several significant exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap to sign players. This is done to allow teams to keep their own players, which, in theory, fosters fan support in each individual city. By contrast, the NFL and NHL salary caps are considered hard, meaning that they offer relatively few (if any) circumstances under which teams can exceed","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"13244541","text":"a dollar-for-dollar basis, provided total league salaries were above a specified level. The league's minimum salary was increased to $287,500, a $15,000 raise from before the lockout. The players were promised that their salaries would equal 55 percent of league revenues over the agreement's final three seasons. However, any higher percentage would lead to a salary decrease. The NBA's drug policy was expanded to cover performance-enhancing drugs and marijuana, with once-yearly testing. The lockout prompted indifference among most American sports fans, who thought that greed was shown by both sides; the latter was a similar sentiment to what fans voiced","title":"1998–99 NBA lockout"},{"id":"17692112","text":"Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are respectively the most popular professional and amateur football organizations in the United States. The National Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 persons per game during the 2011 NFL season. The NFL championship game, the Super Bowl, is among the biggest events in club sports","title":"Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football"},{"id":"2402908","text":"nearly US$5 billion per year. Women in the U.S., on the other hand, make much less, for example as of 2014, the WNBA enforced a maximum salary of US$107,000 for star players (coaches could earn double that). This is largely driven by the fact that the American viewing audience has far less interest in women's professional sport compared to men's; average in-person attendance and television viewership are both far higher for the NBA compared to the WNBA. According to investopedia.com, a male star like Kobe Bryant or LeBron James can individually earn a salary larger than every player in the","title":"Professional sports"},{"id":"6569366","text":"There is an exception to this rule: a player is able to sign a contract for 105% of his previous contract, even if the new contract is higher than the league limit. The 2017 CBA made a subtle change to the determination of maximum salaries. Under the 2011 CBA, the salary cap was based on players receiving 44.74% of the league's basketball-related income (BRI), while the calculation of maximum salaries used a lower figure of 42.14% of BRI. This difference was eliminated in the 2017 CBA, with the same 44.74% of BRI used for both cap and maximum salary calculations.","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"12285801","text":"NBA Awards The NBA Awards is an annual awards show presented by the National Basketball Association (NBA), created in partnership with Turner Sports and produced by Dick Clark Productions to honor and recognize the league's top performers and accomplishments. Finalists for each individual award are announced during the NBA Playoffs on \"NBA on TNT\" telecasts. Winners are revealed during the ceremony. Additionally, the open public can decide the winner for fan-voted categories online by voting through the league's official website and on social media. The ceremony occurs in late June, following the conclusion of the NBA Finals, and broadcast live","title":"NBA Awards"},{"id":"2292809","text":"violation only if the league average also breached a separate threshold. The NBA implemented a maximum salary for individual players. This was done following a dramatic increase in player salaries, in spite of the salary cap, in the mid-1990s. Under the CBA, a player's maximum possible salary increased along with his time of service in the league. For a player of five years' experience, the maximum salary threshold began at 25% of the salary cap, with annual increases of up to 10.5% possible beyond that for players re-signed by their original team, or 8% annual increases for free agents that","title":"Salary cap"},{"id":"12714412","text":"or about two percent of the entire league's TV deal. Thanks to their deal during the ABA–NBA merger, the Silnas received millions of dollars through the 1980s, and at least $4.4 million per year through the 1990s. From 1999 through 2002 the deal netted the Spirits' owners at least $12.53 million per year; from 2003 to 2006 their take was at least $15.6 million per year. The two Silna brothers each get 45% of that television revenue per year and their attorney during the merger negotiations, Donald Schupak, receives 10%. They credit their terrific deal to careful planning: the Silnas","title":"ABA–NBA merger"},{"id":"6569343","text":"salary cap, and $62.3 million above the tax line, which Knicks owner James Dolan paid to the league. Tax revenues are normally redistributed evenly among non-tax-paying teams, so there is often a several-million-dollar incentive to owners not to pay the luxury tax. The luxury tax level for the 2008–09 season was $71.15 million. For the 2009–10 season, the luxury tax level was set at $69.92 million. The luxury tax level for the 2010–11 and 2012–13 NBA seasons was $70,307,000. The 2011 CBA instituted major changes to the luxury tax regime. The previous CBA had a dollar-for-dollar tax provision system, which","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"8725316","text":"with Nike, Sprint, Gatorade, Panini, General Electric, and 2K Sports. In 2012, he tried his hand at acting, appearing in the children's film \"Thunderstruck\". In 2013, he earned $35 million, making him the fourth-highest-earning basketball player that year. In an interview with \"Sports Illustrated\", Durant claimed that, despite his high earnings potential, \"global marketing and all that stuff\" does not interest him. One of the most popular players in the league, Durant's jersey regularly ranks as one of the NBA's best-selling and he is consistently one of the top All-Star vote-getters. Early in his career, he developed a reputation for","title":"Kevin Durant"},{"id":"4827135","text":"$63 per day, of which still 80% may be deducted. For American railroads, per diem is a charge railroads levy when their freight cars are on other railroad's property, to assure prompt return. Due to the large number of away games and associated travel days in American sports, per diem rates are often major components in collective bargaining agreements between leagues and their players' unions. As of 2016, the NBA has the highest per-diem for players at $115 per day, followed by the NHL whose per-diem began at a base of $100/day in 2012-13 and is adjusted each year based","title":"Per diem"},{"id":"19576142","text":"every time he gets fined, he matches that amount and donates it to a charity of his choice. As one of the world's highest-paid group of athletes, an NBA player's average salary is $4,001,760, and some contracts are worth over $10 million. The average fine in the 2015-2016 season, for the 246 players who been fined total an amount of $5,463,829, with an average of $22,210 The impact to NBA players is approximately $150 to a person who makes $30,000 annually. The NBA says that it allocates fine money to charity, although it is the only professional sports organization that","title":"NBA fines"},{"id":"6569336","text":"future seasons based on league revenues. For the 2015–16 season, the salary cap was $70 million and the luxury tax limit was $84.74 million. For the 2016–17 season, the salary cap was set at $94.14 million and the luxury tax limit was $113.29 million. For the 2017–18 season, the cap is set at $99 million for the salary cap and $119 million for the luxury tax.The NBA's salary caps are considered \"soft\" salary caps. There are two kinds of salary caps: soft and hard. Soft salary caps allow teams to go above the salary cap however will subject the teams","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"6569337","text":"to reduced privileges in free agency. If the team goes above the tax line - typically about 10 million dollars higher than the salary cap - they will be subject to the luxury tax (for every dollars a team goes over they are subject to a variable amount of tax per dollar). Hard salary caps forbids teams from going above that salary cap no matter what the circumstance. The majority of leagues (NFL, NHL, MLS) have hard caps while the NBA has a soft salary cap. The NBA had a salary cap in the mid-1940s, but it was abolished after","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"9651857","text":"audiences both domestically and internationally. The National Football League was founded in 1920 as a combination of various teams from regional leagues such as the Ohio League, the New York Pro Football League, and the Chicago circuit. The NFL partially absorbed the All-America Football Conference in 1949 and merged with the American Football League in 1970. It has 32 teams, all located in the United States. NFL games are the most attended of domestic professional leagues in the world in terms of per-game attendance, and the most popular in the U.S. in terms of television ratings and merchandising. Its championship","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"6569335","text":"NBA salary cap The NBA salary cap is the limit to the total amount of money that National Basketball Association teams are allowed to pay their players. Like many professional sports leagues, the NBA has a salary cap to control costs and benefit parity, defined by the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA). This limit is subject to a complex system of rules and exceptions and as such is considered a \"soft\" cap and is calculated as a percentage of the league's revenue from the previous season. Under the CBA ratified in December 2011, the cap will continue to vary in","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"12714414","text":"Kentucky Colonels players. Marvin Barnes went to the Detroit Pistons for $500,000, Moses Malone went to the Portland Trail Blazers for $300,000, Ron Boone went to the Kansas City Kings for $250,000, Randy Denton went to the New York Knicks for $50,000 and Mike Barr went to the Kansas City Kings for $15,000. Sometime prior to 2013, the Silna brothers sued the NBA for \"hundreds of millions of dollars more\" they felt the NBA owed them, presumably for NBA League Pass subscriptions and streaming video revenues that they feel should count as an extension of television revenues. In January 2014,","title":"ABA–NBA merger"},{"id":"4639808","text":"vast majority of the country's television product. League-owned NFL Network, on cable television, also broadcasts a selected number of games nationally. In 2017, the NFL games attracted the top three rates for a 30-second advertisement: $699,602 for NBC Sunday Night Football, $550,709 for Thursday Night Football (NBC), and $549,791 for Thursday Night Football (CBS). Under the current contracts, regionally shown games on Sunday afternoons are televised on CBS and Fox, which primarily carry games of AFC and NFC teams respectively (the conference of the road team determines the broadcaster of an inter-conference game). Nationally televised regular season games on Sunday","title":"National Football League on television"},{"id":"4639807","text":"1960s, all regular season and playoff games broadcast in the United States have been aired by national television networks. Until the broadcast contract ended in 2013, the terrestrial television networks CBS ($3.73B), NBC ($3.6B) and Fox ($4.27B) — as well as cable television's ESPN ($8.8B) — paid a combined total of US$20.4 billion to broadcast NFL games. From 2014 to 2022, the same networks will pay $39.6 billion for exactly the same broadcast rights. The NFL thus holds broadcast contracts with four companies (CBS Corporation, Comcast, 21st Century Fox and The Walt Disney Company/Hearst Corporation, respectively) that control a combined","title":"National Football League on television"},{"id":"5178179","text":"of the most popular televised events annually in the United States, it has become a major source of advertising revenue for the television networks that have carried it and it serves as a means for advertisers to debut elaborate and expensive commercials for their products. The NFL has grown to become the most popular spectator sports league in the United States. One of the things that have marked the modern NFL as different from other major professional sports leagues is the apparent parity between its 32 teams. While from time to time, dominant teams have arisen, the league has been","title":"History of American football"},{"id":"3252785","text":"continued in the 2000s, when three National Basketball Association (NBA) teams moved in a seven-year span after there were no relocations at all in the 16 years before it. Critics referred to the movement of teams to the highest-bidding city as \"franchise free agency.\" The following charts list movements of franchises in the modern eras of the major North American sports leagues. It does not include: The history of the NFL fully incorporates that of the fourth American Football League, which began operation in 1960 with eight teams and became by far the most successful rival to the NFL. In","title":"Relocation of professional sports teams"},{"id":"20625139","text":"NBA digital marketing The National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the fastest growing sports league in the United States. In 2017, NBA broadcast game ratings had increased by 32% since the previous season, the 2017 NBA Finals had 20.4 million total viewers with an additional 434,000 digital streaming viewers in 215 countries and territories, in 49 languages. The growth of NBA viewership is related to its path to globalization and their digital marketing campaigns, which has allowed the NBA to expand their brand awareness and sponsorship deals across borders. The NBA started its globalization strategy by holding international exhibition","title":"NBA digital marketing"},{"id":"284609","text":"a three-year basis between CBS, Fox, and NBC. In 2011, all four stations signed new nine-year contracts with the NFL, each running until 2022; CBS, Fox, and NBC are estimated by \"Forbes\" to pay a combined total of US$3 billion a year, while ESPN will pay US$1.9 billion a year. The league also has deals with Spanish-language broadcasters NBC Universo, Fox Deportes, and ESPN Deportes, which air Spanish language dubs of their respective English-language sister networks' games. The league's contracts do not cover preseason games, which individual teams are free to sell to local stations directly; a minority of preseason","title":"National Football League"},{"id":"4294933","text":"before that preserved only by Canadian television broadcasters, though the National Hockey League struggled to find a national audience in the United States until after the 2004–05 NHL lockout and the National Basketball Association wasn't considered a major league until the Magic–Bird rivalry and the rise of Michael Jordan brought that league long-term stability in the 1980s. Although NFL Films earns more than $50 million in revenue a year and is expanding at a double digit rate, compared to the $18 billion in revenue that the NFL earns from television alone, most consider this to be minor. The real value","title":"NFL Films"},{"id":"295973","text":"best paid athletes by average annual salary per player. The league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3, 1949, after merging with the competing National Basketball League (NBL). The league's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, New Jersey. The Basketball Association of America was founded","title":"National Basketball Association"},{"id":"7445145","text":"ABC. The NBA Finals is one of the few sporting events (along with the Stanley Cup Finals on NBC, the World Series on FOX, the March Madness Tournament on CBS, and Thursday Night Football on FOX) to be shown on a national broadcast network on a weeknight. As one of the major sports leagues in North America, the National Basketball Association has a long history of partnership with television networks in the US. The League signed a contract with DuMont in its 8th season (1953–54), marking the first year the NBA had a national television broadcaster. Similar to NFL, the","title":"National Basketball Association on television"},{"id":"274557","text":"that \"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan.'\" In June 2010, Jordan was ranked by \"Forbes\" magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According to the Forbes article, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike. In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%. On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with the \"Charlotte Business Journal\"'s Business Person of the","title":"Michael Jordan"},{"id":"6569383","text":"$205 million extension that started in 2018–19. The cap also includes a provision to close a potential loophole that would provide incentives for teams to skirt the cap by signing an older player to a long-term deal that would not end until after the team expects the player to retire. Cap analyst Larry Coon outlined how this potential loophole would work:For example, suppose the Non-Taxpayer Mid-Level exception is $9 million. With 5% raises, a three-year contract would total $28.35 million. But if they added a fourth year to the contract, the salary would total $38.7 million. If the player retires","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"20326735","text":"world, and NBA players are the world's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player. The NBA operates a minor league basketball organization, the NBA Development League, to help develop players. However, like the relationship between college football and the NFL, college basketball acts as the primary suppliers of players to the NBA. The Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional, is the top professional basketball league in Mexico, while Liga Nacional de Baloncesto is the top one in the Dominican Republic. The Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN) has teams in Puerto Rico. The NBA also runs the Women's National Basketball Association","title":"Sports in North America"},{"id":"12466764","text":"has become the most-watched annual sporting event in the United States. The league continued to expand to its current size of 32 teams. A series of labor agreements during the 1990s and increasingly large television contracts have helped keep the league one of the most profitable in the U.S., and the only major league in the U.S. since 1990 to avoid a work stoppage that resulted in the loss of regular-season games. Football was first professionalized in 1892, when William Heffelfinger and Ben \"Sport\" Donnelly each received a large sum of cash to play for the Allegheny Athletic Association of","title":"History of the National Football League"},{"id":"2292806","text":"set at $94.14 million, with the salary floor at 84.73 million and the luxury tax limit at $113.29 million. The current CBA took effect with the 2017–18 season. The NBA uses a \"soft\" cap, meaning that teams were allowed to exceed the cap in order to retain the rights to a player who was already on the team. This provision was known as the \"Larry Bird\" exception, named after the former Boston Celtics great who was retained by that team until his retirement under the provisions of this rule. The purpose of this rule was to address fan unease over","title":"Salary cap"},{"id":"19165034","text":"Sportradar also advanced into the US market by acquiring SportsData (now Sportradar US). EQT reinvested in Sportradar in 2014 by EQT's flagship fund buying the shares of EQT's Capital Expansion II. In 2015, Sportradar obtained exclusive distribution rights for NASCAR, NFL and NHL. The same year, Sportradar attracted investments from Michael Jordan and Mark Cuban led by Revolution LLC. National Football League also acquired equity in Sportradar US as part of the partnership. In 2016, Sportradar acquired the core business of Sportman Media Holding, including Laola1.at and Laola1.tv. Later that year, NBA announced a multi-year partnership with Sportradar involving integrity","title":"Sportradar"},{"id":"18689369","text":"building upon this new tradition. Starting with the sons of the famine generation, the Irish dominated baseball and boxing, and played a major role in other sports. John L. Sullivan (1858–1918), The heavyweight boxing champion, was the first of the modern sports superstars, winning scores of contests – perhaps as many as 200—with a purse that reached the fabulous sum of one million dollars. Famous in their day were NFL quarterbacks and Super Bowl champions John Elway and Tom Brady, NBA forward Rick Barry, tennis greats Jimmy Connors and John McEnroe, baseball pitcher Nolan Ryan, baseball shortstop Derek Jeter, basketball","title":"Irish Americans"},{"id":"14019377","text":"baseball, was one example of racial segregation in the United States. In the United States, a study found that a form of racial discrimination exists in NBA basketball, as white players received higher salaries than do blacks related to actual performance. Funk says this may be due to viewer discrimination. Viewership increases when there is greater participation by white players, which means higher advertising incomes. This explains much of the salary gap. Researchers have looked at other evidence for sports consumer discrimination. One method is comparing the price of sports memorabilia, such as baseball cards. Another is looking at fan","title":"Race and sports"},{"id":"4639812","text":"games on the West Coast are usually played after 7 p.m. Pacific Time (10 p.m. Eastern Time). However, the handful of primetime, nationally televised preseason games are still played at approximately 8 p.m. Eastern Time. The television rights to the NFL are the most expensive rights of not only any American sport, but any American entertainment property. With the fragmentation of audiences due to the increased specialization of broadcast and cable TV networks, sports remain one of the few entertainment properties that not only can guarantee a large and diversified audience, but a live one. The Super Bowl often ranks","title":"National Football League on television"},{"id":"7813621","text":"and Chargers play at the same time, Fox is allowed to broadcast the second game on MyNetworkTV affiliate KCOP-TV, or CBS on independent KCAL-TV, depending on the game's carrier that specific week); all four of the major sports leagues (the NFL, the NBA, Major League Baseball and the NHL) have out-of-market sports packages that require a pay television subscription and generate significant revenue for the leagues. Most sports programming on digital subchannel broadcasters has been relegated to low-budget content such as amateur athletics, extreme sports, and hunting and fishing programming geared toward outdoorsmen, though minor league baseball, American Hockey League","title":"Digital subchannel"},{"id":"6569346","text":"of the total tax revenue can go exclusively to teams that did not go over the cap. Initial reports did not specify the use of the remaining 50% under the 2011 CBA, but it was later confirmed that this amount would be used to fund revenue sharing for the season during which tax was paid. For the 2013–14 season, the luxury tax threshold was set at $71.748 million. The Brooklyn Nets, whose payroll for that season was projected to be over $100 million, would face a luxury tax bill above $80 million, resulting in a total payroll cost of $186","title":"NBA salary cap"},{"id":"19091415","text":"the United States, it has become a major source of advertising revenue for the television networks that have carried it and it serves as a means for advertisers to debut elaborate and expensive commercials for their products. The NFL has grown to become the most popular spectator sports league in the United States. One of the things that have marked the modern NFL as different from other major professional sports leagues is the apparent parity between its 32 teams. While from time to time, dominant teams have arisen, the league has been cited as one of the few where every","title":"Modern history of American football"},{"id":"1300183","text":"in a negative short-term economic impact, but economic benefits in the long term. These benefits are usually more general societal benefits such as the environment. The final category pertains to inaction by the government, allowing producers to impose certain production costs on others. These subsidies tend to lead to positive benefits in the short term but negative in the long term. The US National Football League's (NFL) profits have topped records at $11 billion, the highest of all sports. The NFL had tax-exempt status until voluntarily relinquishing it in 2015, and new stadiums have been built with public subsidies. The","title":"Subsidy"},{"id":"19128461","text":"42% of their revenues were from \"recurrent consumer spending\" in their latest financial quarter, obtained through the \"Grand Theft Auto Online\" component of \"Grand Theft Auto V\", and the \"MyCareer\" mode of \"NBA 2K18\", both which offer players additional content and activities over time. Take-Two anticipates they will be using this model going forward for future games. Ubisoft, around the same time, reported that revenue from microtransactions and other in-game sales exceeded their revenue from direct digital sales of games during the first two quarters of their financial year for the first time. The use of online passes emerged in","title":"Video game monetization"},{"id":"5014348","text":"TNT and allowed ABC and ESPN to acquire the rights to air the league's games. ABC and ESPN reportedly paid an average of about US$400 million a season. Technically, ESPN pays the NBA for its broadcast rights and \"buys\" time on ABC to air select games (this is noted in copyright tags during the end credits at the conclusion of the telecasts, saying \"\"The preceding program has been paid for by ESPN, Inc.\"\") In all, the contract allowed the NBA to increase its rights fees by 25%. NBC Sports chairman Dick Ebersol said regarding the deal: In June 2007, and","title":"NBA on ABC"},{"id":"2292805","text":"NBA's teams and ensure competitive balance for the Association in the future. Before the cap was reinstated, teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players, but in the first season under the new cap, they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll. Under the 2005 CBA, salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball-related income (BRI) and lasted for six years until June 30, 2011. The next CBA, which took effect in 2011–12, set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011–12, with a 49-to-51 band in subsequent years. The salary cap for was","title":"Salary cap"},{"id":"15218309","text":"Personal finances of professional American athletes The personal finances of professional American athletes is a subject of widespread discussion due to the often high salaries of such athletes and the high rates of personal bankruptcy and other financial distress. According to a 2009 \"Sports Illustrated\" article, 78% of National Football League (NFL) players are either bankrupt or are under financial stress within two years of retirement and an estimated 60% of National Basketball Association (NBA) players go bankrupt within five years after leaving their sport. Originally the statement \"60% of NBA players go bankrupt within five years after leaving their","title":"Personal finances of professional American athletes"},{"id":"9651943","text":"v. National Football League\", in which the NFL (which ultimately lost the case) received \"amicus curiae\" briefs from the NBA, NHL, and MLS. The leagues' commissioners occasionally meet in person, most recently in 2009. The leagues also cooperate in the construction and use of facilities. Many NBA and NHL teams share arenas, and, in years past, such sharing was very common for MLB and NFL teams, though only one such situation (the Oakland Coliseum, home to both the Raiders and Athletics) still exists as of 2018, and that situation is set to end in 2020 when the Raiders relocate to","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"19433746","text":"nationally by TNT for the 16th consecutive year. On October 3, 2017, the NBA announced that the format would change from the traditional Eastern Conference versus Western Conference format, and would instead switch to a draft-style format, similar to the format used by the NHL All-Star Game from 2011 through 2015 and the NFL Pro Bowl from 2014 through 2016. The team captains were determined by the most votes received in their respective conference. Each team will pick a charity to play for, and the winning team will have money donated to their charity. The winning team will receive $100,000","title":"2018 NBA All-Star Game"},{"id":"14590109","text":"Bob Pettit. On July 7, the NBA announced that the salary cap for the 2010–11 season would be $58.044 million, an increase of $0.344 million from previous season's $57.70 million, and would go into effect on July 8 as the league's \"moratorium period\" had ended and teams could begin signing free agents and making trades. The increase came as a surprise as the league initially predicted a decrease in the salary cap. On March, before the playoffs, the league projected that the salary cap would be around $56.1 million. The tax level for the season was set at $70.307 million,","title":"2010–11 NBA season"},{"id":"6482237","text":"NFL's broadcast rights has increased steadily over the past several decades, in part because of bidding wars between the numerous networks and the fear of losing stature due to the loss of NFL programming; as of the most recent contract the league nets annual fees of over $6 billion, or half of the league's overall revenue, from television rights alone. Four of the five major sports television units in the United States, and the four companies that control all of the major broadcast networks, currently own some NFL rights. NBC also broadcast an NHL game in 1940; the league would","title":"Broadcasting of sports events"},{"id":"2402907","text":"earn a billion dollars from prize money and endorsements. It would have taken the salary of two thousand 1980s professional golfers each making $58,500 to match up with Tiger Woods’ current salary. Samuel Eto'o is the world's second highest-earning athlete and the highest-paid footballer in the world, raking in £35.7 million (over $54 million) a year excluding off-field earnings. The top ten tennis players make about $3 million a year on average. Much of the growth in income for sports and athletes has come from broadcasting rights; for example, the most recent television contract for the NFL is valued at","title":"Professional sports"},{"id":"749353","text":"even some official team materials as the \"Grizzlies\", which was what they officially renamed themselves the following season (not to be confused with the current NBA team of the same name). The WFL suffered an even more serious blow when the CFL and NFL reached agreements with its striking players that ensured the upstart league would be forced to compete with both of its established rivals. The original schedule called for a four-team playoff, with semifinal games held on Wednesday-Thursday November 20-November 21, and the World Bowl on Friday, November 29 (the night after Thanksgiving) at the Gator Bowl Stadium","title":"World Football League"},{"id":"9651912","text":"were promoted from lower leagues through the traditional expansion process, without regard to on-pitch record; instead new teams are brought into MLS based on the financial strength of their ownership and market. All of the major North American professional sports leagues use a draft system to assign prospective players to teams. The NFL, NHL and NBA all use their respective drafts to ensure a certain measure of parity between its franchises, so that teams with losing records draft early in the draft, while the league champions pick last in each round. (In the NFL, the relationship is directly linear, so","title":"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada"},{"id":"5026570","text":"television rights to the National Football Conference (NFC) to Fox in 1994, a situation that exacerbated CBS' struggles in the ratings. In 2000, NBC declined to renew its broadcast agreement with Major League Baseball. In 2002, it was additionally outbid by ESPN and ABC for the NBA's next broadcast deal, ending the league's twelve-year run on NBC. During this era, NBC experimented with broadcasting emerging sports. In 2001, the network partnered with the World Wrestling Federation to establish the XFL – a new football league which introduced modified rules and debuted to tremendous, but short-lived fanfare, only lasting one season.","title":"AFL on NBC"},{"id":"5572028","text":"but are not ready or good enough for the major leagues. The NBA also has a development league for players who are not ready to play at the top level. The extent to which sports are associated with secondary and tertiary education in the United States is rare among nations. Millions of students participate in athletics programs operated by high schools and colleges. Student-athletes often receive scholarships to colleges in recognition of their athletic potential. Currently, the largest governing body of collegiate sports is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Especially in football and basketball, college sports are followed in","title":"Sports in the United States"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9651866\",\n \"text\": \"the NFL, MLB and the NBA rank as the top three most lucrative sports leagues in the world, with the Premier League of English soccer and the NHL ranked at fourth and fifth place. The major sports leagues have their games televised on the big four U.S. broadcast TV networks—ABC, CBS, NBC, and Fox—enjoy strong TV viewer ratings, and earn significant revenues from these TV contracts. All of the top four major sports leagues have had television contracts with at least one of the original \\\"big three\\\" U.S. broadcast television networks (ABC, CBS, and NBC) since those networks' early years,\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651867\",\n \"text\": \"indicative of the sports' widespread appeal since their inception, continuing today additionally with Fox. In Canada, the NHL has been broadcast on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation since 1952. The NFL has the largest TV contracts, and earns over $6 billion annually from its contracts with Fox, CBS, NBC, ESPN and DirecTV for the 2014 through 2022 seasons. MLB earns $1.5 billion annually from its contracts with ESPN, Fox, and Turner Sports (TBS) for the 2014 through 2021 seasons. In October 2014, the NBA signed a nine-year television deal with ESPN and TNT that generates annual league TV revenues of $2.66\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651850\",\n \"text\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada The major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada are the highest professional competitions of team sports in those countries. The four leagues universally included in the definition are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). Other prominent leagues include Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Canadian Football League (CFL). MLB, the NBA, NFL, and NHL are commonly referred to as the \\\"Big Four\\\". Each of these is the wealthiest professional club competition in its\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651927\",\n \"text\": \"in their respective sports, not only in revenue, but also in quality of talent, player salaries, and worldwide interest. However, of the four major leagues, the NFL has the least presence outside both countries; it is mainly an American and Canadian interest. Basketball is a strong spectator and participation sport in parts of the world, and the NBA is unquestionably the top basketball league. Hockey (Europe) and baseball (East Asia, Latin America) have loyal followings in some of the world's other regions as well. Selling league broadcasting rights to foreign markets is another way for the leagues to generate revenue,\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19345036\",\n \"text\": \"the NBA with the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. It has 30 teams, 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. The NBA is watched by audiences both domestically and internationally. The National Football League was founded in 1920 as a combination of various teams from regional leagues such as the Ohio League, the New York Pro Football League, and the Chicago circuit. The NFL partially absorbed the All-America Football Conference in 1949 and merged with the American Football League in 1970. It has 32 teams, all located in the United States. NFL games are the most attended of domestic\",\n \"title\": \"Professional sports leagues in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651868\",\n \"text\": \"billion beginning with the 2016–17 season. The NHL earns $633 million annually from its media deals—$200m in the U.S. with NBC Sports, and $433m in Canada with Rogers Sportsnet. All four major sports leagues have launched a network of their own—NBA TV in 1999, the NFL Network in 2003, the NHL Network in Canada in 2001 and in the U.S. in 2007, and the MLB Network in 2009. Teams in the MLB, NBA, and NHL—which play several days per week—negotiate contracts with local broadcasters to air most of their games, both terrestrial networks and regional sports networks. Some teams (such\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651921\",\n \"text\": \"list, and teams can add or remove players to a 45-position negotiation list without their permission and at any time, regardless of age. Since 2018, ten of the 45 players must be publicly announced. The average annual salary for players in the four major leagues is about US $2.9 million in 2008, although player salaries can range from $300,000 for backup players to $20 million for superstars. NBA players have the highest average player salaries of the four leagues; however, their teams also have the smallest rosters. The NFL has the highest average team payroll. However, NFL rosters are far\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651872\",\n \"text\": \"Buffalo Bills, NBA's New Orleans Pelicans). The NHL has the largest multiples between the highest-value and lowest-value teams, with the New York Rangers worth 6.5 times the Florida Panthers. Recent expansion franchises have commanded huge entry fees, which represent the price the new team must pay to gain its share of the existing teams' often guaranteed revenue streams. The Houston Texans paid $700 million to join the NFL in 2002. By comparison, the Charlotte Bobcats (now the Hornets) paid $300 million to join the NBA. The Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Rays (originally Devil Rays) paid $130 million each to\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6683650\",\n \"text\": \"annually since January 1944. American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport; the National Football League (NFL) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally. Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century, with Major League Baseball (MLB) being the top league. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Hockey League (NHL). These four major sports, when played professionally,\",\n \"title\": \"United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651949\",\n \"text\": \"As of 2015, MLB also handles the NHL's digital operations. Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada The major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada are the highest professional competitions of team sports in those countries. The four leagues universally included in the definition are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). Other prominent leagues include Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Canadian Football League (CFL). MLB, the NBA, NFL, and NHL are commonly referred to as the \\\"Big Four\\\". Each\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5571947\",\n \"text\": \"Sports in the United States Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. American football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball, baseball, and soccer. Tennis, golf, hockey, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country. Based on revenue, the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5572042\",\n \"text\": \"have a national TV contract that pays rights fees. Sports in the United States Sports in the United States are an important part of American culture. American football is the most popular sport in the United States followed by basketball, baseball, and soccer. Tennis, golf, hockey, wrestling, auto racing, arena football, field lacrosse, box lacrosse and volleyball are also popular sports in the country. Based on revenue, the four major professional sports leagues in the United States are Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), and the National Hockey League (NHL). The market\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5571985\",\n \"text\": \"those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regards to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams (29 teams in the U.S. and\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19341688\",\n \"text\": \"League Baseball (MLB) being the top league, while American football is now by several measures the most popular spectator sport, with the National Football League (NFL) having the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world and a Super Bowl watched by millions globally. Basketball and ice hockey are the country's next two leading professional team sports, with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the National Hockey League (NHL). These four major sports, when played professionally, each occupy a season at different, but overlapping, times of the year. College football and basketball attract large\",\n \"title\": \"History of sports in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19747746\",\n \"text\": \"Basketball in the United States Of those Americans citing their favorite sport, basketball is ranked second (counting amateur levels) behind American football. However, in regard to money the NBA is ranked third in popularity. More Americans play basketball than any other team sport, according to the National Sporting Goods Association, with over 26 million Americans playing basketball. Basketball was invented in 1891 by Canadian physical education teacher James Naismith in Springfield, Massachusetts. The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's premier men's professional basketball league and one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. It contains 30 teams\",\n \"title\": \"Basketball in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3402412\",\n \"text\": \"($196.66 million), The Chicago Cubs ($183.9 million), Houston Astros ($182.4 million), Los Angeles Dodgers ($181.99 million) and New York Yankees ($178.8 million). The luxury tax is separate from revenue sharing, which is a system to balance out the income distribution between large and small market teams by dividing money from merchandise sales and media contracts. The money generated from the luxury tax is not distributed to the rest of the league, as is the case with the NBA, but rather is used for other purposes. The first $2,375,400 and 50% of the remaining total are used to fund player benefits,\",\n \"title\": \"Luxury tax (sports)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15218310\",\n \"text\": \"sport\\\" was released by a representative of the NBA Players' Association in 2008 A \\\"Fortune\\\" magazine article states, however, that a working paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research found that the percentage of NFL players who go bankrupt after two years is a much smaller 1.9%, climbing to 15.7% after 12 years. the average salary for the about 500 players in Major League Baseball was slightly more than $2,000 a season ($ today). The star hitter Ty Cobb received $9,000 a season ($ today), and sold automobiles in the off season. While Cobb encouraged young men to play\",\n \"title\": \"Personal finances of professional American athletes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16017941\",\n \"text\": \"has earned on a 1 year contract, Jordan also holds the record for the second largest 1 year contract at $30,140,000 in the 1996-97 season. Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013–14 season began. LeBron James became the third in the 2016–17 season. Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40-Million per year when he signed a record 5-year contract worth $201-Million in 2017, starting with $34,682,550 in the 2017-18 season and ending with the largest earnings in the 2021-22 season with a record payout of $45,780,966. Beginning in the 1984–85 NBA\",\n \"title\": \"Highest-paid NBA players by season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7461441\",\n \"text\": \"the rings. The NFL pays up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for teams that win the Super Bowl. Teams can distribute any number of rings but must pay for any additional costs, and may offer lesser rings at their discretion. The NBA standardized its championship ring from 1969 through 1983; presently the winning team selects its own design and the league covers the cost of the rings. The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff.\",\n \"title\": \"Championship ring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5572035\",\n \"text\": \"Sports have been a major part of American broadcasting since the early days of radio. Today, television networks and radio networks pay millions (sometimes billions) of dollars for the rights to broadcast sporting events. Contracts between leagues and broadcasters stipulate how often games must be interrupted for commercials. Because of all of the advertisements, broadcasting contracts are very lucrative and account for the biggest chunk of major professional teams' revenues. Broadcasters also covet the television contracts for the major sports leagues (especially in the case of the NFL) in order to amplify their ability to promote their programming to the\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7445149\",\n \"text\": \"billion ($2.7 billion/year) extension with ESPN, ABC and Turner Sports beginning with the 2016–17 season and running through the 2024–25 season - the second most expensive media rights in the world after NFL and on a par with Premier League in annual rights fee from 2016–17 to 2018–19 season. NBA entered the cable territory in 1979 when USA Network signed a three-year $1.5 million deal and extended for two years until the 1983-84 season, ESPN also had a brief affair with NBA from 1982 to 1984. Turner Sports obtained rights to air NBA games beginning with the 1984-85 season (replacing\",\n \"title\": \"National Basketball Association on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15121399\",\n \"text\": \"Curry is speculated to receive even more money than Durant from his contract with Under Armour. Meanwhile, Puma pays sprinter Usain Bolt $10 million per year. Many athletes maintain contracts with a variety of companies; some of them are related to sports and others that are not. Roger Federer holds agreements with Nike, Wilson, Rolex, Mercedes-Benz, and Gillette, worth a sum close to $60 million each year. LeBron James’ contracts with Nike, Beats by Dre, Coca-Cola, Kia, McDonald’s, and Samsung accrue the NBA player more than $40 million per year. Peyton Manning meanwhile holds sponsorship agreements with companies including Buick,\",\n \"title\": \"Sports marketing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2402909\",\n \"text\": \"WNBA combined. Outside the highest leagues, however, the money professional athletes can earn drops dramatically, as fan bases are generally smaller and television revenues are nonexistent. For instance, while the National Football League's teams can afford to pay their players millions of dollars each year and still maintain a significant profit, the second-highest American football league in the United States, the United Football League, consistently struggled to pay its bills and has continually lost money despite allotting its players only US$20,000 a year, and television networks made the league pay for television airtime instead of paying the league, making the\",\n \"title\": \"Professional sports\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19576143\",\n \"text\": \"does not publicize what specific charities receive donations. The NFL has contributed a large sum to retired players with health problems, and to charities. The MLB has had several instances where they have let players choose their own charity. The program NBA Cares is in charge of choosing what charities the NBA will support; some of these include UNICEF, Habitat for Humanity, Boys and Girls Club of America, and Feed the Children. The fine money of NBA players isn't donated to charities directly, according to NBA collective bargaining agreement, The NBA and National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) first equally split\",\n \"title\": \"NBA fines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11719490\",\n \"text\": \"to air the Rose, Sugar and Orange bowls, plus $470–475 million annually for the rest of the package. Also in 2012, ESPN and Major League Baseball agreed to an eight-year extension, increasing ESPN's average yearly payment from about $360 million to approximately $700 million. And in October 2014, ESPN signed a nine-year extension with the NBA, worth three times as much as the previous deal. These deals were made when new sports channels like NBCSN and Fox Sports 1 emerged, and so analysts believe that ESPN deliberately drove the prices up as a defensive measure to block these competitors from\",\n \"title\": \"Criticism of ESPN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569339\",\n \"text\": \"2011. The next CBA, which took effect in 2011, set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011–12, with a 49-to-51 band in subsequent years. To ensure the players get their share of the BRI, teams are required to spend 90 percent of the salary cap each year, the salary floor for the 2016–17 season will be 84.73 million. In December 2016, the league and the players' union reached a tentative agreement on a new CBA, with both sides ratifying it by the end of that month. The new agreement will run through the 2023–24 season, with either side\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651905\",\n \"text\": \"CFL's most successful U.S. market). All told, 13 of the NFL's current 32 franchises were absorbed from a rival league—all 10 AFL franchises of the 1960s, two from the AAFC, and one from the 1936 AFL. The NBA was formed in 1949 after three years of competition between the large-market Basketball Association of America (from which the NBA traces its existence) and the industrial-based National Basketball League. The NBA also had to fend off two incarnations of the American Basketball League, the first being an Eastern circuit that predated the NBA, and the second existing from 1961 to 1963, after\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7445147\",\n \"text\": \"the 1973-74 until the 1989–90 season, during which the early 1980s is notoriously known as the tape delay playoff era. NBC then succeeded the broadcast rights from 1990 to 2002. During NBC's partnership with the NBA in the 1990s, the league rose to unprecedented popularity, with ratings surpassing the days of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in the mid 1980s. Upon expiration of the contract in 2002, the league signed an agreement with ABC, which began airing games in the 2002-03 season. NBC had made a four-year $1.3 billion ($330 million/year) bid in the spring of 2002 to renew its\",\n \"title\": \"National Basketball Association on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12004312\",\n \"text\": \"City on June 6, 1946 as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league adopted the name National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949 after merging with the rival National Basketball League (NBL). As of the early 21st century, the NBA is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity, salaries, talent, and level of competition. The American Basketball Association (ABA) was founded as an alternative to the NBA in 1967 at a time when the NBA was experiencing a lot of popularity. The ABA offered an alternative ethos and game style as well as some\",\n \"title\": \"History of basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4639806\",\n \"text\": \"National Football League on television The television rights to broadcast National Football League (NFL) games are the most lucrative and expensive rights of any American sport. Television brought professional football into prominence in the modern era after World War II. Since then, National Football League broadcasts have become among the most-watched programs on American television, and the financial fortunes of entire networks have rested on owning NFL broadcasting rights. This has raised questions about the impartiality of the networks' coverage of games and whether they can criticize the NFL without fear of losing the rights and their income. Since the\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2526502\",\n \"text\": \"sport. For example, while the Premier League is roughly as lucrative and wealthy as the \\\"Big Four\\\" North American leagues, the Football Association nevertheless has the power to veto the appointment of that league's chief executive. Current commissioners of the North American professional leagues are Roger Goodell in the NFL, Rob Manfred in the MLB (and minor league baseball), Adam Silver in the NBA, Gary Bettman in the NHL, Don Garber in MLS, Randy Ambrosie in the CFL and Oliver Luck in the XFL. In many cases, the term Commissioner is part of a more specific title, including English renditions\",\n \"title\": \"Commissioner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292823\",\n \"text\": \"as of 2017 (35.5% of all World Series for a 23.9% success rate). In the past 30 years, 18 different teams have won the World Series. In comparison, only 14 different teams won the NFL Super Bowl, 13 won the NHL Stanley Cup and 10 won the NBA championship in that same time frame. Other pundits, such as Michael Lewis, the author of the bestseller \\\"Moneyball\\\", have argued that using World Series championships as an example of parity may be misleading, and playoff appearances may be a better indicator of relative team strength. The playoff system used in baseball comprises\",\n \"title\": \"Salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7461440\",\n \"text\": \"four most-well known championship rings in North American professional sports are the NFL's Super Bowl ring, the NBA Championship ring, MLB's World Series ring, and the NHL's Stanley Cup ring. Similar rings are often presented to individuals inducted into a North American sports hall of fame. Championship rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and the championship number (usually indicated in Roman numerals for the NFL's Super Bowl wins). Championship ring policies differ between the four major professional leagues. NHL and MLB owners pay for the cost of\",\n \"title\": \"Championship ring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12714411\",\n \"text\": \"to pay the St. Louis owners $2.2 million in cash up front in addition to a 1/7 share of the four remaining teams' television revenues \\\"in perpetuity\\\". As the NBA's popularity exploded in the 1980s and 1990s, the league's television rights were sold to CBS and then NBC, and additional deals were struck with the TNT and TBS cable networks; league television revenue soared into the hundreds of millions of dollars. The Silnas continue to receive checks from the NBA on a yearly basis, representing a 4/7 share of the television money that would normally go to any NBA franchise,\",\n \"title\": \"ABA–NBA merger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1440037\",\n \"text\": \"a billionaire in the process. Much of the league's financial success since 1989 has been credited to Jones himself. In particular, he was decisive in securing Fox as the NFC's primary broadcaster at a time when the traditional \\\"Big Three\\\" networks were trying to convince the league into accepting a rollback in television rights fees. Increased television revenues have played a decisive role in securing the NFL's place as the world's richest sports league, with revenues of well over $10 billion per season. The 2018 NFL season is Jones' 30th as Cowboys owner - more than the number of seasons\",\n \"title\": \"Jerry Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4639939\",\n \"text\": \"31, 2013 (except UK and Ireland). ESPN and/or 21st Century Fox-owned networks distribute NFL games to most other regions of the world. National Football League on television The television rights to broadcast National Football League (NFL) games are the most lucrative and expensive rights of any American sport. Television brought professional football into prominence in the modern era after World War II. Since then, National Football League broadcasts have become among the most-watched programs on American television, and the financial fortunes of entire networks have rested on owning NFL broadcasting rights. This has raised questions about the impartiality of the\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7445148\",\n \"text\": \"NBA rights, but the league instead went to ESPN and ABC with a six-year deal worth $2.4 billion ($400 million/year), a total of $4.6 billion ($766 million/year) when adding the cable deal with Turner Sports. Partially due to the retirement of Michael Jordan, the league suffered ratings decline after ESPN and ABC took over the rights. NBA extended its national TV package on June 27, 2007 worth eight-year $7.4 billion ($930 million/year) through 2015–16 season, during which the league had its new resurgence leading by renewed Celtics–Lakers rivalry and LeBron James. On October 6, 2014, NBA announced a nine-year $24\",\n \"title\": \"National Basketball Association on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9457237\",\n \"text\": \"in line with recent psychological theory that suggests salient external motivators (like a large monetary contract) may work to undermine intrinsic motivation (and thus performance). The contract year phenomenon is most associated with the NBA due to the league's high salaries and lengthy guaranteed contracts. This occurrence is sometimes seen in MLB, but it is almost never found in the NFL due to the league's relatively low salaries and most importantly, the lack of guaranteed contracts. NFL players who sign contracts with new teams and then don't perform can simply be released from their team, as the team is then\",\n \"title\": \"Contract year phenomenon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"296029\",\n \"text\": \"playoff round, a best-of-seven series between the victors of both conferences, is known as the NBA Finals, and is held annually in June. The victor in the NBA Finals wins the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. Each player and major contributor—including coaches and the general manager—on the winning team receive a championship ring. In addition, the league awards the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award to the best performing player of the series. The league began using its current format, with the top eight teams in each conference advancing regardless of divisional alignment, in the 2015–16 season. Previously, the\",\n \"title\": \"National Basketball Association\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20326718\",\n \"text\": \"in other North American countries use promotion and relegation systems, where teams are transferred between two divisions based on their performance at the end of each season. The major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada dominate organized men's professional team sports in those two countries: Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), the National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Soccer (MLS) and the Canadian Football League (CFL). Liga MX, the top level Association football in Mexico is also widely popular. Caribbean, where cricket is popular, that region's major domestic competitions\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in North America\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5571948\",\n \"text\": \"$69 billion, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined. All four enjoy wide-ranging domestic media coverage and are considered the preeminent leagues in their respective sports in the world, although American football does not have a substantial following in other nations. Three of those leagues have teams that represent Canadian cities, and all four are the most financially lucrative sports leagues of their sport. Major League Soccer (MLS), which also includes teams based in Canada, is sometimes included in a \\\"top five\\\" of leagues. Professional teams in all major sports in the\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17692148\",\n \"text\": \"Grumman, thanks to a new sponsorship deal with the major defense contractor. Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are respectively the most popular professional and amateur football organizations in the United States. The National Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 persons per game during the 2011 NFL season. The NFL championship\",\n \"title\": \"Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1811627\",\n \"text\": \"As a result of James's endorsement money and NBA salary, he has been listed as one of the world's highest-paid athletes. In 2013, he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world, with earnings of $56.5 million. In 2014, James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple's acquisition of Beats Electronics; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones. In 2015, he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson, and third highest in 2016 (after Cristiano\",\n \"title\": \"LeBron James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569382\",\n \"text\": \"signed the contract once the NBA's free agency moratorium ended on July 6, 2017. Shortly thereafter, James Harden agreed on a DVPE with the Rockets. At the time of signing, his current contract had two years remaining with total pay of $59 million; the extension will add another $170 million over four seasons, ending in 2022–23. The next supermax signing was that of John Wall, who agreed later in July to a four-year, $170 million extension that will start in 2019–20. In late September, Russell Westbrook became the fourth and final supermax signing of the 2017 offseason, signing a five-year,\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11073594\",\n \"text\": \"more densely populated and was settled and developed much earlier than the West. Fox Sports sportscaster Joe Buck attributes the shift to the economics of running a business: \\\"If you think there is a perceived East Coast bias, guess what? You're right. That's where people are watching, that's where the numbers are.\\\" ESPN ombudsman Le Anne Schreiber wrote that fans should forget about expecting equity in teams the network selects to broadcast. \\\"It is long proven in NBA and NFL and MLB that spreading the wealth to 30 or 32 teams is a prescription for deflating ratings,\\\" said Len DeLuca,\",\n \"title\": \"East Coast bias\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651853\",\n \"text\": \"happened since 1978). Relocation can change the name of a team, but it is generally still considered to be the same entity. Baseball, American football, and hockey have had professional leagues continuously for over 100 years; early leagues such as the National Association, Ohio League, and National Hockey Association formed the basis of the modern MLB, NFL, and NHL, respectively. Basketball was invented in 1891 and its first professional league formed in the 1920s. The Basketball Association of America formed the basis of the NBA. Soccer was first professionalized in 1894, but leagues suffered greatly from lack of sustainability and\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5333846\",\n \"text\": \"of the previous 23 Super Bowls, with an average win of $5.5 million over the previous 10 years. The most profitable Super Bowl was in 2005, when the Philadelphia Eagles covered the spread against the favored New England Patriots, earning the books $15.4 million. The two losses were in 1995—when the San Francisco 49ers defeated the San Diego Chargers—and 2008—when the favored Patriots lost to the New York Giants, costing the books $2.5 million. In 2009, a bill passed to allow sports betting on almost every sport. That year, the NFL, MLB, NHL, NBA, and NCAA filed a lawsuit against\",\n \"title\": \"Sportsbook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"712699\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"budget surplus\\\" - revenues in excess of disbursements for that year - of over $80 million. Over $700 million of that revenue total was from licensing TV rights to its sporting events. In addition, the NCAA also earns money through investment growth of its endowment fund. Established in 2004 with $45 million, the fund has grown to over $380 million in 2014. According to the NCAA it receives most of its annual revenue from two sources: Division I Men's Basketball television and marketing rights, and championships ticket sales. According to the NCAA, \\\"that money is distributed in more than a\",\n \"title\": \"National Collegiate Athletic Association\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569340\",\n \"text\": \"able to opt out after the 2022–23 season. NBA Salary Cap in USD NBA Salary Cap in 2016 USD (Inflation rate through May 2016) Unlike the NFL and NHL, the NBA features a so-called soft cap, meaning that there are several significant exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap to sign players. This is done to allow teams to keep their own players, which, in theory, fosters fan support in each individual city. By contrast, the NFL and NHL salary caps are considered hard, meaning that they offer relatively few (if any) circumstances under which teams can exceed\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13244541\",\n \"text\": \"a dollar-for-dollar basis, provided total league salaries were above a specified level. The league's minimum salary was increased to $287,500, a $15,000 raise from before the lockout. The players were promised that their salaries would equal 55 percent of league revenues over the agreement's final three seasons. However, any higher percentage would lead to a salary decrease. The NBA's drug policy was expanded to cover performance-enhancing drugs and marijuana, with once-yearly testing. The lockout prompted indifference among most American sports fans, who thought that greed was shown by both sides; the latter was a similar sentiment to what fans voiced\",\n \"title\": \"1998–99 NBA lockout\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17692112\",\n \"text\": \"Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football The National Football League (NFL) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) are respectively the most popular professional and amateur football organizations in the United States. The National Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 persons per game during the 2011 NFL season. The NFL championship game, the Super Bowl, is among the biggest events in club sports\",\n \"title\": \"Comparisons between the National Football League and NCAA football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2402908\",\n \"text\": \"nearly US$5 billion per year. Women in the U.S., on the other hand, make much less, for example as of 2014, the WNBA enforced a maximum salary of US$107,000 for star players (coaches could earn double that). This is largely driven by the fact that the American viewing audience has far less interest in women's professional sport compared to men's; average in-person attendance and television viewership are both far higher for the NBA compared to the WNBA. According to investopedia.com, a male star like Kobe Bryant or LeBron James can individually earn a salary larger than every player in the\",\n \"title\": \"Professional sports\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569366\",\n \"text\": \"There is an exception to this rule: a player is able to sign a contract for 105% of his previous contract, even if the new contract is higher than the league limit. The 2017 CBA made a subtle change to the determination of maximum salaries. Under the 2011 CBA, the salary cap was based on players receiving 44.74% of the league's basketball-related income (BRI), while the calculation of maximum salaries used a lower figure of 42.14% of BRI. This difference was eliminated in the 2017 CBA, with the same 44.74% of BRI used for both cap and maximum salary calculations.\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12285801\",\n \"text\": \"NBA Awards The NBA Awards is an annual awards show presented by the National Basketball Association (NBA), created in partnership with Turner Sports and produced by Dick Clark Productions to honor and recognize the league's top performers and accomplishments. Finalists for each individual award are announced during the NBA Playoffs on \\\"NBA on TNT\\\" telecasts. Winners are revealed during the ceremony. Additionally, the open public can decide the winner for fan-voted categories online by voting through the league's official website and on social media. The ceremony occurs in late June, following the conclusion of the NBA Finals, and broadcast live\",\n \"title\": \"NBA Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292809\",\n \"text\": \"violation only if the league average also breached a separate threshold. The NBA implemented a maximum salary for individual players. This was done following a dramatic increase in player salaries, in spite of the salary cap, in the mid-1990s. Under the CBA, a player's maximum possible salary increased along with his time of service in the league. For a player of five years' experience, the maximum salary threshold began at 25% of the salary cap, with annual increases of up to 10.5% possible beyond that for players re-signed by their original team, or 8% annual increases for free agents that\",\n \"title\": \"Salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12714412\",\n \"text\": \"or about two percent of the entire league's TV deal. Thanks to their deal during the ABA–NBA merger, the Silnas received millions of dollars through the 1980s, and at least $4.4 million per year through the 1990s. From 1999 through 2002 the deal netted the Spirits' owners at least $12.53 million per year; from 2003 to 2006 their take was at least $15.6 million per year. The two Silna brothers each get 45% of that television revenue per year and their attorney during the merger negotiations, Donald Schupak, receives 10%. They credit their terrific deal to careful planning: the Silnas\",\n \"title\": \"ABA–NBA merger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569343\",\n \"text\": \"salary cap, and $62.3 million above the tax line, which Knicks owner James Dolan paid to the league. Tax revenues are normally redistributed evenly among non-tax-paying teams, so there is often a several-million-dollar incentive to owners not to pay the luxury tax. The luxury tax level for the 2008–09 season was $71.15 million. For the 2009–10 season, the luxury tax level was set at $69.92 million. The luxury tax level for the 2010–11 and 2012–13 NBA seasons was $70,307,000. The 2011 CBA instituted major changes to the luxury tax regime. The previous CBA had a dollar-for-dollar tax provision system, which\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8725316\",\n \"text\": \"with Nike, Sprint, Gatorade, Panini, General Electric, and 2K Sports. In 2012, he tried his hand at acting, appearing in the children's film \\\"Thunderstruck\\\". In 2013, he earned $35 million, making him the fourth-highest-earning basketball player that year. In an interview with \\\"Sports Illustrated\\\", Durant claimed that, despite his high earnings potential, \\\"global marketing and all that stuff\\\" does not interest him. One of the most popular players in the league, Durant's jersey regularly ranks as one of the NBA's best-selling and he is consistently one of the top All-Star vote-getters. Early in his career, he developed a reputation for\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Durant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4827135\",\n \"text\": \"$63 per day, of which still 80% may be deducted. For American railroads, per diem is a charge railroads levy when their freight cars are on other railroad's property, to assure prompt return. Due to the large number of away games and associated travel days in American sports, per diem rates are often major components in collective bargaining agreements between leagues and their players' unions. As of 2016, the NBA has the highest per-diem for players at $115 per day, followed by the NHL whose per-diem began at a base of $100/day in 2012-13 and is adjusted each year based\",\n \"title\": \"Per diem\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19576142\",\n \"text\": \"every time he gets fined, he matches that amount and donates it to a charity of his choice. As one of the world's highest-paid group of athletes, an NBA player's average salary is $4,001,760, and some contracts are worth over $10 million. The average fine in the 2015-2016 season, for the 246 players who been fined total an amount of $5,463,829, with an average of $22,210 The impact to NBA players is approximately $150 to a person who makes $30,000 annually. The NBA says that it allocates fine money to charity, although it is the only professional sports organization that\",\n \"title\": \"NBA fines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569336\",\n \"text\": \"future seasons based on league revenues. For the 2015–16 season, the salary cap was $70 million and the luxury tax limit was $84.74 million. For the 2016–17 season, the salary cap was set at $94.14 million and the luxury tax limit was $113.29 million. For the 2017–18 season, the cap is set at $99 million for the salary cap and $119 million for the luxury tax.The NBA's salary caps are considered \\\"soft\\\" salary caps. There are two kinds of salary caps: soft and hard. Soft salary caps allow teams to go above the salary cap however will subject the teams\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569337\",\n \"text\": \"to reduced privileges in free agency. If the team goes above the tax line - typically about 10 million dollars higher than the salary cap - they will be subject to the luxury tax (for every dollars a team goes over they are subject to a variable amount of tax per dollar). Hard salary caps forbids teams from going above that salary cap no matter what the circumstance. The majority of leagues (NFL, NHL, MLS) have hard caps while the NBA has a soft salary cap. The NBA had a salary cap in the mid-1940s, but it was abolished after\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651857\",\n \"text\": \"audiences both domestically and internationally. The National Football League was founded in 1920 as a combination of various teams from regional leagues such as the Ohio League, the New York Pro Football League, and the Chicago circuit. The NFL partially absorbed the All-America Football Conference in 1949 and merged with the American Football League in 1970. It has 32 teams, all located in the United States. NFL games are the most attended of domestic professional leagues in the world in terms of per-game attendance, and the most popular in the U.S. in terms of television ratings and merchandising. Its championship\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569335\",\n \"text\": \"NBA salary cap The NBA salary cap is the limit to the total amount of money that National Basketball Association teams are allowed to pay their players. Like many professional sports leagues, the NBA has a salary cap to control costs and benefit parity, defined by the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA). This limit is subject to a complex system of rules and exceptions and as such is considered a \\\"soft\\\" cap and is calculated as a percentage of the league's revenue from the previous season. Under the CBA ratified in December 2011, the cap will continue to vary in\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12714414\",\n \"text\": \"Kentucky Colonels players. Marvin Barnes went to the Detroit Pistons for $500,000, Moses Malone went to the Portland Trail Blazers for $300,000, Ron Boone went to the Kansas City Kings for $250,000, Randy Denton went to the New York Knicks for $50,000 and Mike Barr went to the Kansas City Kings for $15,000. Sometime prior to 2013, the Silna brothers sued the NBA for \\\"hundreds of millions of dollars more\\\" they felt the NBA owed them, presumably for NBA League Pass subscriptions and streaming video revenues that they feel should count as an extension of television revenues. In January 2014,\",\n \"title\": \"ABA–NBA merger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4639808\",\n \"text\": \"vast majority of the country's television product. League-owned NFL Network, on cable television, also broadcasts a selected number of games nationally. In 2017, the NFL games attracted the top three rates for a 30-second advertisement: $699,602 for NBC Sunday Night Football, $550,709 for Thursday Night Football (NBC), and $549,791 for Thursday Night Football (CBS). Under the current contracts, regionally shown games on Sunday afternoons are televised on CBS and Fox, which primarily carry games of AFC and NFC teams respectively (the conference of the road team determines the broadcaster of an inter-conference game). Nationally televised regular season games on Sunday\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4639807\",\n \"text\": \"1960s, all regular season and playoff games broadcast in the United States have been aired by national television networks. Until the broadcast contract ended in 2013, the terrestrial television networks CBS ($3.73B), NBC ($3.6B) and Fox ($4.27B) — as well as cable television's ESPN ($8.8B) — paid a combined total of US$20.4 billion to broadcast NFL games. From 2014 to 2022, the same networks will pay $39.6 billion for exactly the same broadcast rights. The NFL thus holds broadcast contracts with four companies (CBS Corporation, Comcast, 21st Century Fox and The Walt Disney Company/Hearst Corporation, respectively) that control a combined\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5178179\",\n \"text\": \"of the most popular televised events annually in the United States, it has become a major source of advertising revenue for the television networks that have carried it and it serves as a means for advertisers to debut elaborate and expensive commercials for their products. The NFL has grown to become the most popular spectator sports league in the United States. One of the things that have marked the modern NFL as different from other major professional sports leagues is the apparent parity between its 32 teams. While from time to time, dominant teams have arisen, the league has been\",\n \"title\": \"History of American football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3252785\",\n \"text\": \"continued in the 2000s, when three National Basketball Association (NBA) teams moved in a seven-year span after there were no relocations at all in the 16 years before it. Critics referred to the movement of teams to the highest-bidding city as \\\"franchise free agency.\\\" The following charts list movements of franchises in the modern eras of the major North American sports leagues. It does not include: The history of the NFL fully incorporates that of the fourth American Football League, which began operation in 1960 with eight teams and became by far the most successful rival to the NFL. In\",\n \"title\": \"Relocation of professional sports teams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20625139\",\n \"text\": \"NBA digital marketing The National Basketball Association (NBA) is one of the fastest growing sports league in the United States. In 2017, NBA broadcast game ratings had increased by 32% since the previous season, the 2017 NBA Finals had 20.4 million total viewers with an additional 434,000 digital streaming viewers in 215 countries and territories, in 49 languages. The growth of NBA viewership is related to its path to globalization and their digital marketing campaigns, which has allowed the NBA to expand their brand awareness and sponsorship deals across borders. The NBA started its globalization strategy by holding international exhibition\",\n \"title\": \"NBA digital marketing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284609\",\n \"text\": \"a three-year basis between CBS, Fox, and NBC. In 2011, all four stations signed new nine-year contracts with the NFL, each running until 2022; CBS, Fox, and NBC are estimated by \\\"Forbes\\\" to pay a combined total of US$3 billion a year, while ESPN will pay US$1.9 billion a year. The league also has deals with Spanish-language broadcasters NBC Universo, Fox Deportes, and ESPN Deportes, which air Spanish language dubs of their respective English-language sister networks' games. The league's contracts do not cover preseason games, which individual teams are free to sell to local stations directly; a minority of preseason\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4294933\",\n \"text\": \"before that preserved only by Canadian television broadcasters, though the National Hockey League struggled to find a national audience in the United States until after the 2004–05 NHL lockout and the National Basketball Association wasn't considered a major league until the Magic–Bird rivalry and the rise of Michael Jordan brought that league long-term stability in the 1980s. Although NFL Films earns more than $50 million in revenue a year and is expanding at a double digit rate, compared to the $18 billion in revenue that the NFL earns from television alone, most consider this to be minor. The real value\",\n \"title\": \"NFL Films\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"295973\",\n \"text\": \"best paid athletes by average annual salary per player. The league was founded in New York City on June 6, 1946, as the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3, 1949, after merging with the competing National Basketball League (NBL). The league's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, New Jersey. The Basketball Association of America was founded\",\n \"title\": \"National Basketball Association\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7445145\",\n \"text\": \"ABC. The NBA Finals is one of the few sporting events (along with the Stanley Cup Finals on NBC, the World Series on FOX, the March Madness Tournament on CBS, and Thursday Night Football on FOX) to be shown on a national broadcast network on a weeknight. As one of the major sports leagues in North America, the National Basketball Association has a long history of partnership with television networks in the US. The League signed a contract with DuMont in its 8th season (1953–54), marking the first year the NBA had a national television broadcaster. Similar to NFL, the\",\n \"title\": \"National Basketball Association on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"274557\",\n \"text\": \"that \\\"marketing-wise, he's great. He's the one who came up with the concept of 'Air Jordan.'\\\" In June 2010, Jordan was ranked by \\\"Forbes\\\" magazine as the 20th-most powerful celebrity in the world with $55 million earned between June 2009 and June 2010. According to the Forbes article, Jordan Brand generates $1 billion in sales for Nike. In June 2014, Jordan was named the first NBA player to become a billionaire, after he increased his stake in the Charlotte Hornets from 80% to 89.5%. On January 20, 2015, Jordan was honored with the \\\"Charlotte Business Journal\\\"'s Business Person of the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Jordan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569383\",\n \"text\": \"$205 million extension that started in 2018–19. The cap also includes a provision to close a potential loophole that would provide incentives for teams to skirt the cap by signing an older player to a long-term deal that would not end until after the team expects the player to retire. Cap analyst Larry Coon outlined how this potential loophole would work:For example, suppose the Non-Taxpayer Mid-Level exception is $9 million. With 5% raises, a three-year contract would total $28.35 million. But if they added a fourth year to the contract, the salary would total $38.7 million. If the player retires\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20326735\",\n \"text\": \"world, and NBA players are the world's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player. The NBA operates a minor league basketball organization, the NBA Development League, to help develop players. However, like the relationship between college football and the NFL, college basketball acts as the primary suppliers of players to the NBA. The Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional, is the top professional basketball league in Mexico, while Liga Nacional de Baloncesto is the top one in the Dominican Republic. The Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN) has teams in Puerto Rico. The NBA also runs the Women's National Basketball Association\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in North America\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12466764\",\n \"text\": \"has become the most-watched annual sporting event in the United States. The league continued to expand to its current size of 32 teams. A series of labor agreements during the 1990s and increasingly large television contracts have helped keep the league one of the most profitable in the U.S., and the only major league in the U.S. since 1990 to avoid a work stoppage that resulted in the loss of regular-season games. Football was first professionalized in 1892, when William Heffelfinger and Ben \\\"Sport\\\" Donnelly each received a large sum of cash to play for the Allegheny Athletic Association of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292806\",\n \"text\": \"set at $94.14 million, with the salary floor at 84.73 million and the luxury tax limit at $113.29 million. The current CBA took effect with the 2017–18 season. The NBA uses a \\\"soft\\\" cap, meaning that teams were allowed to exceed the cap in order to retain the rights to a player who was already on the team. This provision was known as the \\\"Larry Bird\\\" exception, named after the former Boston Celtics great who was retained by that team until his retirement under the provisions of this rule. The purpose of this rule was to address fan unease over\",\n \"title\": \"Salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19165034\",\n \"text\": \"Sportradar also advanced into the US market by acquiring SportsData (now Sportradar US). EQT reinvested in Sportradar in 2014 by EQT's flagship fund buying the shares of EQT's Capital Expansion II. In 2015, Sportradar obtained exclusive distribution rights for NASCAR, NFL and NHL. The same year, Sportradar attracted investments from Michael Jordan and Mark Cuban led by Revolution LLC. National Football League also acquired equity in Sportradar US as part of the partnership. In 2016, Sportradar acquired the core business of Sportman Media Holding, including Laola1.at and Laola1.tv. Later that year, NBA announced a multi-year partnership with Sportradar involving integrity\",\n \"title\": \"Sportradar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18689369\",\n \"text\": \"building upon this new tradition. Starting with the sons of the famine generation, the Irish dominated baseball and boxing, and played a major role in other sports. John L. Sullivan (1858–1918), The heavyweight boxing champion, was the first of the modern sports superstars, winning scores of contests – perhaps as many as 200—with a purse that reached the fabulous sum of one million dollars. Famous in their day were NFL quarterbacks and Super Bowl champions John Elway and Tom Brady, NBA forward Rick Barry, tennis greats Jimmy Connors and John McEnroe, baseball pitcher Nolan Ryan, baseball shortstop Derek Jeter, basketball\",\n \"title\": \"Irish Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14019377\",\n \"text\": \"baseball, was one example of racial segregation in the United States. In the United States, a study found that a form of racial discrimination exists in NBA basketball, as white players received higher salaries than do blacks related to actual performance. Funk says this may be due to viewer discrimination. Viewership increases when there is greater participation by white players, which means higher advertising incomes. This explains much of the salary gap. Researchers have looked at other evidence for sports consumer discrimination. One method is comparing the price of sports memorabilia, such as baseball cards. Another is looking at fan\",\n \"title\": \"Race and sports\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4639812\",\n \"text\": \"games on the West Coast are usually played after 7 p.m. Pacific Time (10 p.m. Eastern Time). However, the handful of primetime, nationally televised preseason games are still played at approximately 8 p.m. Eastern Time. The television rights to the NFL are the most expensive rights of not only any American sport, but any American entertainment property. With the fragmentation of audiences due to the increased specialization of broadcast and cable TV networks, sports remain one of the few entertainment properties that not only can guarantee a large and diversified audience, but a live one. The Super Bowl often ranks\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League on television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7813621\",\n \"text\": \"and Chargers play at the same time, Fox is allowed to broadcast the second game on MyNetworkTV affiliate KCOP-TV, or CBS on independent KCAL-TV, depending on the game's carrier that specific week); all four of the major sports leagues (the NFL, the NBA, Major League Baseball and the NHL) have out-of-market sports packages that require a pay television subscription and generate significant revenue for the leagues. Most sports programming on digital subchannel broadcasters has been relegated to low-budget content such as amateur athletics, extreme sports, and hunting and fishing programming geared toward outdoorsmen, though minor league baseball, American Hockey League\",\n \"title\": \"Digital subchannel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6569346\",\n \"text\": \"of the total tax revenue can go exclusively to teams that did not go over the cap. Initial reports did not specify the use of the remaining 50% under the 2011 CBA, but it was later confirmed that this amount would be used to fund revenue sharing for the season during which tax was paid. For the 2013–14 season, the luxury tax threshold was set at $71.748 million. The Brooklyn Nets, whose payroll for that season was projected to be over $100 million, would face a luxury tax bill above $80 million, resulting in a total payroll cost of $186\",\n \"title\": \"NBA salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091415\",\n \"text\": \"the United States, it has become a major source of advertising revenue for the television networks that have carried it and it serves as a means for advertisers to debut elaborate and expensive commercials for their products. The NFL has grown to become the most popular spectator sports league in the United States. One of the things that have marked the modern NFL as different from other major professional sports leagues is the apparent parity between its 32 teams. While from time to time, dominant teams have arisen, the league has been cited as one of the few where every\",\n \"title\": \"Modern history of American football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1300183\",\n \"text\": \"in a negative short-term economic impact, but economic benefits in the long term. These benefits are usually more general societal benefits such as the environment. The final category pertains to inaction by the government, allowing producers to impose certain production costs on others. These subsidies tend to lead to positive benefits in the short term but negative in the long term. The US National Football League's (NFL) profits have topped records at $11 billion, the highest of all sports. The NFL had tax-exempt status until voluntarily relinquishing it in 2015, and new stadiums have been built with public subsidies. The\",\n \"title\": \"Subsidy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19128461\",\n \"text\": \"42% of their revenues were from \\\"recurrent consumer spending\\\" in their latest financial quarter, obtained through the \\\"Grand Theft Auto Online\\\" component of \\\"Grand Theft Auto V\\\", and the \\\"MyCareer\\\" mode of \\\"NBA 2K18\\\", both which offer players additional content and activities over time. Take-Two anticipates they will be using this model going forward for future games. Ubisoft, around the same time, reported that revenue from microtransactions and other in-game sales exceeded their revenue from direct digital sales of games during the first two quarters of their financial year for the first time. The use of online passes emerged in\",\n \"title\": \"Video game monetization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5014348\",\n \"text\": \"TNT and allowed ABC and ESPN to acquire the rights to air the league's games. ABC and ESPN reportedly paid an average of about US$400 million a season. Technically, ESPN pays the NBA for its broadcast rights and \\\"buys\\\" time on ABC to air select games (this is noted in copyright tags during the end credits at the conclusion of the telecasts, saying \\\"\\\"The preceding program has been paid for by ESPN, Inc.\\\"\\\") In all, the contract allowed the NBA to increase its rights fees by 25%. NBC Sports chairman Dick Ebersol said regarding the deal: In June 2007, and\",\n \"title\": \"NBA on ABC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292805\",\n \"text\": \"NBA's teams and ensure competitive balance for the Association in the future. Before the cap was reinstated, teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players, but in the first season under the new cap, they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll. Under the 2005 CBA, salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball-related income (BRI) and lasted for six years until June 30, 2011. The next CBA, which took effect in 2011–12, set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011–12, with a 49-to-51 band in subsequent years. The salary cap for was\",\n \"title\": \"Salary cap\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15218309\",\n \"text\": \"Personal finances of professional American athletes The personal finances of professional American athletes is a subject of widespread discussion due to the often high salaries of such athletes and the high rates of personal bankruptcy and other financial distress. According to a 2009 \\\"Sports Illustrated\\\" article, 78% of National Football League (NFL) players are either bankrupt or are under financial stress within two years of retirement and an estimated 60% of National Basketball Association (NBA) players go bankrupt within five years after leaving their sport. Originally the statement \\\"60% of NBA players go bankrupt within five years after leaving their\",\n \"title\": \"Personal finances of professional American athletes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651943\",\n \"text\": \"v. National Football League\\\", in which the NFL (which ultimately lost the case) received \\\"amicus curiae\\\" briefs from the NBA, NHL, and MLS. The leagues' commissioners occasionally meet in person, most recently in 2009. The leagues also cooperate in the construction and use of facilities. Many NBA and NHL teams share arenas, and, in years past, such sharing was very common for MLB and NFL teams, though only one such situation (the Oakland Coliseum, home to both the Raiders and Athletics) still exists as of 2018, and that situation is set to end in 2020 when the Raiders relocate to\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19433746\",\n \"text\": \"nationally by TNT for the 16th consecutive year. On October 3, 2017, the NBA announced that the format would change from the traditional Eastern Conference versus Western Conference format, and would instead switch to a draft-style format, similar to the format used by the NHL All-Star Game from 2011 through 2015 and the NFL Pro Bowl from 2014 through 2016. The team captains were determined by the most votes received in their respective conference. Each team will pick a charity to play for, and the winning team will have money donated to their charity. The winning team will receive $100,000\",\n \"title\": \"2018 NBA All-Star Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14590109\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Pettit. On July 7, the NBA announced that the salary cap for the 2010–11 season would be $58.044 million, an increase of $0.344 million from previous season's $57.70 million, and would go into effect on July 8 as the league's \\\"moratorium period\\\" had ended and teams could begin signing free agents and making trades. The increase came as a surprise as the league initially predicted a decrease in the salary cap. On March, before the playoffs, the league projected that the salary cap would be around $56.1 million. The tax level for the season was set at $70.307 million,\",\n \"title\": \"2010–11 NBA season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6482237\",\n \"text\": \"NFL's broadcast rights has increased steadily over the past several decades, in part because of bidding wars between the numerous networks and the fear of losing stature due to the loss of NFL programming; as of the most recent contract the league nets annual fees of over $6 billion, or half of the league's overall revenue, from television rights alone. Four of the five major sports television units in the United States, and the four companies that control all of the major broadcast networks, currently own some NFL rights. NBC also broadcast an NHL game in 1940; the league would\",\n \"title\": \"Broadcasting of sports events\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2402907\",\n \"text\": \"earn a billion dollars from prize money and endorsements. It would have taken the salary of two thousand 1980s professional golfers each making $58,500 to match up with Tiger Woods’ current salary. Samuel Eto'o is the world's second highest-earning athlete and the highest-paid footballer in the world, raking in £35.7 million (over $54 million) a year excluding off-field earnings. The top ten tennis players make about $3 million a year on average. Much of the growth in income for sports and athletes has come from broadcasting rights; for example, the most recent television contract for the NFL is valued at\",\n \"title\": \"Professional sports\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"749353\",\n \"text\": \"even some official team materials as the \\\"Grizzlies\\\", which was what they officially renamed themselves the following season (not to be confused with the current NBA team of the same name). The WFL suffered an even more serious blow when the CFL and NFL reached agreements with its striking players that ensured the upstart league would be forced to compete with both of its established rivals. The original schedule called for a four-team playoff, with semifinal games held on Wednesday-Thursday November 20-November 21, and the World Bowl on Friday, November 29 (the night after Thanksgiving) at the Gator Bowl Stadium\",\n \"title\": \"World Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9651912\",\n \"text\": \"were promoted from lower leagues through the traditional expansion process, without regard to on-pitch record; instead new teams are brought into MLS based on the financial strength of their ownership and market. All of the major North American professional sports leagues use a draft system to assign prospective players to teams. The NFL, NHL and NBA all use their respective drafts to ensure a certain measure of parity between its franchises, so that teams with losing records draft early in the draft, while the league champions pick last in each round. (In the NFL, the relationship is directly linear, so\",\n \"title\": \"Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5026570\",\n \"text\": \"television rights to the National Football Conference (NFC) to Fox in 1994, a situation that exacerbated CBS' struggles in the ratings. In 2000, NBC declined to renew its broadcast agreement with Major League Baseball. In 2002, it was additionally outbid by ESPN and ABC for the NBA's next broadcast deal, ending the league's twelve-year run on NBC. During this era, NBC experimented with broadcasting emerging sports. In 2001, the network partnered with the World Wrestling Federation to establish the XFL – a new football league which introduced modified rules and debuted to tremendous, but short-lived fanfare, only lasting one season.\",\n \"title\": \"AFL on NBC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5572028\",\n \"text\": \"but are not ready or good enough for the major leagues. The NBA also has a development league for players who are not ready to play at the top level. The extent to which sports are associated with secondary and tertiary education in the United States is rare among nations. Millions of students participate in athletics programs operated by high schools and colleges. Student-athletes often receive scholarships to colleges in recognition of their athletic potential. Currently, the largest governing body of collegiate sports is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Especially in football and basketball, college sports are followed in\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in the United States\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what brings in more money nba or nfl"}}},{"rowIdx":186,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Denver Broncos"],"string":"[\n \"Denver Broncos\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"3200108","text":"Super Bowl XL Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season. The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21–10. The game was played on February 5, 2006 at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. With the win, the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowls. The Steelers' victory was their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XIV. Pittsburgh, who","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"385659","text":"play in the Pro Bowl, as the Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17, in the playoffs to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won the franchise's first Super Bowl Championship, defeating Denver 43–8. The Seahawks' defense performance in 2013 was acclaimed as one of the best in the Super Bowl era. The following season, Seattle advanced to Super Bowl XLIX, their second consecutive Super Bowl, but they were dethroned of their title by the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24. They got","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"9869659","text":"the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13-3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy and advance to the Super Bowl, the first in franchise history. Seattle fell short in its bid for its first NFL title, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan on February 5,","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7141010","text":"Super Bowl XLVIII Super Bowl XLVIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos and National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2013 season. The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 43–8, the largest margin of victory for an underdog and tied for the third largest point differential overall (35) in Super Bowl history with Super Bowl XXVII (1993). It was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points, while holding their opponent to under 10. This became the first Super Bowl victory for","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"2978682","text":"Divisional Round of the playoffs by a score of 23-15. In the NFC Championship Game, cornerback Richard Sherman tipped a Colin Kaepernick pass into the waiting arms of Malcolm Smith to secure a 23-17 win over the 49ers. On February 2, 2014, Carroll led the Seattle Seahawks to their first Super Bowl win in franchise history after defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII. Carroll joined Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson as the only coaches to win both an NCAA championship and a Super Bowl. At age 62, Carroll was the third-oldest coach to win a Super Bowl.","title":"Pete Carroll"},{"id":"376025","text":"Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43–8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions, the Seahawks, 28–24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead. In Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"12304556","text":"Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area. With the loss, the","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"17546845","text":"in CenturyLink Field with a trip to Super Bowl XLVIII on the line, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 23–17. The game ended when Seahawks' cornerback Richard Sherman, whom Jim Harbaugh previously coached at Stanford, tipped an end zone pass that led to a game-ending interception. Seattle went on to defeat the Denver Broncos 43–8 in Super Bowl XLVIII to win their first Super Bowl championship. San Francisco had represented the NFC in a losing effort in Super Bowl XLVII the previous season. Since drafting Russell Wilson, the Seahawks have dominated the rivalry, holding a 12-3 record against","title":"49ers–Seahawks rivalry"},{"id":"7167355","text":"Super Bowl XLVII Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2012 season. The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34–31, handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history. The game was played on Sunday, February 3, 2013 at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans, equaling Miami's record of ten in an individual city.","title":"Super Bowl XLVII"},{"id":"4450372","text":"Super Bowl XLIV Super Bowl XLIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champions New Orleans Saints and the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Indianapolis Colts to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2009 season. The Saints defeated the Colts by a score of 31–17, earning their first Super Bowl win. The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium (formerly Joe Robbie Stadium) in Miami Gardens, Florida, for the fifth time (and in South Florida for the tenth time), on February 7, 2010, the latest calendar date for a Super Bowl yet. This","title":"Super Bowl XLIV"},{"id":"14903042","text":"the Seahawks secured the top playoff seed in the NFC with a conference-best 13-3 record. After a bye week, Seattle defeated the New Orleans Saints in the playoffs. The Seahawks then beat the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Maragos and the Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 in the third-most lopsided Super Bowl in history. It was the most-watched program in the history of American television. On March 12, 2014, Maragos signed a three-year, $4 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. On December 6, 2015, his blocked","title":"Chris Maragos"},{"id":"394491","text":"Super Bowl XXIV Super Bowl XXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1989 season. The game was played on January 28, 1990, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The 49ers defeated the Broncos by the score of 55–10, winning their second consecutive Super Bowl, and tying the Pittsburgh Steelers with four Super Bowl victories. San Francisco also became the first team to win back-to-back Super Bowls with two different head","title":"Super Bowl XXIV"},{"id":"9869696","text":"over 700,000 Seahawks fans. For the first time in franchise history, the Seahawks started a season as the defending Super Bowl champions. As such, they earned the right to host the NFL Kickoff Game, where they defeated the Green Bay Packers 36-16. Then in Week 2, they traveled to San Diego, where the Chargers defeated them by a score of 30-21. This was Seattle's worst defeat since a 23-13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9 of the 2011 season. Then in Week 3, they returned home to face the Denver Broncos in a rematch of Super Bowl XLVIII.","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"3200129","text":"Seahawks became the first team to advance to the Super Bowl without playing a division champion in the playoffs (later matched by the Colts in 2009, Steelers in 2010, and the Seahawks again in 2013, with the 2013 Seahawks being the only one of the four to win the Super Bowl). Off a first-round bye, Seattle defeated the sixth-seeded Washington Redskins, 20–10, before eliminating the fifth-seeded Carolina Panthers, 34–14, in the NFC Championship Game. These were Seattle's first playoff victories since the 1984 season when they defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 13–7, when the team was still in the AFC","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"394575","text":"Super Bowl XXVI Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the third team, after the Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowls VIII and IX) and the Denver Broncos (Super Bowls XXI and XXII) to lose back-to-back Super","title":"Super Bowl XXVI"},{"id":"12304621","text":"gain Receptions Times targeted Super Bowl XLIX had nine officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicates their uniform numbers. Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"14822559","text":"including the following: 2013 NFL season The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season saw the Seattle Seahawks capture the first championship in the franchise's 38 years in the league with a lopsided 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, the league's championship game. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday, February 2, 2014. It was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks","title":"2013 NFL season"},{"id":"12304557","text":"Seahawks became the fourth defending Super Bowl champions to lose in the following year's title game, after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys, 1983 Washington Redskins and the 1997 Green Bay Packers. After finishing the previous season by defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII, Seattle completed the 2014 regular season with a 12–4 record. The Patriots, who also posted a 12–4 record, joined the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of the three teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. For the second straight season, but only the third time in the prior 21 seasons,","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"10286810","text":"three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively","title":"Seattle"},{"id":"8344577","text":"2005 Seattle Seahawks season The 2005 Seattle Seahawks season saw them win a conference championship for the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13–3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and earning the NFC top seed, thus clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs for the first time in franchise history. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy, and advance to their first ever Super Bowl.","title":"2005 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"14822496","text":"2013 NFL season The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season saw the Seattle Seahawks capture the first championship in the franchise's 38 years in the league with a lopsided 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, the league's championship game. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday, February 2, 2014. It was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks scored 12 seconds","title":"2013 NFL season"},{"id":"9869705","text":"Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. On Sunday, February 1, 2015, in Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks faced off against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots, seeking to become the first team to win two consecutive Super Bowls since the Patriots themselves won Super Bowl XXXVIII and Super Bowl XXXIX following the 2003 and 2004 seasons, respectively. After a scoreless first quarter, both teams scored two touchdowns in the second quarter, and the game was tied 14-14 at halftime. In","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"3200130","text":"(the Seahawks were in that conference from 1977-2001). The Steelers became the second team after the 1985 New England Patriots to win three road playoff games to reach the Super Bowl. Pittsburgh defeated the third-seeded Bengals, 31–17; the top-seeded Colts, 21–18 in the \"Immaculate Redemption/Tackle II\" game; and the second-seeded Denver Broncos, 34–17, in the AFC Championship Game. The Steelers also became the eighth wild-card team to go to the Super Bowl and the fourth in nine seasons. The Steelers' catchphrase for the playoffs was \"One for the Thumb\", a phrase originally made popular by Joe Greene as an allusion","title":"Super Bowl XL"},{"id":"4185073","text":"record, giving them the #3 playoff seed. Thus, having to play in a wild card playoff game. In the playoffs, they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 23-8, defeated the Baltimore Ravens 15-6 in the divisional round, and advanced to Super Bowl XLI with a 38-34 win over the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship game. Chicago finished the season with an NFC best 13–3 record and advanced to the second Super Bowl in franchise history. They defeated the Seattle Seahawks 27-24 in the divisional round of the playoffs, and the New Orleans Saints 39-14 in the NFC Championship game","title":"Super Bowl XLI"},{"id":"9869691","text":"final minute. With 36 seconds left to play, however, Kaepernick's throw to receiver Michael Crabtree in the end zone was deflected by Sherman into the hands of Malcolm Smith, securing the victory for the Seahawks in a play that has since gone down in Seahawks lore as \"The Tip\". The Seahawks won by a final score of 23-17, sending the Seahawks to Super Bowl XLVIII as the NFC representative, their second trip to the Super Bowl in franchise history. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, pitting the league's #1 defense (Seattle)","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"4450439","text":"finished 4–12 after they lost Luck to a shoulder injury for the year. Since Super Bowl XLIV, Indianapolis has been 65–63, with a 3–4 postseason record. Super Bowl XLIV Super Bowl XLIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champions New Orleans Saints and the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Indianapolis Colts to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2009 season. The Saints defeated the Colts by a score of 31–17, earning their first Super Bowl win. The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium (formerly Joe Robbie Stadium) in Miami Gardens, Florida,","title":"Super Bowl XLIV"},{"id":"9869695","text":"Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"393849","text":"Super Bowl VII Super Bowl VII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1972 season. The Dolphins defeated the Redskins by the score of 14–7, and became the first and still the only team in NFL history to complete a perfect undefeated season. They also remain the only Super Bowl team to be shut out in the second half and still win. The game was played on January 14, 1973, at the Los Angeles","title":"Super Bowl VII"},{"id":"7953501","text":"Super Bowl XLIX at the University of Phoenix Stadium, the Seahawks missed the opportunity to claim their second Super Bowl win in the final seconds of the fourth quarter, falling to the New England Patriots by a score of 28-24. In 2017 the Seattle Seawolves became one of the founding teams of the newly-formed Major League Rugby Association. On July 7, 2018, at the home field of the San Diego Legion located at the University of San Diego, the Seawolves defeated the Glendale Raptors by a score of 23 to 19 to claim the first-ever MLR championship shield. The Seattle","title":"Sports in Seattle"},{"id":"7953500","text":"the NFC West. They won the NFC championship in 2006, earning them their first trip to Super Bowl XL, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 21-10. In 2014, the Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers at CenturyLink Field, to clinch their second NFC title and a berth in Super Bowl XLVIII, where they routed the Denver Broncos 43–8 to win their first Lombardi trophy. The following season, the Seahawks overcame a deficit in the NFC championship game with the Green Bay Packers in the final minutes of the fourth quarter to claim their first back-to-back George Halas trophies. In","title":"Sports in Seattle"},{"id":"393894","text":"Hawaii\", causing the concert air date to be postponed until April 1973. Super Bowl VII Super Bowl VII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1972 season. The Dolphins defeated the Redskins by the score of 14–7, and became the first and still the only team in NFL history to complete a perfect undefeated season. They also remain the only Super Bowl team to be shut out in the second half and still win.","title":"Super Bowl VII"},{"id":"385655","text":"record, as both teams coming into the game had a 3–2 division record). In the playoffs, the Seahawks won in their first game against the defending Super Bowl XLIV champs, the New Orleans Saints, 41–36. The Seahawks made even more history during the game with Marshawn Lynch's 67-yard run, breaking 7 or more tackles, to clinch the victory. After the run, the fans reacted so loudly that a small earthquake (a bit above 2 on the Richter Scale) was recorded by seismic equipment around Seattle and was nicknamed the \"Beast Quake\". The Seahawks lost to the Bears in their second","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"385645","text":"losing 21–10 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, and losing 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. As per one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams. In June 1972, Seattle Professional Football Inc., a group of Seattle business and community leaders, announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for the city of Seattle. In June 1974, the NFL gave the city an expansion franchise. That December, NFL","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"394441","text":"Super Bowl XXIII Super Bowl XXIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1988 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 20–16, winning their third Super Bowl. The game was played on January 22, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami (now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens, which became a separate city in 2003). This was the first Super Bowl hosted in the Miami area in 10 years,","title":"Super Bowl XXIII"},{"id":"12880210","text":"2013, but the Seahawks finished the season 13-3. In the playoffs, the Seahawks beat both the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers to reach Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 after they beat the Denver Broncos to give Okung his first Super Bowl ring. Okung started 14 games in the 2014 season and help the Seahawks finish with a 12-4 record. The Seahawks beat both the Carolina Panthers and Green Bay Packers to reach Super Bowl XLIX. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots.","title":"Russell Okung"},{"id":"394318","text":"Super Bowl XIX Super Bowl XIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1984 season. The 49ers defeated the Dolphins by the score of 38–16, to win their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 20, 1985, at Stanford Stadium, on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford, California, the first Super Bowl played in the San Francisco Bay Area. This also became the second Super Bowl after Super Bowl XIV","title":"Super Bowl XIX"},{"id":"6995703","text":"Dallas defeated the Steelers in Super Bowl XXX to become the second team behind San Francisco to win five Super Bowl Championships. Ten years later, Pittsburgh would join Dallas and San Francisco to become the third team to reach that milestone when they defeated the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL. Three years later, the Steelers would become the first team to win a sixth Super Bowl, achieving that milestone in the 2008–09 season. They played against the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, with a 27–23 comeback victory. The Broncos have competed in seven playoff games against the Steelers,","title":"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"9869713","text":"was sidelined for several games with a back injury. In week 12, the Seahawks faced the Pittsburgh Steelers for the third time since losing to them in Super Bowl XL. The game ended up being an offensive shootout, and a late touchdown by Doug Baldwin sealed a 39-30 victory, getting them over .500 for the first time in 2015. It was their first win against the Steelers since SB XL (and indeed their first time not being shut out since then). However, the team suffered another devastating injury as Jimmy Graham suffered a broken patella early in the game, and","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7167417","text":"of the game. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XLVII, The Football Database Super Bowl XLVII Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Source: Super Bowl XLVII Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2012 season. The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34–31, handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history. The game was played on Sunday, February 3, 2013 at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans,","title":"Super Bowl XLVII"},{"id":"394404","text":"Super Bowl XXII Super Bowl XXII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1987 season. The Redskins defeated the Broncos by the score of 42–10, winning their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 31, 1988 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in that city. This Super Bowl came at the end of a season that was shortened by a players' strike. Each","title":"Super Bowl XXII"},{"id":"12304614","text":"became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle (after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL). In winning, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories. Brady was also named MVP for a third time, tying the record set by Joe Montana. The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year. This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"7141011","text":"the Seahawks and the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, tied with the New England Patriots for the most of any team. The game was played on February 2, 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, the first Super Bowl played outdoors in a cold-weather city and the first Super Bowl to be played on February 2. This marked the third time the number one seed from each conference met in the league championship, joining Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) and Super Bowl XLIV (2010). The Seahawks posted a 13–3 record and were","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"12304569","text":"and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters. Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed (254) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards (2,762). The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game. Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996–97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII. Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense, completing 63.1 percent of his passes for","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"16977725","text":"the playoffs with their 13–3 record. The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLVIII, they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. Notes The Seattle Seahawks kicked off their 2013 campaign with a hard-fought, ugly win over the Carolina Panthers, 12–7. This game marked Russell Wilson's first 300-yard passing game, and Cam Newton's worst career performance, posting 125 yards through the air, a career low. The first quarter ended equal for both teams, as both","title":"2013 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"385680","text":"reached the playoffs in 16 separate seasons, including in the 2005 season when they lost Super Bowl XL to the Pittsburgh Steelers, the 2013 season when they defeated the Denver Broncos to win Super Bowl XLVIII, and the 2014 season when they lost Super Bowl XLIX to the New England Patriots. In the 2010 season, the Seahawks became the first team in NFL history to earn a spot in the playoffs with a losing record (7–9, .438) in a full season; this was by virtue of winning the division. The Seahawks would go on to defeat the reigning Super Bowl","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"7141034","text":"7-point deficit, the Seahawks took the lead in the fourth quarter thanks largely to Colin Kaepernick losing one fumble and throwing two interceptions. The second interception came in the final seconds of the game when Richard Sherman batted the ball into the arms of Malcolm Smith to seal the 23–17 win and send the Seahawks to their second Super Bowl in franchise history. The Broncos faced the San Diego Chargers in the AFC divisional round. Although their record-breaking offense was held to an unusually low 24 points, the Broncos still emerged victorious, 24–17, having shut out the Chargers until the","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"397088","text":"Super Bowl III Super Bowl III was the third AFL–NFL Championship Game in professional American football, and the first to officially bear the trademark name \"Super Bowl\". The game, played on January 12, 1969, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, is regarded as one of the greatest upsets in American football history. The heavy underdog American Football League (AFL) champion New York Jets defeated the National Football League (NFL) champion Baltimore Colts by a score of 16–7. This was the first Super Bowl victory for the AFL. Before the game, most sports writers and fans believed that AFL teams","title":"Super Bowl III"},{"id":"394624","text":"records were set in Super Bowl XXVI, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. Source: \"Note:\" Back Judge and Field Judge swapped titles prior to the 1998 season. Super Bowl XXVI Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers","title":"Super Bowl XXVI"},{"id":"395020","text":"Super Bowl XXXV Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 season. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7, tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII. The game was played on January 28, 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Ravens, who posted a 12–4 regular season record, became the third wild card team to win the Super","title":"Super Bowl XXXV"},{"id":"6995679","text":"go to the Super Bowl and win. Their playoff campaign included defeating the first (Indianapolis), second (Denver), and third (Cincinnati) seeded AFC teams en route to the Super Bowl victory against the first seeded Seahawks from the NFC. Also, they are the first NFL team to win 9 road games. Roethlisberger became the youngest QB to win a Super Bowl. They successfully tied with the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys for the most Super Bowl titles with five. The 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers season began with the team trying to improve on their 11–5 record from 2005 and trying","title":"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"395060","text":"Security Event, qualifying for extra security detail from the Secret Service. Super Bowl XXXV Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 season. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7, tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII. The game was played on January 28, 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Ravens, who posted a 12–4 regular season","title":"Super Bowl XXXV"},{"id":"393895","text":"Super Bowl VIII Super Bowl VIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Minnesota Vikings and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1973 season. The Dolphins defeated the Vikings by the score of 24–7 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl, the first team to do so since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowls I and II, and the first AFL/AFC team to do so. The game was played on January 13, 1974 at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas. This was the","title":"Super Bowl VIII"},{"id":"394727","text":"Super Bowl XXIX Super Bowl XXIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. This is the only Super Bowl in history to be played between two teams from the same state. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49–26, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowl championships. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the","title":"Super Bowl XXIX"},{"id":"376024","text":"of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC. Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. In Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants won another title by defeating the New England Patriots. In Super Bowl XLVII the Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"4185082","text":"their post-season with a 27–24 win over the Seattle Seahawks with Robbie Gould's 49-yard field goal in overtime. One week later, they defeated the New Orleans Saints 39–14 in the NFC Championship Game. Chicago dominated most of the game, jumping to a 16–0 early lead. Two touchdown passes from Saints quarterback Drew Brees, cut the score to 16–14, but the Bears responded with 23 unanswered points to propel them to their first Super Bowl since 1985. Thomas Jones finished the game with a franchise postseason record 123 rushing yards and two touchdowns. It was the first time since the 1996","title":"Super Bowl XLI"},{"id":"5619503","text":"Divisional Playoff Round by the Denver Broncos, and eventually the NFL title was won by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21–10 in Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan on February 5 for their fifth Super Bowl win. This also marked the first time that a sixth-seeded team, who by the nature of their seeding would play every game on the road, would advance to and win the Super Bowl. The season formally concluded with the Pro Bowl, the league’s all-star game, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii on February 12. This marked the final","title":"2005 NFL season"},{"id":"394207","text":"Super Bowl XVI Super Bowl XVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1981 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 26–21 to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 24, 1982, at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It marked the first time that a Super Bowl was held at a cold-weather city. The domed stadium saved the crowd at the","title":"Super Bowl XVI"},{"id":"394295","text":"a combined total of 24 points in their playoff victories over the Pittsburgh Steelers, 38–10, and the Seattle Seahawks (who had beaten the Raiders twice during the regular season), 30–14. Allen had been particularly effective in the playoffs, gaining a total of 375 combined yards and scoring three touchdowns. The Raiders' defense limited Seahawks running back Curt Warner, who had led the AFC in rushing yards (1,449 yards), to just 26 yards on 11 carries. Meanwhile, the Redskins crushed the Los Angeles Rams 51–7, and then narrowly defeated the San Francisco 49ers 24–21, with Mark Moseley kicking the game-winning field","title":"Super Bowl XVIII"},{"id":"17005333","text":"2013–14 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2013 season began on January 4, 2014. The postseason tournament concluded with the Seattle Seahawks defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, 43–8, on February 2, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In a change from previous seasons, CBS was given both late games during the Divisional Playoffs (as opposed to CBS and Fox each having both an early game on one day and a late game on the other day). In the United States, NBC broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, then CBS broadcast","title":"2013–14 NFL playoffs"},{"id":"394138","text":"Super Bowl XIV Super Bowl XIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Los Angeles Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1979 season. The Steelers defeated the Rams by the score of 31–19, becoming the first team to win four Super Bowls. The game was played on January 20, 1980, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, and was attended by a Super Bowl record 103,985 spectators. This also became the first Super Bowl where the game was coincidentally played in","title":"Super Bowl XIV"},{"id":"3220792","text":"Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL at the age of 23. Roethlisberger led the Steelers to a second Super Bowl title in four seasons as they defeated the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, 27–23, after completing a game-winning touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes with 35 seconds left in the game. He appeared in his third Super Bowl in Super Bowl XLV, but the team would fall by a score of 31-25 to the Green Bay Packers. Roethlisberger has been one of the most efficient passers in NFL history. He currently ranks 9th all-time in NFL passer rating (94.0), tied","title":"Ben Roethlisberger"},{"id":"394317","text":"NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Super Bowl XVIII Super Bowl XVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Los Angeles Raiders to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1983 season. The Raiders defeated the Redskins by the score of 38–9. The Raiders' 38 points scored and 29-point margin of victory broke Super Bowl records; it remains the most points scored by an AFC team in a Super Bowl. The game was played on","title":"Super Bowl XVIII"},{"id":"17736231","text":"conference champions, the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991 Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were defeated by the Patriots 28–24, thereby being dethroned and failing to become the first repeat champion since the 2004 New England Patriots. Notes The Seahawks started their 2014 season at home against","title":"2014 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"394490","text":"targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Super Bowl XXIII Super Bowl XXIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1988 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 20–16, winning their third Super Bowl. The","title":"Super Bowl XXIII"},{"id":"393968","text":"Super Bowl X Super Bowl X was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1975 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl. They were the third team to win back-to-back Super Bowls. (The Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII, and the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowls I and II.) It was also the first Super Bowl in which both participating teams","title":"Super Bowl X"},{"id":"4185114","text":"points gave him 49 points for the entire 2006 post-season, an NFL record. The Colts' win was the first major professional championship for Indiana since the Indiana Pacers' ABA title in the 1972–73 season. Hester's touchdown for the Bears on the opening kickoff was the first one in Super Bowl history, and the ninth kick return for a touchdown in a Super Bowl; only three of the nine teams who did this went on to win the game (the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXI, the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowls XXXV and XLVII, and the Seattle Seahawks in","title":"Super Bowl XLI"},{"id":"7000828","text":"for any team since the league switched to a 12-team playoff format in 1990 (surpassing the 1992–95 Dallas Cowboys). The Patriots defeated the Baltimore Ravens 35–31 in the Divisional Round of the playoffs, advancing to their fourth consecutive AFC Championship game. There, they defeated the Indianapolis Colts 45–7 to advance to their eight Super Bowl appearance, making them only the third team to reach the Super Bowl eight times, with the other teams being the Pittsburgh Steelers and Dallas Cowboys. On February 1, 2015, the Patriots played the defending Super Bowl champions Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX. After a","title":"History of the New England Patriots"},{"id":"393732","text":"Super Bowl IV Super Bowl IV, the fourth and final AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, was played on January 11, 1970, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The American Football League (AFL) champion Kansas City Chiefs defeated the National Football League (NFL) champion Minnesota Vikings by the score of 23–7. This victory by the AFL squared the Super Bowl series with the NFL at two games apiece. The two leagues merged into one after the game. Despite the AFL's New York Jets winning the previous season's Super Bowl, many sports writers and fans thought it was","title":"Super Bowl IV"},{"id":"394284","text":"Super Bowl XVIII Super Bowl XVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Los Angeles Raiders to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1983 season. The Raiders defeated the Redskins by the score of 38–9. The Raiders' 38 points scored and 29-point margin of victory broke Super Bowl records; it remains the most points scored by an AFC team in a Super Bowl. The game was played on January 22, 1984, at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl","title":"Super Bowl XVIII"},{"id":"376023","text":"Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1. The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals. The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance. The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"394970","text":"Super Bowl XXXIV Super Bowl XXXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Tennessee Titans to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1999 season. The Rams defeated the Titans by the score of 23–16, capturing their first Super Bowl win and first NFL championship since 1951. The game, played on January 30, 2000 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, was the fourth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games (the previous time this happened was Super Bowl","title":"Super Bowl XXXIV"},{"id":"7141012","text":"making their second Super Bowl appearance in eight years. The Broncos were making their seventh Super Bowl appearance after also posting a 13–3 record. The game also featured the league's top offense (Denver) against the top defense (Seattle), the first time this occurred since Super Bowl XXXVII (2003). Seattle built a 22–0 halftime lead, and then a 36–0 advantage before allowing Denver's first and only score on the final play of the third quarter. The Seahawks defense scored a safety on the first play from scrimmage, the quickest score in Super Bowl history (coincidentally, the final play from scrimmage of","title":"Super Bowl XLVIII"},{"id":"2978683","text":"Tom Coughlin was 65 when his Giants won Super Bowl XLVI and Dick Vermeil was 63 when the St. Louis Rams won Super Bowl XXXIV. The following season, the Seahawks started off their quest to repeat as champions with a 36–16 defeat of the Green Bay Packers on \"Thursday Night Football\" in the first game of the NFL season. A Super Bowl XLVIII rematch came in Week 3, with Seattle again defeating Peyton Manning and the Broncos, 26–20 in overtime. However, losses to San Diego, Dallas, St. Louis, and Kansas City caused the defending champions to start the season with","title":"Pete Carroll"},{"id":"394929","text":"XIII) and the Washington Redskins (won Super Bowl XVII, lost Super Bowl XVIII), and would be later joined by the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX) and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder GB Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted One new record was set and several were tied in Super Bowl XXXII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball","title":"Super Bowl XXXII"},{"id":"385664","text":"Gore. The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19–3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game, the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17, thanks to Malcolm Smith's interception, which was tipped by Richard Sherman. This clinched the Seahawks' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers. The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times: during the 2005 NFC Championship Game, which Seattle won 34–14; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs, which the Seahawks won","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"393933","text":"Super Bowl IX Super Bowl IX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Minnesota Vikings to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1974 season. The game was played on January 12, 1975, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the last professional American football game played at that venue (the game was originally planned to be held at the Louisiana Superdome, but that stadium was not completed yet). The Steelers defeated the Vikings by the score of 16–6 to win their first","title":"Super Bowl IX"},{"id":"16977751","text":"to San Francisco where they took a loss to the 49ers. Russell Wilson was intercepted to end the game and continued the Seahawks' losing streak in Candlestick Park in which they haven't won since 2008. It was their last appearance at Candlestick, as the Niners move to Levi's Stadium for the 2014 season. With the loss, the Seahawks' record dropped into 11-2. In what many pundits dubbed a \"Super Bowl dress rehearsal\", the Seahawks faced the New York Giants at MetLife Stadium, where the Super Bowl would be held at the end of the season. The Legion of Boom intercepted","title":"2013 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"460213","text":"of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie \"The Replacements\". The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. This game is more","title":"Washington Redskins"},{"id":"12903812","text":"playoff berth, a first-round bye and—for the first time ever—the top seed in the NFC. The Saints defeated Kurt Warner and the defending NFC Champions Arizona Cardinals in the , and proceeded to host the NFC Championship Game for the first time in franchise history. There, they defeated Brett Favre and the Minnesota Vikings in overtime, then went on to face Peyton Manning and the Indianapolis Colts at Super Bowl XLIV in the franchise's first-ever Super Bowl appearance. The Saints won the Super Bowl 31–17, giving the city of New Orleans its first NFL championship. The Saints are the first","title":"2009 New Orleans Saints season"},{"id":"7993879","text":"or sports venue, that deserves recognition for an outstanding performance over a 12-month period. On May 25, 2010, it was announced that Super Bowl XLVIII was awarded to the stadium, the first time a Super Bowl would be played in the New York metropolitan area, and the first time that a non-domed stadium in a cold-weather city would host it. The Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory, when MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014. Normally, Super Bowls must be held in indoor climate-controlled stadiums if they are held in","title":"MetLife Stadium"},{"id":"9869856","text":"their week 9 loss against Carolina and won 23-10, in a game where San Francisco's defense played a key role that kept Carolina scoreless in the second half. With the win, San Francisco clinched their third straight NFC Championship Game appearance. The 49ers travelled to CenturyLink Field to take on the NFC's #1 seed, Seattle Seahawks. However San Francisco would turn the ball over three times in the fourth quarter and lost to the eventual Super Bowl champs, 23-17 and were denied their return to the Super Bowl. Key turnovers for the third straight year prevented San Francisco from winning","title":"History of the San Francisco 49ers"},{"id":"313750","text":"first six seasons, a feat that had been accomplished only by legendary coach Paul Brown of the Cleveland Browns. In those first six seasons, Cowher coached them as deep as the AFC Championship Game three times and following the 1995 season an appearance in Super Bowl XXX on the strength of the \"Blitzburgh\" defense. However, the Steelers lost to the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXX, two weeks after a thrilling AFC Championship victory over the Indianapolis Colts. Cowher produced the franchise's record-tying fifth Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XL over the National Football Conference champion Seattle Seahawks ten","title":"Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"393811","text":"Super Bowl VI Super Bowl VI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1971 season. The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24–3, to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city. Despite the southerly location, it was unseasonably cold at the time, with the kickoff air temperature of","title":"Super Bowl VI"},{"id":"385653","text":"Bowl XL against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The loss was controversial; NFL Films has Super Bowl XL at number 8 on its top ten list of games with controversial referee calls. Referee Bill Leavy later admitted that he missed calls that altered the game. Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20–10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. In the 2009 NFL season, the Seahawks finished 3rd in the NFC West with a 5-11 record. Shortly after his first","title":"Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"4245732","text":"Super Bowl XLIII Super Bowl XLIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champions Arizona Cardinals to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2008 season. The Steelers defeated the Cardinals by the score of 27–23. The game was played on February 1, 2009 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. With this victory, the Steelers became the first team to win six Super Bowl championships. The win was also Pittsburgh's second Super Bowl victory in four years, after winning Super Bowl XL at the","title":"Super Bowl XLIII"},{"id":"9869675","text":"when the Carolina Panthers won an equally-weak NFC South with a 7-8-1 record. In the playoffs' Wild Card match up, the Seahawks hosted the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints, who had previously beaten the Seahawks 34-19 in Week 11. Though they fell behind by 10 points on two separate occasions during the game, a 4-touchdown performance by Hasselbeck (two to Brandon Stokely) and an electrifying 67-yard touchdown run by Marshawn Lynch late in the game propelled the Seahawks to a stunning 41-36 upset over the Saints. The game also was noteworthy for a small earthquake produced by the","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"394283","text":"XVII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Super Bowl XVII Super Bowl XVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1982 season. The Redskins defeated the Dolphins by the score of 27–17 to win their first Super Bowl championship. The game was played on January 30, 1983 at the","title":"Super Bowl XVII"},{"id":"12304615","text":"repeat winner (with the last one being the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX). In a poll conducted by NFL.com a couple of months after the game, Super Bowl XLIX was voted by its readers as the \"greatest Super Bowl game\" of all time. The article does report that the voting was structured to try to account for \"recency bias\" in relation to the game at the time when the poll was conducted, but voters still \"pushed it through the competition\". Most lists of greatest Super Bowls continue to list it in the top few games. After the game, Seattle faced","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"79966","text":"team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16–12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12–7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13–9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31–17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the","title":"Carolina Panthers"},{"id":"394316","text":"by the Green Bay Packers in 1998 (won Super Bowl XXXI, lost Super Bowl XXXII), the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX), and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XVIII, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder LA, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder Was Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet","title":"Super Bowl XVIII"},{"id":"17074568","text":"balls before the game, giving the game the title 'Deflategate'. This was the most lopsided AFC championship victory since the Buffalo Bills defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 51–3 in the 1990 season. Super Bowl XLIX, the 49th contesting of the Super Bowl, decided the 2014 NFL champion on February 1, 2015, with the New England Patriots defeating the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champions Seattle Seahawks, who were looking to repeat, by a score of 28–24. With a controversial play call by Seattle's head coach, Pete Carroll, they decided to try to pass the ball in for a touchdown at the","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"376000","text":"Jets defeated the NFL's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. One year later, the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, which was the final AFL-NFL World Championship Game played before the merger. Beginning with the 1970 season, the NFL realigned into two conferences; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams (the Baltimore Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Cleveland Browns) would constitute the American Football Conference (AFC), while the remaining NFL clubs would form the National Football Conference (NFC). The champions of the two conferences would play each","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"9869704","text":"six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson's intended target on all four of Seattle's interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991","title":"History of the Seattle Seahawks"},{"id":"394782","text":"Super Bowl XXX Super Bowl XXX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1995 season. The Cowboys defeated the Steelers by the score of 27–17. The game was played on January 28, 1996, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Both teams entered the game trying to tie the San Francisco 49ers for the record for most Super Bowl wins by","title":"Super Bowl XXX"},{"id":"19128132","text":"Seahawks have now recorded at least one victory at CenturyLink Field against each of the 31 other franchises. Over one and half year after Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were trying to get their revenge against the Patriots after the heartbreaking interception. They successfully got their revenge by stopping the Patriots from getting into the end zone, and won the game 31-24. The Seahawks were the only team to defeat the Patriots under Tom Brady during this season (their one other loss, against the Buffalo Bills in Week 4, happened during Brady's suspension for the Deflategate scandal). This also marks","title":"2016 Seattle Seahawks season"},{"id":"376022","text":"and Indianapolis Colts continued the era of AFC dominance by winning Super Bowls XL and XLI in 2005–06 and 2006–07, respectively defeating the Seattle Seahawks and Chicago Bears. In the 2007 season, the Patriots became the fourth team in NFL history to have a perfect unbeaten and untied regular season record, the second in the Super Bowl era after the 1972 Miami Dolphins, and the first to finish 16–0. They easily marched through the AFC playoffs and were heavy favorites in Super Bowl XLII. However, they lost that game to Eli Manning and the New York Giants 17–14, leaving the","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"1807102","text":"would defeat the Mercury in a hard-fought five game series, advancing to the WNBA Finals for the first time since 2010. In the Finals, the Storm would sweep their opponent, the Washington Mystics, winning their first championship in 8 years, Stewart was named Finals MVP. The Storm name was chosen because of Seattle's reputation as a rainy city, as well as the aggressive nature implicit in the name. Though the team conducted an exhaustive trademark search for options, Storm was always their preferred choice. The name had once been trademarked by an amateur soccer club, FC Seattle Storm, in the","title":"Seattle Storm"},{"id":"17074547","text":"2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24. The 2014 league year began at 4 pm EST on March 11,","title":"2014 NFL season"},{"id":"2515123","text":"the Patriots shut out Dallas in bitter cold and edged the Giants in the rain while hammering Philly following the infamously erroneous \"They hate their coach\" quote from Tom Jackson; the Patriots also edged the Titans, Houston in overtime, and former division rival Indianapolis in shootouts while routing Jacksonville (which, like Carolina, had entered the NFL in 1995) in the regular season, and then edged the Titans and hammered the Colts in the playoffs. The Panthers had less success, going 6–4 against the two divisions, losing to the Titans and Houston while defeating Jacksonville and the Colts, and defeating Washington","title":"Super Bowl XXXVIII"},{"id":"15798190","text":"the team received a first-round bye. In the Divisional Round against the New Orleans Saints, Baldwin had two receptions for 30 yards in the 23-15 victory. In the NFC Championship against the San Francisco 49ers, Baldwin had six receptions for 106 yards in the 23-17 victory. In Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Baldwin led all Seahawks wide receivers with five receptions for 66 yards and a touchdown in the 43-8 victory. Prior to the Super Bowl, former NFL wide receiver Cris Carter made comments questioning the quality of the Seattle receiving corps. After the game, Doug Baldwin said,","title":"Doug Baldwin"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"3200108\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XL Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season. The Steelers defeated the Seahawks by the score of 21–10. The game was played on February 5, 2006 at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan. With the win, the Steelers tied the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys with the then-record five Super Bowls. The Steelers' victory was their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XIV. Pittsburgh, who\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385659\",\n \"text\": \"play in the Pro Bowl, as the Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17, in the playoffs to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks won the franchise's first Super Bowl Championship, defeating Denver 43–8. The Seahawks' defense performance in 2013 was acclaimed as one of the best in the Super Bowl era. The following season, Seattle advanced to Super Bowl XLIX, their second consecutive Super Bowl, but they were dethroned of their title by the New England Patriots by a score of 28–24. They got\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869659\",\n \"text\": \"the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13-3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy and advance to the Super Bowl, the first in franchise history. Seattle fell short in its bid for its first NFL title, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan on February 5,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141010\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII Super Bowl XLVIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos and National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2013 season. The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 43–8, the largest margin of victory for an underdog and tied for the third largest point differential overall (35) in Super Bowl history with Super Bowl XXVII (1993). It was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points, while holding their opponent to under 10. This became the first Super Bowl victory for\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978682\",\n \"text\": \"Divisional Round of the playoffs by a score of 23-15. In the NFC Championship Game, cornerback Richard Sherman tipped a Colin Kaepernick pass into the waiting arms of Malcolm Smith to secure a 23-17 win over the 49ers. On February 2, 2014, Carroll led the Seattle Seahawks to their first Super Bowl win in franchise history after defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII. Carroll joined Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson as the only coaches to win both an NCAA championship and a Super Bowl. At age 62, Carroll was the third-oldest coach to win a Super Bowl.\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376025\",\n \"text\": \"Jersey's MetLife Stadium in February 2014, was the first Super Bowl held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seattle Seahawks won their first NFL title with a 43–8 defeat of the Denver Broncos, in a highly touted matchup that pitted Seattle's top-ranked defense against a Peyton Manning-led Denver offense that had broken the NFL's single-season scoring record. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Patriots beat the defending Super Bowl champions, the Seahawks, 28–24 as Malcolm Butler intercepted a Seattle pass in the end zone with the Seahawks poised to take the lead. In Super Bowl 50, the Broncos, led by\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304556\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area. With the loss, the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17546845\",\n \"text\": \"in CenturyLink Field with a trip to Super Bowl XLVIII on the line, with the Seahawks winning by a score of 23–17. The game ended when Seahawks' cornerback Richard Sherman, whom Jim Harbaugh previously coached at Stanford, tipped an end zone pass that led to a game-ending interception. Seattle went on to defeat the Denver Broncos 43–8 in Super Bowl XLVIII to win their first Super Bowl championship. San Francisco had represented the NFC in a losing effort in Super Bowl XLVII the previous season. Since drafting Russell Wilson, the Seahawks have dominated the rivalry, holding a 12-3 record against\",\n \"title\": \"49ers–Seahawks rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7167355\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLVII Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2012 season. The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34–31, handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history. The game was played on Sunday, February 3, 2013 at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans, equaling Miami's record of ten in an individual city.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4450372\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIV Super Bowl XLIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champions New Orleans Saints and the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Indianapolis Colts to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2009 season. The Saints defeated the Colts by a score of 31–17, earning their first Super Bowl win. The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium (formerly Joe Robbie Stadium) in Miami Gardens, Florida, for the fifth time (and in South Florida for the tenth time), on February 7, 2010, the latest calendar date for a Super Bowl yet. This\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14903042\",\n \"text\": \"the Seahawks secured the top playoff seed in the NFC with a conference-best 13-3 record. After a bye week, Seattle defeated the New Orleans Saints in the playoffs. The Seahawks then beat the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl XLVIII. On February 2, 2014, Maragos and the Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 in the third-most lopsided Super Bowl in history. It was the most-watched program in the history of American television. On March 12, 2014, Maragos signed a three-year, $4 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles. On December 6, 2015, his blocked\",\n \"title\": \"Chris Maragos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394491\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXIV Super Bowl XXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1989 season. The game was played on January 28, 1990, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. The 49ers defeated the Broncos by the score of 55–10, winning their second consecutive Super Bowl, and tying the Pittsburgh Steelers with four Super Bowl victories. San Francisco also became the first team to win back-to-back Super Bowls with two different head\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869696\",\n \"text\": \"over 700,000 Seahawks fans. For the first time in franchise history, the Seahawks started a season as the defending Super Bowl champions. As such, they earned the right to host the NFL Kickoff Game, where they defeated the Green Bay Packers 36-16. Then in Week 2, they traveled to San Diego, where the Chargers defeated them by a score of 30-21. This was Seattle's worst defeat since a 23-13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9 of the 2011 season. Then in Week 3, they returned home to face the Denver Broncos in a rematch of Super Bowl XLVIII.\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200129\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks became the first team to advance to the Super Bowl without playing a division champion in the playoffs (later matched by the Colts in 2009, Steelers in 2010, and the Seahawks again in 2013, with the 2013 Seahawks being the only one of the four to win the Super Bowl). Off a first-round bye, Seattle defeated the sixth-seeded Washington Redskins, 20–10, before eliminating the fifth-seeded Carolina Panthers, 34–14, in the NFC Championship Game. These were Seattle's first playoff victories since the 1984 season when they defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 13–7, when the team was still in the AFC\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394575\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXVI Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the third team, after the Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowls VIII and IX) and the Denver Broncos (Super Bowls XXI and XXII) to lose back-to-back Super\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304621\",\n \"text\": \"gain Receptions Times targeted Super Bowl XLIX had nine officials. The numbers in parentheses below indicates their uniform numbers. Super Bowl XLIX Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title and their first in ten years. The game was played on February 1, 2015 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822559\",\n \"text\": \"including the following: 2013 NFL season The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season saw the Seattle Seahawks capture the first championship in the franchise's 38 years in the league with a lopsided 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, the league's championship game. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday, February 2, 2014. It was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304557\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks became the fourth defending Super Bowl champions to lose in the following year's title game, after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys, 1983 Washington Redskins and the 1997 Green Bay Packers. After finishing the previous season by defeating the Denver Broncos, 43–8, in Super Bowl XLVIII, Seattle completed the 2014 regular season with a 12–4 record. The Patriots, who also posted a 12–4 record, joined the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of the three teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl. For the second straight season, but only the third time in the prior 21 seasons,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10286810\",\n \"text\": \"three times: 2005, 2013 and 2014. The team played in the Kingdome until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now CenturyLink Field) at the same site in 2003. The Seahawks lost Super Bowl XL in 2005 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Detroit, but won Super Bowl XLVIII in 2013 by defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 at MetLife Stadium. The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX on a last-minute play. Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8344577\",\n \"text\": \"2005 Seattle Seahawks season The 2005 Seattle Seahawks season saw them win a conference championship for the first time in the team's history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13–3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and earning the NFC top seed, thus clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs for the first time in franchise history. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy, and advance to their first ever Super Bowl.\",\n \"title\": \"2005 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14822496\",\n \"text\": \"2013 NFL season The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season saw the Seattle Seahawks capture the first championship in the franchise's 38 years in the league with a lopsided 43-8 victory over the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, the league's championship game. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday, February 2, 2014. It was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks scored 12 seconds\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869705\",\n \"text\": \"Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. On Sunday, February 1, 2015, in Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks faced off against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots, seeking to become the first team to win two consecutive Super Bowls since the Patriots themselves won Super Bowl XXXVIII and Super Bowl XXXIX following the 2003 and 2004 seasons, respectively. After a scoreless first quarter, both teams scored two touchdowns in the second quarter, and the game was tied 14-14 at halftime. In\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200130\",\n \"text\": \"(the Seahawks were in that conference from 1977-2001). The Steelers became the second team after the 1985 New England Patriots to win three road playoff games to reach the Super Bowl. Pittsburgh defeated the third-seeded Bengals, 31–17; the top-seeded Colts, 21–18 in the \\\"Immaculate Redemption/Tackle II\\\" game; and the second-seeded Denver Broncos, 34–17, in the AFC Championship Game. The Steelers also became the eighth wild-card team to go to the Super Bowl and the fourth in nine seasons. The Steelers' catchphrase for the playoffs was \\\"One for the Thumb\\\", a phrase originally made popular by Joe Greene as an allusion\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4185073\",\n \"text\": \"record, giving them the #3 playoff seed. Thus, having to play in a wild card playoff game. In the playoffs, they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 23-8, defeated the Baltimore Ravens 15-6 in the divisional round, and advanced to Super Bowl XLI with a 38-34 win over the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship game. Chicago finished the season with an NFC best 13–3 record and advanced to the second Super Bowl in franchise history. They defeated the Seattle Seahawks 27-24 in the divisional round of the playoffs, and the New Orleans Saints 39-14 in the NFC Championship game\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869691\",\n \"text\": \"final minute. With 36 seconds left to play, however, Kaepernick's throw to receiver Michael Crabtree in the end zone was deflected by Sherman into the hands of Malcolm Smith, securing the victory for the Seahawks in a play that has since gone down in Seahawks lore as \\\"The Tip\\\". The Seahawks won by a final score of 23-17, sending the Seahawks to Super Bowl XLVIII as the NFC representative, their second trip to the Super Bowl in franchise history. On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, pitting the league's #1 defense (Seattle)\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4450439\",\n \"text\": \"finished 4–12 after they lost Luck to a shoulder injury for the year. Since Super Bowl XLIV, Indianapolis has been 65–63, with a 3–4 postseason record. Super Bowl XLIV Super Bowl XLIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champions New Orleans Saints and the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Indianapolis Colts to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2009 season. The Saints defeated the Colts by a score of 31–17, earning their first Super Bowl win. The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium (formerly Joe Robbie Stadium) in Miami Gardens, Florida,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869695\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43-8. The win marked the Seahawks' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half. Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393849\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl VII Super Bowl VII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1972 season. The Dolphins defeated the Redskins by the score of 14–7, and became the first and still the only team in NFL history to complete a perfect undefeated season. They also remain the only Super Bowl team to be shut out in the second half and still win. The game was played on January 14, 1973, at the Los Angeles\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7953501\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIX at the University of Phoenix Stadium, the Seahawks missed the opportunity to claim their second Super Bowl win in the final seconds of the fourth quarter, falling to the New England Patriots by a score of 28-24. In 2017 the Seattle Seawolves became one of the founding teams of the newly-formed Major League Rugby Association. On July 7, 2018, at the home field of the San Diego Legion located at the University of San Diego, the Seawolves defeated the Glendale Raptors by a score of 23 to 19 to claim the first-ever MLR championship shield. The Seattle\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7953500\",\n \"text\": \"the NFC West. They won the NFC championship in 2006, earning them their first trip to Super Bowl XL, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 21-10. In 2014, the Seahawks defeated the San Francisco 49ers at CenturyLink Field, to clinch their second NFC title and a berth in Super Bowl XLVIII, where they routed the Denver Broncos 43–8 to win their first Lombardi trophy. The following season, the Seahawks overcame a deficit in the NFC championship game with the Green Bay Packers in the final minutes of the fourth quarter to claim their first back-to-back George Halas trophies. In\",\n \"title\": \"Sports in Seattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393894\",\n \"text\": \"Hawaii\\\", causing the concert air date to be postponed until April 1973. Super Bowl VII Super Bowl VII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1972 season. The Dolphins defeated the Redskins by the score of 14–7, and became the first and still the only team in NFL history to complete a perfect undefeated season. They also remain the only Super Bowl team to be shut out in the second half and still win.\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385655\",\n \"text\": \"record, as both teams coming into the game had a 3–2 division record). In the playoffs, the Seahawks won in their first game against the defending Super Bowl XLIV champs, the New Orleans Saints, 41–36. The Seahawks made even more history during the game with Marshawn Lynch's 67-yard run, breaking 7 or more tackles, to clinch the victory. After the run, the fans reacted so loudly that a small earthquake (a bit above 2 on the Richter Scale) was recorded by seismic equipment around Seattle and was nicknamed the \\\"Beast Quake\\\". The Seahawks lost to the Bears in their second\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385645\",\n \"text\": \"losing 21–10 to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL, defeating the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first championship in Super Bowl XLVIII, and losing 28–24 to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. As per one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams. In June 1972, Seattle Professional Football Inc., a group of Seattle business and community leaders, announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for the city of Seattle. In June 1974, the NFL gave the city an expansion franchise. That December, NFL\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394441\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXIII Super Bowl XXIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1988 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 20–16, winning their third Super Bowl. The game was played on January 22, 1989 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami (now part of the suburb of Miami Gardens, which became a separate city in 2003). This was the first Super Bowl hosted in the Miami area in 10 years,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12880210\",\n \"text\": \"2013, but the Seahawks finished the season 13-3. In the playoffs, the Seahawks beat both the New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers to reach Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks won the Super Bowl 43-8 after they beat the Denver Broncos to give Okung his first Super Bowl ring. Okung started 14 games in the 2014 season and help the Seahawks finish with a 12-4 record. The Seahawks beat both the Carolina Panthers and Green Bay Packers to reach Super Bowl XLIX. The Seahawks failed to repeat as Super Bowl champions after they lost 28–24 to the New England Patriots.\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Okung\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394318\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XIX Super Bowl XIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1984 season. The 49ers defeated the Dolphins by the score of 38–16, to win their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 20, 1985, at Stanford Stadium, on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford, California, the first Super Bowl played in the San Francisco Bay Area. This also became the second Super Bowl after Super Bowl XIV\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6995703\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas defeated the Steelers in Super Bowl XXX to become the second team behind San Francisco to win five Super Bowl Championships. Ten years later, Pittsburgh would join Dallas and San Francisco to become the third team to reach that milestone when they defeated the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL. Three years later, the Steelers would become the first team to win a sixth Super Bowl, achieving that milestone in the 2008–09 season. They played against the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, with a 27–23 comeback victory. The Broncos have competed in seven playoff games against the Steelers,\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869713\",\n \"text\": \"was sidelined for several games with a back injury. In week 12, the Seahawks faced the Pittsburgh Steelers for the third time since losing to them in Super Bowl XL. The game ended up being an offensive shootout, and a late touchdown by Doug Baldwin sealed a 39-30 victory, getting them over .500 for the first time in 2015. It was their first win against the Steelers since SB XL (and indeed their first time not being shut out since then). However, the team suffered another devastating injury as Jimmy Graham suffered a broken patella early in the game, and\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7167417\",\n \"text\": \"of the game. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XLVII, The Football Database Super Bowl XLVII Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Source: Super Bowl XLVII Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2012 season. The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34–31, handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history. The game was played on Sunday, February 3, 2013 at Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394404\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXII Super Bowl XXII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1987 season. The Redskins defeated the Broncos by the score of 42–10, winning their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 31, 1988 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in that city. This Super Bowl came at the end of a season that was shortened by a players' strike. Each\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304614\",\n \"text\": \"became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle (after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL). In winning, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories. Brady was also named MVP for a third time, tying the record set by Joe Montana. The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year. This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141011\",\n \"text\": \"the Seahawks and the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, tied with the New England Patriots for the most of any team. The game was played on February 2, 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford, New Jersey, the first Super Bowl played outdoors in a cold-weather city and the first Super Bowl to be played on February 2. This marked the third time the number one seed from each conference met in the league championship, joining Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) and Super Bowl XLIV (2010). The Seahawks posted a 13–3 record and were\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304569\",\n \"text\": \"and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters. Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed (254) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards (2,762). The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31–17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs, and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28–22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game. Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996–97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII. Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense, completing 63.1 percent of his passes for\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977725\",\n \"text\": \"the playoffs with their 13–3 record. The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23–15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23–17 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLVIII, they defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. Notes The Seattle Seahawks kicked off their 2013 campaign with a hard-fought, ugly win over the Carolina Panthers, 12–7. This game marked Russell Wilson's first 300-yard passing game, and Cam Newton's worst career performance, posting 125 yards through the air, a career low. The first quarter ended equal for both teams, as both\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385680\",\n \"text\": \"reached the playoffs in 16 separate seasons, including in the 2005 season when they lost Super Bowl XL to the Pittsburgh Steelers, the 2013 season when they defeated the Denver Broncos to win Super Bowl XLVIII, and the 2014 season when they lost Super Bowl XLIX to the New England Patriots. In the 2010 season, the Seahawks became the first team in NFL history to earn a spot in the playoffs with a losing record (7–9, .438) in a full season; this was by virtue of winning the division. The Seahawks would go on to defeat the reigning Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141034\",\n \"text\": \"7-point deficit, the Seahawks took the lead in the fourth quarter thanks largely to Colin Kaepernick losing one fumble and throwing two interceptions. The second interception came in the final seconds of the game when Richard Sherman batted the ball into the arms of Malcolm Smith to seal the 23–17 win and send the Seahawks to their second Super Bowl in franchise history. The Broncos faced the San Diego Chargers in the AFC divisional round. Although their record-breaking offense was held to an unusually low 24 points, the Broncos still emerged victorious, 24–17, having shut out the Chargers until the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"397088\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl III Super Bowl III was the third AFL–NFL Championship Game in professional American football, and the first to officially bear the trademark name \\\"Super Bowl\\\". The game, played on January 12, 1969, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, is regarded as one of the greatest upsets in American football history. The heavy underdog American Football League (AFL) champion New York Jets defeated the National Football League (NFL) champion Baltimore Colts by a score of 16–7. This was the first Super Bowl victory for the AFL. Before the game, most sports writers and fans believed that AFL teams\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394624\",\n \"text\": \"records were set in Super Bowl XXVI, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. Source: \\\"Note:\\\" Back Judge and Field Judge swapped titles prior to the 1998 season. Super Bowl XXVI Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"395020\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXXV Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 season. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7, tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII. The game was played on January 28, 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Ravens, who posted a 12–4 regular season record, became the third wild card team to win the Super\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6995679\",\n \"text\": \"go to the Super Bowl and win. Their playoff campaign included defeating the first (Indianapolis), second (Denver), and third (Cincinnati) seeded AFC teams en route to the Super Bowl victory against the first seeded Seahawks from the NFC. Also, they are the first NFL team to win 9 road games. Roethlisberger became the youngest QB to win a Super Bowl. They successfully tied with the San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys for the most Super Bowl titles with five. The 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers season began with the team trying to improve on their 11–5 record from 2005 and trying\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"395060\",\n \"text\": \"Security Event, qualifying for extra security detail from the Secret Service. Super Bowl XXXV Super Bowl XXXV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2000 season. The Ravens defeated the Giants by the score of 34–7, tied for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory with Super Bowl XXXVII. The game was played on January 28, 2001 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Ravens, who posted a 12–4 regular season\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393895\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl VIII Super Bowl VIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Minnesota Vikings and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1973 season. The Dolphins defeated the Vikings by the score of 24–7 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl, the first team to do so since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowls I and II, and the first AFL/AFC team to do so. The game was played on January 13, 1974 at Rice Stadium in Houston, Texas. This was the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394727\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXIX Super Bowl XXIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. This is the only Super Bowl in history to be played between two teams from the same state. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49–26, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowl championships. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376024\",\n \"text\": \"of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC. Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. In Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants won another title by defeating the New England Patriots. In Super Bowl XLVII the Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4185082\",\n \"text\": \"their post-season with a 27–24 win over the Seattle Seahawks with Robbie Gould's 49-yard field goal in overtime. One week later, they defeated the New Orleans Saints 39–14 in the NFC Championship Game. Chicago dominated most of the game, jumping to a 16–0 early lead. Two touchdown passes from Saints quarterback Drew Brees, cut the score to 16–14, but the Bears responded with 23 unanswered points to propel them to their first Super Bowl since 1985. Thomas Jones finished the game with a franchise postseason record 123 rushing yards and two touchdowns. It was the first time since the 1996\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5619503\",\n \"text\": \"Divisional Playoff Round by the Denver Broncos, and eventually the NFL title was won by the Pittsburgh Steelers, who defeated the Seattle Seahawks 21–10 in Super Bowl XL at Ford Field in Detroit, Michigan on February 5 for their fifth Super Bowl win. This also marked the first time that a sixth-seeded team, who by the nature of their seeding would play every game on the road, would advance to and win the Super Bowl. The season formally concluded with the Pro Bowl, the league’s all-star game, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii on February 12. This marked the final\",\n \"title\": \"2005 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394207\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XVI Super Bowl XVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1981 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 26–21 to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 24, 1982, at the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It marked the first time that a Super Bowl was held at a cold-weather city. The domed stadium saved the crowd at the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394295\",\n \"text\": \"a combined total of 24 points in their playoff victories over the Pittsburgh Steelers, 38–10, and the Seattle Seahawks (who had beaten the Raiders twice during the regular season), 30–14. Allen had been particularly effective in the playoffs, gaining a total of 375 combined yards and scoring three touchdowns. The Raiders' defense limited Seahawks running back Curt Warner, who had led the AFC in rushing yards (1,449 yards), to just 26 yards on 11 carries. Meanwhile, the Redskins crushed the Los Angeles Rams 51–7, and then narrowly defeated the San Francisco 49ers 24–21, with Mark Moseley kicking the game-winning field\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17005333\",\n \"text\": \"2013–14 NFL playoffs The National Football League playoffs for the 2013 season began on January 4, 2014. The postseason tournament concluded with the Seattle Seahawks defeating the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XLVIII, 43–8, on February 2, at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey. In a change from previous seasons, CBS was given both late games during the Divisional Playoffs (as opposed to CBS and Fox each having both an early game on one day and a late game on the other day). In the United States, NBC broadcast the first two Wild Card playoff games, then CBS broadcast\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 NFL playoffs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394138\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XIV Super Bowl XIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Los Angeles Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1979 season. The Steelers defeated the Rams by the score of 31–19, becoming the first team to win four Super Bowls. The game was played on January 20, 1980, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, and was attended by a Super Bowl record 103,985 spectators. This also became the first Super Bowl where the game was coincidentally played in\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3220792\",\n \"text\": \"Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XL at the age of 23. Roethlisberger led the Steelers to a second Super Bowl title in four seasons as they defeated the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, 27–23, after completing a game-winning touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes with 35 seconds left in the game. He appeared in his third Super Bowl in Super Bowl XLV, but the team would fall by a score of 31-25 to the Green Bay Packers. Roethlisberger has been one of the most efficient passers in NFL history. He currently ranks 9th all-time in NFL passer rating (94.0), tied\",\n \"title\": \"Ben Roethlisberger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394317\",\n \"text\": \"NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Super Bowl XVIII Super Bowl XVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Los Angeles Raiders to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1983 season. The Raiders defeated the Redskins by the score of 38–9. The Raiders' 38 points scored and 29-point margin of victory broke Super Bowl records; it remains the most points scored by an AFC team in a Super Bowl. The game was played on\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17736231\",\n \"text\": \"conference champions, the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991 Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982–1983 Washington Redskins. In Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were defeated by the Patriots 28–24, thereby being dethroned and failing to become the first repeat champion since the 2004 New England Patriots. Notes The Seahawks started their 2014 season at home against\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394490\",\n \"text\": \"targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Super Bowl XXIII Super Bowl XXIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Cincinnati Bengals and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1988 season. The 49ers defeated the Bengals by the score of 20–16, winning their third Super Bowl. The\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393968\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl X Super Bowl X was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1975 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl. They were the third team to win back-to-back Super Bowls. (The Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII, and the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowls I and II.) It was also the first Super Bowl in which both participating teams\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4185114\",\n \"text\": \"points gave him 49 points for the entire 2006 post-season, an NFL record. The Colts' win was the first major professional championship for Indiana since the Indiana Pacers' ABA title in the 1972–73 season. Hester's touchdown for the Bears on the opening kickoff was the first one in Super Bowl history, and the ninth kick return for a touchdown in a Super Bowl; only three of the nine teams who did this went on to win the game (the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXI, the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowls XXXV and XLVII, and the Seattle Seahawks in\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7000828\",\n \"text\": \"for any team since the league switched to a 12-team playoff format in 1990 (surpassing the 1992–95 Dallas Cowboys). The Patriots defeated the Baltimore Ravens 35–31 in the Divisional Round of the playoffs, advancing to their fourth consecutive AFC Championship game. There, they defeated the Indianapolis Colts 45–7 to advance to their eight Super Bowl appearance, making them only the third team to reach the Super Bowl eight times, with the other teams being the Pittsburgh Steelers and Dallas Cowboys. On February 1, 2015, the Patriots played the defending Super Bowl champions Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLIX. After a\",\n \"title\": \"History of the New England Patriots\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393732\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl IV Super Bowl IV, the fourth and final AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, was played on January 11, 1970, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The American Football League (AFL) champion Kansas City Chiefs defeated the National Football League (NFL) champion Minnesota Vikings by the score of 23–7. This victory by the AFL squared the Super Bowl series with the NFL at two games apiece. The two leagues merged into one after the game. Despite the AFL's New York Jets winning the previous season's Super Bowl, many sports writers and fans thought it was\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl IV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394284\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XVIII Super Bowl XVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Los Angeles Raiders to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1983 season. The Raiders defeated the Redskins by the score of 38–9. The Raiders' 38 points scored and 29-point margin of victory broke Super Bowl records; it remains the most points scored by an AFC team in a Super Bowl. The game was played on January 22, 1984, at Tampa Stadium in Tampa, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376023\",\n \"text\": \"Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1. The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals. The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance. The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394970\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXXIV Super Bowl XXXIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion St. Louis Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Tennessee Titans to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1999 season. The Rams defeated the Titans by the score of 23–16, capturing their first Super Bowl win and first NFL championship since 1951. The game, played on January 30, 2000 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, was the fourth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games (the previous time this happened was Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7141012\",\n \"text\": \"making their second Super Bowl appearance in eight years. The Broncos were making their seventh Super Bowl appearance after also posting a 13–3 record. The game also featured the league's top offense (Denver) against the top defense (Seattle), the first time this occurred since Super Bowl XXXVII (2003). Seattle built a 22–0 halftime lead, and then a 36–0 advantage before allowing Denver's first and only score on the final play of the third quarter. The Seahawks defense scored a safety on the first play from scrimmage, the quickest score in Super Bowl history (coincidentally, the final play from scrimmage of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2978683\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Coughlin was 65 when his Giants won Super Bowl XLVI and Dick Vermeil was 63 when the St. Louis Rams won Super Bowl XXXIV. The following season, the Seahawks started off their quest to repeat as champions with a 36–16 defeat of the Green Bay Packers on \\\"Thursday Night Football\\\" in the first game of the NFL season. A Super Bowl XLVIII rematch came in Week 3, with Seattle again defeating Peyton Manning and the Broncos, 26–20 in overtime. However, losses to San Diego, Dallas, St. Louis, and Kansas City caused the defending champions to start the season with\",\n \"title\": \"Pete Carroll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394929\",\n \"text\": \"XIII) and the Washington Redskins (won Super Bowl XVII, lost Super Bowl XVIII), and would be later joined by the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX) and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder Den, Super Bowl XXXII Play Finder GB Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted One new record was set and several were tied in Super Bowl XXXII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385664\",\n \"text\": \"Gore. The Seahawks had not won in San Francisco since 2008 until defeating the 49ers in convincing 19–3 fashion on Thanksgiving Day in 2014. In the 2013 NFC Championship Game, the Seahawks defeated the 49ers 23 to 17, thanks to Malcolm Smith's interception, which was tipped by Richard Sherman. This clinched the Seahawks' berth into Super Bowl XLVIII. The Seahawks have developed a rivalry with the Carolina Panthers. The two teams have played each other in the NFL playoffs three times: during the 2005 NFC Championship Game, which Seattle won 34–14; the 2014 NFC Divisional playoffs, which the Seahawks won\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393933\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl IX Super Bowl IX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Minnesota Vikings to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1974 season. The game was played on January 12, 1975, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the last professional American football game played at that venue (the game was originally planned to be held at the Louisiana Superdome, but that stadium was not completed yet). The Steelers defeated the Vikings by the score of 16–6 to win their first\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl IX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16977751\",\n \"text\": \"to San Francisco where they took a loss to the 49ers. Russell Wilson was intercepted to end the game and continued the Seahawks' losing streak in Candlestick Park in which they haven't won since 2008. It was their last appearance at Candlestick, as the Niners move to Levi's Stadium for the 2014 season. With the loss, the Seahawks' record dropped into 11-2. In what many pundits dubbed a \\\"Super Bowl dress rehearsal\\\", the Seahawks faced the New York Giants at MetLife Stadium, where the Super Bowl would be held at the end of the season. The Legion of Boom intercepted\",\n \"title\": \"2013 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460213\",\n \"text\": \"of being the only team with no players crossing the picket line. Those three victories are often credited with getting the team into the playoffs and the basis for the 2000 movie \\\"The Replacements\\\". The Redskins won their second championship in Super Bowl XXII on January 31, 1988, in San Diego, California. The Redskins routed the Denver Broncos 42–10 after starting the game in a 10–0 deficit, the largest come-from-behind victory in Super Bowl history, which was tied by the New Orleans Saints in Super Bowl XLIV and the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLIX. This game is more\",\n \"title\": \"Washington Redskins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12903812\",\n \"text\": \"playoff berth, a first-round bye and—for the first time ever—the top seed in the NFC. The Saints defeated Kurt Warner and the defending NFC Champions Arizona Cardinals in the , and proceeded to host the NFC Championship Game for the first time in franchise history. There, they defeated Brett Favre and the Minnesota Vikings in overtime, then went on to face Peyton Manning and the Indianapolis Colts at Super Bowl XLIV in the franchise's first-ever Super Bowl appearance. The Saints won the Super Bowl 31–17, giving the city of New Orleans its first NFL championship. The Saints are the first\",\n \"title\": \"2009 New Orleans Saints season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7993879\",\n \"text\": \"or sports venue, that deserves recognition for an outstanding performance over a 12-month period. On May 25, 2010, it was announced that Super Bowl XLVIII was awarded to the stadium, the first time a Super Bowl would be played in the New York metropolitan area, and the first time that a non-domed stadium in a cold-weather city would host it. The Seattle Seahawks defeated the Denver Broncos 43–8 for their first Super Bowl victory, when MetLife Stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2, 2014. Normally, Super Bowls must be held in indoor climate-controlled stadiums if they are held in\",\n \"title\": \"MetLife Stadium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869856\",\n \"text\": \"their week 9 loss against Carolina and won 23-10, in a game where San Francisco's defense played a key role that kept Carolina scoreless in the second half. With the win, San Francisco clinched their third straight NFC Championship Game appearance. The 49ers travelled to CenturyLink Field to take on the NFC's #1 seed, Seattle Seahawks. However San Francisco would turn the ball over three times in the fourth quarter and lost to the eventual Super Bowl champs, 23-17 and were denied their return to the Super Bowl. Key turnovers for the third straight year prevented San Francisco from winning\",\n \"title\": \"History of the San Francisco 49ers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313750\",\n \"text\": \"first six seasons, a feat that had been accomplished only by legendary coach Paul Brown of the Cleveland Browns. In those first six seasons, Cowher coached them as deep as the AFC Championship Game three times and following the 1995 season an appearance in Super Bowl XXX on the strength of the \\\"Blitzburgh\\\" defense. However, the Steelers lost to the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XXX, two weeks after a thrilling AFC Championship victory over the Indianapolis Colts. Cowher produced the franchise's record-tying fifth Super Bowl win in Super Bowl XL over the National Football Conference champion Seattle Seahawks ten\",\n \"title\": \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393811\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl VI Super Bowl VI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1971 season. The Cowboys defeated the Dolphins by the score of 24–3, to win their first Super Bowl. The game was played on January 16, 1972, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana, the second time the Super Bowl was played in that city. Despite the southerly location, it was unseasonably cold at the time, with the kickoff air temperature of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl VI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"385653\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl XL against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The loss was controversial; NFL Films has Super Bowl XL at number 8 on its top ten list of games with controversial referee calls. Referee Bill Leavy later admitted that he missed calls that altered the game. Before 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20–10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. In the 2009 NFL season, the Seahawks finished 3rd in the NFC West with a 5-11 record. Shortly after his first\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4245732\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLIII Super Bowl XLIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champions Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champions Arizona Cardinals to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2008 season. The Steelers defeated the Cardinals by the score of 27–23. The game was played on February 1, 2009 at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. With this victory, the Steelers became the first team to win six Super Bowl championships. The win was also Pittsburgh's second Super Bowl victory in four years, after winning Super Bowl XL at the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869675\",\n \"text\": \"when the Carolina Panthers won an equally-weak NFC South with a 7-8-1 record. In the playoffs' Wild Card match up, the Seahawks hosted the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints, who had previously beaten the Seahawks 34-19 in Week 11. Though they fell behind by 10 points on two separate occasions during the game, a 4-touchdown performance by Hasselbeck (two to Brandon Stokely) and an electrifying 67-yard touchdown run by Marshawn Lynch late in the game propelled the Seahawks to a stunning 41-36 upset over the Saints. The game also was noteworthy for a small earthquake produced by the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394283\",\n \"text\": \"XVII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Super Bowl XVII Super Bowl XVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1982 season. The Redskins defeated the Dolphins by the score of 27–17 to win their first Super Bowl championship. The game was played on January 30, 1983 at the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304615\",\n \"text\": \"repeat winner (with the last one being the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX). In a poll conducted by NFL.com a couple of months after the game, Super Bowl XLIX was voted by its readers as the \\\"greatest Super Bowl game\\\" of all time. The article does report that the voting was structured to try to account for \\\"recency bias\\\" in relation to the game at the time when the poll was conducted, but voters still \\\"pushed it through the competition\\\". Most lists of greatest Super Bowls continue to list it in the top few games. After the game, Seattle faced\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"79966\",\n \"text\": \"team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson, 16–12. In the 2013 season, the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle. They again lost a close game, with the final score 12–7. The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII. In the 2014 season, once more at Bank of America Stadium, the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight, 13–9. In the divisional round of the playoffs, the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle, notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in, and lost 31–17. The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Carolina Panthers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394316\",\n \"text\": \"by the Green Bay Packers in 1998 (won Super Bowl XXXI, lost Super Bowl XXXII), the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX), and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XVIII, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder LA, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder Was Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074568\",\n \"text\": \"balls before the game, giving the game the title 'Deflategate'. This was the most lopsided AFC championship victory since the Buffalo Bills defeated the Los Angeles Raiders 51–3 in the 1990 season. Super Bowl XLIX, the 49th contesting of the Super Bowl, decided the 2014 NFL champion on February 1, 2015, with the New England Patriots defeating the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champions Seattle Seahawks, who were looking to repeat, by a score of 28–24. With a controversial play call by Seattle's head coach, Pete Carroll, they decided to try to pass the ball in for a touchdown at the\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376000\",\n \"text\": \"Jets defeated the NFL's Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl III in Miami. One year later, the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV in New Orleans, which was the final AFL-NFL World Championship Game played before the merger. Beginning with the 1970 season, the NFL realigned into two conferences; the former AFL teams plus three NFL teams (the Baltimore Colts, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Cleveland Browns) would constitute the American Football Conference (AFC), while the remaining NFL clubs would form the National Football Conference (NFC). The champions of the two conferences would play each\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869704\",\n \"text\": \"six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson's intended target on all four of Seattle's interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990–1991\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Seattle Seahawks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394782\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXX Super Bowl XXX was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1995 season. The Cowboys defeated the Steelers by the score of 27–17. The game was played on January 28, 1996, at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Phoenix metropolitan area. Both teams entered the game trying to tie the San Francisco 49ers for the record for most Super Bowl wins by\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19128132\",\n \"text\": \"Seahawks have now recorded at least one victory at CenturyLink Field against each of the 31 other franchises. Over one and half year after Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks were trying to get their revenge against the Patriots after the heartbreaking interception. They successfully got their revenge by stopping the Patriots from getting into the end zone, and won the game 31-24. The Seahawks were the only team to defeat the Patriots under Tom Brady during this season (their one other loss, against the Buffalo Bills in Week 4, happened during Brady's suspension for the Deflategate scandal). This also marks\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Seattle Seahawks season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376022\",\n \"text\": \"and Indianapolis Colts continued the era of AFC dominance by winning Super Bowls XL and XLI in 2005–06 and 2006–07, respectively defeating the Seattle Seahawks and Chicago Bears. In the 2007 season, the Patriots became the fourth team in NFL history to have a perfect unbeaten and untied regular season record, the second in the Super Bowl era after the 1972 Miami Dolphins, and the first to finish 16–0. They easily marched through the AFC playoffs and were heavy favorites in Super Bowl XLII. However, they lost that game to Eli Manning and the New York Giants 17–14, leaving the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807102\",\n \"text\": \"would defeat the Mercury in a hard-fought five game series, advancing to the WNBA Finals for the first time since 2010. In the Finals, the Storm would sweep their opponent, the Washington Mystics, winning their first championship in 8 years, Stewart was named Finals MVP. The Storm name was chosen because of Seattle's reputation as a rainy city, as well as the aggressive nature implicit in the name. Though the team conducted an exhaustive trademark search for options, Storm was always their preferred choice. The name had once been trademarked by an amateur soccer club, FC Seattle Storm, in the\",\n \"title\": \"Seattle Storm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17074547\",\n \"text\": \"2014 NFL season The 2014 NFL season was the 95th season in the history of the National Football League (NFL). The season began on Thursday, September 4, 2014, with the annual kickoff game featuring the defending Super Bowl XLVIII champion Seattle Seahawks hosting the Green Bay Packers, which resulted with the Seahawks winning, 36–16. The season concluded with Super Bowl XLIX, the league's championship game, on Sunday, February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona, with the New England Patriots defeating the Seattle Seahawks, 28–24. The 2014 league year began at 4 pm EST on March 11,\",\n \"title\": \"2014 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2515123\",\n \"text\": \"the Patriots shut out Dallas in bitter cold and edged the Giants in the rain while hammering Philly following the infamously erroneous \\\"They hate their coach\\\" quote from Tom Jackson; the Patriots also edged the Titans, Houston in overtime, and former division rival Indianapolis in shootouts while routing Jacksonville (which, like Carolina, had entered the NFL in 1995) in the regular season, and then edged the Titans and hammered the Colts in the playoffs. The Panthers had less success, going 6–4 against the two divisions, losing to the Titans and Houston while defeating Jacksonville and the Colts, and defeating Washington\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15798190\",\n \"text\": \"the team received a first-round bye. In the Divisional Round against the New Orleans Saints, Baldwin had two receptions for 30 yards in the 23-15 victory. In the NFC Championship against the San Francisco 49ers, Baldwin had six receptions for 106 yards in the 23-17 victory. In Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, Baldwin led all Seahawks wide receivers with five receptions for 66 yards and a touchdown in the 43-8 victory. Prior to the Super Bowl, former NFL wide receiver Cris Carter made comments questioning the quality of the Seattle receiving corps. After the game, Doug Baldwin said,\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Baldwin\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who did seattle beat in the super bowl"}}},{"rowIdx":187,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Six Grandfathers"],"string":"[\n \"The Six Grandfathers\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1557909","text":"to an accuracy of three millimeters. The site was digitally recorded in 2009 using a terrestrial laser scanning method as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a high resolution record to aid the conservation of the site. This data was made publicly accessible online. The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) had granted the Black Hills to the Lakota people in perpetuity, but the United States took the area from the tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876. Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it \"Mount Crazy Horse\", and","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"1557891","text":"still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie (see section \"Controversy\" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of Carrie Ingalls), and Bill Challis. Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting the","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"2449387","text":"in Boston. In 1971, members occupied Mount Rushmore for a few days, as it was created in the Black Hills of South Dakota, long sacred to the Lakota. This area was within the Great Sioux Reservation as created by the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868. After the discovery of gold, in 1874, the federal government took the land in 1877 and sold it for mining and settlement to European Americans. Native American activists in Milwaukee staged a takeover of an abandoned Coast Guard station along the Lake Michigan. The takeover was inspired by the 1969 Alcatraz occupation. Activists cited","title":"American Indian Movement"},{"id":"1557911","text":"the American Indian leader as a response to Mount Rushmore. Upon completion, it will be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs. The Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds, but it is the subject of controversy, even among Indian tribes. Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple places in popular culture. It is often depicted as a cover for a secret location; shown with faces removed or modified (as in \"Superman II\"), or added; or parodied. Trey Parker and Matt Stone used the location as","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"7363935","text":"big game. One day, while accompanied by Ted Brockett of Keystone, South Dakota, Rushmore asked the name of the mountain and was told that it was Slaughterhouse Rock. Rushmore joked that his annual treks to the Hills had earned him the right to have the mountain named after himself. \"So just for the hell of it,\" Urbanek claimed, the locals started calling the hill Mount Rushmore. Whatever the precise story, the United States Board of Geographic Names officially recognized the name \"Mount Rushmore\" in June 1930. Forty years after the initial 1885 naming, Rushmore donated $5000 towards Gutzon Borglum's sculpture","title":"Charles E. Rushmore"},{"id":"2449399","text":"honor Native Americans. AIM has been committed to improving conditions faced by native peoples. It founded institutions to address needs, including the Heart of The Earth School, Little Earth Housing, International Indian Treaty Council, AIM StreetMedics, American Indian Opportunities and Industrialization Center (one of the largest Indian job training programs), KILI radio and Indian Legal Rights Centers. In 1971, several members of AIM, including Dennis Banks and Russell Means, traveled to Mt. Rushmore. They converged at the mountain in order to protest the illegal seizure of the Sioux Nation's sacred Black Hills in 1877 by the United States federal government,","title":"American Indian Movement"},{"id":"1557890","text":"an expedition in 1885. At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities. As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"1557888","text":"Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. His initial idea was to sculpt the Needles; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from American Indian groups. They settled on Mount Rushmore, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature American West heroes such as Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, and Buffalo Bill Cody, but Borglum decided that the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents. Senator Peter Norbeck sponsored the project","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"1557889","text":"and secured federal funding; construction began in 1927, and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. Gutzon Borglum died in March 1941, and his son Lincoln took over as leader of the construction project. Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist, but lack of funding forced construction to end on October 31, 1941. Mount Rushmore attracts more than two million visitors annually. Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as \"The Six Grandfathers\" (Tunkasila Sakpe) or \"Cougar Mountain\" (Igmu Tanka Paha), the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"11777601","text":"KILI KILI (90.1 FM), licensed to Porcupine, South Dakota, is a non-profit radio station broadcasting to the Lakota people on the Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, and Rosebud Indian Reservations, part of the Great Sioux Nation. The station started broadcasting in 1983 as the first American Indian-owned radio station in the United States. Owned and operated by Lakota Communications, KILI serves 30,000 people on the three reservations, along with the large American Indian urban community in Rapid City, using a translator in the Mount Rushmore State's second-largest city. It seeks to preserve Native American culture and instill pride in the peoples'","title":"KILI"},{"id":"1557887","text":"Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore National Memorial is centered around a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son Lincoln Borglum. The sculptures feature the heads of Presidents George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865). The memorial park covers and is above sea level. South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"11777605","text":"American Indian issues, entitled \"Native America Calling\". KILI KILI (90.1 FM), licensed to Porcupine, South Dakota, is a non-profit radio station broadcasting to the Lakota people on the Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, and Rosebud Indian Reservations, part of the Great Sioux Nation. The station started broadcasting in 1983 as the first American Indian-owned radio station in the United States. Owned and operated by Lakota Communications, KILI serves 30,000 people on the three reservations, along with the large American Indian urban community in Rapid City, using a translator in the Mount Rushmore State's second-largest city. It seeks to preserve Native American","title":"KILI"},{"id":"6176671","text":"Black Elk Wilderness The Black Elk Wilderness is located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The wilderness was designated by an act of Congress in 1980. Managed by the U.S. Forest Service, Black Elk Wilderness is part of Black Hills National Forest. This 13,426 acre (54 km²) region is considered sacred to Native Americans, especially the Sioux and is named after Black Elk, an Oglala Sioux holy man. Mount Rushmore National Memorial is immediately to the north and much of the rest of the wilderness is bordered by other protected land under the jurisdiction of state and federal agencies.","title":"Black Elk Wilderness"},{"id":"1557913","text":"reading Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore National Memorial is centered around a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son Lincoln Borglum. The sculptures feature the heads of Presidents George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865). The memorial park covers and is above sea level. South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"7363933","text":"Charles E. Rushmore Charles Edward Rushmore (December 2, 1857 – October 31, 1931) was an American businessman and attorney for whom Mount Rushmore is named. Born in New York City, he was the son of Edward Carman Rushmore and Mary Eliza (née Dunn) Rushmore, of Tuxedo Park, NY. He was married to the former Jeanette E. Carpenter. In 1883, a tin mine, the Etta, was opened, which caused excitement among Eastern investors. In 1885 Rushmore was in the Black Hills of South Dakota to check the titles to properties for an eastern mining company owned by James Wilson. Although an","title":"Charles E. Rushmore"},{"id":"15392128","text":"underpasses and one wildlife overpass.\" In 1993 Clairmont created \"Paha Sapa\", the Lakota word for the Black Hills, and the location of Mount Rushmore. In \"Paha Sapa\" Clairmont created life-sized silhouettes of two families, one Indian and one Euroamerican. The silhouetted family members wear reflective sunglasses, with the Euroamerican sunglasses reflecting the presidential images on Mount Rushmore. In contrast, the Indian family sunglasses show four skulls, making a powerful statement about the history of genocide towards indigenous peoples, and simultaneously raising the question of what this largest of all Presidential memorials is actually showing us—do we see the gigantic faces","title":"Corwin Clairmont"},{"id":"12039256","text":"four big heads.\" Adam Young composed a score in based on the shrine called \"Mount Rushmore.\" It was released November 1, 2016. Mount Rushmore in popular culture Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore in South Dakota has appeared frequently in works of fiction, and has been discussed or depicted in other popular works. Several films and other media depict Mount Rushmore as a secret base of operations for the government or another clandestine group, or as having some comparable significance other than as a monument. In the early 1980s television series, \"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\",","title":"Mount Rushmore in popular culture"},{"id":"3485579","text":"as a modern American Indian warrior [...], railed against broken treaties, fought for the return of stolen land and even took up arms against the federal government [...], called national attention to the plight of impoverished tribes and often lamented the waning of Indian culture.\" Among the tributes were calls for \"his face [to] have been on Mt. Rushmore.\" \"The New York Times\" said Means \"became as well-known a Native American as Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.\" His ashes were sprinkled throughout the Black Hills. Russell Means Russell Charles Means (November 10, 1939 – October 22, 2012) was an Oglala","title":"Russell Means"},{"id":"1557894","text":"Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left. The Chief Carver of the mountain was Luigi del Bianco, artisan and headstone carver in Port Chester, NY. Del Bianco emigrated to the U.S. from Friuli in Italy, and was chosen to work on this project because of his remarkable skill at etching emotions and personality into his carved portraits. In 1933, the National Park","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"13795138","text":"in the history of American Indians\" and other members of the NIYC considered the protesting to be \"the greatest Indian victory of modern day.\" In August 1970 and in June 1971, two separate occupations of Mount Rushmore occurred. These were efforts to reclaim the Black Hills and to insist that the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 be honored and recognized by the United States of America. In November 1972, the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan occurred. This involved the American Indian Movement, the National Indian Brotherhood (a Canadian organization), the Native American Rights Fund, the National Indian Youth Council, the","title":"Pan-Indianism"},{"id":"1557906","text":"selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure. The mountain's height of above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by well drained alfisol soils of very gravelly loam (Mocmount) to silt loam (Buska) texture, brown to dark grayish brown. Mount Rushmore has","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"18511398","text":"River Indian Tribes, was established in 1970 in Parker, Arizona, where a sports venue, Irataba Hall, is also named after him. In 2002, the US Bureau of Land Management designated in the Eldorado Mountains as Ireteba Peaks Wilderness. In March 2015, Mohave Tribal chairman Dennis Patch credited Irataba with ensuring that \"the Mohaves stayed on land they had lived on since time immemorial.\" Irataba's name, also rendered as Ireteba, Yara tav, Arateve, Yarate:va, and Yiratewa, derives from the Mohave language phrase \"eecheeyara tav\", which means \"beautiful bird\". He was born into the \"Neolge\", or Sun Fire clan of the Mohave","title":"Irataba"},{"id":"7363934","text":"Easterner, Rushmore quickly made friends among the miners and prospectors. One day he was returning to headquarters of the Harney Peak Consolidated Tin Co., Ltd., located at Pine Camp, which was north of the great granite peak soon to bear his name. With him were a local business man, and William W. Challis, a prospector and guide. As they neared the mountain, Rushmore turned to Challis and asked its name. Challis jestingly replied: \"Never had any but it has now - we'll call the thing Rushmore.\" According to rancher Jerry Urbanek, Rushmore returned to the Black Hills annually to hunt","title":"Charles E. Rushmore"},{"id":"12039244","text":"Mount Rushmore in popular culture Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore in South Dakota has appeared frequently in works of fiction, and has been discussed or depicted in other popular works. Several films and other media depict Mount Rushmore as a secret base of operations for the government or another clandestine group, or as having some comparable significance other than as a monument. In the early 1980s television series, \"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\", a flashback sequence in the episode, \"Testimony of a Traitor\", shows Rogers meeting with the President of the United States in a","title":"Mount Rushmore in popular culture"},{"id":"1557912","text":"the headquarters for their film \"\". \"\" also depicts this location as a secret cover for a fictional gold city. The memorial was also famously used as the location of the climactic chase scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1959 movie \"North by Northwest\". Deep Purple's breakthrough album, 1970's \"In Rock\", parodies the sculpture. On August 11, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial commemorative stamp on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mt. Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. On January 2, 1974, a depicting the monument was also issued. Notes Further","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"1557907","text":"a humid continental climate (\"Dwb\" in the Köppen climate classification). It is inside a USDA Plant Hardiness Zone of 5a, meaning certain plant life in the area can withstand a low temperature of no less than . The two wettest months of the year are May and June. Orographic lift causes brief but strong afternoon thunderstorms during the summer. Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state's top tourist attraction. In 2012, 2,185,447 people visited the park. In the 1950s and 1960s, Sioux Benjamin Black Elk (son of medicine man Black Elk) was the \"Fifth Face","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"1557910","text":"Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer planted a prayer staff on top of the mountain. Lame Deer said that the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces \"which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled.\" In 2004, Gerard Baker was appointed as superintendent of the park, the first Native American in that role. Baker has stated that he will open up more \"avenues of interpretation\", and that the four presidents are \"only one avenue and only one focus.\" The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"1557892","text":"Confederate Memorial Carving, a massive bas-relief memorial to Confederate leaders on Stone Mountain in Georgia, but was in disagreement with the officials there. The original plan was to make the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles. However, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, \"America will march along that skyline.\" Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3, 1925. Between October 4, 1927, and October","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"7363936","text":"of the four presidents' heads on the mountain - the largest single contribution. The Memorial was dedicated by President Coolidge on August 10, 1927. Rushmore was also a member of the Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity. Mr. Rushmore was also a member of Kane Lodge No. 454, F&AM (NYC). Charles E. Rushmore Charles Edward Rushmore (December 2, 1857 – October 31, 1931) was an American businessman and attorney for whom Mount Rushmore is named. Born in New York City, he was the son of Edward Carman Rushmore and Mary Eliza (née Dunn) Rushmore, of Tuxedo Park, NY. He was married to","title":"Charles E. Rushmore"},{"id":"12039249","text":"instead of the four presidents. The title is an obvious pun, the music genre of the album being rock music, while the monument is carved from what is essentially a very large rock. In turn, the English cover of the volume 4 DVD release of the anime series \"Cromartie High School\" (entitled \"Mount Rockmore\") is a parody of the Deep Purple album. Here, the anime characters' faces replace those of the band members. In the Japanese manga, \"Naruto\", four of the main leaders (Hokage) of Konohagakure (Hidden Leaf Village) have had their faces carved into a mountain overlooking the village","title":"Mount Rushmore in popular culture"},{"id":"175320","text":"1911 by her grandson, King George V; or the monument, placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata (Calcutta) (1921), commemorating Queen Victoria's reign as Empress of India from 1876. Another, twentieth century, example is the Mount Rushmore National Memorial, a group sculpture constructed (1927–1941) on a conspicuous skyline in the Black Hills of South Dakota (40th state of the Union, 1889), in the midwestern United States, representing the territorial expansion of the United States in the first 130 years from its founding, which is promoted as the \"Shrine of Democracy\". Former Presidents of the United States, while holding","title":"Head of state"},{"id":"1090104","text":"Head site, with St. Elizabeth's Manor of \"nearby but detached\". The Town of Indian Head occupies land that was once part of the territory of the Algonquin Indians. The origin of the name Indian Head originates from the term \"Indian Headlands\", as the entire lower end of the peninsula was occupied by Native Americans and was an Indian Reservation. The name Indian Head first appears in the Census of 1800. In 1850, the Washington Fruit Growers Association purchased a parcel of land, which included Indian Head and \"Glymont\". Charles Pye offered for sale, a parcel of land (664 acres) known","title":"Indian Head, Maryland"},{"id":"8492566","text":"The Sagamore The Sagamore is a Victorian-era resort hotel located on Lake George in Bolton Landing, New York. It occupies the private Green Island on Lake George. Since 1983, it has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Sagamore is a member of Historic Hotel of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Sagamore opened in 1883, financed by a number of prominent summer residents. It soon succeeded in attracting a wealthy clientele. The hotel was named after \"the Sagamore\", an American Indian character in the James Fenimore Cooper novel \"The Last","title":"The Sagamore"},{"id":"12497523","text":"Indians and Alaska Natives. A renewal of Indian activism since the 1960s saw the rise of a new generation of leaders. Public protests created publicity for their cause, such as the occupation of Alcatraz and Mount Rushmore, the Wounded Knee Incident, and other examples of American Indians uniting to change their relationship with the United States government. Strong Indian leaders traveled across America to try to add unification to the Indian cause. The leaders arose in different fields, starting independent newspapers, promoting educational independence, working to reclaim lands, and to enforce treaty rights. Another campaign occurred in the Pacific Northwest","title":"Native American self-determination"},{"id":"9723916","text":"along the Divide. The United States Board on Geographic Names kept 6 of his names: Apache Peak, Arikaree Peak, Kiowa Peak, Navajo Peak, Ogalalla Peak and Pawnee Peak. He later added Paiute Peak, as his use of the Ute band was denied due to too many other Colorado features sharing that name. Other names, including Shoshoni Peak, Hiamovi Mountain, Satanta Peak and Watanga Mountain were added later. The Indian Peaks were visited by Native Americans for several thousand years. The Arapaho tribe lived and hunted in the area during the summer months, though little evidence remains of their activities. Mining","title":"Indian Peaks Wilderness"},{"id":"1557904","text":"community. Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest. Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Black Elk Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, 1.6 billion years ago. Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Black Elk Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"5670153","text":"Rain-in-the-Face Rain-in-the-Face (Lakota: Ité Omáǧažu in Standard Lakota Orthography) (c. 1835 – September 15, 1905) was a warchief of the Lakota tribe of Native Americans. His mother was a Dakota related to the band of famous Chief Inkpaduta. He was among the Indian leaders who defeated George Armstrong Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment at the 1876 Battle of Little Big Horn. Born in the Dakota Territory near the forks of the Cheyenne River about 1835, Rain-in-the-Face was from the Hunkpapa band within the Lakota nation. His name may have been a result of a fight when he was","title":"Rain-in-the-Face"},{"id":"8632246","text":"Standing Indian Mountain Standing Indian Mountain, elevation 5,499 feet, is part of the North Carolina portion of the Southern Nantahala Wilderness within the boundaries of the Nantahala National Forest. The mountain lies along the Appalachian Trail and is the highest point along the Nantahala River. The Cherokee name for Standing Indian Mountain is \"Yunwitsule-nunyi,\" which translates to \"where the man stood.\" According to Cherokee mythology, Standing Indian Mountain is home to the remains of a Cherokee warrior. This warrior had been sent to the mountaintop to keep a lookout for a winged monster. The monster, who lair was located on","title":"Standing Indian Mountain"},{"id":"661147","text":"Indian Reorganization Act The Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler-Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of Native Americans in the United States. It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the \"Indian New Deal\". The major goal was to reverse the traditional goal of assimilation of Indians into American society and to strengthen, encourage and perpetuate the tribes and their historic traditions and culture. The Act also restored to Indians the management of their assets—land and mineral rights—and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the","title":"Indian Reorganization Act"},{"id":"9773455","text":"Indian old field Indian Old Field, or simply Old Field, was a common term used in Colonial American times and up until the early nineteenth century United States, by American explorers, surveyors, cartographers and settlers, in reference to land formerly cleared and utilized by Indians for farming (corn fields or vegetable patches) or occupation. The term appears in many old maps and land documents, often persisting for many decades. It also remains in a number of present-day place names of the Eastern US. Pioneer settlers, in applying for their land grants, exhibited a strong preference for sites located along major","title":"Indian old field"},{"id":"9773459","text":"York West Virginia: Pennsylvania Indian old field Indian Old Field, or simply Old Field, was a common term used in Colonial American times and up until the early nineteenth century United States, by American explorers, surveyors, cartographers and settlers, in reference to land formerly cleared and utilized by Indians for farming (corn fields or vegetable patches) or occupation. The term appears in many old maps and land documents, often persisting for many decades. It also remains in a number of present-day place names of the Eastern US. Pioneer settlers, in applying for their land grants, exhibited a strong preference for","title":"Indian old field"},{"id":"15010298","text":"Indian Land Grants Indian Land Grants were land tracts granted to various Indians by Treaty or by United States Congressional action in the Nineteenth century in northwestern Ohio. Jean Baptiste Richardville was principal chief of the Miami tribe. He was granted tracts of land by the 1818 Treaty of St. Mary's. In Ohio, Article 3 granted \"Two sections, on the Twenty-seven mile creek, where the road from St. Mary's to Fort Wayne crosses it, being one section on each side of said creek.\" This tract was partially in Township 27 North Range 15 East of the Second Principal Meridian in","title":"Indian Land Grants"},{"id":"6637274","text":"Havasupai Indian Reservation The Havasupai Indian Reservation is a Native American reservation for the Havasupai people, surrounded entirely by the Grand Canyon National Park, in Coconino county in Arizona, United States. It is considered one of America's most remote Indian reservations. The reservation is governed by a seven-member tribal council, led by a chairman who is elected from among the members of the council. The capital of the reservation is Supai, situated at the bottom of Cataract Canyon, one of the tributary canyons of the Grand Canyon. Havasupai is a combination of the words \"Havasu\" (meaning \"blue-green water\") and \"pai\"","title":"Havasupai Indian Reservation"},{"id":"1549718","text":"Pontiac (Ottawa leader) Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769) was an Odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, from 1763 to 1766 leading Native Americans in a struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region. It followed the British victory in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name has been debated. Nineteenth-century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, but some subsequent scholars argued that his role had been","title":"Pontiac (Ottawa leader)"},{"id":"3207624","text":"Huron in northeast Sanilac County southwest to a point several miles northeast of Lansing and then due south the point of origin. The treaty reserved several smaller tracts of land for Indian use within the ceded territory. Treaty of Saginaw The Treaty of Saginaw, also known as the Treaty with the Chippewa, was made between Gen. Lewis Cass and Chief Mash Kee Yosh, Chief John Okemos, Chief Wasso and other Native American tribes of the Great Lakes region (principally the Ojibwe, but also the Ottawa and Potawatomi) in what is now the United States, on September 24, 1819, proclaimed by","title":"Treaty of Saginaw"},{"id":"3093789","text":"'long fishing point'), Mashpee (\"massanippe\", 'great water'), Nantucket, 'in the midst of the waters', Natick, 'place of hills', Saugus ('the outlet, the extension'), Scituate, 'cold brook', Seekonk, and Swampscott, 'at the red rock' or 'broken waters'. Other notable Indian placenames include 'Shawmut' (\"mashauwomuk\", former name for Boston, 'canoe landing place'), 'Neponset' (a river that flows through the Dorchester section of Boston and a village of Dorchester, meaning unknown), Cuttyhunk Island (\"poocuohhunkkunnah\", 'a point of departure'), Nantasket (a beach in Hull, 'a low-ebb tide place'), and Mystic River ('great river'). Massachusett language The Massachusett language is an Algonquian language of the","title":"Massachusett language"},{"id":"3912274","text":"a letter to historian Lyman Draper, A treaty with the Cherokees was held at Fort Chiswell on New River, then a frontier. On the return of the chiefs home, Dr. [Thomas] Walker, a gentleman of distinction, and my father, [General] Joseph Martin, accompanied them. The Indians being guides, they passed through the place now called Cumberland Gap, where they discovered a fine spring. They still had a little rum remaining, and they drank to the health of the Duke of Cumberland. This gave rise to the name of Cumberland Mountain and Cumberland River. Prince William Augustus, the Duke of Cumberland,","title":"Thomas Walker (explorer)"},{"id":"15177420","text":"Environmental education programs are offered for school, scout and other groups, and a summer camp program is operated by the County. It is believed that Native Americans may have used a natural clearing atop the mountain called the Indian Seats for ceremonial purposes. As white settlers migrated to the area, now known as Cumming, a local Cherokee named Sawnee helped them adjust to the native land. As a well skilled carpenter and farmer he was known throughout the land, and the range was named in his honor. In 1829 gold was discovered in Georgia in Auraria at the site of","title":"Sawnee Mountain"},{"id":"5370134","text":"Battle of Round Mountain The Battle of Round Mountain was the first battle in the Trail of Blood on Ice campaign for the control of Indian Territory during the American Civil War and occurred on November 19, 1861. Its main purpose was to prevent Union supporters of the Creek Nation, led by Opothleyahola from fleeing Indian Territory to the protection of Union forces in Kansas. The physical location of the battle is in dispute. Some historians believe it to be near Keystone while others contend that it is near Yale, Oklahoma. The event is sometimes referred to as the Battle","title":"Battle of Round Mountain"},{"id":"3271241","text":"show that the Indian nations also have their heroes. The Native Americans consider Thunderhead Mountain, where the monument is being carved, to be sacred ground. Thunderhead Mountain is situated between Custer and Hill City. Upon completion, the head of Crazy Horse will be the world’s largest sculpture of the human head, measuring approximately tall, more than 27 feet taller than the 60-foot faces of the U.S. Presidents depicted on Mount Rushmore, and the Crazy Horse Memorial as a whole will be the largest sculpture in the world. The memorial is funded entirely by private donations, with no assistance from the","title":"Crazy Horse"},{"id":"1557901","text":"birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests. Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison. The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area, along with several species of snake. Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout. Mountain goats are not indigenous to the region. Those living near Mount Rushmore are descendants of a tribe","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"2072998","text":"ship hit a ledge off Otter Cliff and while repairing a hole two American Indians boarded the ship as guides. It is not clear whether Champlain sailed around the Island or was informed by the guides, but on that day, he wrote in his journal, \"\"Le sommet de la plus part d’icelles est desgarny d’arbres parceque ce ne sont que roches. Je l’ay nommée l’Isle des Monts-déserts\"\", which translates to \"The mountain summits are all bare and rocky. I name it Isles des Monts Desert.\" In 1613, French Jesuits, welcomed by Indians, established the first French mission in America—Saint Sauveur","title":"Mount Desert Island"},{"id":"9050027","text":"USCGC Tahoma (WMEC-908) USCGC \"Tahoma\" (WMEC-908) is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. Her keel was laid on June 28, 1983 at Robert Derecktor Shipyard Incorporated, Middletown, Rhode Island. She was delivered August 12, 1987 and commissioned April 6, 1988. She is the third cutter to bear the name Tahoma, which is the Northwest Pacific Indian word that refers to the Cascade Range mountain peak now known as Mount Rainier. Her nickname, \"Mighty T\", was selected because it was the nickname of her predecessor, \"Tahoma\" (WPG-80), during World War II. On 13 January 2010, the \"Tahoma\" was ordered","title":"USCGC Tahoma (WMEC-908)"},{"id":"6785188","text":"separating the Indiana County townships of South Mahoning, East Mahoning, Grant and Montgomery (north) from Washington, Rayne and Green (south). The hamlet of Purchase Line is on PA 286 in Green township just south of the actual line. Purchase line The Purchase Line is the name commonly given to the line dividing Indian from British Colonial lands established in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1768 in western Pennsylvania. In New York State documents it is referred to as the Line of Property; see that article for the treaty text and other sections. The relevant section of the treaty reads:","title":"Purchase line"},{"id":"676872","text":"Greenville, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day Indiana, and the lands that include present-day Chicago and Detroit, to the United States federal government. The period after the American Revolutionary War was one of rapid western expansion. The areas occupied by Native Americans in the United States were called Indian country, which was not even an unorganized territory, as the areas were established by treaty. In 1803 the United States of America agreed to purchase France's claim to French Louisiana for a total of $15 million (less than 3 cents per acre). President Thomas Jefferson doubted","title":"Indian Territory"},{"id":"14875529","text":"trading post with an 18th-century addition on called \"Big Bend\" (a translation of an Indian name for the land) in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, that he purchased in 1961. According to Weymouth, William Penn originally purchased the land from the Native American Lenape tribe in 1683. Big Bend was the Lenape's original term for the land, which lies along the Brandywine Creek. Weymouth died on April 24, 2016 at his home in Chadds Ford from complications of congestive heart failure at the age of 79, according to Andrew Stewart, a spokesman for the conservancy and museum. Weymouth’s early work, done in","title":"George Alexis Weymouth"},{"id":"16013875","text":"Suetonius Grant Heatly Suetonius Grant Heatly (sometimes spelled as \"Heatley\") (1751–1793) was a judge employed by the British East India Company and, with John Sumner, established what is considered to be the first coal mine in India. Heatly was born in Newport, Rhode Island, in what is now the United States, to a family that had a Scottish heritage.and was loyal to the British Crown. That loyalty caused them to move to England around the time of the American Revolution. His connections and ability were useful in his career with the East India Company, which he joined in 1766 and","title":"Suetonius Grant Heatly"},{"id":"2378671","text":"Wampanoag The Wampanoag , also rendered Wôpanâak, are an American Indian people in North America. They were a loose confederacy made up of several tribes in the 17th century, but today many Wampanoag people are enrolled in two federally recognized tribes: the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head in Massachusetts. The Wampanoag lived in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island in the beginning of the 17th century, at the time of first contact with the English colonists, a territory that included Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket islands. Their population numbered in the thousands due to the richness of","title":"Wampanoag"},{"id":"3485557","text":"the Puritans' and United States' mistreatment of Native Americans. In 1971 Means was one of the leaders of AIM's takeover of Mount Rushmore, a federal monument. Rushmore is within the Black Hills, an area sacred to the Lakota tribe. In November 1972, he participated in AIM's occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) headquarters in Washington, D.C. to protest abuses. Many records were taken or destroyed, and more than $2 million in damages was done to the building. In 1973, Dennis Banks and Carter Camp led AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee, which became the group's most well-known action. Means","title":"Russell Means"},{"id":"2244145","text":"Potawatomi The Pottawatomi , also spelled Pottawatomie and Potawatomi (among many variations), are a Native American people of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River, and western Great Lakes region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. The Potawatomi called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word \"Anishinaabe\". The Potawatomi were part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe and Odawa (Ottawa). In the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi were considered the \"youngest brother\" and were referred to in this context as Bodéwadmi, a name that means \"keepers of","title":"Potawatomi"},{"id":"2994369","text":"Indian country Indian country is any of the many self-governing Native American communities throughout the United States. As a legal category, it includes \"all land within the limits of any Indian reservation\", \"all dependent Indian communities within the borders of the United States\", and \"all Indian allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished.\" This legal classification defines American Indian tribal and individual land holdings as part of a reservation, an allotment, or a public domain allotment. All federal trust lands held for Native American tribes is Indian country. Federal, state, and local governments use this category in","title":"Indian country"},{"id":"6162208","text":"was named Fort Lernoult on October 3, 1779. This new fort largely superseded the original fort and was often referred to as \"Fort Detroit.\" Following the United States gaining independence in the Revolution, the government made the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 with several Indian tribes. They ceded several blocks of land to the United States that were beyond the Greenville Treaty Line and within the Indians' territory. Article 3, Item 12 notes: The post of Detroit, and all the land to the north, the west and the south of it, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by","title":"Fort Detroit"},{"id":"4729784","text":"Before european colonialism, Wachusett was the home of the Nipmuc tribe. The tribe has been confined to a four-and-a-half acre reservation outside Grafton, Massachusetts, which began as an \"Indian Plantation\" in 1654. The general feeling towards the ski resort among Nipmucs is that it is an injustice. Some hope to someday use the mountain as a proper Nipmuc cultural center. During King Philip's War in 1676, Native Americans brought their captive, Mary Rowlandson, to Wachusett to release her to the colonists at Redemption Rock. The name Wachusett has been adopted for the names of institutions, businesses, structures, geographic features, and","title":"Mount Wachusett"},{"id":"12039255","text":"years and thus be one of the longest-lasting human artifacts. Because of this enduring structure, it has appeared in some science fiction set in the distant future: In addition to in \"Pilotwings 64\", Mount Rushmore also appears: American composer Michael Daugherty's 2010 piece for chorus and orchestra, \"Mount Rushmore,\" depicts each of the four presidents in separate movements. The piece sets texts by George Washington, William Billings, Thomas Jefferson, Maria Cosway, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Alice Cooper references Mount Rushmore in his album DaDa on the song \"I love America\" with the words, \"I love that mountain with those","title":"Mount Rushmore in popular culture"},{"id":"12683481","text":"of Canton, Greenfield and Geary in Blaine County, and at Colony in Washita County. The name Arapaho originates in the Pawnee term \"tirapihu\" (or \"larapihu\"), meaning, \"He buys or trades\", probably due to their being the dominant trading group in the Great Plains region. The Arapaho call themselves \"Inun-ina\" meaning \"our people\" or \"people of our own kind.\" The Arapaho are one of the westernmost tribes of the Algonquian language family. Members of the Northern Arapaho who live on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming call the Oklahoma group \"Nawathi'neha\" or \"Southerners.\" With the Organic Act of 1870, the","title":"Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation"},{"id":"3744625","text":"Havasu Falls. Havasupai The Havasupai people (Havasupai: \"Havsuw' Baaja\") are an American Indian tribe who have lived in the Grand Canyon for at least the past 800 years. \"Havasu\" means \"blue-green water\" and \"pai\" \"people\". Located primarily in an area known as Havasu Canyon, this Yuman-speaking population once laid claim to an area the size of Delaware (). In 1882, however, the tribe was forced by the federal government to abandon all but of its land. A silver rush and the Santa Fe Railroad in effect destroyed the fertile land. Furthermore, the inception of the Grand Canyon as a national","title":"Havasupai"},{"id":"991615","text":"are the indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and famous conflicts with settlers and the US Army have made the Plains Indians archetypical in literature and art for American Indians everywhere. Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad classifications, with some degree of overlap. The first group were fully nomadic, following the vast herds of buffalo. Some tribes occasionally engaged in agriculture, growing tobacco and corn primarily. These included the Blackfoot, Arapaho, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lakota, Lipan, Plains Apache (or","title":"Midwestern United States"},{"id":"12785583","text":"Lakota wanted the memorial in the sacred Black Hills on a -high mountain. The monument was expected to be the largest sculpture in the world. When completed, it would be high by long. Crazy Horse's head would be large enough to contain all the -high heads of the Presidents at Mount Rushmore. On June 3, 1948, the first blast was made, and the memorial was dedicated to the Native American people. In 1950, Ziolkowski and Ruth Ross, who had become a volunteer at the monument, were married. Work continued slowly, since he refused to accept government grants. Instead, as he","title":"Korczak Ziolkowski"},{"id":"4933190","text":"their barbarous names for such English, as posteritie might say Prince Charles was their God-father...\" He complied, and his choices were featured on the map published in 1616 that accompanied Smith's \"A Description of New England\". On paper, the mountain's Indian name, \"Sassanows,\" became \"Snadoun Hill.\" But many royal recommendations were not retained. Instead, the mountain would assume the general name of the York settlement of 1630, the \"Plantation of Agamenticus,\" which itself took the Abenaki name for the York River. St. Aspinquid (St. Aspenquid) was a Mi'kmaq Chief who was murdered in 1696 and was declared a martyr and","title":"Agamenticus"},{"id":"3487307","text":"also a motivation for the proposed state, as Mount Rushmore (constructed 1927–1941) would be within Absaroka according to some plans. In a craze for state secession felt by the public, state automobile license plates bearing the name were distributed, as well as pictures of \"Miss Absaroka 1939\". The movement was unsuccessful and fairly short-lived. The chief record of its existence comes from the Federal Writers' Project, which included a story about the plan as an example of Western eccentricity. Absaroka (proposed state) Absaroka, (pronounced ab-SOR-o-ka) was an area in the United States, comprising parts of the states of Montana, South","title":"Absaroka (proposed state)"},{"id":"5277877","text":"are at least three major mountain sculptures in the United States. These are Mount Rushmore, Stone Mountain, and Crazy Horse Memorial. Gutzon Borglum, an accomplished sculptor with such pieces as \"Seated Lincoln\" and a variety of other public monuments, oversaw the sculpture of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills in South Dakota. The monument was finished after his death by his son Lincoln Borglum. Gutzon Borglum also was responsible for starting the Stone Mountain project in Georgia but had a falling-out with its overseers. The monument was then taken up by Augustus Lukeman, who died during its carving in 1935.","title":"Sculpture of the United States"},{"id":"4200053","text":"Menominee The Menominee (; also spelled Menomini, derived from the Ojibwe language word for \"Wild Rice People\"; known as Mamaceqtaw, \"the people\", in the Menominee language) are a federally recognized nation of Native Americans, with a reservation in Wisconsin. Their historic territory originally included an estimated in present-day Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The tribe currently has about 8,700 members. The tribe was terminated in the 1960s under policy of the time which stressed assimilation. During that period, they brought what has become a landmark case in Indian law to the United States Supreme Court, in \"Menominee Tribe","title":"Menominee"},{"id":"2671001","text":"led a government expedition up the Big Horn River to the mouth of Big Horn Canyon, and then southeast along the base of the Big Horn mountains. En route to the Big Horn Canyon, and about 40 miles down the Big Horn River, he camped just below the mouth of the Little Bighorn on September 6, 1859. He noted in his journal for that day that the Indian name of the Big Horn river, into which the Little Bighorn empties, is \"Ets-pot-agie\", or Mountain Sheep River, and this generates the name of the Little Big Horn, \"Ets-pot-agie-cate\", or Little Mountain","title":"Little Bighorn River"},{"id":"15010312","text":"was granted two 160 acre tracts, and John E. Hunt was also granted two 160 acre tracts. Andre Lamarre was granted 126.58 acres on the north side of Maumee Bay by Congress on July 3, 1812. All the Maumee Bay grants were in T9S R8E of the Michigan Meridian in Lucas County. Indian Land Grants Indian Land Grants were land tracts granted to various Indians by Treaty or by United States Congressional action in the Nineteenth century in northwestern Ohio. Jean Baptiste Richardville was principal chief of the Miami tribe. He was granted tracts of land by the 1818 Treaty","title":"Indian Land Grants"},{"id":"17296449","text":"Sawtooth Mountain Sawtooth Mountain is a shield volcano, and part of the polygenetic Indian Heaven Volcanic Field in Washington, United States. It is located midway between Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams, and dates from the Pleistocene and Holocene. Sawtooth Mountain is the third highest point at . The mountain forms a series of welded volcanic rock spires, an eroded remnant of an ancient shield volcano. Sawtooth Mountain is the third highest point in the Indian Heaven Wilderness Area. While Sawtooth Mountain is not the highest, its craggy appearance makes it one of the most namesake peaks in the Indian","title":"Sawtooth Mountain"},{"id":"284958","text":"the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains, and other Western tribes. These were complex nomadic cultures based on (introduced) horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. They carried out resistance against United States incursion in the decades after the end of the Civil War and the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in a series of Indian Wars, which were frequent up until the 1890s and continued into","title":"Native Americans in the United States"},{"id":"1557902","text":"that Canada gifted to Custer State Park in 1924, which later escaped. At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun. Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood. Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet. Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser. However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region. The area receives about of precipitation on","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"10723890","text":"Arrow) and many summer camps. University students in the late 19th and early 20th centuries adopted Indian names and symbols for their sports teams, not from authentic sources but rather as Native American life was imagined by European Americans. Professional team nicknames had similar origins. In professional baseball the team that is now the Atlanta Braves was founded as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871; becoming the Boston Braves in 1912. Their owner at that time, James Gaffney, was a member of New York City's political machine, Tammany Hall, one of the societies formed to honor Tamanend, a chief of","title":"Native American mascot controversy"},{"id":"752278","text":"as Brian Houghton Hodgson's \"Deva-dhunga\" and Hermann Schlagintweit's \"Gaurisankar\". Everest himself objected to his name being used, as \"the native of India\" could not pronounce it and it could not be written in Hindi. Nonetheless, in 1865 the society officially settled on \"Mount Everest\" as the name. Sir George had several siblings, including two younger brothers. George's first younger brother was the Rev. Robert Everest, M.A., chaplain to the East India Company and author of \"A Journey Through the United States and Part of Canada\". His second (his youngest brother) was the Rev. Thomas Roupell Everest, M.A., the father of","title":"George Everest"},{"id":"18356117","text":"Thunder Hawk was involved in the two occupations of Mount Rushmore, a part of the Black Hills seized by the US government in 1877. The occupation protested continued violations of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. Thunder Hawk joined the American Indian Movement in its early years and was present at AIM's occupation of the Wounded Knee. She was a member of the Pie Patrol, a group of women active in AIM, which also included Thelma Rios, Theda Nelson Clarke, Lorelei DeCora Means, and Mary Crow Dog (née Moore), wife of civil rights activist Leonard Crow Dog. Madonna took part","title":"Madonna Thunder Hawk"},{"id":"3390651","text":"subjected to a defined area, farmers having inadmissible land for agriculture, and hostility between tribes. The first reservation was established in southern New Jersey on August 29, 1758. It was called Brotherton Indian Reservation and also \"Edgepillock\" or \"Edgepelick\" . The area was 3284 acres . Today it is called Indian Mills in Shamong Township . In 1764 the \"Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs\" was proposed by the Board of Trade. Although never adopted formally, the plan established the imperial government's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments, not individuals, and that land would","title":"Indian reservation"},{"id":"3462444","text":"observed during sunrise and sunset, and when alpenglow occurs, especially when the mountains are covered with snow. Although the particular origin of the name is unclear, it has been in use since the early 19th century. Before that time the terms \"La Sierra Nevada\", \"La Sierra Madre\", \"La Sierra\", and \"The Snowies\" (used by English speakers) were used. According to tradition, \"sangre de Cristo\" were the last words of a Catholic priest who was killed by Indians. Sometimes the archaic Spanish spelling \"Christo\" is used. Much of the mountains are within various National Forests: the Rio Grande and San Isabel","title":"Sangre de Cristo Mountains"},{"id":"3744598","text":"Havasupai The Havasupai people (Havasupai: \"Havsuw' Baaja\") are an American Indian tribe who have lived in the Grand Canyon for at least the past 800 years. \"Havasu\" means \"blue-green water\" and \"pai\" \"people\". Located primarily in an area known as Havasu Canyon, this Yuman-speaking population once laid claim to an area the size of Delaware (). In 1882, however, the tribe was forced by the federal government to abandon all but of its land. A silver rush and the Santa Fe Railroad in effect destroyed the fertile land. Furthermore, the inception of the Grand Canyon as a national park in","title":"Havasupai"},{"id":"7978756","text":"Shaw-shaw-way-nay-beece Shawshawwawnabeece (Zhaashaawanibiisi (\"The Swallow\") in Fiero spelling of Ojibwe) was a Michigan Native American chief of the Saginaw Swan Creek and Black River Band of Ojibwa (Chippewa). He signed the Treaty of 1855 for his people which gave six adjoining townships of land in near Mount Pleasant, Michigan in Isabella County to his people. His tribe still lives on this land. He is buried in Isabella County in the Mission Creek Cemetery, also known as the Indian Cemetery. The cemetery was set up by the Methodist Episcopal (Indian) Church. A Michigan state historical marker stands at the site. Ashlee,","title":"Shaw-shaw-way-nay-beece"},{"id":"4200064","text":"Wisconsin to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Historic references include one by Father Frederic Baraga, a missionary priest in Michigan, who in his 1878 dictionary wrote: \"Mishinimakinago;\" pl.\"-g.\"—This name is given to some strange Indians (according to the sayings of the Otchipwes [Ojibwe]), who are rowing through the woods, and who are sometimes heard shooting, but never seen. And from this word, the name of the village of \"Mackinac\", or \"Michillimackinac\", is derived. \"Maehkaenah\" is the Menominee word for turtle. In his \"The Indian Tribes of North America\" (1952), John Reed Swanton recorded under the \"Wisconsin\" section: \"Menominee,\" a band","title":"Menominee"},{"id":"2295286","text":"the Kamba version. Others however say that this was on the contrary a very precise notation of the correct African pronunciation . In any case, the name was for a long time pronounced by colonial-heritage Europeans as . The European pronunciation has been abandoned in modern times, in favor of the African version. The peaks of Mount Kenya have been given names from three different sources. Firstly, several Maasai chieftains have been commemorated, with names such as Batian, Nelion and Lenana. They commemorate Mbatian, a Maasai Laibon (Medicine Man), Nelieng, his brother, and Lenana and Sendeyo, his sons. Terere is","title":"Mount Kenya"},{"id":"20753514","text":"21, 1885. In 1923, historian Doane Robinson had developed an idea to make a gigantic sculpture on the Black Hills of South Dakota. Robinson hired renowned sculptor Gutzon Borglum for the job. Borglum, at the time, was making a Confederate memorial on Stone Mountain. Borglum searched for a mountain suitable for his project and he found Mount Rushmore, composed of granite, named after a New York attorney Charles E. Rushmore. Four prominent presidents were chosen for the sculptor to bring national recognition, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Washington was chosen to represent a \"light for","title":"Post-presidency of George Washington"},{"id":"15581115","text":"Once bin Laden was killed, one of the commanders reported \"Geronimo E-KIA\", meaning that the mission had ended with the \"Enemy Killed In Action\". Many Native Americans objected to the use of the name \"Geronimo\". \"It's how deeply embedded the 'Indian as enemy' is in the collective mind of America,\" said Suzan Shown Harjo, president of the Washington, D.C.-based Morning Star Institute, a Native American advocacy group. \"There is little doubt [the] use of a leader like Geronimo to refer to bin Laden is ill-advised,\" wrote Keith Harper, an attorney and member of the Cherokee Nation, in an email with","title":"Code name Geronimo controversy"},{"id":"713021","text":"that is not recorded on the title deed. This is known as extrinsic evidence. Three of the four U.S. Presidents on Mount Rushmore were land surveyors. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln surveyed colonial or frontier territories prior to serving office. David T. Abercrombie practiced land surveying before starting an outfitter store of excursion goods. The business would later turn into Abercrombie & Fitch lifestyle clothing store. Percy Harrison Fawcett is a British surveyor that explored the jungles of South America attempting to find the Lost City of Z. His biography and expeditions were recounted in the book \"The","title":"Surveying"},{"id":"4708979","text":"Treaty of Mississinewas The Treaty of Mississinewas or the Treaty of Mississinewa also called Treaty of the Wabash is an 1826 treaty between the United States and the Miami and Potawatomi Tribes regarding purchase of Indian lands in Indiana and Michigan. The signing was held at the mouth of the Mississinewa River on the Wabash, hence the name. After negotiations with the Potawatomi to build the Michigan Road through Indiana by James B. Ray and Lewis Cass on behalf of President John Quincy Adams, Cass negotiated a pair of treaties to purchase lands in Indiana and Michigan, collectively called the","title":"Treaty of Mississinewas"},{"id":"17593880","text":"Although many references state that the name \"Chincoteague\" is the Native American word for \"Beautiful land across the water\", according to local historian Kirk Mariner, this legend is of 20th-century origin, invented to promote a song by that name by an islander. The name, he states, instead derives from the tribe's word for \"large stream\" or \"inlet\". The Chincoteague Indians gradually withdrew northwards in the late 17th century as European colonization grew; most settled on a reservation at present-day Snow Hill, Maryland, with allied tribes of Native Americans, though some may have remained in their traditional area. They were later","title":"History of Chincoteague, Virginia"},{"id":"1557893","text":"31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of \"honeycombing\", a process where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand. In total, about of rock were blasted off the mountainside. The image of","title":"Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"5473626","text":"Lushai Hills The Lushai (Pron: ˌlʊˈʃaɪ) Hills (or Mizo Hills) are a mountain range in Mizoram and Tripura, India. The range is part of the Patkai range system and its highest point is 2,157 m high Phawngpui, also known as 'Blue Mountain'. The hills are for the most part covered with dense bamboo jungle and rank undergrowth; but in the eastern portion, owing probably to a smaller rainfall, open grass-covered slopes are found, with groves of oak and pine interspersed with rhododendrons. The Blue Mountain is the highest peak in Lushai hills. These hills are inhabited by the Lushais and","title":"Lushai Hills"},{"id":"361311","text":"predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are in West River. The Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is there. South Dakota has a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The state's ecology features species typical of a North American grassland biome. Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux","title":"South Dakota"},{"id":"3390681","text":"1.3 million acres of federal land within the Black Hills to the tribe. To this day, the dispute of the Black Hills is ongoing with the trust estimated to be worth nearly $1.3 billion and sources believe principles of restorative justice may be the best solution to addressing this century old dispute. While 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution addressed land sovereignty disputes between the British Crown and the colonies, it neglected to settle hostilities between indigenous people— specifically those who fought on the side of the British, as four of the members of the Haudenosaunee did—","title":"Indian reservation"},{"id":"11999266","text":"Mount Rushmore for the sculpture, since it seemed to be the easiest and most stable of the cliffs to work on. Having decided on the location of the sculpture, Borglum decided to make the monument of four presidents of the United States. He chose the two most famous presidents in American history, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. He chose Thomas Jefferson because Jefferson nearly doubled the size of the United States in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase (which included the land that became South Dakota). The last president Borglum chose was Theodore Roosevelt, suggested by President Calvin Coolidge (who insisted that","title":"Construction of Mount Rushmore"},{"id":"16236252","text":"of logs, and was located about 100 feet south of the current graveyard. The graveyard was consecrated the following year as the official burial place of the Catholic mission. However, earlier burials probably already existed at this location, as later archaeological studies have revealed several earlier ancient graves in the vicinity. There are several notable historical people buried in the cemetery. Lake Superior Chippewa Chief Kechewaishke, also known as Great Buffalo, is perhaps the most recognizable. Also buried in the cemetery is Madeline Cadotte, whom Madeline Island is named after. The name \"Indian Cemetery\" is a misnomer. Although many Native","title":"La Pointe Indian Cemetery"},{"id":"6919002","text":"Mount Rushmore (band) Mount Rushmore was a rock band in the late 1960s from San Francisco, California that played a heavy blues rock style with psychedelic elements. The band formed in early 1967 at 1915 Oak Street, a large Victorian rooming house in the Haight-Ashbury district. The original members were Ed Levin (ex-Vipers), Warren Phillips (ex Blue House Basement), Thomas Dotzler, Mike Bolan and Danny Wei. Wei was soon replaced by Terry Kimble on bass guitar. In June and July 1967 they were featured on posters for shows at the Avalon Ballroom with many other bands including The Doors, Procol","title":"Mount Rushmore (band)"},{"id":"2775542","text":"Braddock Road connected Cumberland, Maryland (the upper limit of navigation on the Potomac River) and the forks of the Ohio River (the future Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). It received its name from the British leader of the French and Indian War (1754–63), General Edward Braddock, who led the ill-fated Braddock expedition four years later. In addition to the war, hunting and trading with Indians were primary motivations for white movement across the mountains. Permanent white settlement of the northern Alleghenies was facilitated by the explorations and stories of such noted Marylanders as the Indian fighter and trader Thomas Cresap (1702–90) and the","title":"Allegheny Mountains"},{"id":"5473628","text":"Bengal to Assam in 1898. To obtain more efficient control over the country the district has been divided into eighteen circles, each in charge of an interpreter, through whom all orders are transmitted to the chiefs. The Welsh Presbyterian Mission began work at Aizawl in 1897, and the people have shown unexpected readiness to accept education. Lushai Hills The Lushai (Pron: ˌlʊˈʃaɪ) Hills (or Mizo Hills) are a mountain range in Mizoram and Tripura, India. The range is part of the Patkai range system and its highest point is 2,157 m high Phawngpui, also known as 'Blue Mountain'. The hills","title":"Lushai Hills"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1557909\",\n \"text\": \"to an accuracy of three millimeters. The site was digitally recorded in 2009 using a terrestrial laser scanning method as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a high resolution record to aid the conservation of the site. This data was made publicly accessible online. The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) had granted the Black Hills to the Lakota people in perpetuity, but the United States took the area from the tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876. Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971, naming it \\\"Mount Crazy Horse\\\", and\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557891\",\n \"text\": \"still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie (see section \\\"Controversy\\\" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of Carrie Ingalls), and Bill Challis. Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting the\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2449387\",\n \"text\": \"in Boston. In 1971, members occupied Mount Rushmore for a few days, as it was created in the Black Hills of South Dakota, long sacred to the Lakota. This area was within the Great Sioux Reservation as created by the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868. After the discovery of gold, in 1874, the federal government took the land in 1877 and sold it for mining and settlement to European Americans. Native American activists in Milwaukee staged a takeover of an abandoned Coast Guard station along the Lake Michigan. The takeover was inspired by the 1969 Alcatraz occupation. Activists cited\",\n \"title\": \"American Indian Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557911\",\n \"text\": \"the American Indian leader as a response to Mount Rushmore. Upon completion, it will be larger than Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs. The Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has rejected offers of federal funds, but it is the subject of controversy, even among Indian tribes. Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple places in popular culture. It is often depicted as a cover for a secret location; shown with faces removed or modified (as in \\\"Superman II\\\"), or added; or parodied. Trey Parker and Matt Stone used the location as\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7363935\",\n \"text\": \"big game. One day, while accompanied by Ted Brockett of Keystone, South Dakota, Rushmore asked the name of the mountain and was told that it was Slaughterhouse Rock. Rushmore joked that his annual treks to the Hills had earned him the right to have the mountain named after himself. \\\"So just for the hell of it,\\\" Urbanek claimed, the locals started calling the hill Mount Rushmore. Whatever the precise story, the United States Board of Geographic Names officially recognized the name \\\"Mount Rushmore\\\" in June 1930. Forty years after the initial 1885 naming, Rushmore donated $5000 towards Gutzon Borglum's sculpture\",\n \"title\": \"Charles E. Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2449399\",\n \"text\": \"honor Native Americans. AIM has been committed to improving conditions faced by native peoples. It founded institutions to address needs, including the Heart of The Earth School, Little Earth Housing, International Indian Treaty Council, AIM StreetMedics, American Indian Opportunities and Industrialization Center (one of the largest Indian job training programs), KILI radio and Indian Legal Rights Centers. In 1971, several members of AIM, including Dennis Banks and Russell Means, traveled to Mt. Rushmore. They converged at the mountain in order to protest the illegal seizure of the Sioux Nation's sacred Black Hills in 1877 by the United States federal government,\",\n \"title\": \"American Indian Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557890\",\n \"text\": \"an expedition in 1885. At first, the project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South Dakota. After long negotiations involving a Congressional delegation and President Calvin Coolidge, the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941 with no fatalities. As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557888\",\n \"text\": \"Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism in the region. His initial idea was to sculpt the Needles; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected the Needles because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from American Indian groups. They settled on Mount Rushmore, which also has the advantage of facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature American West heroes such as Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud, and Buffalo Bill Cody, but Borglum decided that the sculpture should have broader appeal and chose the four presidents. Senator Peter Norbeck sponsored the project\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557889\",\n \"text\": \"and secured federal funding; construction began in 1927, and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. Gutzon Borglum died in March 1941, and his son Lincoln took over as leader of the construction project. Each president was originally to be depicted from head to waist, but lack of funding forced construction to end on October 31, 1941. Mount Rushmore attracts more than two million visitors annually. Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as \\\"The Six Grandfathers\\\" (Tunkasila Sakpe) or \\\"Cougar Mountain\\\" (Igmu Tanka Paha), the mountain was renamed after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11777601\",\n \"text\": \"KILI KILI (90.1 FM), licensed to Porcupine, South Dakota, is a non-profit radio station broadcasting to the Lakota people on the Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, and Rosebud Indian Reservations, part of the Great Sioux Nation. The station started broadcasting in 1983 as the first American Indian-owned radio station in the United States. Owned and operated by Lakota Communications, KILI serves 30,000 people on the three reservations, along with the large American Indian urban community in Rapid City, using a translator in the Mount Rushmore State's second-largest city. It seeks to preserve Native American culture and instill pride in the peoples'\",\n \"title\": \"KILI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557887\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore National Memorial is centered around a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son Lincoln Borglum. The sculptures feature the heads of Presidents George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865). The memorial park covers and is above sea level. South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into the\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11777605\",\n \"text\": \"American Indian issues, entitled \\\"Native America Calling\\\". KILI KILI (90.1 FM), licensed to Porcupine, South Dakota, is a non-profit radio station broadcasting to the Lakota people on the Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, and Rosebud Indian Reservations, part of the Great Sioux Nation. The station started broadcasting in 1983 as the first American Indian-owned radio station in the United States. Owned and operated by Lakota Communications, KILI serves 30,000 people on the three reservations, along with the large American Indian urban community in Rapid City, using a translator in the Mount Rushmore State's second-largest city. It seeks to preserve Native American\",\n \"title\": \"KILI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6176671\",\n \"text\": \"Black Elk Wilderness The Black Elk Wilderness is located in the U.S. state of South Dakota. The wilderness was designated by an act of Congress in 1980. Managed by the U.S. Forest Service, Black Elk Wilderness is part of Black Hills National Forest. This 13,426 acre (54 km²) region is considered sacred to Native Americans, especially the Sioux and is named after Black Elk, an Oglala Sioux holy man. Mount Rushmore National Memorial is immediately to the north and much of the rest of the wilderness is bordered by other protected land under the jurisdiction of state and federal agencies.\",\n \"title\": \"Black Elk Wilderness\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557913\",\n \"text\": \"reading Mount Rushmore Mount Rushmore National Memorial is centered around a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son Lincoln Borglum. The sculptures feature the heads of Presidents George Washington (1732–1799), Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826), Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), and Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865). The memorial park covers and is above sea level. South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the likenesses of famous people into\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7363933\",\n \"text\": \"Charles E. Rushmore Charles Edward Rushmore (December 2, 1857 – October 31, 1931) was an American businessman and attorney for whom Mount Rushmore is named. Born in New York City, he was the son of Edward Carman Rushmore and Mary Eliza (née Dunn) Rushmore, of Tuxedo Park, NY. He was married to the former Jeanette E. Carpenter. In 1883, a tin mine, the Etta, was opened, which caused excitement among Eastern investors. In 1885 Rushmore was in the Black Hills of South Dakota to check the titles to properties for an eastern mining company owned by James Wilson. Although an\",\n \"title\": \"Charles E. Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15392128\",\n \"text\": \"underpasses and one wildlife overpass.\\\" In 1993 Clairmont created \\\"Paha Sapa\\\", the Lakota word for the Black Hills, and the location of Mount Rushmore. In \\\"Paha Sapa\\\" Clairmont created life-sized silhouettes of two families, one Indian and one Euroamerican. The silhouetted family members wear reflective sunglasses, with the Euroamerican sunglasses reflecting the presidential images on Mount Rushmore. In contrast, the Indian family sunglasses show four skulls, making a powerful statement about the history of genocide towards indigenous peoples, and simultaneously raising the question of what this largest of all Presidential memorials is actually showing us—do we see the gigantic faces\",\n \"title\": \"Corwin Clairmont\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12039256\",\n \"text\": \"four big heads.\\\" Adam Young composed a score in based on the shrine called \\\"Mount Rushmore.\\\" It was released November 1, 2016. Mount Rushmore in popular culture Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore in South Dakota has appeared frequently in works of fiction, and has been discussed or depicted in other popular works. Several films and other media depict Mount Rushmore as a secret base of operations for the government or another clandestine group, or as having some comparable significance other than as a monument. In the early 1980s television series, \\\"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3485579\",\n \"text\": \"as a modern American Indian warrior [...], railed against broken treaties, fought for the return of stolen land and even took up arms against the federal government [...], called national attention to the plight of impoverished tribes and often lamented the waning of Indian culture.\\\" Among the tributes were calls for \\\"his face [to] have been on Mt. Rushmore.\\\" \\\"The New York Times\\\" said Means \\\"became as well-known a Native American as Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.\\\" His ashes were sprinkled throughout the Black Hills. Russell Means Russell Charles Means (November 10, 1939 – October 22, 2012) was an Oglala\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Means\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557894\",\n \"text\": \"Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to Washington's left. The Chief Carver of the mountain was Luigi del Bianco, artisan and headstone carver in Port Chester, NY. Del Bianco emigrated to the U.S. from Friuli in Italy, and was chosen to work on this project because of his remarkable skill at etching emotions and personality into his carved portraits. In 1933, the National Park\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13795138\",\n \"text\": \"in the history of American Indians\\\" and other members of the NIYC considered the protesting to be \\\"the greatest Indian victory of modern day.\\\" In August 1970 and in June 1971, two separate occupations of Mount Rushmore occurred. These were efforts to reclaim the Black Hills and to insist that the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 be honored and recognized by the United States of America. In November 1972, the Trail of Broken Treaties Caravan occurred. This involved the American Indian Movement, the National Indian Brotherhood (a Canadian organization), the Native American Rights Fund, the National Indian Youth Council, the\",\n \"title\": \"Pan-Indianism\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557906\",\n \"text\": \"selected Mount Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, fine-grained granite. The durable granite erodes only every 10,000 years, thus was more than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure. The mountain's height of above sea level made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day. The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by well drained alfisol soils of very gravelly loam (Mocmount) to silt loam (Buska) texture, brown to dark grayish brown. Mount Rushmore has\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18511398\",\n \"text\": \"River Indian Tribes, was established in 1970 in Parker, Arizona, where a sports venue, Irataba Hall, is also named after him. In 2002, the US Bureau of Land Management designated in the Eldorado Mountains as Ireteba Peaks Wilderness. In March 2015, Mohave Tribal chairman Dennis Patch credited Irataba with ensuring that \\\"the Mohaves stayed on land they had lived on since time immemorial.\\\" Irataba's name, also rendered as Ireteba, Yara tav, Arateve, Yarate:va, and Yiratewa, derives from the Mohave language phrase \\\"eecheeyara tav\\\", which means \\\"beautiful bird\\\". He was born into the \\\"Neolge\\\", or Sun Fire clan of the Mohave\",\n \"title\": \"Irataba\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7363934\",\n \"text\": \"Easterner, Rushmore quickly made friends among the miners and prospectors. One day he was returning to headquarters of the Harney Peak Consolidated Tin Co., Ltd., located at Pine Camp, which was north of the great granite peak soon to bear his name. With him were a local business man, and William W. Challis, a prospector and guide. As they neared the mountain, Rushmore turned to Challis and asked its name. Challis jestingly replied: \\\"Never had any but it has now - we'll call the thing Rushmore.\\\" According to rancher Jerry Urbanek, Rushmore returned to the Black Hills annually to hunt\",\n \"title\": \"Charles E. Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12039244\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Rushmore in popular culture Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore in South Dakota has appeared frequently in works of fiction, and has been discussed or depicted in other popular works. Several films and other media depict Mount Rushmore as a secret base of operations for the government or another clandestine group, or as having some comparable significance other than as a monument. In the early 1980s television series, \\\"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\\\", a flashback sequence in the episode, \\\"Testimony of a Traitor\\\", shows Rogers meeting with the President of the United States in a\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557912\",\n \"text\": \"the headquarters for their film \\\"\\\". \\\"\\\" also depicts this location as a secret cover for a fictional gold city. The memorial was also famously used as the location of the climactic chase scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1959 movie \\\"North by Northwest\\\". Deep Purple's breakthrough album, 1970's \\\"In Rock\\\", parodies the sculpture. On August 11, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial commemorative stamp on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mt. Rushmore National Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. On January 2, 1974, a depicting the monument was also issued. Notes Further\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557907\",\n \"text\": \"a humid continental climate (\\\"Dwb\\\" in the Köppen climate classification). It is inside a USDA Plant Hardiness Zone of 5a, meaning certain plant life in the area can withstand a low temperature of no less than . The two wettest months of the year are May and June. Orographic lift causes brief but strong afternoon thunderstorms during the summer. Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state's top tourist attraction. In 2012, 2,185,447 people visited the park. In the 1950s and 1960s, Sioux Benjamin Black Elk (son of medicine man Black Elk) was the \\\"Fifth Face\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557910\",\n \"text\": \"Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer planted a prayer staff on top of the mountain. Lame Deer said that the staff formed a symbolic shroud over the presidents' faces \\\"which shall remain dirty until the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled.\\\" In 2004, Gerard Baker was appointed as superintendent of the park, the first Native American in that role. Baker has stated that he will open up more \\\"avenues of interpretation\\\", and that the four presidents are \\\"only one avenue and only one focus.\\\" The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557892\",\n \"text\": \"Confederate Memorial Carving, a massive bas-relief memorial to Confederate leaders on Stone Mountain in Georgia, but was in disagreement with the officials there. The original plan was to make the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles. However, Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, \\\"America will march along that skyline.\\\" Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3, 1925. Between October 4, 1927, and October\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7363936\",\n \"text\": \"of the four presidents' heads on the mountain - the largest single contribution. The Memorial was dedicated by President Coolidge on August 10, 1927. Rushmore was also a member of the Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity. Mr. Rushmore was also a member of Kane Lodge No. 454, F&AM (NYC). Charles E. Rushmore Charles Edward Rushmore (December 2, 1857 – October 31, 1931) was an American businessman and attorney for whom Mount Rushmore is named. Born in New York City, he was the son of Edward Carman Rushmore and Mary Eliza (née Dunn) Rushmore, of Tuxedo Park, NY. He was married to\",\n \"title\": \"Charles E. Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12039249\",\n \"text\": \"instead of the four presidents. The title is an obvious pun, the music genre of the album being rock music, while the monument is carved from what is essentially a very large rock. In turn, the English cover of the volume 4 DVD release of the anime series \\\"Cromartie High School\\\" (entitled \\\"Mount Rockmore\\\") is a parody of the Deep Purple album. Here, the anime characters' faces replace those of the band members. In the Japanese manga, \\\"Naruto\\\", four of the main leaders (Hokage) of Konohagakure (Hidden Leaf Village) have had their faces carved into a mountain overlooking the village\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"175320\",\n \"text\": \"1911 by her grandson, King George V; or the monument, placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata (Calcutta) (1921), commemorating Queen Victoria's reign as Empress of India from 1876. Another, twentieth century, example is the Mount Rushmore National Memorial, a group sculpture constructed (1927–1941) on a conspicuous skyline in the Black Hills of South Dakota (40th state of the Union, 1889), in the midwestern United States, representing the territorial expansion of the United States in the first 130 years from its founding, which is promoted as the \\\"Shrine of Democracy\\\". Former Presidents of the United States, while holding\",\n \"title\": \"Head of state\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1090104\",\n \"text\": \"Head site, with St. Elizabeth's Manor of \\\"nearby but detached\\\". The Town of Indian Head occupies land that was once part of the territory of the Algonquin Indians. The origin of the name Indian Head originates from the term \\\"Indian Headlands\\\", as the entire lower end of the peninsula was occupied by Native Americans and was an Indian Reservation. The name Indian Head first appears in the Census of 1800. In 1850, the Washington Fruit Growers Association purchased a parcel of land, which included Indian Head and \\\"Glymont\\\". Charles Pye offered for sale, a parcel of land (664 acres) known\",\n \"title\": \"Indian Head, Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8492566\",\n \"text\": \"The Sagamore The Sagamore is a Victorian-era resort hotel located on Lake George in Bolton Landing, New York. It occupies the private Green Island on Lake George. Since 1983, it has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The Sagamore is a member of Historic Hotel of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The Sagamore opened in 1883, financed by a number of prominent summer residents. It soon succeeded in attracting a wealthy clientele. The hotel was named after \\\"the Sagamore\\\", an American Indian character in the James Fenimore Cooper novel \\\"The Last\",\n \"title\": \"The Sagamore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12497523\",\n \"text\": \"Indians and Alaska Natives. A renewal of Indian activism since the 1960s saw the rise of a new generation of leaders. Public protests created publicity for their cause, such as the occupation of Alcatraz and Mount Rushmore, the Wounded Knee Incident, and other examples of American Indians uniting to change their relationship with the United States government. Strong Indian leaders traveled across America to try to add unification to the Indian cause. The leaders arose in different fields, starting independent newspapers, promoting educational independence, working to reclaim lands, and to enforce treaty rights. Another campaign occurred in the Pacific Northwest\",\n \"title\": \"Native American self-determination\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9723916\",\n \"text\": \"along the Divide. The United States Board on Geographic Names kept 6 of his names: Apache Peak, Arikaree Peak, Kiowa Peak, Navajo Peak, Ogalalla Peak and Pawnee Peak. He later added Paiute Peak, as his use of the Ute band was denied due to too many other Colorado features sharing that name. Other names, including Shoshoni Peak, Hiamovi Mountain, Satanta Peak and Watanga Mountain were added later. The Indian Peaks were visited by Native Americans for several thousand years. The Arapaho tribe lived and hunted in the area during the summer months, though little evidence remains of their activities. Mining\",\n \"title\": \"Indian Peaks Wilderness\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557904\",\n \"text\": \"community. Recent pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest. Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of the Black Elk Peak granite batholith in the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, 1.6 billion years ago. Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Black Elk Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5670153\",\n \"text\": \"Rain-in-the-Face Rain-in-the-Face (Lakota: Ité Omáǧažu in Standard Lakota Orthography) (c. 1835 – September 15, 1905) was a warchief of the Lakota tribe of Native Americans. His mother was a Dakota related to the band of famous Chief Inkpaduta. He was among the Indian leaders who defeated George Armstrong Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment at the 1876 Battle of Little Big Horn. Born in the Dakota Territory near the forks of the Cheyenne River about 1835, Rain-in-the-Face was from the Hunkpapa band within the Lakota nation. His name may have been a result of a fight when he was\",\n \"title\": \"Rain-in-the-Face\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8632246\",\n \"text\": \"Standing Indian Mountain Standing Indian Mountain, elevation 5,499 feet, is part of the North Carolina portion of the Southern Nantahala Wilderness within the boundaries of the Nantahala National Forest. The mountain lies along the Appalachian Trail and is the highest point along the Nantahala River. The Cherokee name for Standing Indian Mountain is \\\"Yunwitsule-nunyi,\\\" which translates to \\\"where the man stood.\\\" According to Cherokee mythology, Standing Indian Mountain is home to the remains of a Cherokee warrior. This warrior had been sent to the mountaintop to keep a lookout for a winged monster. The monster, who lair was located on\",\n \"title\": \"Standing Indian Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"661147\",\n \"text\": \"Indian Reorganization Act The Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934, or the Wheeler-Howard Act, was U.S. federal legislation that dealt with the status of Native Americans in the United States. It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the \\\"Indian New Deal\\\". The major goal was to reverse the traditional goal of assimilation of Indians into American society and to strengthen, encourage and perpetuate the tribes and their historic traditions and culture. The Act also restored to Indians the management of their assets—land and mineral rights—and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the\",\n \"title\": \"Indian Reorganization Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9773455\",\n \"text\": \"Indian old field Indian Old Field, or simply Old Field, was a common term used in Colonial American times and up until the early nineteenth century United States, by American explorers, surveyors, cartographers and settlers, in reference to land formerly cleared and utilized by Indians for farming (corn fields or vegetable patches) or occupation. The term appears in many old maps and land documents, often persisting for many decades. It also remains in a number of present-day place names of the Eastern US. Pioneer settlers, in applying for their land grants, exhibited a strong preference for sites located along major\",\n \"title\": \"Indian old field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9773459\",\n \"text\": \"York West Virginia: Pennsylvania Indian old field Indian Old Field, or simply Old Field, was a common term used in Colonial American times and up until the early nineteenth century United States, by American explorers, surveyors, cartographers and settlers, in reference to land formerly cleared and utilized by Indians for farming (corn fields or vegetable patches) or occupation. The term appears in many old maps and land documents, often persisting for many decades. It also remains in a number of present-day place names of the Eastern US. Pioneer settlers, in applying for their land grants, exhibited a strong preference for\",\n \"title\": \"Indian old field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15010298\",\n \"text\": \"Indian Land Grants Indian Land Grants were land tracts granted to various Indians by Treaty or by United States Congressional action in the Nineteenth century in northwestern Ohio. Jean Baptiste Richardville was principal chief of the Miami tribe. He was granted tracts of land by the 1818 Treaty of St. Mary's. In Ohio, Article 3 granted \\\"Two sections, on the Twenty-seven mile creek, where the road from St. Mary's to Fort Wayne crosses it, being one section on each side of said creek.\\\" This tract was partially in Township 27 North Range 15 East of the Second Principal Meridian in\",\n \"title\": \"Indian Land Grants\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6637274\",\n \"text\": \"Havasupai Indian Reservation The Havasupai Indian Reservation is a Native American reservation for the Havasupai people, surrounded entirely by the Grand Canyon National Park, in Coconino county in Arizona, United States. It is considered one of America's most remote Indian reservations. The reservation is governed by a seven-member tribal council, led by a chairman who is elected from among the members of the council. The capital of the reservation is Supai, situated at the bottom of Cataract Canyon, one of the tributary canyons of the Grand Canyon. Havasupai is a combination of the words \\\"Havasu\\\" (meaning \\\"blue-green water\\\") and \\\"pai\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Havasupai Indian Reservation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1549718\",\n \"text\": \"Pontiac (Ottawa leader) Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769) was an Odawa war chief known for his role in the war named for him, from 1763 to 1766 leading Native Americans in a struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region. It followed the British victory in the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War. Pontiac's importance in the war that bears his name has been debated. Nineteenth-century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, but some subsequent scholars argued that his role had been\",\n \"title\": \"Pontiac (Ottawa leader)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3207624\",\n \"text\": \"Huron in northeast Sanilac County southwest to a point several miles northeast of Lansing and then due south the point of origin. The treaty reserved several smaller tracts of land for Indian use within the ceded territory. Treaty of Saginaw The Treaty of Saginaw, also known as the Treaty with the Chippewa, was made between Gen. Lewis Cass and Chief Mash Kee Yosh, Chief John Okemos, Chief Wasso and other Native American tribes of the Great Lakes region (principally the Ojibwe, but also the Ottawa and Potawatomi) in what is now the United States, on September 24, 1819, proclaimed by\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of Saginaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3093789\",\n \"text\": \"'long fishing point'), Mashpee (\\\"massanippe\\\", 'great water'), Nantucket, 'in the midst of the waters', Natick, 'place of hills', Saugus ('the outlet, the extension'), Scituate, 'cold brook', Seekonk, and Swampscott, 'at the red rock' or 'broken waters'. Other notable Indian placenames include 'Shawmut' (\\\"mashauwomuk\\\", former name for Boston, 'canoe landing place'), 'Neponset' (a river that flows through the Dorchester section of Boston and a village of Dorchester, meaning unknown), Cuttyhunk Island (\\\"poocuohhunkkunnah\\\", 'a point of departure'), Nantasket (a beach in Hull, 'a low-ebb tide place'), and Mystic River ('great river'). Massachusett language The Massachusett language is an Algonquian language of the\",\n \"title\": \"Massachusett language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3912274\",\n \"text\": \"a letter to historian Lyman Draper, A treaty with the Cherokees was held at Fort Chiswell on New River, then a frontier. On the return of the chiefs home, Dr. [Thomas] Walker, a gentleman of distinction, and my father, [General] Joseph Martin, accompanied them. The Indians being guides, they passed through the place now called Cumberland Gap, where they discovered a fine spring. They still had a little rum remaining, and they drank to the health of the Duke of Cumberland. This gave rise to the name of Cumberland Mountain and Cumberland River. Prince William Augustus, the Duke of Cumberland,\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Walker (explorer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15177420\",\n \"text\": \"Environmental education programs are offered for school, scout and other groups, and a summer camp program is operated by the County. It is believed that Native Americans may have used a natural clearing atop the mountain called the Indian Seats for ceremonial purposes. As white settlers migrated to the area, now known as Cumming, a local Cherokee named Sawnee helped them adjust to the native land. As a well skilled carpenter and farmer he was known throughout the land, and the range was named in his honor. In 1829 gold was discovered in Georgia in Auraria at the site of\",\n \"title\": \"Sawnee Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5370134\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Round Mountain The Battle of Round Mountain was the first battle in the Trail of Blood on Ice campaign for the control of Indian Territory during the American Civil War and occurred on November 19, 1861. Its main purpose was to prevent Union supporters of the Creek Nation, led by Opothleyahola from fleeing Indian Territory to the protection of Union forces in Kansas. The physical location of the battle is in dispute. Some historians believe it to be near Keystone while others contend that it is near Yale, Oklahoma. The event is sometimes referred to as the Battle\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Round Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3271241\",\n \"text\": \"show that the Indian nations also have their heroes. The Native Americans consider Thunderhead Mountain, where the monument is being carved, to be sacred ground. Thunderhead Mountain is situated between Custer and Hill City. Upon completion, the head of Crazy Horse will be the world’s largest sculpture of the human head, measuring approximately tall, more than 27 feet taller than the 60-foot faces of the U.S. Presidents depicted on Mount Rushmore, and the Crazy Horse Memorial as a whole will be the largest sculpture in the world. The memorial is funded entirely by private donations, with no assistance from the\",\n \"title\": \"Crazy Horse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557901\",\n \"text\": \"birds, including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests. Terrestrial mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison. The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog, and northern leopard frog also inhabit the area, along with several species of snake. Grizzly Bear Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose dace and the brook trout. Mountain goats are not indigenous to the region. Those living near Mount Rushmore are descendants of a tribe\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2072998\",\n \"text\": \"ship hit a ledge off Otter Cliff and while repairing a hole two American Indians boarded the ship as guides. It is not clear whether Champlain sailed around the Island or was informed by the guides, but on that day, he wrote in his journal, \\\"\\\"Le sommet de la plus part d’icelles est desgarny d’arbres parceque ce ne sont que roches. Je l’ay nommée l’Isle des Monts-déserts\\\"\\\", which translates to \\\"The mountain summits are all bare and rocky. I name it Isles des Monts Desert.\\\" In 1613, French Jesuits, welcomed by Indians, established the first French mission in America—Saint Sauveur\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Desert Island\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9050027\",\n \"text\": \"USCGC Tahoma (WMEC-908) USCGC \\\"Tahoma\\\" (WMEC-908) is a United States Coast Guard medium endurance cutter. Her keel was laid on June 28, 1983 at Robert Derecktor Shipyard Incorporated, Middletown, Rhode Island. She was delivered August 12, 1987 and commissioned April 6, 1988. She is the third cutter to bear the name Tahoma, which is the Northwest Pacific Indian word that refers to the Cascade Range mountain peak now known as Mount Rainier. Her nickname, \\\"Mighty T\\\", was selected because it was the nickname of her predecessor, \\\"Tahoma\\\" (WPG-80), during World War II. On 13 January 2010, the \\\"Tahoma\\\" was ordered\",\n \"title\": \"USCGC Tahoma (WMEC-908)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6785188\",\n \"text\": \"separating the Indiana County townships of South Mahoning, East Mahoning, Grant and Montgomery (north) from Washington, Rayne and Green (south). The hamlet of Purchase Line is on PA 286 in Green township just south of the actual line. Purchase line The Purchase Line is the name commonly given to the line dividing Indian from British Colonial lands established in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1768 in western Pennsylvania. In New York State documents it is referred to as the Line of Property; see that article for the treaty text and other sections. The relevant section of the treaty reads:\",\n \"title\": \"Purchase line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"676872\",\n \"text\": \"Greenville, which ceded most of what is now Ohio, part of present-day Indiana, and the lands that include present-day Chicago and Detroit, to the United States federal government. The period after the American Revolutionary War was one of rapid western expansion. The areas occupied by Native Americans in the United States were called Indian country, which was not even an unorganized territory, as the areas were established by treaty. In 1803 the United States of America agreed to purchase France's claim to French Louisiana for a total of $15 million (less than 3 cents per acre). President Thomas Jefferson doubted\",\n \"title\": \"Indian Territory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14875529\",\n \"text\": \"trading post with an 18th-century addition on called \\\"Big Bend\\\" (a translation of an Indian name for the land) in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, that he purchased in 1961. According to Weymouth, William Penn originally purchased the land from the Native American Lenape tribe in 1683. Big Bend was the Lenape's original term for the land, which lies along the Brandywine Creek. Weymouth died on April 24, 2016 at his home in Chadds Ford from complications of congestive heart failure at the age of 79, according to Andrew Stewart, a spokesman for the conservancy and museum. Weymouth’s early work, done in\",\n \"title\": \"George Alexis Weymouth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16013875\",\n \"text\": \"Suetonius Grant Heatly Suetonius Grant Heatly (sometimes spelled as \\\"Heatley\\\") (1751–1793) was a judge employed by the British East India Company and, with John Sumner, established what is considered to be the first coal mine in India. Heatly was born in Newport, Rhode Island, in what is now the United States, to a family that had a Scottish heritage.and was loyal to the British Crown. That loyalty caused them to move to England around the time of the American Revolution. His connections and ability were useful in his career with the East India Company, which he joined in 1766 and\",\n \"title\": \"Suetonius Grant Heatly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2378671\",\n \"text\": \"Wampanoag The Wampanoag , also rendered Wôpanâak, are an American Indian people in North America. They were a loose confederacy made up of several tribes in the 17th century, but today many Wampanoag people are enrolled in two federally recognized tribes: the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head in Massachusetts. The Wampanoag lived in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island in the beginning of the 17th century, at the time of first contact with the English colonists, a territory that included Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket islands. Their population numbered in the thousands due to the richness of\",\n \"title\": \"Wampanoag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3485557\",\n \"text\": \"the Puritans' and United States' mistreatment of Native Americans. In 1971 Means was one of the leaders of AIM's takeover of Mount Rushmore, a federal monument. Rushmore is within the Black Hills, an area sacred to the Lakota tribe. In November 1972, he participated in AIM's occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) headquarters in Washington, D.C. to protest abuses. Many records were taken or destroyed, and more than $2 million in damages was done to the building. In 1973, Dennis Banks and Carter Camp led AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee, which became the group's most well-known action. Means\",\n \"title\": \"Russell Means\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2244145\",\n \"text\": \"Potawatomi The Pottawatomi , also spelled Pottawatomie and Potawatomi (among many variations), are a Native American people of the Great Plains, upper Mississippi River, and western Great Lakes region. They traditionally speak the Potawatomi language, a member of the Algonquian family. The Potawatomi called themselves Neshnabé, a cognate of the word \\\"Anishinaabe\\\". The Potawatomi were part of a long-term alliance, called the Council of Three Fires, with the Ojibwe and Odawa (Ottawa). In the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi were considered the \\\"youngest brother\\\" and were referred to in this context as Bodéwadmi, a name that means \\\"keepers of\",\n \"title\": \"Potawatomi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2994369\",\n \"text\": \"Indian country Indian country is any of the many self-governing Native American communities throughout the United States. As a legal category, it includes \\\"all land within the limits of any Indian reservation\\\", \\\"all dependent Indian communities within the borders of the United States\\\", and \\\"all Indian allotments, the Indian titles to which have not been extinguished.\\\" This legal classification defines American Indian tribal and individual land holdings as part of a reservation, an allotment, or a public domain allotment. All federal trust lands held for Native American tribes is Indian country. Federal, state, and local governments use this category in\",\n \"title\": \"Indian country\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6162208\",\n \"text\": \"was named Fort Lernoult on October 3, 1779. This new fort largely superseded the original fort and was often referred to as \\\"Fort Detroit.\\\" Following the United States gaining independence in the Revolution, the government made the Treaty of Greenville in 1795 with several Indian tribes. They ceded several blocks of land to the United States that were beyond the Greenville Treaty Line and within the Indians' territory. Article 3, Item 12 notes: The post of Detroit, and all the land to the north, the west and the south of it, of which the Indian title has been extinguished by\",\n \"title\": \"Fort Detroit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4729784\",\n \"text\": \"Before european colonialism, Wachusett was the home of the Nipmuc tribe. The tribe has been confined to a four-and-a-half acre reservation outside Grafton, Massachusetts, which began as an \\\"Indian Plantation\\\" in 1654. The general feeling towards the ski resort among Nipmucs is that it is an injustice. Some hope to someday use the mountain as a proper Nipmuc cultural center. During King Philip's War in 1676, Native Americans brought their captive, Mary Rowlandson, to Wachusett to release her to the colonists at Redemption Rock. The name Wachusett has been adopted for the names of institutions, businesses, structures, geographic features, and\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Wachusett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12039255\",\n \"text\": \"years and thus be one of the longest-lasting human artifacts. Because of this enduring structure, it has appeared in some science fiction set in the distant future: In addition to in \\\"Pilotwings 64\\\", Mount Rushmore also appears: American composer Michael Daugherty's 2010 piece for chorus and orchestra, \\\"Mount Rushmore,\\\" depicts each of the four presidents in separate movements. The piece sets texts by George Washington, William Billings, Thomas Jefferson, Maria Cosway, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Alice Cooper references Mount Rushmore in his album DaDa on the song \\\"I love America\\\" with the words, \\\"I love that mountain with those\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12683481\",\n \"text\": \"of Canton, Greenfield and Geary in Blaine County, and at Colony in Washita County. The name Arapaho originates in the Pawnee term \\\"tirapihu\\\" (or \\\"larapihu\\\"), meaning, \\\"He buys or trades\\\", probably due to their being the dominant trading group in the Great Plains region. The Arapaho call themselves \\\"Inun-ina\\\" meaning \\\"our people\\\" or \\\"people of our own kind.\\\" The Arapaho are one of the westernmost tribes of the Algonquian language family. Members of the Northern Arapaho who live on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming call the Oklahoma group \\\"Nawathi'neha\\\" or \\\"Southerners.\\\" With the Organic Act of 1870, the\",\n \"title\": \"Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3744625\",\n \"text\": \"Havasu Falls. Havasupai The Havasupai people (Havasupai: \\\"Havsuw' Baaja\\\") are an American Indian tribe who have lived in the Grand Canyon for at least the past 800 years. \\\"Havasu\\\" means \\\"blue-green water\\\" and \\\"pai\\\" \\\"people\\\". Located primarily in an area known as Havasu Canyon, this Yuman-speaking population once laid claim to an area the size of Delaware (). In 1882, however, the tribe was forced by the federal government to abandon all but of its land. A silver rush and the Santa Fe Railroad in effect destroyed the fertile land. Furthermore, the inception of the Grand Canyon as a national\",\n \"title\": \"Havasupai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"991615\",\n \"text\": \"are the indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America. Their colorful equestrian culture and famous conflicts with settlers and the US Army have made the Plains Indians archetypical in literature and art for American Indians everywhere. Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad classifications, with some degree of overlap. The first group were fully nomadic, following the vast herds of buffalo. Some tribes occasionally engaged in agriculture, growing tobacco and corn primarily. These included the Blackfoot, Arapaho, Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Comanche, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Lakota, Lipan, Plains Apache (or\",\n \"title\": \"Midwestern United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12785583\",\n \"text\": \"Lakota wanted the memorial in the sacred Black Hills on a -high mountain. The monument was expected to be the largest sculpture in the world. When completed, it would be high by long. Crazy Horse's head would be large enough to contain all the -high heads of the Presidents at Mount Rushmore. On June 3, 1948, the first blast was made, and the memorial was dedicated to the Native American people. In 1950, Ziolkowski and Ruth Ross, who had become a volunteer at the monument, were married. Work continued slowly, since he refused to accept government grants. Instead, as he\",\n \"title\": \"Korczak Ziolkowski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4933190\",\n \"text\": \"their barbarous names for such English, as posteritie might say Prince Charles was their God-father...\\\" He complied, and his choices were featured on the map published in 1616 that accompanied Smith's \\\"A Description of New England\\\". On paper, the mountain's Indian name, \\\"Sassanows,\\\" became \\\"Snadoun Hill.\\\" But many royal recommendations were not retained. Instead, the mountain would assume the general name of the York settlement of 1630, the \\\"Plantation of Agamenticus,\\\" which itself took the Abenaki name for the York River. St. Aspinquid (St. Aspenquid) was a Mi'kmaq Chief who was murdered in 1696 and was declared a martyr and\",\n \"title\": \"Agamenticus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3487307\",\n \"text\": \"also a motivation for the proposed state, as Mount Rushmore (constructed 1927–1941) would be within Absaroka according to some plans. In a craze for state secession felt by the public, state automobile license plates bearing the name were distributed, as well as pictures of \\\"Miss Absaroka 1939\\\". The movement was unsuccessful and fairly short-lived. The chief record of its existence comes from the Federal Writers' Project, which included a story about the plan as an example of Western eccentricity. Absaroka (proposed state) Absaroka, (pronounced ab-SOR-o-ka) was an area in the United States, comprising parts of the states of Montana, South\",\n \"title\": \"Absaroka (proposed state)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5277877\",\n \"text\": \"are at least three major mountain sculptures in the United States. These are Mount Rushmore, Stone Mountain, and Crazy Horse Memorial. Gutzon Borglum, an accomplished sculptor with such pieces as \\\"Seated Lincoln\\\" and a variety of other public monuments, oversaw the sculpture of Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills in South Dakota. The monument was finished after his death by his son Lincoln Borglum. Gutzon Borglum also was responsible for starting the Stone Mountain project in Georgia but had a falling-out with its overseers. The monument was then taken up by Augustus Lukeman, who died during its carving in 1935.\",\n \"title\": \"Sculpture of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4200053\",\n \"text\": \"Menominee The Menominee (; also spelled Menomini, derived from the Ojibwe language word for \\\"Wild Rice People\\\"; known as Mamaceqtaw, \\\"the people\\\", in the Menominee language) are a federally recognized nation of Native Americans, with a reservation in Wisconsin. Their historic territory originally included an estimated in present-day Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The tribe currently has about 8,700 members. The tribe was terminated in the 1960s under policy of the time which stressed assimilation. During that period, they brought what has become a landmark case in Indian law to the United States Supreme Court, in \\\"Menominee Tribe\",\n \"title\": \"Menominee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2671001\",\n \"text\": \"led a government expedition up the Big Horn River to the mouth of Big Horn Canyon, and then southeast along the base of the Big Horn mountains. En route to the Big Horn Canyon, and about 40 miles down the Big Horn River, he camped just below the mouth of the Little Bighorn on September 6, 1859. He noted in his journal for that day that the Indian name of the Big Horn river, into which the Little Bighorn empties, is \\\"Ets-pot-agie\\\", or Mountain Sheep River, and this generates the name of the Little Big Horn, \\\"Ets-pot-agie-cate\\\", or Little Mountain\",\n \"title\": \"Little Bighorn River\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15010312\",\n \"text\": \"was granted two 160 acre tracts, and John E. Hunt was also granted two 160 acre tracts. Andre Lamarre was granted 126.58 acres on the north side of Maumee Bay by Congress on July 3, 1812. All the Maumee Bay grants were in T9S R8E of the Michigan Meridian in Lucas County. Indian Land Grants Indian Land Grants were land tracts granted to various Indians by Treaty or by United States Congressional action in the Nineteenth century in northwestern Ohio. Jean Baptiste Richardville was principal chief of the Miami tribe. He was granted tracts of land by the 1818 Treaty\",\n \"title\": \"Indian Land Grants\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17296449\",\n \"text\": \"Sawtooth Mountain Sawtooth Mountain is a shield volcano, and part of the polygenetic Indian Heaven Volcanic Field in Washington, United States. It is located midway between Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams, and dates from the Pleistocene and Holocene. Sawtooth Mountain is the third highest point at . The mountain forms a series of welded volcanic rock spires, an eroded remnant of an ancient shield volcano. Sawtooth Mountain is the third highest point in the Indian Heaven Wilderness Area. While Sawtooth Mountain is not the highest, its craggy appearance makes it one of the most namesake peaks in the Indian\",\n \"title\": \"Sawtooth Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284958\",\n \"text\": \"the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains, and other Western tribes. These were complex nomadic cultures based on (introduced) horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. They carried out resistance against United States incursion in the decades after the end of the Civil War and the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in a series of Indian Wars, which were frequent up until the 1890s and continued into\",\n \"title\": \"Native Americans in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557902\",\n \"text\": \"that Canada gifted to Custer State Park in 1924, which later escaped. At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument, providing shade from the sun. Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and the cottonwood. Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet. Towards higher elevations, plant life becomes sparser. However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in the Black Hills are indigenous to the region. The area receives about of precipitation on\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10723890\",\n \"text\": \"Arrow) and many summer camps. University students in the late 19th and early 20th centuries adopted Indian names and symbols for their sports teams, not from authentic sources but rather as Native American life was imagined by European Americans. Professional team nicknames had similar origins. In professional baseball the team that is now the Atlanta Braves was founded as the Boston Red Stockings in 1871; becoming the Boston Braves in 1912. Their owner at that time, James Gaffney, was a member of New York City's political machine, Tammany Hall, one of the societies formed to honor Tamanend, a chief of\",\n \"title\": \"Native American mascot controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"752278\",\n \"text\": \"as Brian Houghton Hodgson's \\\"Deva-dhunga\\\" and Hermann Schlagintweit's \\\"Gaurisankar\\\". Everest himself objected to his name being used, as \\\"the native of India\\\" could not pronounce it and it could not be written in Hindi. Nonetheless, in 1865 the society officially settled on \\\"Mount Everest\\\" as the name. Sir George had several siblings, including two younger brothers. George's first younger brother was the Rev. Robert Everest, M.A., chaplain to the East India Company and author of \\\"A Journey Through the United States and Part of Canada\\\". His second (his youngest brother) was the Rev. Thomas Roupell Everest, M.A., the father of\",\n \"title\": \"George Everest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18356117\",\n \"text\": \"Thunder Hawk was involved in the two occupations of Mount Rushmore, a part of the Black Hills seized by the US government in 1877. The occupation protested continued violations of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. Thunder Hawk joined the American Indian Movement in its early years and was present at AIM's occupation of the Wounded Knee. She was a member of the Pie Patrol, a group of women active in AIM, which also included Thelma Rios, Theda Nelson Clarke, Lorelei DeCora Means, and Mary Crow Dog (née Moore), wife of civil rights activist Leonard Crow Dog. Madonna took part\",\n \"title\": \"Madonna Thunder Hawk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3390651\",\n \"text\": \"subjected to a defined area, farmers having inadmissible land for agriculture, and hostility between tribes. The first reservation was established in southern New Jersey on August 29, 1758. It was called Brotherton Indian Reservation and also \\\"Edgepillock\\\" or \\\"Edgepelick\\\" . The area was 3284 acres . Today it is called Indian Mills in Shamong Township . In 1764 the \\\"Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs\\\" was proposed by the Board of Trade. Although never adopted formally, the plan established the imperial government's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments, not individuals, and that land would\",\n \"title\": \"Indian reservation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3462444\",\n \"text\": \"observed during sunrise and sunset, and when alpenglow occurs, especially when the mountains are covered with snow. Although the particular origin of the name is unclear, it has been in use since the early 19th century. Before that time the terms \\\"La Sierra Nevada\\\", \\\"La Sierra Madre\\\", \\\"La Sierra\\\", and \\\"The Snowies\\\" (used by English speakers) were used. According to tradition, \\\"sangre de Cristo\\\" were the last words of a Catholic priest who was killed by Indians. Sometimes the archaic Spanish spelling \\\"Christo\\\" is used. Much of the mountains are within various National Forests: the Rio Grande and San Isabel\",\n \"title\": \"Sangre de Cristo Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3744598\",\n \"text\": \"Havasupai The Havasupai people (Havasupai: \\\"Havsuw' Baaja\\\") are an American Indian tribe who have lived in the Grand Canyon for at least the past 800 years. \\\"Havasu\\\" means \\\"blue-green water\\\" and \\\"pai\\\" \\\"people\\\". Located primarily in an area known as Havasu Canyon, this Yuman-speaking population once laid claim to an area the size of Delaware (). In 1882, however, the tribe was forced by the federal government to abandon all but of its land. A silver rush and the Santa Fe Railroad in effect destroyed the fertile land. Furthermore, the inception of the Grand Canyon as a national park in\",\n \"title\": \"Havasupai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7978756\",\n \"text\": \"Shaw-shaw-way-nay-beece Shawshawwawnabeece (Zhaashaawanibiisi (\\\"The Swallow\\\") in Fiero spelling of Ojibwe) was a Michigan Native American chief of the Saginaw Swan Creek and Black River Band of Ojibwa (Chippewa). He signed the Treaty of 1855 for his people which gave six adjoining townships of land in near Mount Pleasant, Michigan in Isabella County to his people. His tribe still lives on this land. He is buried in Isabella County in the Mission Creek Cemetery, also known as the Indian Cemetery. The cemetery was set up by the Methodist Episcopal (Indian) Church. A Michigan state historical marker stands at the site. Ashlee,\",\n \"title\": \"Shaw-shaw-way-nay-beece\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4200064\",\n \"text\": \"Wisconsin to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Historic references include one by Father Frederic Baraga, a missionary priest in Michigan, who in his 1878 dictionary wrote: \\\"Mishinimakinago;\\\" pl.\\\"-g.\\\"—This name is given to some strange Indians (according to the sayings of the Otchipwes [Ojibwe]), who are rowing through the woods, and who are sometimes heard shooting, but never seen. And from this word, the name of the village of \\\"Mackinac\\\", or \\\"Michillimackinac\\\", is derived. \\\"Maehkaenah\\\" is the Menominee word for turtle. In his \\\"The Indian Tribes of North America\\\" (1952), John Reed Swanton recorded under the \\\"Wisconsin\\\" section: \\\"Menominee,\\\" a band\",\n \"title\": \"Menominee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2295286\",\n \"text\": \"the Kamba version. Others however say that this was on the contrary a very precise notation of the correct African pronunciation . In any case, the name was for a long time pronounced by colonial-heritage Europeans as . The European pronunciation has been abandoned in modern times, in favor of the African version. The peaks of Mount Kenya have been given names from three different sources. Firstly, several Maasai chieftains have been commemorated, with names such as Batian, Nelion and Lenana. They commemorate Mbatian, a Maasai Laibon (Medicine Man), Nelieng, his brother, and Lenana and Sendeyo, his sons. Terere is\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Kenya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20753514\",\n \"text\": \"21, 1885. In 1923, historian Doane Robinson had developed an idea to make a gigantic sculpture on the Black Hills of South Dakota. Robinson hired renowned sculptor Gutzon Borglum for the job. Borglum, at the time, was making a Confederate memorial on Stone Mountain. Borglum searched for a mountain suitable for his project and he found Mount Rushmore, composed of granite, named after a New York attorney Charles E. Rushmore. Four prominent presidents were chosen for the sculptor to bring national recognition, including George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. Washington was chosen to represent a \\\"light for\",\n \"title\": \"Post-presidency of George Washington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15581115\",\n \"text\": \"Once bin Laden was killed, one of the commanders reported \\\"Geronimo E-KIA\\\", meaning that the mission had ended with the \\\"Enemy Killed In Action\\\". Many Native Americans objected to the use of the name \\\"Geronimo\\\". \\\"It's how deeply embedded the 'Indian as enemy' is in the collective mind of America,\\\" said Suzan Shown Harjo, president of the Washington, D.C.-based Morning Star Institute, a Native American advocacy group. \\\"There is little doubt [the] use of a leader like Geronimo to refer to bin Laden is ill-advised,\\\" wrote Keith Harper, an attorney and member of the Cherokee Nation, in an email with\",\n \"title\": \"Code name Geronimo controversy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"713021\",\n \"text\": \"that is not recorded on the title deed. This is known as extrinsic evidence. Three of the four U.S. Presidents on Mount Rushmore were land surveyors. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln surveyed colonial or frontier territories prior to serving office. David T. Abercrombie practiced land surveying before starting an outfitter store of excursion goods. The business would later turn into Abercrombie & Fitch lifestyle clothing store. Percy Harrison Fawcett is a British surveyor that explored the jungles of South America attempting to find the Lost City of Z. His biography and expeditions were recounted in the book \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Surveying\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4708979\",\n \"text\": \"Treaty of Mississinewas The Treaty of Mississinewas or the Treaty of Mississinewa also called Treaty of the Wabash is an 1826 treaty between the United States and the Miami and Potawatomi Tribes regarding purchase of Indian lands in Indiana and Michigan. The signing was held at the mouth of the Mississinewa River on the Wabash, hence the name. After negotiations with the Potawatomi to build the Michigan Road through Indiana by James B. Ray and Lewis Cass on behalf of President John Quincy Adams, Cass negotiated a pair of treaties to purchase lands in Indiana and Michigan, collectively called the\",\n \"title\": \"Treaty of Mississinewas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17593880\",\n \"text\": \"Although many references state that the name \\\"Chincoteague\\\" is the Native American word for \\\"Beautiful land across the water\\\", according to local historian Kirk Mariner, this legend is of 20th-century origin, invented to promote a song by that name by an islander. The name, he states, instead derives from the tribe's word for \\\"large stream\\\" or \\\"inlet\\\". The Chincoteague Indians gradually withdrew northwards in the late 17th century as European colonization grew; most settled on a reservation at present-day Snow Hill, Maryland, with allied tribes of Native Americans, though some may have remained in their traditional area. They were later\",\n \"title\": \"History of Chincoteague, Virginia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1557893\",\n \"text\": \"31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers sculpted the colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic and expanding its territory. The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite, followed by the process of \\\"honeycombing\\\", a process where workers drill holes close together, allowing small pieces to be removed by hand. In total, about of rock were blasted off the mountainside. The image of\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5473626\",\n \"text\": \"Lushai Hills The Lushai (Pron: ˌlʊˈʃaɪ) Hills (or Mizo Hills) are a mountain range in Mizoram and Tripura, India. The range is part of the Patkai range system and its highest point is 2,157 m high Phawngpui, also known as 'Blue Mountain'. The hills are for the most part covered with dense bamboo jungle and rank undergrowth; but in the eastern portion, owing probably to a smaller rainfall, open grass-covered slopes are found, with groves of oak and pine interspersed with rhododendrons. The Blue Mountain is the highest peak in Lushai hills. These hills are inhabited by the Lushais and\",\n \"title\": \"Lushai Hills\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"361311\",\n \"text\": \"predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are in West River. The Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is there. South Dakota has a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The state's ecology features species typical of a North American grassland biome. Humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux\",\n \"title\": \"South Dakota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3390681\",\n \"text\": \"1.3 million acres of federal land within the Black Hills to the tribe. To this day, the dispute of the Black Hills is ongoing with the trust estimated to be worth nearly $1.3 billion and sources believe principles of restorative justice may be the best solution to addressing this century old dispute. While 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolution addressed land sovereignty disputes between the British Crown and the colonies, it neglected to settle hostilities between indigenous people— specifically those who fought on the side of the British, as four of the members of the Haudenosaunee did—\",\n \"title\": \"Indian reservation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11999266\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Rushmore for the sculpture, since it seemed to be the easiest and most stable of the cliffs to work on. Having decided on the location of the sculpture, Borglum decided to make the monument of four presidents of the United States. He chose the two most famous presidents in American history, George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. He chose Thomas Jefferson because Jefferson nearly doubled the size of the United States in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase (which included the land that became South Dakota). The last president Borglum chose was Theodore Roosevelt, suggested by President Calvin Coolidge (who insisted that\",\n \"title\": \"Construction of Mount Rushmore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16236252\",\n \"text\": \"of logs, and was located about 100 feet south of the current graveyard. The graveyard was consecrated the following year as the official burial place of the Catholic mission. However, earlier burials probably already existed at this location, as later archaeological studies have revealed several earlier ancient graves in the vicinity. There are several notable historical people buried in the cemetery. Lake Superior Chippewa Chief Kechewaishke, also known as Great Buffalo, is perhaps the most recognizable. Also buried in the cemetery is Madeline Cadotte, whom Madeline Island is named after. The name \\\"Indian Cemetery\\\" is a misnomer. Although many Native\",\n \"title\": \"La Pointe Indian Cemetery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6919002\",\n \"text\": \"Mount Rushmore (band) Mount Rushmore was a rock band in the late 1960s from San Francisco, California that played a heavy blues rock style with psychedelic elements. The band formed in early 1967 at 1915 Oak Street, a large Victorian rooming house in the Haight-Ashbury district. The original members were Ed Levin (ex-Vipers), Warren Phillips (ex Blue House Basement), Thomas Dotzler, Mike Bolan and Danny Wei. Wei was soon replaced by Terry Kimble on bass guitar. In June and July 1967 they were featured on posters for shows at the Avalon Ballroom with many other bands including The Doors, Procol\",\n \"title\": \"Mount Rushmore (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2775542\",\n \"text\": \"Braddock Road connected Cumberland, Maryland (the upper limit of navigation on the Potomac River) and the forks of the Ohio River (the future Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). It received its name from the British leader of the French and Indian War (1754–63), General Edward Braddock, who led the ill-fated Braddock expedition four years later. In addition to the war, hunting and trading with Indians were primary motivations for white movement across the mountains. Permanent white settlement of the northern Alleghenies was facilitated by the explorations and stories of such noted Marylanders as the Indian fighter and trader Thomas Cresap (1702–90) and the\",\n \"title\": \"Allegheny Mountains\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5473628\",\n \"text\": \"Bengal to Assam in 1898. To obtain more efficient control over the country the district has been divided into eighteen circles, each in charge of an interpreter, through whom all orders are transmitted to the chiefs. The Welsh Presbyterian Mission began work at Aizawl in 1897, and the people have shown unexpected readiness to accept education. Lushai Hills The Lushai (Pron: ˌlʊˈʃaɪ) Hills (or Mizo Hills) are a mountain range in Mizoram and Tripura, India. The range is part of the Patkai range system and its highest point is 2,157 m high Phawngpui, also known as 'Blue Mountain'. The hills\",\n \"title\": \"Lushai Hills\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the american indian name for mount rushmore"}}},{"rowIdx":188,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["1989"],"string":"[\n \"1989\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"20110828","text":"NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989. Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013. At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to end the 2017–18 regular season with a 28–7 win-loss record after winning the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. They earned the No. 3 seed in the West Regional. Michigan defeated the No. 14 Montana Grizzlies in the first round by a score of 61–47. They then reached the Sweet 16 by defeating","title":"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game"},{"id":"20110827","text":"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship in 2016. Villanova defeated Michigan, 79–62. Donte DiVincenzo, a reserve player, scored 31 points for Villanova, and was named the","title":"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game"},{"id":"20110834","text":"180 countries. In Canada, the game aired on TSN. Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One. 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship","title":"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game"},{"id":"11185289","text":"2017–18 season, Beilein's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back-to-back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history. The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State, 58-54. The win improved the team's record to 32-7, marking a new school record for victories. The 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship, where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79-62. As of November 16, 2018 § – Conference co-champions Totals through December 4,","title":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball"},{"id":"11185288","text":"the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament, where it lost to Kentucky, 75–72. During the 2016–17 season, Beilein became the winningest coach in school history, passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win, 75–55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten Tournament. Michigan went on to win the tournament, its first since the vacated 1998 title, winning four games in four days as the #8 seed and capping it off with a 71–56 championship victory over Wisconsin. It was the first time that a #8 seed had won the Big Ten Tournament During the","title":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball"},{"id":"11185264","text":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball The Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team is the intercollegiate men's basketball program representing the University of Michigan. The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments (NIT), fourteen Big Ten Conference titles and two Big Ten Tournament titles. In addition, it has won an NIT title and a Big Ten Tournament that were vacated due to NCAA sanctions. The team","title":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball"},{"id":"5283772","text":"stepped down. Michigan has won 35 conference championships, made 22 NCAA Tournament appearances and won those 2 national titles. For 13 seasons from 1990 to 2002, Michigan won a lone Big Ten title in 1997 and made just one NCAA appearance in 1999. In 2015, Coach Bakich led the program to its first NCAA tournament berth since 2008 after needing to win the Big Ten Tournament to qualify. The men's basketball team plays its games at Crisler Center. The Wolverines have won 14 Big Ten regular season titles, as well as the inaugural Big Ten Tournament in 1998, which it","title":"Michigan Wolverines"},{"id":"6913082","text":"has been vacated. With wins over 10th-seeded Oklahoma State and 2nd-seeded Louisville, the Wolverines advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. The 2017–18 Wolverines won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to claim their second consecutive Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. They became the first team to win consecutive tournament championships since Ohio State in 2010 and 2011. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the West regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. With the win, Michigan advanced to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and set","title":"John Beilein"},{"id":"11185300","text":"December 13, 1997 81–73 over Duke at home) have defeated the number one ranked team. The following table summarizes Michigan history in the AP Poll: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball The Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team is the intercollegiate men's basketball program representing the University of Michigan. The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments (NIT), fourteen Big Ten Conference titles and two Big","title":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball"},{"id":"19573979","text":"2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 8 through March 12, 2017 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C. It was the first Big Ten Conference Tournament held outside the conference's traditional heartland in the Midwest. The championship was won by Michigan, which defeated Wisconsin in the championship game. As a result, Michigan received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The championship was Michigan's first (after having their win of the inaugural tournament vacated) and they","title":"2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"20652115","text":"year in a row. The team is also coming off a six year stretch tied with North Carolina for the most NCAA tournament wins in the nation with 16. The Wolverines, who finished the 2017–18 season 33–8, were 13–5 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for fourth. As the No. 5 seed in the Big Ten Tournament, they defeated Iowa, Nebraska, Michigan State, and Purdue to win the tournament championship. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As the No. 3 seed in the West region, they defeated Montana, Houston, Texas","title":"2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"20110829","text":"the No. 6 Houston Cougars, 64–63, on a buzzer beater by Jordan Poole. They made it to the Elite Eight by defeating the Texas A&M Aggies, 99–72. Michigan advanced to the Final Four by defeating the Florida State Seminoles, 58–54, and defeated the \"Cinderella story\" of the tournament, the Loyola-Chicago Ramblers, in the Final Four by a score of 69–57. The Villanova Wildcats won the NCAA Tournament in 2016. In 2017–18, Villanova set the NCAA record for three-point shots in a season and in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. After completing a 30–4 regular season, including winning the","title":"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game"},{"id":"2472876","text":"a game against the Air Force Falcons of the U.S. Air Force Academy. The Golden Gophers men's basketball team has won two National Championships, two National Invitation Tournament (NIT) Championships and eight Big Ten Regular Season Championships. They also have six NCAA Tournament, including a Final Four appearance in 1997 and three Sweet 16 appearances. However, because of NCAA sanctions for academic fraud, all postseason appearances from 1994 to 1998—in the NCAA Tournament in 1994, 1995, and 1997 and NIT in 1996 and 1998—were vacated. Most recently in April 2014, the Golden Gophers defeated SMU to win the NIT championship","title":"University of Minnesota"},{"id":"433441","text":"while the men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The men's basketball program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances. The men's basketball team has most recently won back to back Big Ten Tournament Championships against Wisconsin in","title":"University of Michigan"},{"id":"20090447","text":"and Luke Yaklich. During the regular season, the team finished tied for fourth in the Big Ten Conference. They earned a 5th seed in the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, where they won the championship, thus defending the title won by the 2016–17 Wolverines in the 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament the year before. The Wolverines finished the season with a 33–8 record, setting a program record for wins during a season. The team earned a 3 seed in the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and reached the Championship Game before losing to Villanova.","title":"2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"6894433","text":"week before Selection Sunday. On six occasions, the champion of the tournament has gone on to reach the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament (Michigan State in 1999 and 2000, Illinois in 2005, Ohio State in 2007, Wisconsin in 2015, and Michigan in 2018). In 2000, champion Michigan State won the NCAA Tournament. The No. 1 seed has won the tournament eight times, the most of any seed. The lowest seed to win the tournament was Michigan as a No. 8 seed in 2017. The Big Ten Men's Basketball tournaments have been held at neutral sites every year. The first","title":"Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"1812597","text":"Abrams Planetarium, the Wharton Center for Performing Arts, the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum, the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, and the country's largest residence hall system. The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference. Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954, 1956, 1988 and 2014, and a total of six national championships. Spartans men's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 and has attained the Final Four seven times since the 1998–1999 season. Spartans ice hockey won NCAA national titles in 1966, 1986 and 2007. The","title":"Michigan State University"},{"id":"19736566","text":"Big Ten history. The Big Ten Tournament was held from March 8 through March 12 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C. It was the first Big Ten Conference Tournament not held in Indianapolis or Chicago. Michigan won the Big Ten Tournament over Wisconsin, becoming the first eight seed and lowest seeded team to win the conference tournament and marking their first win since their vacated win in the inaugural tournament. As a result, Michigan received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Purdue forward Caleb Swanigan was named Big Ten Player of the Year and a second team","title":"2016–17 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season"},{"id":"20090786","text":"Michigan was led by Wilson with 8 rebounds, 3 blocked shots and a game-high 26 points, which was the second highest single-game scoring performance of the tournament (trailing teammate Derrick Walton's 29-point performance the following day). Wilson averaged 15.3 points per game for Michigan's four games during the Big Ten Tournament, helping the 2016–17 Wolverines emerge as the champion. Wilson averaged 16 points, 3 blocks and 4.3 rebounds in three 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament games, helping Michigan reach the round of sixteen, where the team was eliminated by Ennis' 2016–17 Oregon Ducks. In the NCAA tournament wins","title":"D. J. Wilson"},{"id":"16896403","text":"The achievement was the first NCAA title won by a women's sports team at the University of Michigan, and was also just the second time a Midwestern university had claimed the championship after Iowa had done it first in 1986. \"Season-by-season results through the end of the 2018 season\" As of February 22, 2018 Michigan has accumulated a total of 11 appearances in the NCAA tournament, including three Final Fours. In 2001, the Wolverines won their first NCAA championship by defeating Maryland in the final by a score of 2–0. The victory made them the first women's team at the","title":"Michigan Wolverines field hockey"},{"id":"17508499","text":"at 12–6. Michigan State finished the regular season at 23–8 overall and ranked No. 22 in the country. The Spartans, finally healthy and at full strength, beat Northwestern, No. 12 Wisconsin, and No. 8 Michigan to capture the Big Ten Tournament championship. This marked Michigan State's fourth tournament championship, tying them with Ohio State for the conference record. As a result, MSU earned the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament for the 17th consecutive year. Michigan State received the No. 4 seed in the East Region. With wins against Delaware and Harvard, they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for","title":"2013–14 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"},{"id":"18781044","text":"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Wolverines, led by head coach John Beilein in his tenth year, played their home games for the 50th consecutive year at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This season marked the program's 101st season and its 100th consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team earned the 2017 Big Ten Conference Tournament championship and reached the Sweet Sixteen round of the 2017 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball","title":"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"17678188","text":"2014 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2014 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 13 through March 16, 2014 at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. The tournament was the 16th annual Big Ten Tournament and third and final year to feature 12 teams. The championship was won by Michigan State who defeated Michigan in the championship game. As a result, Michigan State received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The win marked Michigan State's fourth tournament championship (tying them with Ohio State","title":"2014 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"5283790","text":"1996, 1998), which is also an NCAA record. In 2011, the team was invited to the NCAA tournament for a record 21st year in a row. In 2011, Michigan reached the national semi-finals (now referred to as the \"Frozen Four\") for an unmatched 24th time. Vic Heyliger led Michigan to a record six NCAA titles, including the first one in college hockey history in 1948. Heyliger, who played for the Wolverines from 1935–37, also won national titles as Michigan coach in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955 and 1956. He was inducted into the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974, in","title":"Michigan Wolverines"},{"id":"17941171","text":"2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2015–16 season. The 78th edition of the Tournament began on March 15, 2016, and concluded with the championship game on April 4 at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. Upsets were the story of the first round of the Tournament; No. 15 seed Middle Tennessee upset No. 2 seed Michigan State in the biggest upset, just the eighth ever win for","title":"2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"11185298","text":"Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year All-Americans National Coach of the Year Big Ten Coach of the Year The University of Michigan has an all-time 59–27* (52–23) record overall and 1–6* (1–4) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28* (24) appearances. Glen Rice holds the NCAA single-tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989. The 1992 Final Four and all 1993, 1996, & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions. The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition. The 64-team field started in 1985, which guaranteed that a","title":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball"},{"id":"18781076","text":"lowest-seeded team ever to win the Big Ten Tournament. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Michigan defeated Oklahoma State by a 92–91 margin on the strength of a school NCAA Tournament record 16 three point shots (on 29 attempts, including 11–15 three point shooting in the second half). Michigan's 16 three point field goals also tied the Big Ten record for an NCAA Tournament game. The team was led by Derrick Walton's 26 points. With 26 points, 11 assists and five rebounds, Walton was the first player with at least 25 points, ten assists and five rebounds","title":"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"18781077","text":"in a tournament game since Dwyane Wade in 2003. On March 19, Michigan defeated Louisville 73–69 in a rematch of the 2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game to advance to the Sweet 16 for the first time since 2014, and third time in the past five seasons. Michigan was led by Wagner with a career-high 26 points. Wagner's 26 points were the most by a Wolverine in an NCAA Tournament game since Ray Jackson scored 28 points against Western Kentucky in the first round of the 1995 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. Michigan led the country in","title":"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"20185702","text":"played one road game and one home conference game in the first week of December. With a win over Wisconsin on February 25, 2018, Michigan State clinched the outright of the Big Ten Title, their eighth under Tom Izzo. The Big Ten Tournament was held from February 28 through March 4, 2018 at Madison Square Garden. Michigan defeated Purdue to win its second consecutive tournament. As a result, the Wolverines received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Four Big Ten schools (Michigan, Michigan State, Ohio State, and Purdue) were invited to the NCAA Tournament, the fewest Big Ten","title":"2017–18 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season"},{"id":"20522532","text":"Dame in the National Semifinals after captain Jake Evans scored the game-winning goal with six seconds remaining. When the team reached the Frozen Four it marked the sixth time a school had reached the final four of the NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship and NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in the same season: Michigan (1964, 1992*, 1993* and 2018) and Michigan State (1999 and 2001). During the 2016–17 ice hockey season Michigan went 13–19–3, including 6–12–2 in Big Ten Play. Michigan lost in the first round of the 2017 Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament to eventual tournament winner","title":"2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season"},{"id":"20068322","text":"title since 2009. It marked the Spartans eighth regular season title under Izzo. The Spartans finished the season 30–5, 16–2 in Big Ten play to win the regular season championship. As the No. 1 seed in the Big Ten Tournament, they beat Wisconsin in the quarterfinals before losing to Michigan in the semifinals. The Spartans received a bid to the NCAA Tournament, their 21st consecutive trip under Izzo, as the No. 3 seed in the Midwest region. They defeated No. 14 Bucknell in the First Round before losing to No. 11-seeded Syracuse in the Second Round. As a result, the","title":"2017–18 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"},{"id":"9901976","text":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball The Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team represents Michigan State University (MSU) and competes in the Big Ten Conference of NCAA Division I College basketball. Their home games are played at the Breslin Student Events Center. Tom Izzo has been the head coach since 1995. The Spartans have won two NCAA championships and 14 Big Ten Conference Championships. Their two National Championships came in the 1979 NCAA Tournament and the 2000 NCAA Tournament. The 1979 National Championship Game was the most watched college basketball game in history, with 35.11 million television viewers. The 1979 National","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"},{"id":"18781085","text":"draft and Wilson did not. 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Wolverines, led by head coach John Beilein in his tenth year, played their home games for the 50th consecutive year at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This season marked the program's 101st season and its 100th consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team earned the 2017 Big Ten Conference Tournament championship and reached the Sweet Sixteen round of the 2017","title":"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"18603098","text":"16 in Dayton, Ohio. Michigan is in the tournament field for the fifth time in the last six seasons after missing out on the 2015 tournament field. Beilein's Wolverines advanced to the national title game in 2013 and followed with an Elite Eight performance in 2014. Michigan is one of three Big Ten teams in the east region (along with Wisconsin and Indiana). On March 16 in the First Four, Michigan defeated Tulsa, 67–62, to advance to the First Round of the NCAA Tournament. After falling behind 16–9, Michigan ended the first half on a 19–4 scoring run to take","title":"2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"433439","text":"2015 season) and first among FBS schools in winning percentage (.731). The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. U-M had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007. The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships. The program has 11 national championships, most recently in 1997, and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson. Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation and one of the largest football-only stadiums in the world, with an official capacity of","title":"University of Michigan"},{"id":"2753179","text":"when the tournament expanded to 64 teams, Duke has won five championships; North Carolina and Connecticut have each won four; Kentucky & Villanova have three; Kansas & Florida have two; and UCLA, Indiana, Michigan State, and Louisville have one. During that time Villanova, Michigan, UNLV, Duke, Arkansas, Arizona, Connecticut, Maryland, Syracuse, and Florida all won their first championships. The NCAA has changed the tournament format several times since its inception, most often representing an increase of the number of teams. This section describes the tournament as it has operated since 2011. A total of 68 teams qualify for the tournament","title":"NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"6913076","text":"for the 2013 World University Games. In the 2013 NCAA Tournament, fourth-seeded Michigan defeated South Dakota State, 71–56. in its South Regional opening game, and in so doing the team matched Beilein's career high with 27 wins. Michigan then surpassed this record, and continued to advance, by defeating fifth-seeded Virginia Commonwealth, 78–53 and top-seeded Kansas, 87–85 before beating third-seeded Florida 79–59 to send Michigan to the Final Four for the first time since 1993. In the 2013 Final Four, the Wolverines defeated East region champion Syracuse, 61–56, to advance to the national championship game against Louisville, which they lost, 82–76.","title":"John Beilein"},{"id":"7500594","text":"It was Michigan's first tournament appearance in 11 years after the school was rocked with sanctions and punishments from the Chris Webber scandal in the mid-2000s. All final four teams in the tournament had won at least one national championship. Entering the tournament, North Carolina had the most, with four (1957, 1982, 1993, 2005); Connecticut had two; (1999, 2004); Michigan State also had two; (1979, 2000), and Villanova won one; (1985). The Spartans had home court advantage by playing in their home state. Six teams have played the Final Four in their home states, but only four of them won.","title":"2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"14519161","text":"#8 Seed in the 2011 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, where they defeated Tennessee by a 75–45 margin in the first round. During the victory, they established two NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship records: The largest victory margin by an eight seed, and the first team to ever win a tournament game without making a free throw. The game was the second largest NCAA tournament victory margin in Michigan history (surpassed by the 1989 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament victory over ). It also marked the ninth straight time that John Bielien led a team victory in","title":"2010–11 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"20252166","text":"Garden in New York from March 7 through March 10, 2018. Villanova defeated Providence to win the tournament championship and receive the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Six Big East schools received bids to the NCAA Tournament (Butler, Creighton, Providence, Seton Hall, Villanova, and Xavier). Only Villanova won more than one game in the Tournament, but the Wildcats defeated Michigan to win the NCAA Championship for the second time in three years. Marquette received a bit to the National Invitation Tournament, where they advanced to the quarterfinals before losing to eventual NIT champions Penn State. Villanova guard Jalen","title":"2017–18 Big East Conference men's basketball season"},{"id":"20090464","text":"Robinson III and Trey Burke did so for the 2012–13 National Runner-up Wolverines on January 6, 2013. On November 29, Michigan lost to (#13 AP Poll/#11 Coaches Poll) North Carolina 71–86 in the ACC–Big Ten Challenge. Michigan was led by Wagner with a team-high 20 points. This was the first meeting between the two teams since the 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. The 2018 Big Ten Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Due to the Big East's use of that venue for the 2018 Big East Tournament, the Big Ten Tournament took","title":"2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"11185286","text":"before losing to top-seeded Duke, 73–71. The 2010–11 Wolverines, who swept rival Michigan State for the first time since 1997, finished the season 21–14. In the 2011–12 season, Michigan split the season series with both Ohio State and Michigan State and went on to be co-Big Ten champs along with the Buckeyes and Spartans. It was the program's first Big Ten title for Michigan since 1986. The Wolverines finished the season 24-10 and 13-5 in conference play, losing in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament. The 2012–13 Michigan team earned a #1 ranking in the AP Poll on January","title":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball"},{"id":"17966252","text":"related to both players on this team, as well as potential recruits. This decision was upheld on February 20, 2018. Michigan, who was led by 2013 national player of the year Trey Burke, was a #4 seed in the South Regional of the 2013 NCAA Tournament. In the 2nd round, Glenn Robinson III scored 21 points to lead the Wolverines past South Dakota State 71-56. In the 3rd Round, Michigan crushed VCU with a 78-53 win to advance to the Sweet 16 for the 1st time since 1994. Against Kansas, Burke made a long game-tying three pointer with 4.2 seconds","title":"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game"},{"id":"18647794","text":"2016 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2016 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 9 through March 13 at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was the 17th annual Big Ten Tournament and was the second tournament to feature 14 teams of the expanded Big Ten, including Maryland and Rutgers. The championship was won by Michigan State who defeated Purdue in the championship game. As a result, Michigan State received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The win marked Michigan State's fifth","title":"2016 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"9901977","text":"Championship team was coached by Jud Heathcote and included tournament MVP Magic Johnson, Greg Kelser and Jay Vincent. The Spartans defeated the previously unbeaten Indiana State Sycamores, led by future Hall of Famer Larry Bird. The 2000 National Championship team defeated the Florida Gators in the final. The team was coached by Tom Izzo and led by players Morris Peterson, Charlie Bell, Jason Richardson and tournament MVP Mateen Cleaves. The Spartans have participated in 32 NCAA tournaments and in 21 consecutive NCAA tournaments (1998–2018), the fifth-longest streak ever and third-longest active streak in college basketball, behind Kansas (28) and Duke","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"},{"id":"9902011","text":"the quarterfinals in the Big Ten Tournament to Iowa. Michigan State received an at-large bid as a No. 5 seed in the Austin Regional of the NCAA Tournament, their eighth straight appearance in the Tournament under Tom Izzo. Wins over Old Dominion and Vermont led the Spartans to the Sweet Sixteen for the sixth time in eight years. In the Sweet Sixteen, the Spartans beat No. 3-ranked and No. 1-seeded Duke, which MSU had not defeated since 1958. The win marked Izzo's first and only win over Duke's Mike Krzyzewski (as of 2017). A double overtime victory over Kentucky sent","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"},{"id":"6894436","text":"not include results of the teams in which records were vacated. <nowiki>*</nowiki> 1998 championship vacated by Michigan<br>^ 2002 championship vacated by Ohio State 2 – Michigan State (1999, 2000), Ohio State (2010, 2011), Michigan (2017, 2018) <nowiki>*</nowiki> Does not include vacated wins by Michigan (1998) and Ohio State (2002) \"Through 2018 tournament\" Note: Current coaches at school in bold. Minimum of five wins. Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament is held annually at the end of the men's college basketball regular season. The tournament has been played each year since 1998. The winner","title":"Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"6832787","text":"January 26, 2018, when he resigned, along with others at the University, due to fallout from the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving former MSU Medical School faculty member Dr. Larry Nassar. Bill Beekman assumed the position on an interim basis, until July 17, 2018 when he was named to the permanent post. MSU's football team has won or shared six national championships in 1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965 and 1966, and has won the Rose Bowl in 1954, 1956, 1988 and 2014. Its men's basketball team won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000. The MSU men's ice","title":"Michigan State Spartans"},{"id":"13332336","text":"consecutive year, they received a No. 1 seed and reached the Final Four before falling to Arizona. The Spartans finished the 1999–2000 season as NCAA National Champions with an overall record of 32–7 and in first place in the Big Ten with a 13–3 record. Michigan State received a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament, their third straight trip to the Tournament, and won the National Championship, the second in school history, by beating Florida in the National Championship game. The Spartans lost Mateen Cleaves (12.1 PPG, 1.8 RPG, 6.9 APG) and Morris Peterson (16.8 PPG, 6.0 RPG, 1.3","title":"2000–01 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"},{"id":"16074751","text":"2012–13 and as National Runner-up in the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament after losing in the championship game to Louisville. Louisville's win was later vacated due to the 2015 University of Louisville basketball sex scandal. The team achieved a 31–8 record, the most wins by the program in 20 seasons. Following the 2011–12 season, the team lost graduating senior captains Zack Novak and Stu Douglass, who moved on to professional basketball careers in Europe. The incoming class of Mitch McGary, Glenn Robinson III and Nik Stauskas was ranked among the best classes in the nation by the media.","title":"2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"19423371","text":"2013. On December 21, Michigan defeated the previously winless Alabama A&M Bulldogs 97–47 as Matthews posted 31 points, another career high. Matthews tallied 20 or more points six different times before the final four, but none in 2017–18 Big Ten Conference play, where he never scored more than 16 points. Matthews averaged 10 points and 5.5 rebounds during Michigan's four games in the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, helping the team win its second consecutive Big Ten Tournament Championship. On March 15, Michigan began play in the 2018 NCAA Tournament with a 61–47 victory over Montana in the","title":"Charles Matthews (basketball)"},{"id":"13833727","text":"Mary's 9:00 PM ET <br> <br>March 20 <br>E 16 LIU-Brooklyn Vs E 16 James Madison 6:30 PM ET <br>W 13 La Salle Vs W 13 Boise St 9:00 PM ET Louisville defeated Michigan 82–76 in the championship game. The win gave Louisville its first championship since 1986, and third overall. It became the eighth school to win at least three championships. Head coach Rick Pitino became the first coach to win an NCAA championship with two different schools. Michigan fell to 1–5 all time in championship games (including two losses vacated because of sanctions against the university). Michigan's Trey Burke","title":"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"16902363","text":"four upsets the previous day. Michigan State reached its seventh Final Four in the last 18 seasons—the best mark in the nation during that time span. For the first time since 2009, multiple 1 seeds reached the Final Four. For the first time since 2008, two 1 seeds reached the Championship, between Kansas and Memphis (later vacated by Memphis). Wisconsin was in its first final since 1941, and lost; and Duke in its first final since 2010, and won. The Wisconsin loss extended the Big Ten Conference's losing streak in National Championship games to six. As of 2015, Michigan State","title":"2015 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"19199129","text":"did start one game due to a bookkeeping error on December 17 against Maryland Eastern Shore. Late in the season, he began producing \"The Dak and Dunc Show\" podcast with teammate Andrew Dakich for WCBN-FM Sports, which was available on iTunes. The team won the 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament and reached the sweet sixteen round of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. Robinson began his senior season with a team-high 21 points against North Florida on November 11, 2017. In the game, he and Charles Matthews became the first Michigan teammates to score 20 points","title":"Duncan Robinson (basketball)"},{"id":"9902014","text":"MSU finishing 8–8 with a win against No. 1 Wisconsin which likely assured the Spartans a trip to the NCAA Tournament. MSU lost to Wisconsin after beating Northwestern in the Big Ten Tournament. The Spartans received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament for the 10th consecutive year and beat Marquette, coached by former Izzo assistant Tom Crean, in the First Round of the Tournament. A loss to No. 3 North Carolina in the Second Round ended the season. In 2008, MSU finished the non-conference schedule 12–1 and ranked No. 6 in the country with wins over No. 24 NC","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"},{"id":"9902004","text":"win the tournament for the third consecutive year. They received their third consecutive No. 1 seed, in the South Region of the NCAA Tournament. Seeking a repeat National Championship, MSU easily dispatched Alabama State and Fresno State to reach the Sweet Sixteen for the fourth consecutive year. A win over Gonzaga and Temple led to the school's third straight trip to the Final Four. However, they were unable to repeat as National Champions, losing to Arizona in the National Semifinal. Following the season, Randolph and Richardson each left school early and declared for the NBA Draft. As a result of","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"},{"id":"1812648","text":"time in Spartan history. In 2014, MSU achieved an 11–2 overall record with losses only to the University of Oregon Ducks and The Ohio State Buckeyes, and ended the season ranked #5. MSU's traditional archrival is the University of Michigan, against whom they compete annually for the Paul Bunyan Trophy. Their overall record against the Wolverines currently stands at 32–67–5 and 23–34–2 since 1953 when the Paul Bunyan Trophy was established and MSU joined the Big Ten Conference. MSU's men's basketball team has won the National Championship twice: in 1979 and again in 2000. In 1979, Earvin \"Magic\" Johnson, along","title":"Michigan State University"},{"id":"1812653","text":"Michigan State College competed in the Central Collegiate Conference, winning titles in 1926–1929, 1932, 1933 and 1935. Michigan State also experienced success in the IC4A, at New York's Van Cortlandt Park, winning 15 team titles (1933–1937, 1949, 1953, 1956–1960, 1962, 1963 and 1968). Since entering the Big Ten in 1950, Michigan State has won 14 men's team titles (1951–1953, 1955–1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1970 and 1971). Michigan State hosted the inaugural NCAA cross country championships in 1938 and every year thereafter through 1964 (there was no championship in 1943). The Spartans won NCAA championships in 1939, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1955,","title":"Michigan State University"},{"id":"19366705","text":"Wisconsin, Wagner helped Michigan achieve its first win over a ranked opponent by posting his third 20-point performance of the season. Following the season, he was an honorable mention All-Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media. Wagner's five steals in the March 9 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament opener against Illinois was a single-game high for the tournament. Three days later, Michigan won its first Big Ten Tournament championship since 1998. On March 19, Wagner's career-high 26 points helped Michigan defeat Louisville 73–69 to advance to the Sweet 16 of the 2017 NCAA Division I","title":"Moritz Wagner (basketball)"},{"id":"16929426","text":"on December 27 that he would have back surgery. The following day Michigan defeated Holy Cross 88–66, with Robinson posting a career-high 23 points. In the January 2 Big Ten Conference opener against Minnesota, Michigan won its fifth consecutive game against Minnesota and its fifth consecutive game at the Williams Arena. After winning two games by a combined 50 points last year, Michigan beat Northwestern 74–51 to mark its sixth straight victory over the Wildcats. The team gave Nebraska its first loss in the new Pinnacle Bank Arena on January 9, its first five-game win streak since the 2013 NCAA","title":"2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"1812387","text":"and advance to the Final Four. The team was then defeated by the eventual champion North Carolina Tar Heels in the 2009 Final Four game. Seven years later, the Wildcats won the 2016 NCAA Championship by defeating North Carolina 77–74. The team defeated the Michigan Wolverines 79-62 to win the 2018 NCAA Championship in San Antonio. The home venues for the Wildcats include the on-campus 6,500 seat Pavilion for smaller attendance games, as well as the larger, 21,600 seat Wells Fargo Center (known formerly under a variety of bank names) within the South Philadelphia Sports Complex. The February 13, 2006","title":"Villanova University"},{"id":"15913626","text":"2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held from March 8 through March 11 at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis. This was the first tournament to feature 12 teams of the expanded Big Ten, with Nebraska making its debut. The tournament was the 14th annual Big Ten Tournament. The championship was won by Michigan State who defeated Ohio State in the championships game. As a result, Michigan State received the Big Ten's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The win marked Michigan State's third tournament championship and first since 2000. All","title":"2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"16929439","text":"2014 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Michigan opened the tournament by defeating Wofford 57–40, the fewest points scored by a Michigan opponent that season, and the victory ensured that the Wolverines would not have consecutive NCAA Tournament losses for the first time since 1993. Michigan then defeated Texas 79–65, advancing to the Sweet 16 for the second straight season. The team's back-to-back trips marked the first time Michigan played in consecutive Sweet 16s since its three straight appearances in 1992–94. Michigan recorded 14 three-pointers in the game, setting a school record in NCAA tournament play and giving Beilein his","title":"2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"1812650","text":"of August 2018 (.718 winning percentage). The student spirit section at Breslin is called the Izzone. Izzo's coaching has helped the team make seven Final Fours since 1999, winning the title in 2000, and eighteen consecutive NCAA tournament appearances (beginning in 1998). On December 13, 2003, Michigan State and Kentucky played in the \"Basketbowl\", in which a record crowd of 78,129 watched the game in Detroit's Ford Field. Kentucky won 79–74. The Michigan State University men's ice hockey team started in 1924, though it has been a varsity sport only since 1950. The team has since won national titles in","title":"Michigan State University"},{"id":"7357794","text":"1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 16, 1989, and ended with the championship game on April 3 in Seattle. A total of 63 games were played. Michigan, coached by Steve Fisher, won the national title with an 80–79 overtime victory in the final game over Seton Hall, coached by P. J. Carlesimo. Glen Rice of Michigan set an NCAA tournament record by scoring 184 points in six games","title":"1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"18411903","text":"2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2016–17 season. The 79th edition of the tournament began on March 14, 2017, and concluded with the championship game on April 3 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The championship game was the first to be contested in a Western state since 1995 when Seattle was the host of the Final Four for that year. In the Final","title":"2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"17936467","text":"team was Big Ten champion, earning the school's first outright title since 1986. The program entered the season coming off its winningest two-year stretch, having won 59 games in the two previous seasons. The team was also coming off four consecutive NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament appearances. The 2014–15 team needed to replace the losses of Nik Stauskas, Mitch McGary and Glenn Robinson III to the 2014 NBA draft and Jon Horford and Jordan Morgan to graduation. It began the season ranked in both the AP Poll (#24) and Coaches' Poll (#23). Guard Caris LeVert was named a preseason","title":"2014–15 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"5283775","text":"then go 10 years without making the NCAA tournament from 1999–2008. They would eventually end the drought in 2009 under current head coach John Beilein. In 2013, the program would reach its first Final Four in 20 years before falling to Louisville in the national championship, 82–76. The program reached another Final Four in 2018, its second under Beilein. Michigan traveled to St. Thomas for the Paradise Jam Tournament over Thanksgiving weekend in 2011. They took on Prairie View A&M in their first game on Thanksgiving Day, and won 59–53. In their second game, they faced Washington State and won","title":"Michigan Wolverines"},{"id":"9737987","text":"18 total made attempts). In the NCAA Tournament Championship Game they played the Michigan Wolverines, the 3 seed from the West Region. The Wildcats earned their third national championship in school history by beating the Wolverines 79–62. The game saw an historic performance by Big East Sixth Man of the Year Donte DiVincenzo (31 points, 5 rebounds, 3 assists, 2 steals and 2 blocks), named the 2018 Final Four's Most Outstanding Player. Coach Wright led the team to a 36–4 record for the 2017–18 season (14–4 Big East). The 36–4 mark sets the record for most wins in any Villanova","title":"Villanova Wildcats men's basketball"},{"id":"11185285","text":"overall (5–13 Big Ten) inaugural season featured the most losses in Michigan's history. However, in Beilein's second season, the team posted impressive non-conference victories over top-five ranked opponents UCLA and Duke. Beilein led Michigan to the 2009 NCAA Tournament, its first appearance since 1998 and the first that was not vacated since 1995. After upsetting Clemson in the first round, the Wolverines were eliminated by Oklahoma in Round 2 by a final score of 73–63. Following a disappointing 15–17 season in 2009–10, the Wolverines bounced back to return to the NCAA Tournament in 2011, advancing to the round of 32","title":"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball"},{"id":"9901983","text":"also made it to the 1950 championship game. Two years after taking over the Spartans, in 1957, he led MSU to its first Big Ten Championship. After opening the season with a 4–7 record, the Spartans won 10 in a row and 12-of-13 to capture their first league title and advance to the school’s first NCAA Tournament. A bye in the first round of the Tournament preceded wins over Notre Dame and Kentucky to earn a trip to the Final Four. A loss to North Carolina in the Final Four left MSU in the National Third Place Game where they","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"},{"id":"5283789","text":"Wolverines have won 16 Big Ten championships, advanced to 16 consecutive NCAA tournaments (1993–2008) and had seven seasons in which they finished in the Top 5 at the NCAA tournament. The Wolverines ice hockey team, which was a member of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association until 2013 and is now a member of the Big Ten Conference, plays its home contests at Yost Ice Arena. The hockey team was coached by Red Berenson, a former UM player and is currently coached by Mel Pearson. Altogether, the program has won nine NCAA national championships (1948, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1964,","title":"Michigan Wolverines"},{"id":"11698102","text":"1998 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 1998 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the inaugural postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference and was played from March 5 through March 8, 1998 at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois. The championship was won by Michigan who defeated Purdue in the championship game. As a result, Michigan received the Big Ten's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Due to the Michigan basketball scandal, Michigan has vacated the records from this tournament. Similarly, due to the Minnesota academic scandal, Minnesota's appearance in this tournament was vacated. All","title":"1998 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"6518737","text":"\"the best in-season tournament in the country – the standard by which all others are compared.\" Some 108 schools representing 26 conferences and 40 states have competed in the Maui Jim Maui Invitational. Five times the winner of the Maui Jim Maui Invitational Tournament has gone on to win the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship later that season: Michigan in 1988, North Carolina three times—in 2004, 2008, and 2016, and Connecticut in 2010. Of the eight teams which play in the Maui Jim Maui Invitational, generally there is one from each of the six major conferences (the Pac-12, Big","title":"Maui Invitational Tournament"},{"id":"9901998","text":"in the quarterfinals to Minnesota. Izzo's team received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as a No. 4 seed in the East Region, their first trip to the Tournament since 1995. MSU advanced to their first Sweet Sixteen since 1990 by beating Eastern Michigan and No. 8 Princeton. The Spartans were eliminated from the Tournament by No. 1 North Carolina in the Sweet Sixteen. As of 2017, no MSU team has failed to make the NCAA tournament, a streak which began with the 1997–98 team. As the 1998–99 season began, Izzo began his willingness to play anyone anywhere mantra","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"},{"id":"8044432","text":"1953 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament The 1953 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the culmination of the 1952–53 NCAA men's ice hockey season, the sixth such tournament in NCAA history. It was held from March 12 to 14, 1953, and concluded with Michigan defeating Minnesota 7-3. All games were played at the Broadmoor Ice Palace in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Michigan's win capped off its third consecutive National Championship. As of 2018 no team has been able to match that achievement. Additionally, their 14 goals in the semifinal game against Boston University were the most ever for an NCAA tournament","title":"1953 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament"},{"id":"16074790","text":"Some sources claim 1993 as the school's last appearance, but those results have been vacated by the NCAA due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal. Michigan was entered in the tournament's South region where it would play its first two games at The Palace of Auburn Hills in nearby Auburn Hills, Michigan. As a number four seed, Michigan opened the tournament by defeating South Dakota State 71–56, giving the team its most wins in 20 years and matching Beilein's career high as it raised its record to 27–7. Michigan then ousted 5th-seeded VCU by a 78–53 margin. That gave","title":"2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"9902028","text":"tournament championship. Michigan State earned a No. 4 seed in the NCAA Tournament's East Region. With wins against Delaware and Harvard, they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for the third straight year and the 12th time in 17 years. They defeated No. 1-seeded Virginia in the Sweet Sixteen to advance to the Elite Eight for the first time since 2010. There they fell to No. 7 seed and eventual National Champion, Connecticut. With the loss, the Tom Izzo's Final Four streak ended. Shortly after the season, Gary Harris declared for the NBA Draft. In 2015, MSU started the season well,","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"},{"id":"16074788","text":"and five seniors on the roster: Eso Akunne, Josh Bartelstein, Blake McLimans, Corey Person, and Matt Vogrich. The loss kept Michigan from its first undefeated home season since the 1976–77 team. Michigan participated in the 2013 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament at the United Center in Chicago. As the #5 seed, they defeated Penn State in the opening round on March 14 by an 83–66 margin. In the second round, the team lost to Wisconsin, 68–59. Prior to the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Jeff Goodman of CBSSports.com named Michigan first among tournament teams in terms of","title":"2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"4652385","text":"Michigan State to become the first #7 seed to reach the Final Four since the tournament expanded in 1985. On April 5, 2014, the Huskies defeated top-ranked Florida in the First Final Four national semifinal of the NCAA Tournament 63-53. The Huskies then defeated the Kentucky Wildcats 60-54 in the championship game on April 7 for Connecticut's fourth NCAA men's championship in fifteen years. On May 22, 2014, Ollie signed a new five-year contract with UConn, worth $2.8 million per year. He was fired with \"just cause\" on March 10, 2018 due to a pending investigation by the NCAA. In","title":"Kevin Ollie"},{"id":"13833717","text":"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a single-elimination tournament that involved 68 teams playing to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 19, 2013, and concluded with the championship game on April 8, 2013, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. This was the 75th edition of the NCAA Men's Basketball Championship, dating to 1939. The Final Four consisted of Louisville, Wichita State (second ever appearance), Syracuse (first appearance since their 2003 national championship), and Michigan, returning for the first time since the","title":"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"433438","text":"men's teams and 14 women's teams. In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, U-M has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. U-M has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 14 of the award's 16 seasons and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons. The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (925 through the end of the","title":"University of Michigan"},{"id":"20652113","text":"2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team will represent the University of Michigan during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Wolverines, led by head coach John Beilein in his twelfth year, will play their home games for the 52nd consecutive year at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This season will mark the program's 103rd season and its 102nd consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team is coming off of the winningest season in school history and a runner-up finish in the 2018 NCAA Division","title":"2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"4821947","text":"Tom Izzo Tom Izzo (, ); born January 30, 1955, is an American college basketball coach. Since 1995, Izzo has been the head coach for the Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team. On April 4, 2016, Izzo was elected to the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame. Under Izzo, Michigan State has been a successful collegiate basketball program, earning him the nickname of “Mr. March” by some on account of his past success in the NCAA Tournament. Izzo has led the Spartans to the 2000 NCAA Division I National Championship, the 2009 NCAA National Championship Game, seven Final Fours, eight Big","title":"Tom Izzo"},{"id":"19432936","text":"play. MSU won the Big Ten Tournament and received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament, their 19th straight trip to the Tournament. As a No. 2 seed in the Midwest Region, they were upset by No. 15 seed Middle Tennessee in the First Round. The Spartans were led by Player of the Year winner Denzel Valentine, 19.2 points, 7.8 assists, and 7.5 rebounds per game, Bryn Forbes, 14.4 points per game, and Matt Costello, 10.7 points and 8.2 rebounds per game. The Spartans lost their top three scorers from the previous season in Valentine, Forbes, and Costello, all","title":"2016–17 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"},{"id":"6832793","text":"2000 and leading ESPN to define MSU as the best team in that decade. Michigan State basketball has been selected for 19 consecutive NCAA tournament bids under Izzo. The Spartans have won one NCAA Championship, seven Big Ten Regular Season Championships, and five Big Ten Tournament Championships (the most of any team in the Big Ten) under Izzo. The team has made two NCAA Championship games and advanced to seven Final Fours, nine Elite Eights, and 13 Sweet Sixteens under Izzo. Overall, Michigan State has won 2 NCAA Championships, 13 Big Ten Regular Season Championships, and 5 Big Ten Tournament","title":"Michigan State Spartans"},{"id":"20530266","text":"the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game to (#2 Coaches Poll/#2 AP Poll) Villanova. Isaiah Livers Isaiah M. Livers (born July 28, 1998) is an American basketball player for the Michigan Wolverines who is playing his sophomore season for the 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team. He attended Kalamazoo Central High School where he won the Mr. Basketball of Michigan. He was part of the 2017–18 team that won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament and reached the Championship Game of the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. Livers was born on July 28, 1998","title":"Isaiah Livers"},{"id":"20031979","text":"2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference of the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. It was held from February 28 through March 4, 2018 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Due to the Big East's use of that venue for their conference tournament, the Big Ten Tournament took place one week earlier than usual, ending the week before Selection Sunday. Michigan defeated Purdue in the championship game to win their second consecutive tournament championship. As a result,","title":"2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"13356322","text":"16, 2004, Michigan defeated 65–64 at Crisler Arena in the first round of the 2004 National Invitation Tournament. Then, Michigan defeated 63–52 and 88–73 on March 22 and March 24 at Crisler Arena, respectively. At the final four in New York City at Madison Square Garden, the team defeated 78–53 in the semifinals on March 30 and 62–55 to win the championship on April 1. The team posted the following statistics: 2003–04 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2003–04 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 2003–04 NCAA Division I men's","title":"2003–04 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"213405","text":"in postseason play and the program's ninth consecutive season with 20 victories, a school record. In 2013, James Madison University's Men's Basketball team won the CAA championship title for the first time since 1994. The Dukes then won their first NCAA tournament game in 30 years, defeating Long Island University-Brooklyn. The Dukes fell to Indiana in the second round, 83-62, finishing the season with a 21–15 record. James Madison University is home to the John C. Wells Planetarium. The planetarium first opened at JMU in 1956 under the direction of Dr. John C. Wells, head of the Physics Department. The","title":"James Madison University"},{"id":"14615900","text":"their 14th consecutive appearance. As a No. 10 seed, they lost in the Second Round (formerly known as the First Round) to UCLA. The Spartans finished the 2009–10 season 28–9, 14–4 in Big Ten play to finish in a three-way tie for the regular season championship. MSU lost in the quarterfinals of the Big Ten Tournament to Minnesota. Michigan State received a No. 5 seed in the NCAA Tournament, their 13th straight trip to the Tournament. There, they defeated New Mexico State, Maryland, Northern Iowa, and Tennessee to advance to the Final Four, their sixth overall trip and second consecutive","title":"2010–11 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"},{"id":"17139300","text":"it was not officially sanctioned by the Big Ten until 1982–83. Michigan did not qualify for postseason play until earning an NCAA Tournament bid in 1990 under head coach Bud VanDeWege, which would remain its only tournament appearance until Sue Guevara led the Wolverines to five straight postseason appearances (in both the NCAA and WNIT tournaments) between 1998 and 2002. The team's best postseason performance in the NCAA Tournament is advancing to the Second Round, which it has done four times, in 1990, 2001, 2013, and 2018. The Wolverines won the WNIT tournament in 2017, and have also reached the","title":"Michigan Wolverines women's basketball"},{"id":"20604611","text":"2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament was the 44th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division III college basketball in the United States. Featuring sixty-four teams, it began on March 2, 2018, following the 2017–18 season, and concluded with the championship game on March 17, 2018. Once again, the national semifinal and championship rounds were held at the Salem Civic Center in Salem, Virginia. Nebraska Wesleyan defeated Wisconsin–Oshkosh in the final, 78–72, to win their first national title. Cooper Cook was voted the MVP. The following","title":"2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"18039084","text":"and reached the Final Four for the seventh time under Tom Izzo. There the Spartans lost to eventual National Champion, Duke. The Spartans finished the 2013–14 season with an record of 29–9, 12–6 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. They won the Big Ten Tournament by defeating Michigan and received the conference's automatic bid as a No. 4 seed in the NCAA Tournament, their 17th straight trip to the Tournament. They advanced to the Elite Eight, their eighth trip under Tom Izzo, before losing to eventual National Champion, Connecticut. The Spartans lost Adreian Payne (16.4 points and","title":"2014–15 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team"},{"id":"9817011","text":"Jack Kraft to Final Four of the 1971 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament. Coach Rollie Massimino took Villanova to a surprising 1985 National Championship. Current Coach Jay Wright reached the Final Four at the 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament behind Dante Cunningham and Scottie Reynolds. The team most recently won the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament for their third National Championship. Villanova won the 1985 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament with a historic 66-64 win over top-seeded Georgetown. The eighth-seeded Wildcats (unranked in the final AP poll) beat Dayton (at Dayton), top-seeded Michigan, Maryland and","title":"Villanova Wildcats"},{"id":"15152052","text":"2022. Three of the four teams from the 2014 Champions Classic advanced to the 2015 Final Four (Duke, Kentucky, and Michigan State) with Duke winning the National Championship that year. As of the 2018 games, only one team has participated in the Champions Classic unranked, Michigan State in 2011. Rankings are based on the Associated Press poll. Champions Classic The Champions Classic is an event that tips off the NCAA Division I men's basketball season. It features four of the top college basketball programs in the United States: Duke, Kansas, Kentucky, and Michigan State. The venue changes from year to","title":"Champions Classic"},{"id":"18433738","text":"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a 68-team single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13, 2018, and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. During the first round, UMBC became the first 16-seed to defeat a 1-seed in the men's tournament by defeating Virginia 74–54. For the first time in tournament history, none of the four top seeded","title":"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament"},{"id":"16929402","text":"2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played its home games in Ann Arbor, Michigan, for the 47th consecutive year at the Crisler Center, with a capacity of 12,707. It was nicknamed \"Team 98\" in reference to that it was the program's 98th season overall and its 97th consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team was led by seventh-year head coach John Beilein. The team won the 2013–14 Big Ten Conference regular-season championship,","title":"2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"20090488","text":"points. Wagner became the third player with at least 20 points and 15 rebounds in a national semifinal game, and the first to do so since Hakeem Olajuwon in 1983. With the win, Michigan advances to its seventh national championship game, and first since 2013, and set a single season record with its 33rd victory. On April 2, Michigan lost to (#2 Coaches Poll/#2 AP Poll) Villanova 62–79 in the National Championship Game. The loss snapped Michigan's 14-game win streak that dated back to February 6, and was the longest active winning streak in the nation. This was Michigan's longest","title":"2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team"},{"id":"9902017","text":"record, 25–5 overall, and ranked No. 7 in the country. Following the conclusion of the regular season, Kalin Lucas was named Big Ten Player of the Year and Tom Izzo was voted Big Ten Coach of the Year. As the No. 1 seed in the Big Ten Tournament, the Spartans defeated Minnesota. However, Michigan State's hopes for a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament likely vanished as they were defeated by Ohio State, 82–70. Michigan State received an at-large bid as the No. 2 seed in the Midwest Region of the NCAA Tournament, their 12th straight appearance in the","title":"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"20110828\",\n \"text\": \"NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989. Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013. At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to end the 2017–18 regular season with a 28–7 win-loss record after winning the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament. They earned the No. 3 seed in the West Regional. Michigan defeated the No. 14 Montana Grizzlies in the first round by a score of 61–47. They then reached the Sweet 16 by defeating\",\n \"title\": \"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20110827\",\n \"text\": \"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship in 2016. Villanova defeated Michigan, 79–62. Donte DiVincenzo, a reserve player, scored 31 points for Villanova, and was named the\",\n \"title\": \"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20110834\",\n \"text\": \"180 countries. In Canada, the game aired on TSN. Radio coverage in the United States was provided by Westwood One. 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The game was played on April 2, 2018, at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, between the Michigan Wolverines and the Villanova Wildcats. Michigan last won the NCAA championship in 1989, while Villanova won the championship\",\n \"title\": \"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11185289\",\n \"text\": \"2017–18 season, Beilein's Wolverines again won four games in four days to win back-to-back Big Ten Tournament championships for the first time in school history. The team went on to win the West regional title and advance to the Final Four following its win over Florida State, 58-54. The win improved the team's record to 32-7, marking a new school record for victories. The 2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team moved on to the NCAA tournament championship, where they lost against Villanova to a score of 79-62. As of November 16, 2018 § – Conference co-champions Totals through December 4,\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11185288\",\n \"text\": \"the Elite Eight of the NCAA tournament, where it lost to Kentucky, 75–72. During the 2016–17 season, Beilein became the winningest coach in school history, passing Johnny Orr with his 210th win, 75–55 over Illinois on March 9 in the opening round of the 2017 Big Ten Tournament. Michigan went on to win the tournament, its first since the vacated 1998 title, winning four games in four days as the #8 seed and capping it off with a 71–56 championship victory over Wisconsin. It was the first time that a #8 seed had won the Big Ten Tournament During the\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11185264\",\n \"text\": \"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball The Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team is the intercollegiate men's basketball program representing the University of Michigan. The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments (NIT), fourteen Big Ten Conference titles and two Big Ten Tournament titles. In addition, it has won an NIT title and a Big Ten Tournament that were vacated due to NCAA sanctions. The team\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5283772\",\n \"text\": \"stepped down. Michigan has won 35 conference championships, made 22 NCAA Tournament appearances and won those 2 national titles. For 13 seasons from 1990 to 2002, Michigan won a lone Big Ten title in 1997 and made just one NCAA appearance in 1999. In 2015, Coach Bakich led the program to its first NCAA tournament berth since 2008 after needing to win the Big Ten Tournament to qualify. The men's basketball team plays its games at Crisler Center. The Wolverines have won 14 Big Ten regular season titles, as well as the inaugural Big Ten Tournament in 1998, which it\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6913082\",\n \"text\": \"has been vacated. With wins over 10th-seeded Oklahoma State and 2nd-seeded Louisville, the Wolverines advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. The 2017–18 Wolverines won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament to claim their second consecutive Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament championship. They became the first team to win consecutive tournament championships since Ohio State in 2010 and 2011. On March 24, Michigan defeated Florida State 58–54 in the West regional finals of the 2018 NCAA Tournament. With the win, Michigan advanced to the Final Four for the eighth time in program history and set\",\n \"title\": \"John Beilein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11185300\",\n \"text\": \"December 13, 1997 81–73 over Duke at home) have defeated the number one ranked team. The following table summarizes Michigan history in the AP Poll: Michigan Wolverines men's basketball The Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team is the intercollegiate men's basketball program representing the University of Michigan. The school competes in the Big Ten Conference in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Wolverines play home basketball games at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Michigan has won one NCAA Championship as well as two National Invitation Tournaments (NIT), fourteen Big Ten Conference titles and two Big\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19573979\",\n \"text\": \"2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 8 through March 12, 2017 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C. It was the first Big Ten Conference Tournament held outside the conference's traditional heartland in the Midwest. The championship was won by Michigan, which defeated Wisconsin in the championship game. As a result, Michigan received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The championship was Michigan's first (after having their win of the inaugural tournament vacated) and they\",\n \"title\": \"2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20652115\",\n \"text\": \"year in a row. The team is also coming off a six year stretch tied with North Carolina for the most NCAA tournament wins in the nation with 16. The Wolverines, who finished the 2017–18 season 33–8, were 13–5 in Big Ten play to finish in a tie for fourth. As the No. 5 seed in the Big Ten Tournament, they defeated Iowa, Nebraska, Michigan State, and Purdue to win the tournament championship. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As the No. 3 seed in the West region, they defeated Montana, Houston, Texas\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20110829\",\n \"text\": \"the No. 6 Houston Cougars, 64–63, on a buzzer beater by Jordan Poole. They made it to the Elite Eight by defeating the Texas A&M Aggies, 99–72. Michigan advanced to the Final Four by defeating the Florida State Seminoles, 58–54, and defeated the \\\"Cinderella story\\\" of the tournament, the Loyola-Chicago Ramblers, in the Final Four by a score of 69–57. The Villanova Wildcats won the NCAA Tournament in 2016. In 2017–18, Villanova set the NCAA record for three-point shots in a season and in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. After completing a 30–4 regular season, including winning the\",\n \"title\": \"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2472876\",\n \"text\": \"a game against the Air Force Falcons of the U.S. Air Force Academy. The Golden Gophers men's basketball team has won two National Championships, two National Invitation Tournament (NIT) Championships and eight Big Ten Regular Season Championships. They also have six NCAA Tournament, including a Final Four appearance in 1997 and three Sweet 16 appearances. However, because of NCAA sanctions for academic fraud, all postseason appearances from 1994 to 1998—in the NCAA Tournament in 1994, 1995, and 1997 and NIT in 1996 and 1998—were vacated. Most recently in April 2014, the Golden Gophers defeated SMU to win the NIT championship\",\n \"title\": \"University of Minnesota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433441\",\n \"text\": \"while the men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The men's basketball program became involved in a scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program being placed on probation for a four-year period. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances. The men's basketball team has most recently won back to back Big Ten Tournament Championships against Wisconsin in\",\n \"title\": \"University of Michigan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090447\",\n \"text\": \"and Luke Yaklich. During the regular season, the team finished tied for fourth in the Big Ten Conference. They earned a 5th seed in the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, where they won the championship, thus defending the title won by the 2016–17 Wolverines in the 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament the year before. The Wolverines finished the season with a 33–8 record, setting a program record for wins during a season. The team earned a 3 seed in the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament and reached the Championship Game before losing to Villanova.\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6894433\",\n \"text\": \"week before Selection Sunday. On six occasions, the champion of the tournament has gone on to reach the Final Four of the NCAA Tournament (Michigan State in 1999 and 2000, Illinois in 2005, Ohio State in 2007, Wisconsin in 2015, and Michigan in 2018). In 2000, champion Michigan State won the NCAA Tournament. The No. 1 seed has won the tournament eight times, the most of any seed. The lowest seed to win the tournament was Michigan as a No. 8 seed in 2017. The Big Ten Men's Basketball tournaments have been held at neutral sites every year. The first\",\n \"title\": \"Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812597\",\n \"text\": \"Abrams Planetarium, the Wharton Center for Performing Arts, the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum, the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, and the country's largest residence hall system. The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference. Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954, 1956, 1988 and 2014, and a total of six national championships. Spartans men's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 and has attained the Final Four seven times since the 1998–1999 season. Spartans ice hockey won NCAA national titles in 1966, 1986 and 2007. The\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19736566\",\n \"text\": \"Big Ten history. The Big Ten Tournament was held from March 8 through March 12 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C. It was the first Big Ten Conference Tournament not held in Indianapolis or Chicago. Michigan won the Big Ten Tournament over Wisconsin, becoming the first eight seed and lowest seeded team to win the conference tournament and marking their first win since their vacated win in the inaugural tournament. As a result, Michigan received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Purdue forward Caleb Swanigan was named Big Ten Player of the Year and a second team\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090786\",\n \"text\": \"Michigan was led by Wilson with 8 rebounds, 3 blocked shots and a game-high 26 points, which was the second highest single-game scoring performance of the tournament (trailing teammate Derrick Walton's 29-point performance the following day). Wilson averaged 15.3 points per game for Michigan's four games during the Big Ten Tournament, helping the 2016–17 Wolverines emerge as the champion. Wilson averaged 16 points, 3 blocks and 4.3 rebounds in three 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament games, helping Michigan reach the round of sixteen, where the team was eliminated by Ennis' 2016–17 Oregon Ducks. In the NCAA tournament wins\",\n \"title\": \"D. J. Wilson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16896403\",\n \"text\": \"The achievement was the first NCAA title won by a women's sports team at the University of Michigan, and was also just the second time a Midwestern university had claimed the championship after Iowa had done it first in 1986. \\\"Season-by-season results through the end of the 2018 season\\\" As of February 22, 2018 Michigan has accumulated a total of 11 appearances in the NCAA tournament, including three Final Fours. In 2001, the Wolverines won their first NCAA championship by defeating Maryland in the final by a score of 2–0. The victory made them the first women's team at the\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines field hockey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17508499\",\n \"text\": \"at 12–6. Michigan State finished the regular season at 23–8 overall and ranked No. 22 in the country. The Spartans, finally healthy and at full strength, beat Northwestern, No. 12 Wisconsin, and No. 8 Michigan to capture the Big Ten Tournament championship. This marked Michigan State's fourth tournament championship, tying them with Ohio State for the conference record. As a result, MSU earned the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament for the 17th consecutive year. Michigan State received the No. 4 seed in the East Region. With wins against Delaware and Harvard, they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18781044\",\n \"text\": \"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Wolverines, led by head coach John Beilein in his tenth year, played their home games for the 50th consecutive year at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This season marked the program's 101st season and its 100th consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team earned the 2017 Big Ten Conference Tournament championship and reached the Sweet Sixteen round of the 2017 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17678188\",\n \"text\": \"2014 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2014 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 13 through March 16, 2014 at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. The tournament was the 16th annual Big Ten Tournament and third and final year to feature 12 teams. The championship was won by Michigan State who defeated Michigan in the championship game. As a result, Michigan State received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The win marked Michigan State's fourth tournament championship (tying them with Ohio State\",\n \"title\": \"2014 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5283790\",\n \"text\": \"1996, 1998), which is also an NCAA record. In 2011, the team was invited to the NCAA tournament for a record 21st year in a row. In 2011, Michigan reached the national semi-finals (now referred to as the \\\"Frozen Four\\\") for an unmatched 24th time. Vic Heyliger led Michigan to a record six NCAA titles, including the first one in college hockey history in 1948. Heyliger, who played for the Wolverines from 1935–37, also won national titles as Michigan coach in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955 and 1956. He was inducted into the U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame in 1974, in\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17941171\",\n \"text\": \"2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2015–16 season. The 78th edition of the Tournament began on March 15, 2016, and concluded with the championship game on April 4 at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas. Upsets were the story of the first round of the Tournament; No. 15 seed Middle Tennessee upset No. 2 seed Michigan State in the biggest upset, just the eighth ever win for\",\n \"title\": \"2016 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11185298\",\n \"text\": \"Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year All-Americans National Coach of the Year Big Ten Coach of the Year The University of Michigan has an all-time 59–27* (52–23) record overall and 1–6* (1–4) championship game record in the NCAA Tournaments in 28* (24) appearances. Glen Rice holds the NCAA single-tournament scoring record with 184 points in 1989. The 1992 Final Four and all 1993, 1996, & 1998 games have been forfeited due to NCAA sanctions. The NCAA began seeding the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament with the 1979 edition. The 64-team field started in 1985, which guaranteed that a\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18781076\",\n \"text\": \"lowest-seeded team ever to win the Big Ten Tournament. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Michigan defeated Oklahoma State by a 92–91 margin on the strength of a school NCAA Tournament record 16 three point shots (on 29 attempts, including 11–15 three point shooting in the second half). Michigan's 16 three point field goals also tied the Big Ten record for an NCAA Tournament game. The team was led by Derrick Walton's 26 points. With 26 points, 11 assists and five rebounds, Walton was the first player with at least 25 points, ten assists and five rebounds\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18781077\",\n \"text\": \"in a tournament game since Dwyane Wade in 2003. On March 19, Michigan defeated Louisville 73–69 in a rematch of the 2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game to advance to the Sweet 16 for the first time since 2014, and third time in the past five seasons. Michigan was led by Wagner with a career-high 26 points. Wagner's 26 points were the most by a Wolverine in an NCAA Tournament game since Ray Jackson scored 28 points against Western Kentucky in the first round of the 1995 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. Michigan led the country in\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20185702\",\n \"text\": \"played one road game and one home conference game in the first week of December. With a win over Wisconsin on February 25, 2018, Michigan State clinched the outright of the Big Ten Title, their eighth under Tom Izzo. The Big Ten Tournament was held from February 28 through March 4, 2018 at Madison Square Garden. Michigan defeated Purdue to win its second consecutive tournament. As a result, the Wolverines received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Four Big Ten schools (Michigan, Michigan State, Ohio State, and Purdue) were invited to the NCAA Tournament, the fewest Big Ten\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Big Ten Conference men's basketball season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20522532\",\n \"text\": \"Dame in the National Semifinals after captain Jake Evans scored the game-winning goal with six seconds remaining. When the team reached the Frozen Four it marked the sixth time a school had reached the final four of the NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship and NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament in the same season: Michigan (1964, 1992*, 1993* and 2018) and Michigan State (1999 and 2001). During the 2016–17 ice hockey season Michigan went 13–19–3, including 6–12–2 in Big Ten Play. Michigan lost in the first round of the 2017 Big Ten Men's Ice Hockey Tournament to eventual tournament winner\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20068322\",\n \"text\": \"title since 2009. It marked the Spartans eighth regular season title under Izzo. The Spartans finished the season 30–5, 16–2 in Big Ten play to win the regular season championship. As the No. 1 seed in the Big Ten Tournament, they beat Wisconsin in the quarterfinals before losing to Michigan in the semifinals. The Spartans received a bid to the NCAA Tournament, their 21st consecutive trip under Izzo, as the No. 3 seed in the Midwest region. They defeated No. 14 Bucknell in the First Round before losing to No. 11-seeded Syracuse in the Second Round. As a result, the\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9901976\",\n \"text\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball The Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team represents Michigan State University (MSU) and competes in the Big Ten Conference of NCAA Division I College basketball. Their home games are played at the Breslin Student Events Center. Tom Izzo has been the head coach since 1995. The Spartans have won two NCAA championships and 14 Big Ten Conference Championships. Their two National Championships came in the 1979 NCAA Tournament and the 2000 NCAA Tournament. The 1979 National Championship Game was the most watched college basketball game in history, with 35.11 million television viewers. The 1979 National\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18781085\",\n \"text\": \"draft and Wilson did not. 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Wolverines, led by head coach John Beilein in his tenth year, played their home games for the 50th consecutive year at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This season marked the program's 101st season and its 100th consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team earned the 2017 Big Ten Conference Tournament championship and reached the Sweet Sixteen round of the 2017\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18603098\",\n \"text\": \"16 in Dayton, Ohio. Michigan is in the tournament field for the fifth time in the last six seasons after missing out on the 2015 tournament field. Beilein's Wolverines advanced to the national title game in 2013 and followed with an Elite Eight performance in 2014. Michigan is one of three Big Ten teams in the east region (along with Wisconsin and Indiana). On March 16 in the First Four, Michigan defeated Tulsa, 67–62, to advance to the First Round of the NCAA Tournament. After falling behind 16–9, Michigan ended the first half on a 19–4 scoring run to take\",\n \"title\": \"2015–16 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433439\",\n \"text\": \"2015 season) and first among FBS schools in winning percentage (.731). The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. U-M had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007. The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships. The program has 11 national championships, most recently in 1997, and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson. Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation and one of the largest football-only stadiums in the world, with an official capacity of\",\n \"title\": \"University of Michigan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753179\",\n \"text\": \"when the tournament expanded to 64 teams, Duke has won five championships; North Carolina and Connecticut have each won four; Kentucky & Villanova have three; Kansas & Florida have two; and UCLA, Indiana, Michigan State, and Louisville have one. During that time Villanova, Michigan, UNLV, Duke, Arkansas, Arizona, Connecticut, Maryland, Syracuse, and Florida all won their first championships. The NCAA has changed the tournament format several times since its inception, most often representing an increase of the number of teams. This section describes the tournament as it has operated since 2011. A total of 68 teams qualify for the tournament\",\n \"title\": \"NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6913076\",\n \"text\": \"for the 2013 World University Games. In the 2013 NCAA Tournament, fourth-seeded Michigan defeated South Dakota State, 71–56. in its South Regional opening game, and in so doing the team matched Beilein's career high with 27 wins. Michigan then surpassed this record, and continued to advance, by defeating fifth-seeded Virginia Commonwealth, 78–53 and top-seeded Kansas, 87–85 before beating third-seeded Florida 79–59 to send Michigan to the Final Four for the first time since 1993. In the 2013 Final Four, the Wolverines defeated East region champion Syracuse, 61–56, to advance to the national championship game against Louisville, which they lost, 82–76.\",\n \"title\": \"John Beilein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7500594\",\n \"text\": \"It was Michigan's first tournament appearance in 11 years after the school was rocked with sanctions and punishments from the Chris Webber scandal in the mid-2000s. All final four teams in the tournament had won at least one national championship. Entering the tournament, North Carolina had the most, with four (1957, 1982, 1993, 2005); Connecticut had two; (1999, 2004); Michigan State also had two; (1979, 2000), and Villanova won one; (1985). The Spartans had home court advantage by playing in their home state. Six teams have played the Final Four in their home states, but only four of them won.\",\n \"title\": \"2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14519161\",\n \"text\": \"#8 Seed in the 2011 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, where they defeated Tennessee by a 75–45 margin in the first round. During the victory, they established two NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship records: The largest victory margin by an eight seed, and the first team to ever win a tournament game without making a free throw. The game was the second largest NCAA tournament victory margin in Michigan history (surpassed by the 1989 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament victory over ). It also marked the ninth straight time that John Bielien led a team victory in\",\n \"title\": \"2010–11 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20252166\",\n \"text\": \"Garden in New York from March 7 through March 10, 2018. Villanova defeated Providence to win the tournament championship and receive the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Six Big East schools received bids to the NCAA Tournament (Butler, Creighton, Providence, Seton Hall, Villanova, and Xavier). Only Villanova won more than one game in the Tournament, but the Wildcats defeated Michigan to win the NCAA Championship for the second time in three years. Marquette received a bit to the National Invitation Tournament, where they advanced to the quarterfinals before losing to eventual NIT champions Penn State. Villanova guard Jalen\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Big East Conference men's basketball season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090464\",\n \"text\": \"Robinson III and Trey Burke did so for the 2012–13 National Runner-up Wolverines on January 6, 2013. On November 29, Michigan lost to (#13 AP Poll/#11 Coaches Poll) North Carolina 71–86 in the ACC–Big Ten Challenge. Michigan was led by Wagner with a team-high 20 points. This was the first meeting between the two teams since the 1993 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. The 2018 Big Ten Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Due to the Big East's use of that venue for the 2018 Big East Tournament, the Big Ten Tournament took\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11185286\",\n \"text\": \"before losing to top-seeded Duke, 73–71. The 2010–11 Wolverines, who swept rival Michigan State for the first time since 1997, finished the season 21–14. In the 2011–12 season, Michigan split the season series with both Ohio State and Michigan State and went on to be co-Big Ten champs along with the Buckeyes and Spartans. It was the program's first Big Ten title for Michigan since 1986. The Wolverines finished the season 24-10 and 13-5 in conference play, losing in the opening round of the NCAA Tournament. The 2012–13 Michigan team earned a #1 ranking in the AP Poll on January\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17966252\",\n \"text\": \"related to both players on this team, as well as potential recruits. This decision was upheld on February 20, 2018. Michigan, who was led by 2013 national player of the year Trey Burke, was a #4 seed in the South Regional of the 2013 NCAA Tournament. In the 2nd round, Glenn Robinson III scored 21 points to lead the Wolverines past South Dakota State 71-56. In the 3rd Round, Michigan crushed VCU with a 78-53 win to advance to the Sweet 16 for the 1st time since 1994. Against Kansas, Burke made a long game-tying three pointer with 4.2 seconds\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18647794\",\n \"text\": \"2016 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2016 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference held from March 9 through March 13 at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was the 17th annual Big Ten Tournament and was the second tournament to feature 14 teams of the expanded Big Ten, including Maryland and Rutgers. The championship was won by Michigan State who defeated Purdue in the championship game. As a result, Michigan State received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The win marked Michigan State's fifth\",\n \"title\": \"2016 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9901977\",\n \"text\": \"Championship team was coached by Jud Heathcote and included tournament MVP Magic Johnson, Greg Kelser and Jay Vincent. The Spartans defeated the previously unbeaten Indiana State Sycamores, led by future Hall of Famer Larry Bird. The 2000 National Championship team defeated the Florida Gators in the final. The team was coached by Tom Izzo and led by players Morris Peterson, Charlie Bell, Jason Richardson and tournament MVP Mateen Cleaves. The Spartans have participated in 32 NCAA tournaments and in 21 consecutive NCAA tournaments (1998–2018), the fifth-longest streak ever and third-longest active streak in college basketball, behind Kansas (28) and Duke\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9902011\",\n \"text\": \"the quarterfinals in the Big Ten Tournament to Iowa. Michigan State received an at-large bid as a No. 5 seed in the Austin Regional of the NCAA Tournament, their eighth straight appearance in the Tournament under Tom Izzo. Wins over Old Dominion and Vermont led the Spartans to the Sweet Sixteen for the sixth time in eight years. In the Sweet Sixteen, the Spartans beat No. 3-ranked and No. 1-seeded Duke, which MSU had not defeated since 1958. The win marked Izzo's first and only win over Duke's Mike Krzyzewski (as of 2017). A double overtime victory over Kentucky sent\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6894436\",\n \"text\": \"not include results of the teams in which records were vacated. <nowiki>*</nowiki> 1998 championship vacated by Michigan<br>^ 2002 championship vacated by Ohio State 2 – Michigan State (1999, 2000), Ohio State (2010, 2011), Michigan (2017, 2018) <nowiki>*</nowiki> Does not include vacated wins by Michigan (1998) and Ohio State (2002) \\\"Through 2018 tournament\\\" Note: Current coaches at school in bold. Minimum of five wins. Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The Big Ten Conference men's basketball tournament is held annually at the end of the men's college basketball regular season. The tournament has been played each year since 1998. The winner\",\n \"title\": \"Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6832787\",\n \"text\": \"January 26, 2018, when he resigned, along with others at the University, due to fallout from the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal involving former MSU Medical School faculty member Dr. Larry Nassar. Bill Beekman assumed the position on an interim basis, until July 17, 2018 when he was named to the permanent post. MSU's football team has won or shared six national championships in 1951, 1952, 1955, 1957, 1965 and 1966, and has won the Rose Bowl in 1954, 1956, 1988 and 2014. Its men's basketball team won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000. The MSU men's ice\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13332336\",\n \"text\": \"consecutive year, they received a No. 1 seed and reached the Final Four before falling to Arizona. The Spartans finished the 1999–2000 season as NCAA National Champions with an overall record of 32–7 and in first place in the Big Ten with a 13–3 record. Michigan State received a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament, their third straight trip to the Tournament, and won the National Championship, the second in school history, by beating Florida in the National Championship game. The Spartans lost Mateen Cleaves (12.1 PPG, 1.8 RPG, 6.9 APG) and Morris Peterson (16.8 PPG, 6.0 RPG, 1.3\",\n \"title\": \"2000–01 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16074751\",\n \"text\": \"2012–13 and as National Runner-up in the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament after losing in the championship game to Louisville. Louisville's win was later vacated due to the 2015 University of Louisville basketball sex scandal. The team achieved a 31–8 record, the most wins by the program in 20 seasons. Following the 2011–12 season, the team lost graduating senior captains Zack Novak and Stu Douglass, who moved on to professional basketball careers in Europe. The incoming class of Mitch McGary, Glenn Robinson III and Nik Stauskas was ranked among the best classes in the nation by the media.\",\n \"title\": \"2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19423371\",\n \"text\": \"2013. On December 21, Michigan defeated the previously winless Alabama A&M Bulldogs 97–47 as Matthews posted 31 points, another career high. Matthews tallied 20 or more points six different times before the final four, but none in 2017–18 Big Ten Conference play, where he never scored more than 16 points. Matthews averaged 10 points and 5.5 rebounds during Michigan's four games in the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament, helping the team win its second consecutive Big Ten Tournament Championship. On March 15, Michigan began play in the 2018 NCAA Tournament with a 61–47 victory over Montana in the\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Matthews (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13833727\",\n \"text\": \"Mary's 9:00 PM ET <br> <br>March 20 <br>E 16 LIU-Brooklyn Vs E 16 James Madison 6:30 PM ET <br>W 13 La Salle Vs W 13 Boise St 9:00 PM ET Louisville defeated Michigan 82–76 in the championship game. The win gave Louisville its first championship since 1986, and third overall. It became the eighth school to win at least three championships. Head coach Rick Pitino became the first coach to win an NCAA championship with two different schools. Michigan fell to 1–5 all time in championship games (including two losses vacated because of sanctions against the university). Michigan's Trey Burke\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16902363\",\n \"text\": \"four upsets the previous day. Michigan State reached its seventh Final Four in the last 18 seasons—the best mark in the nation during that time span. For the first time since 2009, multiple 1 seeds reached the Final Four. For the first time since 2008, two 1 seeds reached the Championship, between Kansas and Memphis (later vacated by Memphis). Wisconsin was in its first final since 1941, and lost; and Duke in its first final since 2010, and won. The Wisconsin loss extended the Big Ten Conference's losing streak in National Championship games to six. As of 2015, Michigan State\",\n \"title\": \"2015 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19199129\",\n \"text\": \"did start one game due to a bookkeeping error on December 17 against Maryland Eastern Shore. Late in the season, he began producing \\\"The Dak and Dunc Show\\\" podcast with teammate Andrew Dakich for WCBN-FM Sports, which was available on iTunes. The team won the 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament and reached the sweet sixteen round of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. Robinson began his senior season with a team-high 21 points against North Florida on November 11, 2017. In the game, he and Charles Matthews became the first Michigan teammates to score 20 points\",\n \"title\": \"Duncan Robinson (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9902014\",\n \"text\": \"MSU finishing 8–8 with a win against No. 1 Wisconsin which likely assured the Spartans a trip to the NCAA Tournament. MSU lost to Wisconsin after beating Northwestern in the Big Ten Tournament. The Spartans received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament for the 10th consecutive year and beat Marquette, coached by former Izzo assistant Tom Crean, in the First Round of the Tournament. A loss to No. 3 North Carolina in the Second Round ended the season. In 2008, MSU finished the non-conference schedule 12–1 and ranked No. 6 in the country with wins over No. 24 NC\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9902004\",\n \"text\": \"win the tournament for the third consecutive year. They received their third consecutive No. 1 seed, in the South Region of the NCAA Tournament. Seeking a repeat National Championship, MSU easily dispatched Alabama State and Fresno State to reach the Sweet Sixteen for the fourth consecutive year. A win over Gonzaga and Temple led to the school's third straight trip to the Final Four. However, they were unable to repeat as National Champions, losing to Arizona in the National Semifinal. Following the season, Randolph and Richardson each left school early and declared for the NBA Draft. As a result of\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812648\",\n \"text\": \"time in Spartan history. In 2014, MSU achieved an 11–2 overall record with losses only to the University of Oregon Ducks and The Ohio State Buckeyes, and ended the season ranked #5. MSU's traditional archrival is the University of Michigan, against whom they compete annually for the Paul Bunyan Trophy. Their overall record against the Wolverines currently stands at 32–67–5 and 23–34–2 since 1953 when the Paul Bunyan Trophy was established and MSU joined the Big Ten Conference. MSU's men's basketball team has won the National Championship twice: in 1979 and again in 2000. In 1979, Earvin \\\"Magic\\\" Johnson, along\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812653\",\n \"text\": \"Michigan State College competed in the Central Collegiate Conference, winning titles in 1926–1929, 1932, 1933 and 1935. Michigan State also experienced success in the IC4A, at New York's Van Cortlandt Park, winning 15 team titles (1933–1937, 1949, 1953, 1956–1960, 1962, 1963 and 1968). Since entering the Big Ten in 1950, Michigan State has won 14 men's team titles (1951–1953, 1955–1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1970 and 1971). Michigan State hosted the inaugural NCAA cross country championships in 1938 and every year thereafter through 1964 (there was no championship in 1943). The Spartans won NCAA championships in 1939, 1948, 1949, 1952, 1955,\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19366705\",\n \"text\": \"Wisconsin, Wagner helped Michigan achieve its first win over a ranked opponent by posting his third 20-point performance of the season. Following the season, he was an honorable mention All-Big Ten selection by both the coaches and the media. Wagner's five steals in the March 9 2017 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament opener against Illinois was a single-game high for the tournament. Three days later, Michigan won its first Big Ten Tournament championship since 1998. On March 19, Wagner's career-high 26 points helped Michigan defeat Louisville 73–69 to advance to the Sweet 16 of the 2017 NCAA Division I\",\n \"title\": \"Moritz Wagner (basketball)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16929426\",\n \"text\": \"on December 27 that he would have back surgery. The following day Michigan defeated Holy Cross 88–66, with Robinson posting a career-high 23 points. In the January 2 Big Ten Conference opener against Minnesota, Michigan won its fifth consecutive game against Minnesota and its fifth consecutive game at the Williams Arena. After winning two games by a combined 50 points last year, Michigan beat Northwestern 74–51 to mark its sixth straight victory over the Wildcats. The team gave Nebraska its first loss in the new Pinnacle Bank Arena on January 9, its first five-game win streak since the 2013 NCAA\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812387\",\n \"text\": \"and advance to the Final Four. The team was then defeated by the eventual champion North Carolina Tar Heels in the 2009 Final Four game. Seven years later, the Wildcats won the 2016 NCAA Championship by defeating North Carolina 77–74. The team defeated the Michigan Wolverines 79-62 to win the 2018 NCAA Championship in San Antonio. The home venues for the Wildcats include the on-campus 6,500 seat Pavilion for smaller attendance games, as well as the larger, 21,600 seat Wells Fargo Center (known formerly under a variety of bank names) within the South Philadelphia Sports Complex. The February 13, 2006\",\n \"title\": \"Villanova University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15913626\",\n \"text\": \"2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was held from March 8 through March 11 at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis. This was the first tournament to feature 12 teams of the expanded Big Ten, with Nebraska making its debut. The tournament was the 14th annual Big Ten Tournament. The championship was won by Michigan State who defeated Ohio State in the championships game. As a result, Michigan State received the Big Ten's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. The win marked Michigan State's third tournament championship and first since 2000. All\",\n \"title\": \"2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16929439\",\n \"text\": \"2014 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. Michigan opened the tournament by defeating Wofford 57–40, the fewest points scored by a Michigan opponent that season, and the victory ensured that the Wolverines would not have consecutive NCAA Tournament losses for the first time since 1993. Michigan then defeated Texas 79–65, advancing to the Sweet 16 for the second straight season. The team's back-to-back trips marked the first time Michigan played in consecutive Sweet 16s since its three straight appearances in 1992–94. Michigan recorded 14 three-pointers in the game, setting a school record in NCAA tournament play and giving Beilein his\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1812650\",\n \"text\": \"of August 2018 (.718 winning percentage). The student spirit section at Breslin is called the Izzone. Izzo's coaching has helped the team make seven Final Fours since 1999, winning the title in 2000, and eighteen consecutive NCAA tournament appearances (beginning in 1998). On December 13, 2003, Michigan State and Kentucky played in the \\\"Basketbowl\\\", in which a record crowd of 78,129 watched the game in Detroit's Ford Field. Kentucky won 79–74. The Michigan State University men's ice hockey team started in 1924, though it has been a varsity sport only since 1950. The team has since won national titles in\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7357794\",\n \"text\": \"1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 16, 1989, and ended with the championship game on April 3 in Seattle. A total of 63 games were played. Michigan, coached by Steve Fisher, won the national title with an 80–79 overtime victory in the final game over Seton Hall, coached by P. J. Carlesimo. Glen Rice of Michigan set an NCAA tournament record by scoring 184 points in six games\",\n \"title\": \"1989 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18411903\",\n \"text\": \"2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament involved 68 teams playing in a single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2016–17 season. The 79th edition of the tournament began on March 14, 2017, and concluded with the championship game on April 3 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. The championship game was the first to be contested in a Western state since 1995 when Seattle was the host of the Final Four for that year. In the Final\",\n \"title\": \"2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17936467\",\n \"text\": \"team was Big Ten champion, earning the school's first outright title since 1986. The program entered the season coming off its winningest two-year stretch, having won 59 games in the two previous seasons. The team was also coming off four consecutive NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament appearances. The 2014–15 team needed to replace the losses of Nik Stauskas, Mitch McGary and Glenn Robinson III to the 2014 NBA draft and Jon Horford and Jordan Morgan to graduation. It began the season ranked in both the AP Poll (#24) and Coaches' Poll (#23). Guard Caris LeVert was named a preseason\",\n \"title\": \"2014–15 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5283775\",\n \"text\": \"then go 10 years without making the NCAA tournament from 1999–2008. They would eventually end the drought in 2009 under current head coach John Beilein. In 2013, the program would reach its first Final Four in 20 years before falling to Louisville in the national championship, 82–76. The program reached another Final Four in 2018, its second under Beilein. Michigan traveled to St. Thomas for the Paradise Jam Tournament over Thanksgiving weekend in 2011. They took on Prairie View A&M in their first game on Thanksgiving Day, and won 59–53. In their second game, they faced Washington State and won\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9737987\",\n \"text\": \"18 total made attempts). In the NCAA Tournament Championship Game they played the Michigan Wolverines, the 3 seed from the West Region. The Wildcats earned their third national championship in school history by beating the Wolverines 79–62. The game saw an historic performance by Big East Sixth Man of the Year Donte DiVincenzo (31 points, 5 rebounds, 3 assists, 2 steals and 2 blocks), named the 2018 Final Four's Most Outstanding Player. Coach Wright led the team to a 36–4 record for the 2017–18 season (14–4 Big East). The 36–4 mark sets the record for most wins in any Villanova\",\n \"title\": \"Villanova Wildcats men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11185285\",\n \"text\": \"overall (5–13 Big Ten) inaugural season featured the most losses in Michigan's history. However, in Beilein's second season, the team posted impressive non-conference victories over top-five ranked opponents UCLA and Duke. Beilein led Michigan to the 2009 NCAA Tournament, its first appearance since 1998 and the first that was not vacated since 1995. After upsetting Clemson in the first round, the Wolverines were eliminated by Oklahoma in Round 2 by a final score of 73–63. Following a disappointing 15–17 season in 2009–10, the Wolverines bounced back to return to the NCAA Tournament in 2011, advancing to the round of 32\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9901983\",\n \"text\": \"also made it to the 1950 championship game. Two years after taking over the Spartans, in 1957, he led MSU to its first Big Ten Championship. After opening the season with a 4–7 record, the Spartans won 10 in a row and 12-of-13 to capture their first league title and advance to the school’s first NCAA Tournament. A bye in the first round of the Tournament preceded wins over Notre Dame and Kentucky to earn a trip to the Final Four. A loss to North Carolina in the Final Four left MSU in the National Third Place Game where they\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5283789\",\n \"text\": \"Wolverines have won 16 Big Ten championships, advanced to 16 consecutive NCAA tournaments (1993–2008) and had seven seasons in which they finished in the Top 5 at the NCAA tournament. The Wolverines ice hockey team, which was a member of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association until 2013 and is now a member of the Big Ten Conference, plays its home contests at Yost Ice Arena. The hockey team was coached by Red Berenson, a former UM player and is currently coached by Mel Pearson. Altogether, the program has won nine NCAA national championships (1948, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1964,\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11698102\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 1998 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the inaugural postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference and was played from March 5 through March 8, 1998 at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois. The championship was won by Michigan who defeated Purdue in the championship game. As a result, Michigan received the Big Ten's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. Due to the Michigan basketball scandal, Michigan has vacated the records from this tournament. Similarly, due to the Minnesota academic scandal, Minnesota's appearance in this tournament was vacated. All\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6518737\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"the best in-season tournament in the country – the standard by which all others are compared.\\\" Some 108 schools representing 26 conferences and 40 states have competed in the Maui Jim Maui Invitational. Five times the winner of the Maui Jim Maui Invitational Tournament has gone on to win the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship later that season: Michigan in 1988, North Carolina three times—in 2004, 2008, and 2016, and Connecticut in 2010. Of the eight teams which play in the Maui Jim Maui Invitational, generally there is one from each of the six major conferences (the Pac-12, Big\",\n \"title\": \"Maui Invitational Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9901998\",\n \"text\": \"in the quarterfinals to Minnesota. Izzo's team received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament as a No. 4 seed in the East Region, their first trip to the Tournament since 1995. MSU advanced to their first Sweet Sixteen since 1990 by beating Eastern Michigan and No. 8 Princeton. The Spartans were eliminated from the Tournament by No. 1 North Carolina in the Sweet Sixteen. As of 2017, no MSU team has failed to make the NCAA tournament, a streak which began with the 1997–98 team. As the 1998–99 season began, Izzo began his willingness to play anyone anywhere mantra\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8044432\",\n \"text\": \"1953 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament The 1953 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament was the culmination of the 1952–53 NCAA men's ice hockey season, the sixth such tournament in NCAA history. It was held from March 12 to 14, 1953, and concluded with Michigan defeating Minnesota 7-3. All games were played at the Broadmoor Ice Palace in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Michigan's win capped off its third consecutive National Championship. As of 2018 no team has been able to match that achievement. Additionally, their 14 goals in the semifinal game against Boston University were the most ever for an NCAA tournament\",\n \"title\": \"1953 NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16074790\",\n \"text\": \"Some sources claim 1993 as the school's last appearance, but those results have been vacated by the NCAA due to the University of Michigan basketball scandal. Michigan was entered in the tournament's South region where it would play its first two games at The Palace of Auburn Hills in nearby Auburn Hills, Michigan. As a number four seed, Michigan opened the tournament by defeating South Dakota State 71–56, giving the team its most wins in 20 years and matching Beilein's career high as it raised its record to 27–7. Michigan then ousted 5th-seeded VCU by a 78–53 margin. That gave\",\n \"title\": \"2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9902028\",\n \"text\": \"tournament championship. Michigan State earned a No. 4 seed in the NCAA Tournament's East Region. With wins against Delaware and Harvard, they advanced to the Sweet Sixteen for the third straight year and the 12th time in 17 years. They defeated No. 1-seeded Virginia in the Sweet Sixteen to advance to the Elite Eight for the first time since 2010. There they fell to No. 7 seed and eventual National Champion, Connecticut. With the loss, the Tom Izzo's Final Four streak ended. Shortly after the season, Gary Harris declared for the NBA Draft. In 2015, MSU started the season well,\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16074788\",\n \"text\": \"and five seniors on the roster: Eso Akunne, Josh Bartelstein, Blake McLimans, Corey Person, and Matt Vogrich. The loss kept Michigan from its first undefeated home season since the 1976–77 team. Michigan participated in the 2013 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament at the United Center in Chicago. As the #5 seed, they defeated Penn State in the opening round on March 14 by an 83–66 margin. In the second round, the team lost to Wisconsin, 68–59. Prior to the 2013 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, Jeff Goodman of CBSSports.com named Michigan first among tournament teams in terms of\",\n \"title\": \"2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4652385\",\n \"text\": \"Michigan State to become the first #7 seed to reach the Final Four since the tournament expanded in 1985. On April 5, 2014, the Huskies defeated top-ranked Florida in the First Final Four national semifinal of the NCAA Tournament 63-53. The Huskies then defeated the Kentucky Wildcats 60-54 in the championship game on April 7 for Connecticut's fourth NCAA men's championship in fifteen years. On May 22, 2014, Ollie signed a new five-year contract with UConn, worth $2.8 million per year. He was fired with \\\"just cause\\\" on March 10, 2018 due to a pending investigation by the NCAA. In\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Ollie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13833717\",\n \"text\": \"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a single-elimination tournament that involved 68 teams playing to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 19, 2013, and concluded with the championship game on April 8, 2013, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. This was the 75th edition of the NCAA Men's Basketball Championship, dating to 1939. The Final Four consisted of Louisville, Wichita State (second ever appearance), Syracuse (first appearance since their 2003 national championship), and Michigan, returning for the first time since the\",\n \"title\": \"2013 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433438\",\n \"text\": \"men's teams and 14 women's teams. In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, U-M has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. U-M has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 14 of the award's 16 seasons and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons. The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (925 through the end of the\",\n \"title\": \"University of Michigan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20652113\",\n \"text\": \"2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team will represent the University of Michigan during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Wolverines, led by head coach John Beilein in his twelfth year, will play their home games for the 52nd consecutive year at the Crisler Center in Ann Arbor, Michigan. This season will mark the program's 103rd season and its 102nd consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team is coming off of the winningest season in school history and a runner-up finish in the 2018 NCAA Division\",\n \"title\": \"2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4821947\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Izzo Tom Izzo (, ); born January 30, 1955, is an American college basketball coach. Since 1995, Izzo has been the head coach for the Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team. On April 4, 2016, Izzo was elected to the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame. Under Izzo, Michigan State has been a successful collegiate basketball program, earning him the nickname of “Mr. March” by some on account of his past success in the NCAA Tournament. Izzo has led the Spartans to the 2000 NCAA Division I National Championship, the 2009 NCAA National Championship Game, seven Final Fours, eight Big\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Izzo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19432936\",\n \"text\": \"play. MSU won the Big Ten Tournament and received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament, their 19th straight trip to the Tournament. As a No. 2 seed in the Midwest Region, they were upset by No. 15 seed Middle Tennessee in the First Round. The Spartans were led by Player of the Year winner Denzel Valentine, 19.2 points, 7.8 assists, and 7.5 rebounds per game, Bryn Forbes, 14.4 points per game, and Matt Costello, 10.7 points and 8.2 rebounds per game. The Spartans lost their top three scorers from the previous season in Valentine, Forbes, and Costello, all\",\n \"title\": \"2016–17 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6832793\",\n \"text\": \"2000 and leading ESPN to define MSU as the best team in that decade. Michigan State basketball has been selected for 19 consecutive NCAA tournament bids under Izzo. The Spartans have won one NCAA Championship, seven Big Ten Regular Season Championships, and five Big Ten Tournament Championships (the most of any team in the Big Ten) under Izzo. The team has made two NCAA Championship games and advanced to seven Final Fours, nine Elite Eights, and 13 Sweet Sixteens under Izzo. Overall, Michigan State has won 2 NCAA Championships, 13 Big Ten Regular Season Championships, and 5 Big Ten Tournament\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20530266\",\n \"text\": \"the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game to (#2 Coaches Poll/#2 AP Poll) Villanova. Isaiah Livers Isaiah M. Livers (born July 28, 1998) is an American basketball player for the Michigan Wolverines who is playing his sophomore season for the 2018–19 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team. He attended Kalamazoo Central High School where he won the Mr. Basketball of Michigan. He was part of the 2017–18 team that won the 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament and reached the Championship Game of the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. Livers was born on July 28, 1998\",\n \"title\": \"Isaiah Livers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20031979\",\n \"text\": \"2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament was the postseason men's basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference of the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. It was held from February 28 through March 4, 2018 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Due to the Big East's use of that venue for their conference tournament, the Big Ten Tournament took place one week earlier than usual, ending the week before Selection Sunday. Michigan defeated Purdue in the championship game to win their second consecutive tournament championship. As a result,\",\n \"title\": \"2018 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13356322\",\n \"text\": \"16, 2004, Michigan defeated 65–64 at Crisler Arena in the first round of the 2004 National Invitation Tournament. Then, Michigan defeated 63–52 and 88–73 on March 22 and March 24 at Crisler Arena, respectively. At the final four in New York City at Madison Square Garden, the team defeated 78–53 in the semifinals on March 30 and 62–55 to win the championship on April 1. The team posted the following statistics: 2003–04 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2003–04 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan in intercollegiate college basketball during the 2003–04 NCAA Division I men's\",\n \"title\": \"2003–04 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"213405\",\n \"text\": \"in postseason play and the program's ninth consecutive season with 20 victories, a school record. In 2013, James Madison University's Men's Basketball team won the CAA championship title for the first time since 1994. The Dukes then won their first NCAA tournament game in 30 years, defeating Long Island University-Brooklyn. The Dukes fell to Indiana in the second round, 83-62, finishing the season with a 21–15 record. James Madison University is home to the John C. Wells Planetarium. The planetarium first opened at JMU in 1956 under the direction of Dr. John C. Wells, head of the Physics Department. The\",\n \"title\": \"James Madison University\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14615900\",\n \"text\": \"their 14th consecutive appearance. As a No. 10 seed, they lost in the Second Round (formerly known as the First Round) to UCLA. The Spartans finished the 2009–10 season 28–9, 14–4 in Big Ten play to finish in a three-way tie for the regular season championship. MSU lost in the quarterfinals of the Big Ten Tournament to Minnesota. Michigan State received a No. 5 seed in the NCAA Tournament, their 13th straight trip to the Tournament. There, they defeated New Mexico State, Maryland, Northern Iowa, and Tennessee to advance to the Final Four, their sixth overall trip and second consecutive\",\n \"title\": \"2010–11 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17139300\",\n \"text\": \"it was not officially sanctioned by the Big Ten until 1982–83. Michigan did not qualify for postseason play until earning an NCAA Tournament bid in 1990 under head coach Bud VanDeWege, which would remain its only tournament appearance until Sue Guevara led the Wolverines to five straight postseason appearances (in both the NCAA and WNIT tournaments) between 1998 and 2002. The team's best postseason performance in the NCAA Tournament is advancing to the Second Round, which it has done four times, in 1990, 2001, 2013, and 2018. The Wolverines won the WNIT tournament in 2017, and have also reached the\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan Wolverines women's basketball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20604611\",\n \"text\": \"2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament was the 44th annual single-elimination tournament to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division III college basketball in the United States. Featuring sixty-four teams, it began on March 2, 2018, following the 2017–18 season, and concluded with the championship game on March 17, 2018. Once again, the national semifinal and championship rounds were held at the Salem Civic Center in Salem, Virginia. Nebraska Wesleyan defeated Wisconsin–Oshkosh in the final, 78–72, to win their first national title. Cooper Cook was voted the MVP. The following\",\n \"title\": \"2018 NCAA Division III Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18039084\",\n \"text\": \"and reached the Final Four for the seventh time under Tom Izzo. There the Spartans lost to eventual National Champion, Duke. The Spartans finished the 2013–14 season with an record of 29–9, 12–6 in Big Ten play to finish in second place. They won the Big Ten Tournament by defeating Michigan and received the conference's automatic bid as a No. 4 seed in the NCAA Tournament, their 17th straight trip to the Tournament. They advanced to the Elite Eight, their eighth trip under Tom Izzo, before losing to eventual National Champion, Connecticut. The Spartans lost Adreian Payne (16.4 points and\",\n \"title\": \"2014–15 Michigan State Spartans men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9817011\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Kraft to Final Four of the 1971 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament. Coach Rollie Massimino took Villanova to a surprising 1985 National Championship. Current Coach Jay Wright reached the Final Four at the 2009 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament behind Dante Cunningham and Scottie Reynolds. The team most recently won the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament for their third National Championship. Villanova won the 1985 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament with a historic 66-64 win over top-seeded Georgetown. The eighth-seeded Wildcats (unranked in the final AP poll) beat Dayton (at Dayton), top-seeded Michigan, Maryland and\",\n \"title\": \"Villanova Wildcats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15152052\",\n \"text\": \"2022. Three of the four teams from the 2014 Champions Classic advanced to the 2015 Final Four (Duke, Kentucky, and Michigan State) with Duke winning the National Championship that year. As of the 2018 games, only one team has participated in the Champions Classic unranked, Michigan State in 2011. Rankings are based on the Associated Press poll. Champions Classic The Champions Classic is an event that tips off the NCAA Division I men's basketball season. It features four of the top college basketball programs in the United States: Duke, Kansas, Kentucky, and Michigan State. The venue changes from year to\",\n \"title\": \"Champions Classic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18433738\",\n \"text\": \"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament The 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament was a 68-team single-elimination tournament to determine the men's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017–18 season. The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13, 2018, and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas. During the first round, UMBC became the first 16-seed to defeat a 1-seed in the men's tournament by defeating Virginia 74–54. For the first time in tournament history, none of the four top seeded\",\n \"title\": \"2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16929402\",\n \"text\": \"2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team The 2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2013–14 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team played its home games in Ann Arbor, Michigan, for the 47th consecutive year at the Crisler Center, with a capacity of 12,707. It was nicknamed \\\"Team 98\\\" in reference to that it was the program's 98th season overall and its 97th consecutive year as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The team was led by seventh-year head coach John Beilein. The team won the 2013–14 Big Ten Conference regular-season championship,\",\n \"title\": \"2013–14 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20090488\",\n \"text\": \"points. Wagner became the third player with at least 20 points and 15 rebounds in a national semifinal game, and the first to do so since Hakeem Olajuwon in 1983. With the win, Michigan advances to its seventh national championship game, and first since 2013, and set a single season record with its 33rd victory. On April 2, Michigan lost to (#2 Coaches Poll/#2 AP Poll) Villanova 62–79 in the National Championship Game. The loss snapped Michigan's 14-game win streak that dated back to February 6, and was the longest active winning streak in the nation. This was Michigan's longest\",\n \"title\": \"2017–18 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9902017\",\n \"text\": \"record, 25–5 overall, and ranked No. 7 in the country. Following the conclusion of the regular season, Kalin Lucas was named Big Ten Player of the Year and Tom Izzo was voted Big Ten Coach of the Year. As the No. 1 seed in the Big Ten Tournament, the Spartans defeated Minnesota. However, Michigan State's hopes for a No. 1 seed in the NCAA Tournament likely vanished as they were defeated by Ohio State, 82–70. Michigan State received an at-large bid as the No. 2 seed in the Midwest Region of the NCAA Tournament, their 12th straight appearance in the\",\n \"title\": \"Michigan State Spartans men's basketball\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"when was the last time university of michigan won the ncaa men's basketball tournament"}}},{"rowIdx":189,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Kathy Steinberg"],"string":"[\n \"Kathy Steinberg\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"3279999","text":"other. But Sally does get angry at her at times, for example when Eudora shows feelings towards Sally's crush, Linus. Sally is notoriously defensive of Linus, instantly jealous of and hostile toward any other girl who shows any sort of affection toward him. Sally is shown to be best friends with Lucy Van Pelt despite Lucy playing tricks and being mean to Sally. Kathy Steinberg was the first to voice Sally Brown in A Charlie Brown Christmas in 1965. Various actresses have voiced her since. Linda Jenner voiced her from It's a Mystery, Charlie Brown (1974) to Be My Valentine,","title":"Sally Brown"},{"id":"10248026","text":"Hilary Momberger Hilary Momberger (born June 16, 1962) is a former child actress from the late 1960s and early 1970s. Momberger, who hails from Los Angeles, was the voice of Sally Brown in five \"Peanuts\" specials \"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown\" (1969), \"Play It Again, Charlie Brown\" (1971), \"You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown\" (1972), \"There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown\" (1973), and \"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\" (1973). She also voiced Sally in the second \"Peanuts\" movie \"Snoopy, Come Home\" (1972). In recent years Momberger has become a successful script supervisor working on varied film titles including: \"Being","title":"Hilary Momberger"},{"id":"10248027","text":"John Malkovich\" and \"Rat Race\" and TV series including: \"Dawson's Creek\", \"Grey's Anatomy\" and \"Ally McBeal\". Hilary Momberger Hilary Momberger (born June 16, 1962) is a former child actress from the late 1960s and early 1970s. Momberger, who hails from Los Angeles, was the voice of Sally Brown in five \"Peanuts\" specials \"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown\" (1969), \"Play It Again, Charlie Brown\" (1971), \"You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown\" (1972), \"There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown\" (1973), and \"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\" (1973). She also voiced Sally in the second \"Peanuts\" movie \"Snoopy, Come Home\" (1972). In","title":"Hilary Momberger"},{"id":"1063924","text":"unites to celebrate the Christmas season. \"Peanuts\" had become a phenomenon worldwide by the mid-1960s, and the special was commissioned and sponsored by The Coca-Cola Company. It was written over a period of several weeks, and animated on a shoestring budget in only six months. In casting the characters, the producers went an unconventional route, hiring child actors. The program's soundtrack was similarly unorthodox: it features a jazz score by pianist Vince Guaraldi. Its absence of a laugh track (a staple in US television animation in this period), in addition to its tone, pacing, music, and animation, led both the","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063944","text":"roles spanning television, film, and advertisements. His godmother, famous Hollywood agent Hazel McMillen, discovered Christopher Shea, who would become Linus in the special. His slight lisp, according to Mendelson, gave him a \"youthful sweetness,\" while his emotional script reading \"gave him power and authority as well.\" Tracy Stratford played the role of Lucy, with the creators being impressed by her attitude and professionalism. Kathy Steinberg was the youngest of the performers, just six years old at the time of recording. Too young to read, the producers had to give her one line at a time to recite. Robbins remembered Melendez","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"4294678","text":"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving is the tenth prime-time animated short film based upon the popular comic strip \"Peanuts,\" by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on the CBS network on November 20, 1973, and won an Emmy Award the following year. As of 2018, the special continues to be aired every November in prime time, now on the ABC network in the United States. In Canada, it has recently been aired on Family Channel as of 2018. It was the third holiday special after \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" in 1965 and \"It's The Great Pumpkin,","title":"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving"},{"id":"1063925","text":"producers and network to predict the project would be a disaster preceding its broadcast. Contrary to that apprehension, \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" received high ratings and acclaim from critics. It has since been honored with both an Emmy and Peabody Award. It became an annual broadcast in the United States, and has been aired during the Christmas season traditionally every year since its premiere. Its success paved the way for a series of Peanuts television specials and films. Its jazz soundtrack also achieved commercial success, selling 4 million copies in the US. Live theatrical versions of \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063923","text":"A Charlie Brown Christmas A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 animated television special based on the comic strip \"Peanuts\", by Charles M. Schulz. Produced by Lee Mendelson and directed by Bill Melendez, the program made its debut on CBS on December 9, 1965. In the special, lead character Charlie Brown finds himself depressed despite the onset of the cheerful holiday season. Lucy suggests he direct a neighborhood Christmas play, but his best efforts are ignored and mocked by his peers. After Linus tells Charlie Brown about the true meaning of Christmas, Charlie Brown cheers up, and the Peanuts gang","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063962","text":"50th anniversary broadcast aired on November 30, 2015, and it featured a full two-hour time slot that was padded by a special, \"It's Your 50th Christmas, Charlie Brown\", which was hosted by Kristen Bell, and featured musical performances by Kristin Chenoweth, Matthew Morrison, Sarah McLachlan, Boyz II Men, Pentatonix, David Benoit, and the All-American Boys Chorus. It also included documentary features. In 1987 the special was released on VHS by Hi-Tops Video. In 1992, the special was released for a limited time on VHS through Shell Oil for sale at their gas stations. In September 1994 the special was released","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063943","text":"mutterings, and simply speed up the tape to prevent viewers from knowing. There are no adult characters in the strip or in this special. Later specials would introduce an offscreen teacher; her lines are eschewed for the sound of a trombone as the team behind the specials found it humorous. With this in mind, the trio set out to cast the characters, which proved to be a daunting process. Casting for Charlie Brown proved most difficult, as it required both good acting skills but also the ability to appear nonchalant. The producers picked eight-year-old Peter Robbins, already known for his","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063967","text":"comics and animation industries, among them Eric Goldberg (\"Pocahontas\"), Pete Docter (\"Monsters, Inc.\", \"Up\"), Andrew Stanton (\"Finding Nemo\", \"WALL-E\"), Jef Mallett (\"Frazz\"), and Patrick McDonnell (\"Mutts\"). The show's score made an equally pervasive impact on viewers who would later perform jazz, among them David Benoit and George Winston. More directly, the special launched a series of Peanuts films, TV specials (many of them holiday-themed) and other works of entertainment. Linus' speech near the end of the special was used in the Sidewalk Prophets Christmas song \"What a Glorious Night\". In 2013 Tams-Witmark Music Library, Inc. began licensing an official stage","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063954","text":"a studio-session report Guaraldi filed for the American Federation of Musicians. \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" was voted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2007, and added to the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry list of \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically important\" American sound recordings in 2012. \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" was completed just ten days shy of its national broadcast premiere. All involved believed the special would be an unmitigated disaster. Melendez first saw the completed animation at a showing in a theater in the days before its premiere, turning to his crew of animators and remarking, \"My golly,","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063959","text":"Features Syndicate, and the show's viewers. Fantasy released the special's soundtrack the first week of December 1965, coinciding with the special's airdate. United Feature Syndicate pushed hard to promote the special, while Word Publishing issued a hardcover adaption of the special. CBS promptly ordered four additional \"Peanuts\" specials. \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" was awarded the Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program in 1966. \"Charlie Brown is not used to winning, so we thank you,\" Schulz joked. Although originally broadcast on the CBS network from 1965 until December 25, 2000, in January 2000, the broadcast rights were acquired by ABC, which","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"3280000","text":"Charlie Brown (1975). In Its Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown (1984), Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown (1985), and the 1983 season of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show, Sally was voiced by Stacy Ferguson, better known as Fergie of the Black Eyed Peas. In It's Christmastime Again, Charlie Brown (1992), Sally was voiced by Jodie Sweetin (Stephanie on Full House and Fuller House). Other voice actresses who have played Sally include: Kristin Chenoweth played Sally in the Broadway revival of the musical You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, winning the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress. The character of Sally had not","title":"Sally Brown"},{"id":"1063960","text":"is where the special currently airs, usually twice, in December. The original broadcasts included references to the sponsor, Coca-Cola. Subsequent broadcasts and home media releases have excised all references to Coca-Cola products. Later subsequent broadcasts of the special also had some scenes, animation, including sound effects being redone for correction. Snoopy's dog bowl was given a new color, Charlie Brown no longer looked off-model in Lucy's psychiatric booth, new animation was placed in scenes where Charlie Brown was giving directions at the auditorium, the hearts when Sally gets enamored in Linus were redone, and Snoopy no longer sings like a","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063969","text":"after the special first aired, they were no longer being regularly manufactured. The \"Charlie Brown Christmas Tree\" has been used to comedic effect with people familiar with the special and has become synonymous with poorly executed or minimalist Christmas decorating. A model of the tree is offered by various retailers. Three lesser-known Christmas specials were produced decades after the 1965 original. A Charlie Brown Christmas A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 animated television special based on the comic strip \"Peanuts\", by Charles M. Schulz. Produced by Lee Mendelson and directed by Bill Melendez, the program made its debut on","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063965","text":"Brown\", and the \"Making of...\" documentary from previous editions. On October 31, 2017, it was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray disc containing \"It's Christmastime Again, Charlie Brown\" and the \"Making of...\" special. \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" became a Christmas staple in the United States for several decades afterward. Within the scope of future \"Peanuts\" specials, it established their style, combining thoughtful themes, jazzy scores, and simple animation. It also, according to author Charles Solomon, established the half-hour animated special as a television tradition, inspiring the creation of numerous others, including \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\" (1966) and \"Frosty the Snowman\"","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"2544612","text":"for a Variety Series in 1981. O'Hara has appeared in several films directed by Tim Burton, beginning with the role of Delia Deetz in the 1988 film \"Beetlejuice\". Other roles she has portrayed in Burton films include the voices of Sally/Shock in \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" (1993) and Susan Frankenstein in \"Frankenweenie\" (2012). She has also frequently collaborated with director and writer Christopher Guest, appearing in the mockumentary films \"Waiting for Guffman\" (1996), \"Best in Show\" (2000), \"A Mighty Wind\" (2003), and \"For Your Consideration\" (2006). In 2000, she won a Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in","title":"Catherine O'Hara"},{"id":"1063968","text":"version of the television special authorized by the Schulz family and Lee Mendelson. The stage version follows the television special but includes an optional sing-along section of Christmas songs at the end. It includes all of Vince Guaraldi's music from the television special and the television script is adapted for the stage by Eric Schaeffer. It has been performed at hundreds of schools, churches and community theatres. The popularity of the special practically eliminated the popularity of the aluminum Christmas tree, which was a fad from 1958 to 1965, when the special portrayed it negatively. By 1967, just two years","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063957","text":"15,490,000, placing it at number two in the ratings, behind \"Bonanza\" on NBC. The special received unanimous critical acclaim: \"The Hollywood Reporter\" deemed the show \"delightfully novel and amusing,\" while the \"Weekly Variety\" dubbed it \"fascinating and haunting.\" Bob Williams of the \"New York Post\" praised the \"very neat transition from comic page to screen,\" while Lawrence Laurent of \"The Washington Post\" declared that \"natural-born loser Charlie Brown finally turned up a real winner last night.\" Harriet Van Horne of the \"New York World-Telegram\" hailed the scene in which Linus recites scripture, commenting, \"Linus' reading of the story of the","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"18815293","text":"68 out of 100 rating based on 18 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The special was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Television Movie, and Paul Shaffer was nominated for Outstanding Music Direction. A Very Murray Christmas A Very Murray Christmas is a 2015 American Christmas musical comedy film directed by Sofia Coppola and co-written by Bill Murray, Mitch Glazer, and Coppola. The film features an ensemble cast including Bill Murray, George Clooney, Paul Shaffer, Amy Poehler, Julie White, Dimitri Dimitrov, Michael Cera, Chris Rock, David Johansen, Maya Rudolph, Jason Schwartzman, Jenny Lewis, Rashida Jones, and Miley Cyrus and","title":"A Very Murray Christmas"},{"id":"4239172","text":"work of the genre's most influential players, including Miles Davis and John Coltrane. The score influenced dozens of young aspiring musicians, among them David Benoit and George Winston. Haney wrote that the record \"introduce[d] contemporary jazz to youngsters with grace, charm, and creativity.\" \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" was voted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2007. In 2012 the album was added to the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry list of \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically important\" American sound recordings. The Vince Guaraldi Trio Additional musicians Children's chorus for the songs \"Christmas Time Is Here\", \"Hark the Herald Angels","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)"},{"id":"5316509","text":"Meredith MacRae Meredith Lynn MacRae (May 30, 1944 – July 14, 2000) was an American actress and singer known for her roles as Sally Morrison on \"My Three Sons\" (1963–1965) and as Billie Jo Bradley on \"Petticoat Junction\" (1966–1970). MacRae was born in Houston, Texas, to parents Gordon and Sheila MacRae. Her father was stationed with the Army Air Corps in Houston at the time of her birth. Both of her parents went on to be actors. She is the sister of William Gordon MacRae, Robert Bruce MacRae, and Heather MacRae. She credited her parents with instilling a proper work","title":"Meredith MacRae"},{"id":"6732015","text":"Jennifer Runyon Jennifer Victoria Runyon (born April 1, 1960 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American actress. Runyon is known for guest appearances or secondary characters in various sitcoms and dramas, as well as a couple of made-for-TV movies. Among her roles are Sally Frame on \"Another World\" (1981–1983), Gwendolyn Pierce on \"Charles in Charge\" (1984–1985), and replacing Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady in \"A Very Brady Christmas\" (1988). She starred in the horror film \"To All a Goodnight\" in 1980 and had a small part as a student in \"Ghostbusters\" (1984) alongside Bill Murray, and she starred in \"Up the","title":"Jennifer Runyon"},{"id":"1256855","text":"the \"Peanuts \"characters, in which he collaborated with both Schulz and Melendez. Titled \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\", it was first aired on the CBS network on December 9, 1965. The special's primary goal is showing \"the true meaning of Christmas\". Before its broadcast, the people involved in the special's creation were worried that it might be a project blow, with its unorthodox soundtrack and explicit religious message. It was, however, a huge success, with the number of homes watching the special an estimated 15,490,000, placing it at number two in the ratings, behind \"Bonanza\" on NBC.; in other words, almost","title":"Charlie Brown"},{"id":"16071933","text":"also all she wants, but gives Finn (Cory Monteith) a long list of Christmas present suggestions. Her dialogue, \"All I want is what I have coming to me. All I want is my fair share\" is a verbatim homage to Sally's Christmas list scene with Charlie Brown in the Christmas classic, \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\". Just as Charlie Brown is with Sally, Finn is appalled by how much Rachel wants, though she assures him that five of the items are enough. When she later hints that an early gift would not be amiss, he surprises her with the donation of","title":"Extraordinary Merry Christmas"},{"id":"1063942","text":"casting the silent comic strip characters of \"Peanuts\", the trio pulled from their personalities. Lead character Charlie Brown's voice was decided to be downbeat and nondescript (\"blah,\" as Mendelson noted), while Lucy be bold and forthright. Linus' voice, it was decided, would combine both sophistication with childlike innocence. Mendelson recognized that the character of Snoopy was the strip's most popular character who seemed to seize \"the best jokes,\" but realized they could not cast a voice for the cartoon dog. \"In the process, we gained a veritable 'canine Harpo Marx,'\" Mendelson later wrote. Melendez suggested he provide gibberish for Snoopy's","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063945","text":"did this for him as well, joking that he also mistakenly copied his Latino accent. Mendelson desired to have non-actors (not \"Hollywood kids\") perform on the special, and he sent tape recorders home with his employees for their children to audition. Much of the background cast came from Mendelson's home neighborhood in northern California. According to Robbins, the children viewed the script's sophisticated dialogue as \"edgy,\" finding several words and phrases, among them \"eastern syndicate\", difficult to pronounce. He recalled the recording sessions as chaotic, with excited children running rampant. Nevertheless, the recording of \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" was completed","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"6559997","text":"A Christmas Carol (2004 film) A Christmas Carol: The Musical is a 2004 American made-for-television film adaptation of the 1994 stage musical of the same name, with songs written by Alan Menken (music) and Lynn Ahrens (lyrics). The musical is based on Charles Dickens' famous 1843 novella of the same name, produced by Hallmark Entertainment for NBC. It was directed by Arthur Allan Seidelman and features Kelsey Grammer, Jane Krakowski, Jesse L. Martin, Geraldine Chaplin, Jennifer Love Hewitt and Jason Alexander. The film was broadcast November 28, 2004 on NBC. The film opens at the London Exchange on Christmas Eve","title":"A Christmas Carol (2004 film)"},{"id":"1063966","text":"(1969). (Earlier animated specials such as \"Mr. Magoo's Christmas Carol\" and \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\" ran a full hour.) \"USA Today\" summarized the program's appeal upon its 40th anniversary in 2005: \"Scholars of pop culture say that shining through the program's skeletal plot is the quirky and sophisticated genius that fueled the phenomenal popularity of Schulz's work.\" Beyond its references to religion, unheard of on television at the time, the special also marked the first time children voiced animated characters. The special influenced dozens of young aspiring artists and animators, many of whom went on to work within both the","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063950","text":"\"Linus and Lucy\" from the earlier special, Guaraldi completed two new originals for the special, \"Skating\", and \"Christmas Time Is Here\". In the weeks preceding the premiere, Mendelson encountered trouble finding a lyricist for Guaraldi's instrumental intro, and penned \"Christmas Time is Here\" in \"about 15 minutes\" on the backside of an envelope. The special opens and closes with a choir of children, culled from St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael, California, performing \"Christmas Time Is Here\" and \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\". One of the singers, Candace Hackett Shively, went on to become an elementary school teacher, and","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063946","text":"in one day. Jefferson Airplane was recording next door and came over to get the children's autographs. Following the special's broadcast, the children became wildly popular in their respective elementary schools; Robbins recalled groups approaching him asking him to recite lines of dialogue. Animation for \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" was created by Bill Melendez Productions. Mendelson had no idea whether or not completing a half-hour's worth of animation would be possible given the production's six-month schedule, but Melendez confirmed its feasibility. In actuality, animation was only completed in the final four months of production. CBS initially wanted an hour's worth","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063956","text":"gonna broadcast that show,\" Mendelson later said. Executives had invited television critic Richard Burgheim of \"Time\" to view the special, and debated as to whether showing it to him would be a good idea. His review, printed the following week, was positive, praising the special as unpretentious and writing that \"\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" is one children's special this season that bears repeating.\" The program premiered on CBS on December 9, 1965, at 7:30 pm ET (pre-empting \"The Munsters\"), and was viewed by 45% of those watching television that evening, with the number of homes watching the special an estimated","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"11728358","text":"A Christmas Carol (1982 film) A Christmas Carol is an Australian 75-minute made-for-television animated film from Burbank Films Australia; a part of the studio's series of adaptations of Charles Dickens' works made from 1982 through 1985. It was originally broadcast in 1982 through the Australian Nine Network Australia. The film is based on Charles Dickens' classic English story, \"A Christmas Carol\", first published in 1843, and was adapted by Alexander Buzo. It was produced by Eddy Graham and directed by Jean Tych. Voice talent included Ron Haddrick, Phillip Hinton, Sean Hinton, Barbara Frawley, Robin Stewart, Liz Horne, Bill Conn, Derani","title":"A Christmas Carol (1982 film)"},{"id":"2633177","text":"\"Handgrenade\" on the album \"Return of the Mother\" for Christine Maggiore. In 2001 she collaborated with Rosenstolz and Marc Almond on the single \"Total eclipse\"/\"Die schwarze Witwe\" that reached No. 22 in Germany. On 14 October 2002 Nina hit Moscow by coming there with her concert, while interviews with the eccentric singer were aired on many TV-channels. Hagen dubbed the voice of Sally in the German release of Tim Burton's \"The Nightmare before Christmas\", and she has also done voice work on the movie \"Hot Dogs\" by Michael Schoemann. Due to the death of Elisabeth Volkmann (†2006), the German voice","title":"Nina Hagen"},{"id":"5915814","text":"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown is the sixth prime-time animated TV specials based upon the popular comic strip \"Peanuts,\" created by Charles M. Schulz. It was directed by Bill Meléndez and originally aired on CBS on 27 September 1969. This was also the first \"Peanuts\" special not to feature the majority of the original voice cast from the inaugural \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\", except for Ann Altieri, Bill Melendez, Peter Robbins, and Sally Dryer. Among the notable additions to the cast for this special was Pamelyn Ferdin, Robbins's co-star on \"Blondie\".","title":"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown"},{"id":"1063951","text":"sent a letter of gratitude to Schulz after he announced his retirement in 2000. In the letter, she recalls recording the choir at Fantasy Studios and going out for ice cream afterwards, while also noting that she tells the story to her grade-schoolers each holiday season. The recording sessions were conducted in late autumn 1965, and were cut in three separate sessions over two weeks. They often ran late into the night, resulting in angry parents, some who forbade their children from returning; consequently, numerous new children were present at each session. The children were directed by Barry Mineah, who","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"2122686","text":"Her ancestry includes English, Irish, Mexican, Native American, and Scottish. She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School. She was a cheerleader, straight-A student, spelling bee champion, and Girl Scout. Fergie studied dance and began to do voiceover work; she provided the voice for Sally in two made-for-television \"Peanuts\" cartoons, \"It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown\" (1984) and \"Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown\" (1985), as well as on four episodes of \"The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show\". From 1984 to 1989, she starred on the TV show \"Kids Incorporated\" and was the longest","title":"Fergie (singer)"},{"id":"5316519","text":"Pacific Ocean off the coast of California. Solo The Girls from Petticoat Junction (Meredith MacRae, Linda Kaye Henning and Lori Saunders) Meredith MacRae Meredith Lynn MacRae (May 30, 1944 – July 14, 2000) was an American actress and singer known for her roles as Sally Morrison on \"My Three Sons\" (1963–1965) and as Billie Jo Bradley on \"Petticoat Junction\" (1966–1970). MacRae was born in Houston, Texas, to parents Gordon and Sheila MacRae. Her father was stationed with the Army Air Corps in Houston at the time of her birth. Both of her parents went on to be actors. She is","title":"Meredith MacRae"},{"id":"9301134","text":"A Carol Christmas A Carol Christmas is a TV movie starring Tori Spelling, Dinah Manoff, William Shatner and Gary Coleman. It premiered on the Hallmark Channel in 2003. The film is an adaptation of the Charles Dickens story of a similar name. Spelling plays Carol Cartman, a conceited sensationalist talk show host. She is cynical, selfish, and generally treats her employees with cold contempt. She has been molded this way by her late Aunt Marla (Dinah Manoff). On Christmas Eve, she is haunted by her Aunt (who is wrapped in golden chains) who warns her of the mistake she made","title":"A Carol Christmas"},{"id":"1063961","text":"human in the final carol. On December 6, 2001, a half-hour documentary on the special titled \"The Making of 'A Charlie Brown Christmas\"' (hosted by Whoopi Goldberg) aired on ABC. This documentary has been released as a special feature on the DVD and Blu-ray editions of the special. In subsequent years, to allow the special in an hour timeslot to be broadcast uncut for time, the animated vignette collection, \"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales\", is broadcast in the remaining time for that hour. The show's 40th anniversary broadcast on December 6, 2005, had the highest ratings in its time slot. The","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"3992873","text":"Kristin Chenoweth Kristin Dawn Chenoweth (; born Kristi Dawn Chenoweth, July 24, 1968) is an American actress and singer, with credits in musical theatre, film and television. In 1999, she won a Tony Award for her performance as Sally Brown in \"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\" on Broadway. In 2003, she received wide notice for originating the role of Glinda in the musical \"Wicked\", including a nomination for another Tony. Her television roles have included Annabeth Schott in NBC's \"The West Wing\" and Olive Snook on the ABC comedy-drama \"Pushing Daisies\", for which she won a 2009 Emmy Award","title":"Kristin Chenoweth"},{"id":"16967945","text":"Christmas Time Is Here \"Christmas Time Is Here\" is a popular Christmas song written by Lee Mendelson and Vince Guaraldi for the 1965 TV special \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\", one of the first animated Christmas specials produced for network TV in the United States. Because the song became a hit, two versions were included on the album \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\": an instrumental version by the Vince Guaraldi Trio and a vocal version by choristers from St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael, California. The first person to record a cover version of the song was jazz guitarist Ron Escheté","title":"Christmas Time Is Here"},{"id":"11728364","text":"no more than caring a friend. A Christmas Carol (1982 film) A Christmas Carol is an Australian 75-minute made-for-television animated film from Burbank Films Australia; a part of the studio's series of adaptations of Charles Dickens' works made from 1982 through 1985. It was originally broadcast in 1982 through the Australian Nine Network Australia. The film is based on Charles Dickens' classic English story, \"A Christmas Carol\", first published in 1843, and was adapted by Alexander Buzo. It was produced by Eddy Graham and directed by Jean Tych. Voice talent included Ron Haddrick, Phillip Hinton, Sean Hinton, Barbara Frawley, Robin","title":"A Christmas Carol (1982 film)"},{"id":"10526136","text":"A Christmas Carol (2009 film) A Christmas Carol is a 2009 American 3D computer animated motion-capture dark fantasy film written, co-produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis. It is an adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 story of the same name and stars Jim Carrey in a multitude of roles, including Ebenezer Scrooge as a young, middle-aged, and old man, and the three ghosts who haunt Scrooge. The film also features supporting roles voiced by Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, Bob Hoskins, Robin Wright, and Cary Elwes. The film was released in Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D on November 3, 2009, by","title":"A Christmas Carol (2009 film)"},{"id":"6262564","text":"high scholastic education. Orr was chosen to perform on the new \"Broadway Kids\" CD \"Hey Mr. DJ\" pop album. In 2003, she starred in a film alongside Penelope Ann Miller, called \"Carry Me Home\". Orr was signed to T.U.G (The Ultimate Group) by Christopher Brian Stokes. She also voiced Lucy van Pelt in \"I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown\". In 2002, Ashley was nominated for a Young Artist Award, for her role in \"Child Star: The Shirley Temple Story\". In 2006 she was nominated for a Young Artist Award, for her role in \"Without a Trace\". Ashley Rose","title":"Ashley Rose Orr"},{"id":"7918819","text":"and cutting out the closing song of \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\". Fans of the special were angered by the cuts. In response, ABC increased the special to a one-hour block when it acquired the rights to the special shortly before creator Charles Schulz's death. However, this left about eighteen extra minutes to be filled. During 2001, the first year ABC aired \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\", the show was followed by a retrospective hosted by Whoopi Goldberg featuring the voice cast and producers of the special. \"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales\" was created to replace that retrospective in rounding out the","title":"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales"},{"id":"6600051","text":"Additionally, in 1973's \"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\", Sally complains that she was looking for a turkey tree for Thanksgiving but had only found Christmas supplies. Several songs satirize the phenomenon, including Loudon Wainwright III's \"Suddenly It's Christmas\" (from his 1993 live album \"Career Moves\"), Straight No Chaser's \"The Christmas Can-Can\" (from their 2009 album \"Christmas Cheers\"), Paul and Storm's \"The Way-Too-Early Christmas Song\" (from their 2010 album \"Do You Like Star Wars?\"). Christian singer/songwriter Brandon Heath voiced his feelings on Christmas creep in the song \"The Day After Thanksgiving\" (from his 2013 album \"Christmas Is Here\"). In Jim Butcher's 2012","title":"Christmas creep"},{"id":"1063949","text":"Lee Mendelson, a fan of jazz, heard Guaraldi's crossover hit \"Cast Your Fate to the Wind\" on the radio not long after completion of his documentary \"Charlie Brown & Charles Schulz\", and contacted the musician to produce music for the special. Guaraldi composed the music for the project, creating an entire piece, \"Linus and Lucy,\" to serve as the theme. When Coca-Cola commissioned \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" in spring 1965, Guaraldi returned to write the music. The first instrumentals for the special were recorded by Guaraldi at Glendale, California's Whitney Studio with bassist Monty Budwig and drummer Colin Bailey. Recycling","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"10555935","text":"Hanna-Barbera and directed by Joanna Romersa. The teleplay was written by Glenn Leopold, based on \"A Christmas Carol\" by Charles Dickens. The music was composed by Steve Bernstein. Jean Vander Pyl returned as the voice of Wilma Flintstone, a role she performed since first chosen by Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera to voice the character in 1960. The special was animated in the Philippines by Fil-Cartoons, Inc. The special premiered on the American Broadcasting Company on November 21, 1994. It has been rebroadcast in later years, by Toon Disney, Boomerang and Canada's YTV. Turner Home Entertainment initially released \"A Flintstones","title":"A Flintstones Christmas Carol"},{"id":"7172893","text":"Sally Geeson Sally Louise Geeson (born 23 June 1950 in Cuckfield, West Sussex, England) is an English actress with a career mostly on television in the 1970s. Her best known role was as Sid James's daughter, Sally, in \"Bless This House\". Her character was only 16 at the start despite the fact Geeson herself was in her early 20s. Geeson studied at Corona Stage Academy from 1957 to 1966, during which time she played small parts in several movies, including \"The Millionairess\" (1960), \"Expresso Bongo\" (1959), and \"Carry On Regardless\" (1961). She also appeared in \"Carry On Abroad\" (1972) and","title":"Sally Geeson"},{"id":"1063958","text":"Nativity was, quite simply, the dramatic highlight of the season.\" Harry Harris of \"The Philadelphia Inquirer\" called the program \"a yule classic [...] generated quiet warmth and amusement,\" and Terrence O'Flaherty of the \"San Francisco Chronicle\" wrote, \"\"Charlie Brown\" was a gem of a television show.\" Ben Gross of the \"New York Daily News\" praised the special's \"charm and good taste,\" while Rick DuBrow of United Press International predicted, \"the \"Peanuts\" characters last night staked out a claim to a major television future.\" The show's glowing reviews were highlighted with an ad in trade magazines; one thanked Coca-Cola, CBS, United","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1063941","text":"but Schulz rejected this idea immediately. He felt strongly that the audience should not be informed on when to laugh. They spoke at length about creating an official theme that was neither jazz nor traditional to open the program. Schulz wanted a part of the special to feature the character of Schroeder performing Beethoven, and Mendelson combined this with the inclusion of Guaraldi's \"Linus & Lucy\" number. Schulz penned the script for \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\", with Melendez plotting out the animation via a storyboard. His storyboard contained six panels for each shot, spanning a combined eighty or-so pages. In","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"1769540","text":"Fran Brill Frances Joan \"Fran\" Brill (born September 30, 1946) is an American actress and puppeteer, best known for her roles on \"Sesame Street\" as well as playing Sally Hayes in the Hal Ashby film \"Being There\" (1979) and Lily Marvin in the Frank Oz film \"What About Bob?\" (1991). Brill was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Linette and Joseph M. Brill. Her father was a physician. She is a graduate of Boston University College of Fine Arts. She began her career in theater, making her Broadway debut in the 1969 play \"Red, White and Maddox\". Her other","title":"Fran Brill"},{"id":"5413412","text":"Calderwood in the first television miniseries, \"Rich Man, Poor Man\" in 1976. Darby had the central role of Sally Farnham in the made-for-TV chiller \"Don't Be Afraid of the Dark\" (1973). Subsequent television roles included guest appearances on \"Crazy Like a Fox\", \"Family\", \"The Love Boat\", \"The Streets of San Francisco\", \"Riptide\", and \"Becker\". Darby admitted her career declined after the 1970s partly because she became an amphetamine addict. In 1990, she began to teach acting in the Los Angeles area and has been an instructor in the Extension Program at the University of California, Los Angeles since 1992. Darby","title":"Kim Darby"},{"id":"4239163","text":"voted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and added to the National Recording Registry of the Library Congress On August 19, 2016, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album quadruple platinum for sales of four millions copies. In November 2014, it was the tenth best-selling Christmas/holiday album in the United States during the SoundScan era. By the early 1960s, Charles M. Schulz's comic strip \"Peanuts\" had become a sensation worldwide. Television producer Lee Mendelson acknowledged the strip's cultural impression and produced a documentary on the subject, titled \"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\". Mendelson, a fan of jazz,","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)"},{"id":"3065433","text":"Molly Shannon Molly Helen Shannon (born September 16, 1964) is an American actress who was a cast member on \"Saturday Night Live\" from 1995 to 2001. In 2017 she won the Film Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film \"Other People\". She has appeared in supporting roles in a number of films, such as \"A Night at the Roxbury\" (1998), \"Never Been Kissed\" (1999), \"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" (2000), \"Osmosis Jones\" (2001), \"My Boss's Daughter\" (2003), \"\" (2006), and \"Me and Earl and the Dying Girl\" (2015). Her voice can also be heard","title":"Molly Shannon"},{"id":"9621793","text":"Stacy Heather Tolkin Stacy Heather Tolkin is a former child actress who played the part of Irina in \"The Concorde ... Airport '79\", and voiced a number of 1983 television productions featuring Charles Schulz Peanuts characters. Tolkin also voiced Sally Brown and Truffles in \"Is This Goodbye, Charlie Brown?\", \"What Have We Learned, Charlie Brown?\", and \"The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show\". She also played Herb Tarlek's daughter in a few episodes of \"WKRP In Cincinnati\". As a child actress, Tolkin was in over a hundred commercials including McDonald's, Grandma's Cookies, and Kellogg's Corn Flakes. She was also on the","title":"Stacy Heather Tolkin"},{"id":"4996457","text":"Kristen Johnston Kristen Angela Johnston (born September 20, 1967) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Sally Solomon in the television series \"3rd Rock from the Sun\", for which she twice won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She also starred as Wilma Flintstone in \"The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas\" and as Holly Franklin in the sitcom \"The Exes\". She currently stars in the sixth season of the television sitcom \"Mom\". Johnston was born in Washington, D.C., but was raised mostly in Fox Point, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee,","title":"Kristen Johnston"},{"id":"4239161","text":"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack) A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 studio album by American jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi (later credited to the Vince Guaraldi Trio). The album was released in December 1965 in the U.S. by Fantasy. It is the soundtrack to the Christmas television special of the same name. Guaraldi was contacted by television producer Lee Mendelson to compose music for a documentary on the comic strip \"Peanuts\" and its creator, Charles M. Schulz. Although the special went unaired, these selections were released in 1964 as \"Jazz Impressions of \"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\"\". Coca-Cola commissioned a","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)"},{"id":"16967946","text":"on the album \"Christmas Impressions\" (1982). David Benoit followed him on the album \"Christmastime\" (1983). They were followed by Patti Austin and Debby Boone (both in 1989); Mel Tormé (1992), then Rosemary Clooney, R.E.M., and Stone Temple Pilots before the turn of the century. Christmas Time Is Here \"Christmas Time Is Here\" is a popular Christmas song written by Lee Mendelson and Vince Guaraldi for the 1965 TV special \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\", one of the first animated Christmas specials produced for network TV in the United States. Because the song became a hit, two versions were included on the","title":"Christmas Time Is Here"},{"id":"4239165","text":"returned to write the music. The first instrumentals for the special were recorded by Guaraldi at Glendale, California's Whitney Studio with bassist Monty Budwig and drummer Colin Bailey. Recycling \"Linus and Lucy\" from the earlier special, Guaraldi completed two new originals, \"Skating\", and \"Christmas Time Is Here\". In the weeks preceding the premiere, Mendelson encountered trouble finding a lyricist for Guaraldi's instrumental intro and wrote \"Christmas Time Is Here\" in \"about 15 minutes\" on the backside of an envelope. The special begins and ends with a children's choir from St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael performing \"Christmas Time Is","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)"},{"id":"1063952","text":"demanded perfection from the choir. Mendelson and Guaraldi disagreed, desiring the \"kids to sound like kids\"; they used a slightly off-key version of \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\" in the final cut. Children were paid five dollars for their participation. In addition, the children recorded dialogue for the special's final scene, in which the crowd of kids shout \"Merry Christmas, Charlie Brown!\" The soundtrack for the special was recorded during these sessions, with decisions regarding timing and phrasing determined quickly. Guaraldi brought in bassist Fred Marshall and drummer Jerry Granelli to record the music, and spent time later re-recording earlier","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"9305223","text":"Dryer then provided the voice of Patty (not to be confused with the character of Peppermint Patty) in the feature film \"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\". Dryer's last stint with the \"Peanuts\" gang was performing the voices of Clara, Shirley, and Sophie in \"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown\". Dryer also starred as herself in a pair of recent documentaries on the 1960s Peanuts television phenomenon. Dryer was interviewed on the special documentary \"You Don't Look 40, Charlie Brown\" (1990); and on the documentary \"The Making of \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\" (2001). Sally Dryer Sally Dryer (also known as","title":"Sally Dryer"},{"id":"6140089","text":"White Christmas (film) White Christmas is a 1954 American musical film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. Filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor, it features the songs of Irving Berlin, including a new version of the title song, \"White Christmas\", introduced by Crosby in the film \"Holiday Inn\". Produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures, the film is notable for being the first to be released in VistaVision, a widescreen process developed by Paramount that entailed using twice the surface area of standard 35mm film; this large-area negative was used to yield finer-grained standard-sized","title":"White Christmas (film)"},{"id":"1734139","text":"for the film, though not all of the songs used in the film appear on the albums. Songs used include: Paul Simon's \"Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard\", Van Morrison's \"Everyone\", John Lennon's \"Look at Me\", Nick Drake's \"Fly\", The Mutato Muzika Orchestra version of The Beatles' \"Hey Jude\", \"These Days\" by Nico, and two songs by The Rolling Stones. Erik Satie's \"Gymnopédie\" is also used in the film, as is the iconic song of \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" (1965) by Vince Guaraldi. According to the marketing of the film, particular musical instruments are matched with each character, with","title":"The Royal Tenenbaums"},{"id":"14877841","text":"by Nick Cannon. It features footage from the film \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\". The duet reached number seventy on US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number fifteen on the Adult R&B Songs chart. It debuted at number 1 on South Korea International Download Singles chart on November 27, 2011, with sales of 81,624. \"Christmas Time Is in the Air Again\" was released as a promotional single on December 2, 2012. It was positively received by critics, some of whom compared its high quality to the caliber of \"All I Want for Christmas is You\". It reached number six on the","title":"Merry Christmas II You"},{"id":"1063947","text":"of animation, but Melendez talked them down to a half-hour special, believing an hour of television animation was too much. Having never worked on a half-hour special before, Melendez phoned Bill Hanna of Hanna-Barbera for advice, but Hanna declined to give any. CBS gave a budget of $76,000 to produce the show and it went $20,000 over budget. The first step in creating the animation was to make a pencil drawing, afterwards inking and painting the drawing onto a cel. The cel was then placed onto a painted background. There are 13,000 drawings in the special, with 12 frames per","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"4239162","text":"Christmas special based on \"Peanuts\" in 1965 and Guaraldi returned to score the special. Guaraldi composed most of the music, though he included versions of traditional carols such as \"O Tannenbaum\". He recorded some of the score at Whitney Studio in Glendale, California, then re-recorded some of it at Fantasy Records Studios in San Francisco with a children's choir from St. Paul's Episcopal Church in nearby San Rafael. The sessions ran late into the night, with the children rewarded with ice cream afterwards. Bassist Fred Marshall and drummer Jerry Granelli have been credited as performing on the album. It was","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)"},{"id":"1415938","text":"positive reception from critics, was largely influenced by Hunt's blue-collar Catholic upbringing in Chicago. Hunt portrayed Alice Newton in \"Beethoven\" and \"Beethoven's 2nd\", Sarah Whittle/Madam Serena in \"Jumanji\", and Kate Baker in \"Cheaper by the Dozen\" and \"Cheaper by the Dozen 2\". She portrayed the sister of Renée Zellweger's character in \"Jerry Maguire\" and Jan Edgecomb in \"The Green Mile\". She portrayed Grace Bellamy in \"Loggerheads\". She has provided her voice for a total of six Pixar films: \"A Bug's Life\" as Rosie, \"Monsters, Inc.\" as Ms. Flint, \"Cars\" and \"Cars 2\" as Sally Carrera, \"Toy Story 3\" as Dolly,","title":"Bonnie Hunt"},{"id":"6140112","text":"end of 2014. White Christmas (film) White Christmas is a 1954 American musical film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. Filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor, it features the songs of Irving Berlin, including a new version of the title song, \"White Christmas\", introduced by Crosby in the film \"Holiday Inn\". Produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures, the film is notable for being the first to be released in VistaVision, a widescreen process developed by Paramount that entailed using twice the surface area of standard 35mm film; this large-area negative was used to","title":"White Christmas (film)"},{"id":"4239173","text":"Sing\" and when the kids all shout \"Merry Christmas Charlie Brown\" were performed by members of the choir of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael, California. Several months before the making of Charlie Brown Christmas this choir was featured on the Vince Guaraldi recording \"Vince Guaraldi at Grace Cathedral\". Original production Production A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack) A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 studio album by American jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi (later credited to the Vince Guaraldi Trio). The album was released in December 1965 in the U.S. by Fantasy. It is the soundtrack to the Christmas television","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)"},{"id":"1807914","text":"Sally Field Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American actress and director. She is the recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards, three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and has been nominated for a Tony Award and two BAFTA Awards. Field began her professional career on television, starring in titular roles on the short-lived sitcoms \"Gidget\" (1965–1966), \"The Flying Nun\" (1967–1970), and \"The Girl with Something Extra\" (1973–1974). In 1976, her career saw a turning point when she garnered critical acclaim of her portrayal of a woman suffering from","title":"Sally Field"},{"id":"4723886","text":"Harley Jane Kozak Harley Jane Kozak (born January 28, 1957) is an American actress and author. She made her film debut in the horror film \"The House on Sorority Row\" (1982), and had a recurring role as Mary Duvall on the soap opera \"Santa Barbara\" between 1985 and 1989. She later had supporting parts in \"Clean and Sober\" (1988) and \"When Harry Met Sally...\" (1989), before starring in the major studio films \"Parenthood\" (1989) and \"Arachnophobia\" (1990). Kozak continued to act in film throughout the remainder of the 1990s and into the 2000s, but turned her focus to writing. She","title":"Harley Jane Kozak"},{"id":"17295888","text":"It featured Smokey Robinson, Mariah Carey, Brian McKnight, James Brown, KEM, Boyz II Men, Kelly Rowland, Jeremih, Stevie Wonder, Jackson 5, Pearl Bailey, Ashanti, Mprynt & Kevin Ross. \"A Madea Christmas\" was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 20% rating, based on 35 reviews, with the consensus: \"It boasts a few laughs, but overall, Tyler Perry's \"A Madea Christmas\" ranks among Perry's least entertaining or substantive works.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 28 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". \"A Madea Christmas\" was released on Blu-ray and DVD","title":"A Madea Christmas (film)"},{"id":"10791193","text":"This Christmas (film) This Christmas is a 2007 American Christmas romantic musical comedy-drama film produced by Rainforest Films and distributed by Screen Gems. Written, produced and directed by Preston A. Whitmore II, it is a Christmas time story that centers on the Whitfield family, whose eldest has come home for the first time in four years. The film is based on the 1970 Donny Hathaway song of the same name, which is covered by Chris Brown in the film. The Whitfield family overcome many trials and obstacles during the Christmas season. Shirley Ann \"Ma'Dere\" Whitfield greets her boyfriend Joe when","title":"This Christmas (film)"},{"id":"2729076","text":"album was re-released by Epitaph Records on September 15, 2008. No songs of the album would turn into live staples with the exception of \"Raise Your Voice\" which is occasionally played live in Germany due to Campino's involvement in the recording of the song. The actress on the album cover is Kristen Johnston, most famous for her two-time Emmy Award-winning role as Sally Solomon in the television series \"3rd Rock from the Sun\". No Substance No Substance is the tenth full-length album by the punk rock band Bad Religion. It was the band's third (or fourth, if the reissue of","title":"No Substance"},{"id":"4239166","text":"Here\" and \"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\". One of the singers, Candace Hackett Shively, became an elementary school teacher and sent a letter of gratitude to Schulz after he announced his retirement in 2000. In the letter, she recalls recording the choir at Fantasy Studios and going out for ice cream afterwards, while noting that she tells the story to her students every holiday season. The recording sessions were conducted in late autumn 1965 in three sessions over two weeks. They often ran late into the night, resulting in angry parents, some who forbade their children from returning; as a","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)"},{"id":"3992881","text":"Center Encores! staged concert of the George and Ira Gershwin musical \"Strike up the Band\" as Anne Draper and created roles in the original Lincoln Center Theater production of William Finn's \"A New Brain\". Ben Rimalower, in \"Playbill\", wrote: \"It's unlikely anyone will equal Kristin Chenoweth in the role of 'Nancy D., the waitress.'\" In 1999, Chenoweth performed in the Broadway revival of \"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\" as the title character's little sister, Sally, a character that was not present in the original production. She won the Tony and Drama Desk awards for Best Featured Actress in a","title":"Kristin Chenoweth"},{"id":"7918811","text":"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales is one of many prime-time animated TV specials based on characters from the Charles M. Schulz comic strip \"Peanuts\". It originally aired on ABC December 8, 2002. It has since been broadcast each Christmas season after that as a companion segment in an hour-long slot featuring an unedited version of \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\". It is the only TV special to credit Charles M. Schulz posthumously for writing. Other TV credits do not credit Schulz writing it. The special consists of a series of vignettes, each one starring a different member of","title":"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales"},{"id":"18815292","text":"scheduled to sing \"Santa Claus Wants Some Lovin'\" with Murray, but when Ross became unavailable, George Clooney filled in. Also, Cyrus' acoustic version of \"Silent Night\" was a last-minute addition. The special received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% rating based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's consensus states: \"\"A Very Murray Christmas\" preaches effectively to the converted with a parade of superstar guests and hummable songs that - combined with the host's trademark presence - adds up to a unique holiday experience.\" Metacritic reports a","title":"A Very Murray Christmas"},{"id":"4999939","text":"Melinda Dillon Melinda Ruth Dillon (born October 13, 1939) is an American actress. She received a 1963 Tony Award nomination for her Broadway debut in the original production of \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\", and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles as Jillian Guiler in \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\" (1977) and Teresa in \"Absence of Malice\" (1981). Her other film appearances include \"Bound for Glory\" (1976), \"F.I.S.T.\" (1978), \"A Christmas Story\" (1983), \"Harry and the Hendersons\" (1987), \"The Prince of Tides\" (1991) and \"Magnolia\" (1999). Dillon was born in Hope, Arkansas,","title":"Melinda Dillon"},{"id":"9305222","text":"Sally Dryer Sally Dryer (also known as Sally Dryer-Baker; born 10 February 1957) is an American former child voice actress best known for her voice-over work in the 1960s. Dryer provided the voices for several \"Peanuts\" characters in television specials and film from 1965 to 1969. Dryer first started as the voice of Violet in \"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\" (1963) and \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" (1965), before going on to Lucy in four \"Peanuts\" specials \"Charlie Brown's All-Stars\" (1966), \"It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown\" (1966), \"You're in Love, Charlie Brown\" (1967), and \"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\" (1968).","title":"Sally Dryer"},{"id":"9035028","text":"Normie Rowe, Sarah June (2010), Mitch Ryder, Susanna Hoffs, Voice Farm and – as an instrumental – by Henry Kaiser. The soundtrack for the 1999 film \"A Walk on the Moon\" featured a remake of \"Sally\" by Damnations TX. Anny Celsi remade \"Sally Go 'Round the Roses\" for her 2009 album \"Tangle Free World\": Celsi's version features Evie Sands as a backup vocalist. The Del-Byzanteens also covered this song on the album \"Lies To Live By\" in 1982. Patti Scialfa's self-penned song \"The Word\" on her 2007 album \"Play It as It Lays\" references the lyrics of \"Sally Go 'Round","title":"Sally Go 'Round the Roses"},{"id":"11299139","text":"Four Christmases Four Christmases (known as Four Holidays or Anywhere But Home in some territories) is a 2008 Christmas romantic comedy film about a couple visiting all four of their divorced parents' homes on Christmas Day. It stars Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon, with Sissy Spacek, Mary Steenburgen, Robert Duvall, Jon Voight, Jon Favreau, Tim McGraw, Dwight Yoakam, and Kristin Chenoweth as supporting cast. The film is director Seth Gordon's first studio feature film. The film is produced by Spyglass Entertainment released by New Line Cinema on November 26, 2008, the day before Thanksgiving, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.","title":"Four Christmases"},{"id":"1063935","text":"or two\" minutes of animation, and Schulz suggested animator Bill Melendez, with whom he collaborated some years before on a spot for the Ford Motor Company. Despite the popularity of the strip and acclaim from advertisers, networks were not interested in the special. By April 1965, \"Time\" featured the \"Peanuts\" gang on its magazine cover, perhaps prompting a call from John Allen of the New York-based McCann Erickson Agency. Mendelson imagined he would sell his documentary, and blindly agreed to Allen's proposal: an animated half-hour \"Peanuts\" Christmas special. The Coca-Cola Company was looking for a special for advertising during the","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"7744561","text":"(2008), Spyro Gyra (2008), Jordan Pruitt (2008), Cee Lo Green (2012), Lady Antebellum (2012), Pentatonix (2012), John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John (2012), Mary J. Blige (2013), The Summer Set (2013), Maysa featuring Will Downing (2014), The Dazz Band featuring Jerry Bell (2015), Train (2015), The Braxtons (2015), Kurt Elling (2016), and Mark Feehily of Westlife (2017). A cover of the song by Chris Brown, recorded for the 2007 film of the same name, peaked at No. 74 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Covers by Seal and by American band, Train each went to No. 1 on \"Billboard\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Adult Contemporary chart","title":"This Christmas (Donny Hathaway song)"},{"id":"3279979","text":"Sally Brown Sally Brown is the younger sister of Charlie Brown in the comic strip \"Peanuts\" by Charles Schulz. She was first mentioned in early 1959 and throughout a long series of strips before her first appearance in August 1959. Kathy Steinberg was the first to voice Sally in 1965. Sally has flipped blonde hair with a cluster of curls like Schroeder and Patty. In the early 1960s and in her early television appearances, she is shown to have a bow in her curls. However, this was dropped by 1969. She wears a polka dot dress. In the TV specials,","title":"Sally Brown"},{"id":"6120795","text":"Sunny Mabrey Sunny Mabrey (born November 28, 1975) is an American actress and model. Prior to debuting in films, Mabrey appeared in music videos, such as \"Nookie\" from Limp Bizkit. She appeared in supporting roles in films including \"The New Guy\" (2002) and television series such as \"Angel\" (2002) and \"\" (2003). Her breakthrough came after she played the lead role, man-eating alien Sara, in \"Species III\" (2004), supporting antagonist Charlie Mayweather in \"\" (2005) and flight attendant Tiffany in \"Snakes on a Plane\" (2006). She has gone on to star in numerous television series, including \"House\" (2005), \"Without a","title":"Sunny Mabrey"},{"id":"5510662","text":"Rachael Lampa\". It features a seventeen-song collection of her best and favorite songs, from her four albums. On October 6, 2006, \"Hidden Secrets\", a film touted as the Christian version of \"The Big Chill\" debuted with Lampa starring as \"Sally\". Her co-stars included John Schneider from the television series \"The Dukes of Hazzard\". Lampa performed four songs for the film: \"When I Fall\", \"The Good Life\", \"No Other One\" and \"The Art\". On June 5, 2007, Lampa revealed in a blog that she was writing and recording new songs for a new album. She also revealed on her blog that","title":"Rachael Lampa"},{"id":"4626526","text":"Pamelyn Ferdin Pamelyn Wanda Ferdin (born February 4, 1959) is an American animal rights activist and a former child actress. Ferdin's acting career was primarily during the 1960s and 1970s, though she appeared in projects sporadically in the 1980s and later years. Ferdin began her career in numerous television series, and gained renown for her work as a voice actress supplying the voice of Lucy Van Pelt in \"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\" (1969), as well as in two other \"Peanuts\" television specials. She had supporting roles in \"The Beguiled\" (1971) with Clint Eastwood and Geraldine Page, and a lead","title":"Pamelyn Ferdin"},{"id":"1063955","text":"we've killed it.\" Melendez was embarrassed, but one of the animators, Ed Levitt, was more positive regarding the special, telling him it was \"the best special [he'll] ever make [...] This show is going to run for a hundred years.\" Mendelson was similar in his assumptions of the show's quality, and when he showed the film to network executives in New York, their opinions were also negative. Their complaints included the show's slow pace, the music not fitting, and the animation too simple. \"I really believed, if it hadn't been scheduled for the following week, there's no way they were","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"19278107","text":"and Joseph Cates in 1977 and directed by Marc Daniels, starred Milton Berle, Steve Allen, Jayne Meadows, Herb Edelman, Jim Backus, and Adrienne Barbeau. \"\"An American Christmas Carol\",\" another holiday-inspired work, is a feature-length movie adaptation of the Charles Dickens classic transplanted to New England during the great depression. The movie, produced by Stanley Chase and Jon Slan, first aired in 1979 with Henry Winkler starring as Benedict Slade (the adaptation version of Scrooge), and David Wayne and Dorian Harewood co-starring. The movie continues to air annually, and was released commercially in all media formats. Another of Coopersmith's TV movies","title":"Jerome Coopersmith"},{"id":"1063934","text":"and Charlie Brown joins them as the special ends. <br> By the early 1960s, Charles M. Schulz's comic strip \"Peanuts\" had become a sensation worldwide. Television producer Lee Mendelson acknowledged the strip's cultural impression and had an idea for a documentary on its success, phoning Schulz to propose the idea. Schulz, an avid baseball fan, recognized Mendelson from his documentary on ballplayer Willie Mays, \"A Man Named Mays\", and invited him to his home in Sebastopol, California, to discuss the project. Their meeting was cordial, with the plan to produce a half-hour documentary set. Mendelson wanted to feature roughly \"one","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"6140156","text":"while Ernest Tubb, with female backing vocals by The Troubadettes, peaked at No. 7 on \"Billboard\"s Country & Western Records chart. In 1952 Mantovani and his orchestra reached No. 23 on \"Billboard\"s pop singles chart while The Drifters showcased the talents of lead singer Clyde McPhatter and the bass vocals of Bill Pinkney in 1954, peaking at No. 2 on \"Billboard\"s Rhythm & Blues Records chart. It returned to the same chart in the next two years. The Drifters rendition of this song can be heard in the films: \"Home Alone\" and \"The Santa Clause\". Andy Williams recorded it in","title":"White Christmas (song)"},{"id":"2700360","text":"Phoebe Snow, CeCe Peniston, Lois Walden and Albertina Walker recorded the Warner Brothers album \"Good News In Hard Times\" as the Sisters of Glory. Houston provided lead vocals on several tracks of guitarist Scott Henderson's 1997 Atlantic album, \"Tore Down House\", and in 1998 she made cameo appearances in two films: in \"54\" Houston portrayed herself singing \"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\" supposedly at Studio 54, and in \"Beloved\" Houston played 'One of The Thirty Women'. In 2000, Houston toured successfully throughout Australia in the stage musical version of \"Fame\". In 2002 she again guested on a Scott Henderson","title":"Thelma Houston"},{"id":"18444545","text":"A Royal Christmas A Royal Christmas is a 2014 American holiday romance television film directed by Alex Zamm and starring Lacey Chabert, Stephen Hagan, and Jane Seymour. Written by Janeen Damian, Michael Damian, Neal H. Dobrofsky, and Tippi Dobrofsky, the film is about a young American seamstress from Philadelphia whose boyfriend reveals himself to be a royal prince and heir to the throne of Cordinia. He brings her to his country intending to marry her, to the consternation of the Queen. \"A Royal Christmas\" is an original Hallmark Channel movie and first aired on the Hallmark Channel on November 21,","title":"A Royal Christmas"},{"id":"1063937","text":"traditional music.\" The outline did not change over the course of its production. As Allen was in Europe, the duo received no feedback on their pitch for several days. When Allen got in touch with them, he informed them that Coca-Cola wanted to buy the special, but also wanted it for an early December broadcast, giving the duo just six months to scramble together a team to produce the special. Mendelson assured him – without complete confidence in his statements – that this would be no problem. Following this, \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" entered production. Schulz's main goal for a","title":"A Charlie Brown Christmas"},{"id":"7918818","text":"got the bike really needed it. The scene cuts to Woodstock riding off on the bicycle. When \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" was created in 1965, the program was designed as a 30-minute time program. By the 1990s, changes in the delivery of closing credits and increases in advertising minutes on the networks made it impossible for all of \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\" to be aired in a half-hour time slot. In 2010, the special ran, with commercials, for 35 minutes. CBS made several cuts to the program to keep it in the half-hour time slot, including standardizing the closing credits","title":"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales"},{"id":"16207667","text":"Disney Channel original film \"Starstruck\". She also had small role in the 2009 film \"The Missing Person\". Her other acting credits include \"The Mentalist\", \"Jonas\", \"Medium\", \"\", \"Pair of Kings\", \"Imagination Movers\", \"Big Time Rush\", \"American Horror Story\" and the Disney Channel original film \"Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas!\" (2011). From 2011 to 2013, she had a recurring role as Emily Bradford on The CW series \"90210\". She almost did not land the role, because of her close resemblance to fellow \"90210\" actress Jennie Garth. Her hair was dyed a dark color so she would be less like Garth. In","title":"Abbie Cobb"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"3279999\",\n \"text\": \"other. But Sally does get angry at her at times, for example when Eudora shows feelings towards Sally's crush, Linus. Sally is notoriously defensive of Linus, instantly jealous of and hostile toward any other girl who shows any sort of affection toward him. Sally is shown to be best friends with Lucy Van Pelt despite Lucy playing tricks and being mean to Sally. Kathy Steinberg was the first to voice Sally Brown in A Charlie Brown Christmas in 1965. Various actresses have voiced her since. Linda Jenner voiced her from It's a Mystery, Charlie Brown (1974) to Be My Valentine,\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10248026\",\n \"text\": \"Hilary Momberger Hilary Momberger (born June 16, 1962) is a former child actress from the late 1960s and early 1970s. Momberger, who hails from Los Angeles, was the voice of Sally Brown in five \\\"Peanuts\\\" specials \\\"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown\\\" (1969), \\\"Play It Again, Charlie Brown\\\" (1971), \\\"You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown\\\" (1972), \\\"There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown\\\" (1973), and \\\"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\\\" (1973). She also voiced Sally in the second \\\"Peanuts\\\" movie \\\"Snoopy, Come Home\\\" (1972). In recent years Momberger has become a successful script supervisor working on varied film titles including: \\\"Being\",\n \"title\": \"Hilary Momberger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10248027\",\n \"text\": \"John Malkovich\\\" and \\\"Rat Race\\\" and TV series including: \\\"Dawson's Creek\\\", \\\"Grey's Anatomy\\\" and \\\"Ally McBeal\\\". Hilary Momberger Hilary Momberger (born June 16, 1962) is a former child actress from the late 1960s and early 1970s. Momberger, who hails from Los Angeles, was the voice of Sally Brown in five \\\"Peanuts\\\" specials \\\"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown\\\" (1969), \\\"Play It Again, Charlie Brown\\\" (1971), \\\"You're Not Elected, Charlie Brown\\\" (1972), \\\"There's No Time for Love, Charlie Brown\\\" (1973), and \\\"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\\\" (1973). She also voiced Sally in the second \\\"Peanuts\\\" movie \\\"Snoopy, Come Home\\\" (1972). In\",\n \"title\": \"Hilary Momberger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063924\",\n \"text\": \"unites to celebrate the Christmas season. \\\"Peanuts\\\" had become a phenomenon worldwide by the mid-1960s, and the special was commissioned and sponsored by The Coca-Cola Company. It was written over a period of several weeks, and animated on a shoestring budget in only six months. In casting the characters, the producers went an unconventional route, hiring child actors. The program's soundtrack was similarly unorthodox: it features a jazz score by pianist Vince Guaraldi. Its absence of a laugh track (a staple in US television animation in this period), in addition to its tone, pacing, music, and animation, led both the\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063944\",\n \"text\": \"roles spanning television, film, and advertisements. His godmother, famous Hollywood agent Hazel McMillen, discovered Christopher Shea, who would become Linus in the special. His slight lisp, according to Mendelson, gave him a \\\"youthful sweetness,\\\" while his emotional script reading \\\"gave him power and authority as well.\\\" Tracy Stratford played the role of Lucy, with the creators being impressed by her attitude and professionalism. Kathy Steinberg was the youngest of the performers, just six years old at the time of recording. Too young to read, the producers had to give her one line at a time to recite. Robbins remembered Melendez\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4294678\",\n \"text\": \"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving is the tenth prime-time animated short film based upon the popular comic strip \\\"Peanuts,\\\" by Charles M. Schulz. It was originally aired on the CBS network on November 20, 1973, and won an Emmy Award the following year. As of 2018, the special continues to be aired every November in prime time, now on the ABC network in the United States. In Canada, it has recently been aired on Family Channel as of 2018. It was the third holiday special after \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" in 1965 and \\\"It's The Great Pumpkin,\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063925\",\n \"text\": \"producers and network to predict the project would be a disaster preceding its broadcast. Contrary to that apprehension, \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" received high ratings and acclaim from critics. It has since been honored with both an Emmy and Peabody Award. It became an annual broadcast in the United States, and has been aired during the Christmas season traditionally every year since its premiere. Its success paved the way for a series of Peanuts television specials and films. Its jazz soundtrack also achieved commercial success, selling 4 million copies in the US. Live theatrical versions of \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063923\",\n \"text\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 animated television special based on the comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\", by Charles M. Schulz. Produced by Lee Mendelson and directed by Bill Melendez, the program made its debut on CBS on December 9, 1965. In the special, lead character Charlie Brown finds himself depressed despite the onset of the cheerful holiday season. Lucy suggests he direct a neighborhood Christmas play, but his best efforts are ignored and mocked by his peers. After Linus tells Charlie Brown about the true meaning of Christmas, Charlie Brown cheers up, and the Peanuts gang\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063962\",\n \"text\": \"50th anniversary broadcast aired on November 30, 2015, and it featured a full two-hour time slot that was padded by a special, \\\"It's Your 50th Christmas, Charlie Brown\\\", which was hosted by Kristen Bell, and featured musical performances by Kristin Chenoweth, Matthew Morrison, Sarah McLachlan, Boyz II Men, Pentatonix, David Benoit, and the All-American Boys Chorus. It also included documentary features. In 1987 the special was released on VHS by Hi-Tops Video. In 1992, the special was released for a limited time on VHS through Shell Oil for sale at their gas stations. In September 1994 the special was released\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063943\",\n \"text\": \"mutterings, and simply speed up the tape to prevent viewers from knowing. There are no adult characters in the strip or in this special. Later specials would introduce an offscreen teacher; her lines are eschewed for the sound of a trombone as the team behind the specials found it humorous. With this in mind, the trio set out to cast the characters, which proved to be a daunting process. Casting for Charlie Brown proved most difficult, as it required both good acting skills but also the ability to appear nonchalant. The producers picked eight-year-old Peter Robbins, already known for his\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063967\",\n \"text\": \"comics and animation industries, among them Eric Goldberg (\\\"Pocahontas\\\"), Pete Docter (\\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\", \\\"Up\\\"), Andrew Stanton (\\\"Finding Nemo\\\", \\\"WALL-E\\\"), Jef Mallett (\\\"Frazz\\\"), and Patrick McDonnell (\\\"Mutts\\\"). The show's score made an equally pervasive impact on viewers who would later perform jazz, among them David Benoit and George Winston. More directly, the special launched a series of Peanuts films, TV specials (many of them holiday-themed) and other works of entertainment. Linus' speech near the end of the special was used in the Sidewalk Prophets Christmas song \\\"What a Glorious Night\\\". In 2013 Tams-Witmark Music Library, Inc. began licensing an official stage\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063954\",\n \"text\": \"a studio-session report Guaraldi filed for the American Federation of Musicians. \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" was voted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2007, and added to the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry list of \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically important\\\" American sound recordings in 2012. \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" was completed just ten days shy of its national broadcast premiere. All involved believed the special would be an unmitigated disaster. Melendez first saw the completed animation at a showing in a theater in the days before its premiere, turning to his crew of animators and remarking, \\\"My golly,\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063959\",\n \"text\": \"Features Syndicate, and the show's viewers. Fantasy released the special's soundtrack the first week of December 1965, coinciding with the special's airdate. United Feature Syndicate pushed hard to promote the special, while Word Publishing issued a hardcover adaption of the special. CBS promptly ordered four additional \\\"Peanuts\\\" specials. \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" was awarded the Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program in 1966. \\\"Charlie Brown is not used to winning, so we thank you,\\\" Schulz joked. Although originally broadcast on the CBS network from 1965 until December 25, 2000, in January 2000, the broadcast rights were acquired by ABC, which\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3280000\",\n \"text\": \"Charlie Brown (1975). In Its Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown (1984), Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown (1985), and the 1983 season of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show, Sally was voiced by Stacy Ferguson, better known as Fergie of the Black Eyed Peas. In It's Christmastime Again, Charlie Brown (1992), Sally was voiced by Jodie Sweetin (Stephanie on Full House and Fuller House). Other voice actresses who have played Sally include: Kristin Chenoweth played Sally in the Broadway revival of the musical You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown, winning the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress. The character of Sally had not\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063960\",\n \"text\": \"is where the special currently airs, usually twice, in December. The original broadcasts included references to the sponsor, Coca-Cola. Subsequent broadcasts and home media releases have excised all references to Coca-Cola products. Later subsequent broadcasts of the special also had some scenes, animation, including sound effects being redone for correction. Snoopy's dog bowl was given a new color, Charlie Brown no longer looked off-model in Lucy's psychiatric booth, new animation was placed in scenes where Charlie Brown was giving directions at the auditorium, the hearts when Sally gets enamored in Linus were redone, and Snoopy no longer sings like a\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063969\",\n \"text\": \"after the special first aired, they were no longer being regularly manufactured. The \\\"Charlie Brown Christmas Tree\\\" has been used to comedic effect with people familiar with the special and has become synonymous with poorly executed or minimalist Christmas decorating. A model of the tree is offered by various retailers. Three lesser-known Christmas specials were produced decades after the 1965 original. A Charlie Brown Christmas A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 animated television special based on the comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\", by Charles M. Schulz. Produced by Lee Mendelson and directed by Bill Melendez, the program made its debut on\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063965\",\n \"text\": \"Brown\\\", and the \\\"Making of...\\\" documentary from previous editions. On October 31, 2017, it was released on 4K UHD Blu-ray disc containing \\\"It's Christmastime Again, Charlie Brown\\\" and the \\\"Making of...\\\" special. \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" became a Christmas staple in the United States for several decades afterward. Within the scope of future \\\"Peanuts\\\" specials, it established their style, combining thoughtful themes, jazzy scores, and simple animation. It also, according to author Charles Solomon, established the half-hour animated special as a television tradition, inspiring the creation of numerous others, including \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas!\\\" (1966) and \\\"Frosty the Snowman\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2544612\",\n \"text\": \"for a Variety Series in 1981. O'Hara has appeared in several films directed by Tim Burton, beginning with the role of Delia Deetz in the 1988 film \\\"Beetlejuice\\\". Other roles she has portrayed in Burton films include the voices of Sally/Shock in \\\"The Nightmare Before Christmas\\\" (1993) and Susan Frankenstein in \\\"Frankenweenie\\\" (2012). She has also frequently collaborated with director and writer Christopher Guest, appearing in the mockumentary films \\\"Waiting for Guffman\\\" (1996), \\\"Best in Show\\\" (2000), \\\"A Mighty Wind\\\" (2003), and \\\"For Your Consideration\\\" (2006). In 2000, she won a Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine O'Hara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063968\",\n \"text\": \"version of the television special authorized by the Schulz family and Lee Mendelson. The stage version follows the television special but includes an optional sing-along section of Christmas songs at the end. It includes all of Vince Guaraldi's music from the television special and the television script is adapted for the stage by Eric Schaeffer. It has been performed at hundreds of schools, churches and community theatres. The popularity of the special practically eliminated the popularity of the aluminum Christmas tree, which was a fad from 1958 to 1965, when the special portrayed it negatively. By 1967, just two years\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063957\",\n \"text\": \"15,490,000, placing it at number two in the ratings, behind \\\"Bonanza\\\" on NBC. The special received unanimous critical acclaim: \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" deemed the show \\\"delightfully novel and amusing,\\\" while the \\\"Weekly Variety\\\" dubbed it \\\"fascinating and haunting.\\\" Bob Williams of the \\\"New York Post\\\" praised the \\\"very neat transition from comic page to screen,\\\" while Lawrence Laurent of \\\"The Washington Post\\\" declared that \\\"natural-born loser Charlie Brown finally turned up a real winner last night.\\\" Harriet Van Horne of the \\\"New York World-Telegram\\\" hailed the scene in which Linus recites scripture, commenting, \\\"Linus' reading of the story of the\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18815293\",\n \"text\": \"68 out of 100 rating based on 18 critics, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". The special was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Television Movie, and Paul Shaffer was nominated for Outstanding Music Direction. A Very Murray Christmas A Very Murray Christmas is a 2015 American Christmas musical comedy film directed by Sofia Coppola and co-written by Bill Murray, Mitch Glazer, and Coppola. The film features an ensemble cast including Bill Murray, George Clooney, Paul Shaffer, Amy Poehler, Julie White, Dimitri Dimitrov, Michael Cera, Chris Rock, David Johansen, Maya Rudolph, Jason Schwartzman, Jenny Lewis, Rashida Jones, and Miley Cyrus and\",\n \"title\": \"A Very Murray Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4239172\",\n \"text\": \"work of the genre's most influential players, including Miles Davis and John Coltrane. The score influenced dozens of young aspiring musicians, among them David Benoit and George Winston. Haney wrote that the record \\\"introduce[d] contemporary jazz to youngsters with grace, charm, and creativity.\\\" \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" was voted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2007. In 2012 the album was added to the Library of Congress's National Recording Registry list of \\\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically important\\\" American sound recordings. The Vince Guaraldi Trio Additional musicians Children's chorus for the songs \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\", \\\"Hark the Herald Angels\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5316509\",\n \"text\": \"Meredith MacRae Meredith Lynn MacRae (May 30, 1944 – July 14, 2000) was an American actress and singer known for her roles as Sally Morrison on \\\"My Three Sons\\\" (1963–1965) and as Billie Jo Bradley on \\\"Petticoat Junction\\\" (1966–1970). MacRae was born in Houston, Texas, to parents Gordon and Sheila MacRae. Her father was stationed with the Army Air Corps in Houston at the time of her birth. Both of her parents went on to be actors. She is the sister of William Gordon MacRae, Robert Bruce MacRae, and Heather MacRae. She credited her parents with instilling a proper work\",\n \"title\": \"Meredith MacRae\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6732015\",\n \"text\": \"Jennifer Runyon Jennifer Victoria Runyon (born April 1, 1960 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American actress. Runyon is known for guest appearances or secondary characters in various sitcoms and dramas, as well as a couple of made-for-TV movies. Among her roles are Sally Frame on \\\"Another World\\\" (1981–1983), Gwendolyn Pierce on \\\"Charles in Charge\\\" (1984–1985), and replacing Susan Olsen as Cindy Brady in \\\"A Very Brady Christmas\\\" (1988). She starred in the horror film \\\"To All a Goodnight\\\" in 1980 and had a small part as a student in \\\"Ghostbusters\\\" (1984) alongside Bill Murray, and she starred in \\\"Up the\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Runyon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1256855\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"Peanuts \\\"characters, in which he collaborated with both Schulz and Melendez. Titled \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\", it was first aired on the CBS network on December 9, 1965. The special's primary goal is showing \\\"the true meaning of Christmas\\\". Before its broadcast, the people involved in the special's creation were worried that it might be a project blow, with its unorthodox soundtrack and explicit religious message. It was, however, a huge success, with the number of homes watching the special an estimated 15,490,000, placing it at number two in the ratings, behind \\\"Bonanza\\\" on NBC.; in other words, almost\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16071933\",\n \"text\": \"also all she wants, but gives Finn (Cory Monteith) a long list of Christmas present suggestions. Her dialogue, \\\"All I want is what I have coming to me. All I want is my fair share\\\" is a verbatim homage to Sally's Christmas list scene with Charlie Brown in the Christmas classic, \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\". Just as Charlie Brown is with Sally, Finn is appalled by how much Rachel wants, though she assures him that five of the items are enough. When she later hints that an early gift would not be amiss, he surprises her with the donation of\",\n \"title\": \"Extraordinary Merry Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063942\",\n \"text\": \"casting the silent comic strip characters of \\\"Peanuts\\\", the trio pulled from their personalities. Lead character Charlie Brown's voice was decided to be downbeat and nondescript (\\\"blah,\\\" as Mendelson noted), while Lucy be bold and forthright. Linus' voice, it was decided, would combine both sophistication with childlike innocence. Mendelson recognized that the character of Snoopy was the strip's most popular character who seemed to seize \\\"the best jokes,\\\" but realized they could not cast a voice for the cartoon dog. \\\"In the process, we gained a veritable 'canine Harpo Marx,'\\\" Mendelson later wrote. Melendez suggested he provide gibberish for Snoopy's\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063945\",\n \"text\": \"did this for him as well, joking that he also mistakenly copied his Latino accent. Mendelson desired to have non-actors (not \\\"Hollywood kids\\\") perform on the special, and he sent tape recorders home with his employees for their children to audition. Much of the background cast came from Mendelson's home neighborhood in northern California. According to Robbins, the children viewed the script's sophisticated dialogue as \\\"edgy,\\\" finding several words and phrases, among them \\\"eastern syndicate\\\", difficult to pronounce. He recalled the recording sessions as chaotic, with excited children running rampant. Nevertheless, the recording of \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" was completed\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6559997\",\n \"text\": \"A Christmas Carol (2004 film) A Christmas Carol: The Musical is a 2004 American made-for-television film adaptation of the 1994 stage musical of the same name, with songs written by Alan Menken (music) and Lynn Ahrens (lyrics). The musical is based on Charles Dickens' famous 1843 novella of the same name, produced by Hallmark Entertainment for NBC. It was directed by Arthur Allan Seidelman and features Kelsey Grammer, Jane Krakowski, Jesse L. Martin, Geraldine Chaplin, Jennifer Love Hewitt and Jason Alexander. The film was broadcast November 28, 2004 on NBC. The film opens at the London Exchange on Christmas Eve\",\n \"title\": \"A Christmas Carol (2004 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063966\",\n \"text\": \"(1969). (Earlier animated specials such as \\\"Mr. Magoo's Christmas Carol\\\" and \\\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\\\" ran a full hour.) \\\"USA Today\\\" summarized the program's appeal upon its 40th anniversary in 2005: \\\"Scholars of pop culture say that shining through the program's skeletal plot is the quirky and sophisticated genius that fueled the phenomenal popularity of Schulz's work.\\\" Beyond its references to religion, unheard of on television at the time, the special also marked the first time children voiced animated characters. The special influenced dozens of young aspiring artists and animators, many of whom went on to work within both the\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063950\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Linus and Lucy\\\" from the earlier special, Guaraldi completed two new originals for the special, \\\"Skating\\\", and \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\". In the weeks preceding the premiere, Mendelson encountered trouble finding a lyricist for Guaraldi's instrumental intro, and penned \\\"Christmas Time is Here\\\" in \\\"about 15 minutes\\\" on the backside of an envelope. The special opens and closes with a choir of children, culled from St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael, California, performing \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\" and \\\"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\\\". One of the singers, Candace Hackett Shively, went on to become an elementary school teacher, and\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063946\",\n \"text\": \"in one day. Jefferson Airplane was recording next door and came over to get the children's autographs. Following the special's broadcast, the children became wildly popular in their respective elementary schools; Robbins recalled groups approaching him asking him to recite lines of dialogue. Animation for \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" was created by Bill Melendez Productions. Mendelson had no idea whether or not completing a half-hour's worth of animation would be possible given the production's six-month schedule, but Melendez confirmed its feasibility. In actuality, animation was only completed in the final four months of production. CBS initially wanted an hour's worth\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063956\",\n \"text\": \"gonna broadcast that show,\\\" Mendelson later said. Executives had invited television critic Richard Burgheim of \\\"Time\\\" to view the special, and debated as to whether showing it to him would be a good idea. His review, printed the following week, was positive, praising the special as unpretentious and writing that \\\"\\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" is one children's special this season that bears repeating.\\\" The program premiered on CBS on December 9, 1965, at 7:30 pm ET (pre-empting \\\"The Munsters\\\"), and was viewed by 45% of those watching television that evening, with the number of homes watching the special an estimated\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11728358\",\n \"text\": \"A Christmas Carol (1982 film) A Christmas Carol is an Australian 75-minute made-for-television animated film from Burbank Films Australia; a part of the studio's series of adaptations of Charles Dickens' works made from 1982 through 1985. It was originally broadcast in 1982 through the Australian Nine Network Australia. The film is based on Charles Dickens' classic English story, \\\"A Christmas Carol\\\", first published in 1843, and was adapted by Alexander Buzo. It was produced by Eddy Graham and directed by Jean Tych. Voice talent included Ron Haddrick, Phillip Hinton, Sean Hinton, Barbara Frawley, Robin Stewart, Liz Horne, Bill Conn, Derani\",\n \"title\": \"A Christmas Carol (1982 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2633177\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Handgrenade\\\" on the album \\\"Return of the Mother\\\" for Christine Maggiore. In 2001 she collaborated with Rosenstolz and Marc Almond on the single \\\"Total eclipse\\\"/\\\"Die schwarze Witwe\\\" that reached No. 22 in Germany. On 14 October 2002 Nina hit Moscow by coming there with her concert, while interviews with the eccentric singer were aired on many TV-channels. Hagen dubbed the voice of Sally in the German release of Tim Burton's \\\"The Nightmare before Christmas\\\", and she has also done voice work on the movie \\\"Hot Dogs\\\" by Michael Schoemann. Due to the death of Elisabeth Volkmann (†2006), the German voice\",\n \"title\": \"Nina Hagen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5915814\",\n \"text\": \"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown is the sixth prime-time animated TV specials based upon the popular comic strip \\\"Peanuts,\\\" created by Charles M. Schulz. It was directed by Bill Meléndez and originally aired on CBS on 27 September 1969. This was also the first \\\"Peanuts\\\" special not to feature the majority of the original voice cast from the inaugural \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\", except for Ann Altieri, Bill Melendez, Peter Robbins, and Sally Dryer. Among the notable additions to the cast for this special was Pamelyn Ferdin, Robbins's co-star on \\\"Blondie\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063951\",\n \"text\": \"sent a letter of gratitude to Schulz after he announced his retirement in 2000. In the letter, she recalls recording the choir at Fantasy Studios and going out for ice cream afterwards, while also noting that she tells the story to her grade-schoolers each holiday season. The recording sessions were conducted in late autumn 1965, and were cut in three separate sessions over two weeks. They often ran late into the night, resulting in angry parents, some who forbade their children from returning; consequently, numerous new children were present at each session. The children were directed by Barry Mineah, who\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2122686\",\n \"text\": \"Her ancestry includes English, Irish, Mexican, Native American, and Scottish. She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School. She was a cheerleader, straight-A student, spelling bee champion, and Girl Scout. Fergie studied dance and began to do voiceover work; she provided the voice for Sally in two made-for-television \\\"Peanuts\\\" cartoons, \\\"It's Flashbeagle, Charlie Brown\\\" (1984) and \\\"Snoopy's Getting Married, Charlie Brown\\\" (1985), as well as on four episodes of \\\"The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show\\\". From 1984 to 1989, she starred on the TV show \\\"Kids Incorporated\\\" and was the longest\",\n \"title\": \"Fergie (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5316519\",\n \"text\": \"Pacific Ocean off the coast of California. Solo The Girls from Petticoat Junction (Meredith MacRae, Linda Kaye Henning and Lori Saunders) Meredith MacRae Meredith Lynn MacRae (May 30, 1944 – July 14, 2000) was an American actress and singer known for her roles as Sally Morrison on \\\"My Three Sons\\\" (1963–1965) and as Billie Jo Bradley on \\\"Petticoat Junction\\\" (1966–1970). MacRae was born in Houston, Texas, to parents Gordon and Sheila MacRae. Her father was stationed with the Army Air Corps in Houston at the time of her birth. Both of her parents went on to be actors. She is\",\n \"title\": \"Meredith MacRae\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9301134\",\n \"text\": \"A Carol Christmas A Carol Christmas is a TV movie starring Tori Spelling, Dinah Manoff, William Shatner and Gary Coleman. It premiered on the Hallmark Channel in 2003. The film is an adaptation of the Charles Dickens story of a similar name. Spelling plays Carol Cartman, a conceited sensationalist talk show host. She is cynical, selfish, and generally treats her employees with cold contempt. She has been molded this way by her late Aunt Marla (Dinah Manoff). On Christmas Eve, she is haunted by her Aunt (who is wrapped in golden chains) who warns her of the mistake she made\",\n \"title\": \"A Carol Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063961\",\n \"text\": \"human in the final carol. On December 6, 2001, a half-hour documentary on the special titled \\\"The Making of 'A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\"' (hosted by Whoopi Goldberg) aired on ABC. This documentary has been released as a special feature on the DVD and Blu-ray editions of the special. In subsequent years, to allow the special in an hour timeslot to be broadcast uncut for time, the animated vignette collection, \\\"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales\\\", is broadcast in the remaining time for that hour. The show's 40th anniversary broadcast on December 6, 2005, had the highest ratings in its time slot. The\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3992873\",\n \"text\": \"Kristin Chenoweth Kristin Dawn Chenoweth (; born Kristi Dawn Chenoweth, July 24, 1968) is an American actress and singer, with credits in musical theatre, film and television. In 1999, she won a Tony Award for her performance as Sally Brown in \\\"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\\\" on Broadway. In 2003, she received wide notice for originating the role of Glinda in the musical \\\"Wicked\\\", including a nomination for another Tony. Her television roles have included Annabeth Schott in NBC's \\\"The West Wing\\\" and Olive Snook on the ABC comedy-drama \\\"Pushing Daisies\\\", for which she won a 2009 Emmy Award\",\n \"title\": \"Kristin Chenoweth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16967945\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas Time Is Here \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\" is a popular Christmas song written by Lee Mendelson and Vince Guaraldi for the 1965 TV special \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\", one of the first animated Christmas specials produced for network TV in the United States. Because the song became a hit, two versions were included on the album \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\": an instrumental version by the Vince Guaraldi Trio and a vocal version by choristers from St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael, California. The first person to record a cover version of the song was jazz guitarist Ron Escheté\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Time Is Here\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11728364\",\n \"text\": \"no more than caring a friend. A Christmas Carol (1982 film) A Christmas Carol is an Australian 75-minute made-for-television animated film from Burbank Films Australia; a part of the studio's series of adaptations of Charles Dickens' works made from 1982 through 1985. It was originally broadcast in 1982 through the Australian Nine Network Australia. The film is based on Charles Dickens' classic English story, \\\"A Christmas Carol\\\", first published in 1843, and was adapted by Alexander Buzo. It was produced by Eddy Graham and directed by Jean Tych. Voice talent included Ron Haddrick, Phillip Hinton, Sean Hinton, Barbara Frawley, Robin\",\n \"title\": \"A Christmas Carol (1982 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10526136\",\n \"text\": \"A Christmas Carol (2009 film) A Christmas Carol is a 2009 American 3D computer animated motion-capture dark fantasy film written, co-produced, and directed by Robert Zemeckis. It is an adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 story of the same name and stars Jim Carrey in a multitude of roles, including Ebenezer Scrooge as a young, middle-aged, and old man, and the three ghosts who haunt Scrooge. The film also features supporting roles voiced by Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, Bob Hoskins, Robin Wright, and Cary Elwes. The film was released in Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D on November 3, 2009, by\",\n \"title\": \"A Christmas Carol (2009 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6262564\",\n \"text\": \"high scholastic education. Orr was chosen to perform on the new \\\"Broadway Kids\\\" CD \\\"Hey Mr. DJ\\\" pop album. In 2003, she starred in a film alongside Penelope Ann Miller, called \\\"Carry Me Home\\\". Orr was signed to T.U.G (The Ultimate Group) by Christopher Brian Stokes. She also voiced Lucy van Pelt in \\\"I Want a Dog for Christmas, Charlie Brown\\\". In 2002, Ashley was nominated for a Young Artist Award, for her role in \\\"Child Star: The Shirley Temple Story\\\". In 2006 she was nominated for a Young Artist Award, for her role in \\\"Without a Trace\\\". Ashley Rose\",\n \"title\": \"Ashley Rose Orr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7918819\",\n \"text\": \"and cutting out the closing song of \\\"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\\\". Fans of the special were angered by the cuts. In response, ABC increased the special to a one-hour block when it acquired the rights to the special shortly before creator Charles Schulz's death. However, this left about eighteen extra minutes to be filled. During 2001, the first year ABC aired \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\", the show was followed by a retrospective hosted by Whoopi Goldberg featuring the voice cast and producers of the special. \\\"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales\\\" was created to replace that retrospective in rounding out the\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6600051\",\n \"text\": \"Additionally, in 1973's \\\"A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving\\\", Sally complains that she was looking for a turkey tree for Thanksgiving but had only found Christmas supplies. Several songs satirize the phenomenon, including Loudon Wainwright III's \\\"Suddenly It's Christmas\\\" (from his 1993 live album \\\"Career Moves\\\"), Straight No Chaser's \\\"The Christmas Can-Can\\\" (from their 2009 album \\\"Christmas Cheers\\\"), Paul and Storm's \\\"The Way-Too-Early Christmas Song\\\" (from their 2010 album \\\"Do You Like Star Wars?\\\"). Christian singer/songwriter Brandon Heath voiced his feelings on Christmas creep in the song \\\"The Day After Thanksgiving\\\" (from his 2013 album \\\"Christmas Is Here\\\"). In Jim Butcher's 2012\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas creep\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063949\",\n \"text\": \"Lee Mendelson, a fan of jazz, heard Guaraldi's crossover hit \\\"Cast Your Fate to the Wind\\\" on the radio not long after completion of his documentary \\\"Charlie Brown & Charles Schulz\\\", and contacted the musician to produce music for the special. Guaraldi composed the music for the project, creating an entire piece, \\\"Linus and Lucy,\\\" to serve as the theme. When Coca-Cola commissioned \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" in spring 1965, Guaraldi returned to write the music. The first instrumentals for the special were recorded by Guaraldi at Glendale, California's Whitney Studio with bassist Monty Budwig and drummer Colin Bailey. Recycling\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10555935\",\n \"text\": \"Hanna-Barbera and directed by Joanna Romersa. The teleplay was written by Glenn Leopold, based on \\\"A Christmas Carol\\\" by Charles Dickens. The music was composed by Steve Bernstein. Jean Vander Pyl returned as the voice of Wilma Flintstone, a role she performed since first chosen by Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera to voice the character in 1960. The special was animated in the Philippines by Fil-Cartoons, Inc. The special premiered on the American Broadcasting Company on November 21, 1994. It has been rebroadcast in later years, by Toon Disney, Boomerang and Canada's YTV. Turner Home Entertainment initially released \\\"A Flintstones\",\n \"title\": \"A Flintstones Christmas Carol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7172893\",\n \"text\": \"Sally Geeson Sally Louise Geeson (born 23 June 1950 in Cuckfield, West Sussex, England) is an English actress with a career mostly on television in the 1970s. Her best known role was as Sid James's daughter, Sally, in \\\"Bless This House\\\". Her character was only 16 at the start despite the fact Geeson herself was in her early 20s. Geeson studied at Corona Stage Academy from 1957 to 1966, during which time she played small parts in several movies, including \\\"The Millionairess\\\" (1960), \\\"Expresso Bongo\\\" (1959), and \\\"Carry On Regardless\\\" (1961). She also appeared in \\\"Carry On Abroad\\\" (1972) and\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Geeson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063958\",\n \"text\": \"Nativity was, quite simply, the dramatic highlight of the season.\\\" Harry Harris of \\\"The Philadelphia Inquirer\\\" called the program \\\"a yule classic [...] generated quiet warmth and amusement,\\\" and Terrence O'Flaherty of the \\\"San Francisco Chronicle\\\" wrote, \\\"\\\"Charlie Brown\\\" was a gem of a television show.\\\" Ben Gross of the \\\"New York Daily News\\\" praised the special's \\\"charm and good taste,\\\" while Rick DuBrow of United Press International predicted, \\\"the \\\"Peanuts\\\" characters last night staked out a claim to a major television future.\\\" The show's glowing reviews were highlighted with an ad in trade magazines; one thanked Coca-Cola, CBS, United\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063941\",\n \"text\": \"but Schulz rejected this idea immediately. He felt strongly that the audience should not be informed on when to laugh. They spoke at length about creating an official theme that was neither jazz nor traditional to open the program. Schulz wanted a part of the special to feature the character of Schroeder performing Beethoven, and Mendelson combined this with the inclusion of Guaraldi's \\\"Linus & Lucy\\\" number. Schulz penned the script for \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\", with Melendez plotting out the animation via a storyboard. His storyboard contained six panels for each shot, spanning a combined eighty or-so pages. In\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1769540\",\n \"text\": \"Fran Brill Frances Joan \\\"Fran\\\" Brill (born September 30, 1946) is an American actress and puppeteer, best known for her roles on \\\"Sesame Street\\\" as well as playing Sally Hayes in the Hal Ashby film \\\"Being There\\\" (1979) and Lily Marvin in the Frank Oz film \\\"What About Bob?\\\" (1991). Brill was born in Chester, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Linette and Joseph M. Brill. Her father was a physician. She is a graduate of Boston University College of Fine Arts. She began her career in theater, making her Broadway debut in the 1969 play \\\"Red, White and Maddox\\\". Her other\",\n \"title\": \"Fran Brill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5413412\",\n \"text\": \"Calderwood in the first television miniseries, \\\"Rich Man, Poor Man\\\" in 1976. Darby had the central role of Sally Farnham in the made-for-TV chiller \\\"Don't Be Afraid of the Dark\\\" (1973). Subsequent television roles included guest appearances on \\\"Crazy Like a Fox\\\", \\\"Family\\\", \\\"The Love Boat\\\", \\\"The Streets of San Francisco\\\", \\\"Riptide\\\", and \\\"Becker\\\". Darby admitted her career declined after the 1970s partly because she became an amphetamine addict. In 1990, she began to teach acting in the Los Angeles area and has been an instructor in the Extension Program at the University of California, Los Angeles since 1992. Darby\",\n \"title\": \"Kim Darby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4239163\",\n \"text\": \"voted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and added to the National Recording Registry of the Library Congress On August 19, 2016, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album quadruple platinum for sales of four millions copies. In November 2014, it was the tenth best-selling Christmas/holiday album in the United States during the SoundScan era. By the early 1960s, Charles M. Schulz's comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\" had become a sensation worldwide. Television producer Lee Mendelson acknowledged the strip's cultural impression and produced a documentary on the subject, titled \\\"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\\\". Mendelson, a fan of jazz,\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3065433\",\n \"text\": \"Molly Shannon Molly Helen Shannon (born September 16, 1964) is an American actress who was a cast member on \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" from 1995 to 2001. In 2017 she won the Film Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film \\\"Other People\\\". She has appeared in supporting roles in a number of films, such as \\\"A Night at the Roxbury\\\" (1998), \\\"Never Been Kissed\\\" (1999), \\\"How the Grinch Stole Christmas\\\" (2000), \\\"Osmosis Jones\\\" (2001), \\\"My Boss's Daughter\\\" (2003), \\\"\\\" (2006), and \\\"Me and Earl and the Dying Girl\\\" (2015). Her voice can also be heard\",\n \"title\": \"Molly Shannon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9621793\",\n \"text\": \"Stacy Heather Tolkin Stacy Heather Tolkin is a former child actress who played the part of Irina in \\\"The Concorde ... Airport '79\\\", and voiced a number of 1983 television productions featuring Charles Schulz Peanuts characters. Tolkin also voiced Sally Brown and Truffles in \\\"Is This Goodbye, Charlie Brown?\\\", \\\"What Have We Learned, Charlie Brown?\\\", and \\\"The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show\\\". She also played Herb Tarlek's daughter in a few episodes of \\\"WKRP In Cincinnati\\\". As a child actress, Tolkin was in over a hundred commercials including McDonald's, Grandma's Cookies, and Kellogg's Corn Flakes. She was also on the\",\n \"title\": \"Stacy Heather Tolkin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4996457\",\n \"text\": \"Kristen Johnston Kristen Angela Johnston (born September 20, 1967) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Sally Solomon in the television series \\\"3rd Rock from the Sun\\\", for which she twice won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. She also starred as Wilma Flintstone in \\\"The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas\\\" and as Holly Franklin in the sitcom \\\"The Exes\\\". She currently stars in the sixth season of the television sitcom \\\"Mom\\\". Johnston was born in Washington, D.C., but was raised mostly in Fox Point, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee,\",\n \"title\": \"Kristen Johnston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4239161\",\n \"text\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack) A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 studio album by American jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi (later credited to the Vince Guaraldi Trio). The album was released in December 1965 in the U.S. by Fantasy. It is the soundtrack to the Christmas television special of the same name. Guaraldi was contacted by television producer Lee Mendelson to compose music for a documentary on the comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\" and its creator, Charles M. Schulz. Although the special went unaired, these selections were released in 1964 as \\\"Jazz Impressions of \\\"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\\\"\\\". Coca-Cola commissioned a\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16967946\",\n \"text\": \"on the album \\\"Christmas Impressions\\\" (1982). David Benoit followed him on the album \\\"Christmastime\\\" (1983). They were followed by Patti Austin and Debby Boone (both in 1989); Mel Tormé (1992), then Rosemary Clooney, R.E.M., and Stone Temple Pilots before the turn of the century. Christmas Time Is Here \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\" is a popular Christmas song written by Lee Mendelson and Vince Guaraldi for the 1965 TV special \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\", one of the first animated Christmas specials produced for network TV in the United States. Because the song became a hit, two versions were included on the\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Time Is Here\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4239165\",\n \"text\": \"returned to write the music. The first instrumentals for the special were recorded by Guaraldi at Glendale, California's Whitney Studio with bassist Monty Budwig and drummer Colin Bailey. Recycling \\\"Linus and Lucy\\\" from the earlier special, Guaraldi completed two new originals, \\\"Skating\\\", and \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\". In the weeks preceding the premiere, Mendelson encountered trouble finding a lyricist for Guaraldi's instrumental intro and wrote \\\"Christmas Time Is Here\\\" in \\\"about 15 minutes\\\" on the backside of an envelope. The special begins and ends with a children's choir from St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael performing \\\"Christmas Time Is\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063952\",\n \"text\": \"demanded perfection from the choir. Mendelson and Guaraldi disagreed, desiring the \\\"kids to sound like kids\\\"; they used a slightly off-key version of \\\"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\\\" in the final cut. Children were paid five dollars for their participation. In addition, the children recorded dialogue for the special's final scene, in which the crowd of kids shout \\\"Merry Christmas, Charlie Brown!\\\" The soundtrack for the special was recorded during these sessions, with decisions regarding timing and phrasing determined quickly. Guaraldi brought in bassist Fred Marshall and drummer Jerry Granelli to record the music, and spent time later re-recording earlier\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9305223\",\n \"text\": \"Dryer then provided the voice of Patty (not to be confused with the character of Peppermint Patty) in the feature film \\\"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\\\". Dryer's last stint with the \\\"Peanuts\\\" gang was performing the voices of Clara, Shirley, and Sophie in \\\"It Was a Short Summer, Charlie Brown\\\". Dryer also starred as herself in a pair of recent documentaries on the 1960s Peanuts television phenomenon. Dryer was interviewed on the special documentary \\\"You Don't Look 40, Charlie Brown\\\" (1990); and on the documentary \\\"The Making of \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\"\\\" (2001). Sally Dryer Sally Dryer (also known as\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Dryer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6140089\",\n \"text\": \"White Christmas (film) White Christmas is a 1954 American musical film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. Filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor, it features the songs of Irving Berlin, including a new version of the title song, \\\"White Christmas\\\", introduced by Crosby in the film \\\"Holiday Inn\\\". Produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures, the film is notable for being the first to be released in VistaVision, a widescreen process developed by Paramount that entailed using twice the surface area of standard 35mm film; this large-area negative was used to yield finer-grained standard-sized\",\n \"title\": \"White Christmas (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1734139\",\n \"text\": \"for the film, though not all of the songs used in the film appear on the albums. Songs used include: Paul Simon's \\\"Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard\\\", Van Morrison's \\\"Everyone\\\", John Lennon's \\\"Look at Me\\\", Nick Drake's \\\"Fly\\\", The Mutato Muzika Orchestra version of The Beatles' \\\"Hey Jude\\\", \\\"These Days\\\" by Nico, and two songs by The Rolling Stones. Erik Satie's \\\"Gymnopédie\\\" is also used in the film, as is the iconic song of \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" (1965) by Vince Guaraldi. According to the marketing of the film, particular musical instruments are matched with each character, with\",\n \"title\": \"The Royal Tenenbaums\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14877841\",\n \"text\": \"by Nick Cannon. It features footage from the film \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\". The duet reached number seventy on US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and number fifteen on the Adult R&B Songs chart. It debuted at number 1 on South Korea International Download Singles chart on November 27, 2011, with sales of 81,624. \\\"Christmas Time Is in the Air Again\\\" was released as a promotional single on December 2, 2012. It was positively received by critics, some of whom compared its high quality to the caliber of \\\"All I Want for Christmas is You\\\". It reached number six on the\",\n \"title\": \"Merry Christmas II You\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063947\",\n \"text\": \"of animation, but Melendez talked them down to a half-hour special, believing an hour of television animation was too much. Having never worked on a half-hour special before, Melendez phoned Bill Hanna of Hanna-Barbera for advice, but Hanna declined to give any. CBS gave a budget of $76,000 to produce the show and it went $20,000 over budget. The first step in creating the animation was to make a pencil drawing, afterwards inking and painting the drawing onto a cel. The cel was then placed onto a painted background. There are 13,000 drawings in the special, with 12 frames per\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4239162\",\n \"text\": \"Christmas special based on \\\"Peanuts\\\" in 1965 and Guaraldi returned to score the special. Guaraldi composed most of the music, though he included versions of traditional carols such as \\\"O Tannenbaum\\\". He recorded some of the score at Whitney Studio in Glendale, California, then re-recorded some of it at Fantasy Records Studios in San Francisco with a children's choir from St. Paul's Episcopal Church in nearby San Rafael. The sessions ran late into the night, with the children rewarded with ice cream afterwards. Bassist Fred Marshall and drummer Jerry Granelli have been credited as performing on the album. It was\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1415938\",\n \"text\": \"positive reception from critics, was largely influenced by Hunt's blue-collar Catholic upbringing in Chicago. Hunt portrayed Alice Newton in \\\"Beethoven\\\" and \\\"Beethoven's 2nd\\\", Sarah Whittle/Madam Serena in \\\"Jumanji\\\", and Kate Baker in \\\"Cheaper by the Dozen\\\" and \\\"Cheaper by the Dozen 2\\\". She portrayed the sister of Renée Zellweger's character in \\\"Jerry Maguire\\\" and Jan Edgecomb in \\\"The Green Mile\\\". She portrayed Grace Bellamy in \\\"Loggerheads\\\". She has provided her voice for a total of six Pixar films: \\\"A Bug's Life\\\" as Rosie, \\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\" as Ms. Flint, \\\"Cars\\\" and \\\"Cars 2\\\" as Sally Carrera, \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" as Dolly,\",\n \"title\": \"Bonnie Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6140112\",\n \"text\": \"end of 2014. White Christmas (film) White Christmas is a 1954 American musical film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. Filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor, it features the songs of Irving Berlin, including a new version of the title song, \\\"White Christmas\\\", introduced by Crosby in the film \\\"Holiday Inn\\\". Produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures, the film is notable for being the first to be released in VistaVision, a widescreen process developed by Paramount that entailed using twice the surface area of standard 35mm film; this large-area negative was used to\",\n \"title\": \"White Christmas (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4239173\",\n \"text\": \"Sing\\\" and when the kids all shout \\\"Merry Christmas Charlie Brown\\\" were performed by members of the choir of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in San Rafael, California. Several months before the making of Charlie Brown Christmas this choir was featured on the Vince Guaraldi recording \\\"Vince Guaraldi at Grace Cathedral\\\". Original production Production A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack) A Charlie Brown Christmas is a 1965 studio album by American jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi (later credited to the Vince Guaraldi Trio). The album was released in December 1965 in the U.S. by Fantasy. It is the soundtrack to the Christmas television\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1807914\",\n \"text\": \"Sally Field Sally Margaret Field (born November 6, 1946) is an American actress and director. She is the recipient of various accolades, including two Academy Awards, three Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and has been nominated for a Tony Award and two BAFTA Awards. Field began her professional career on television, starring in titular roles on the short-lived sitcoms \\\"Gidget\\\" (1965–1966), \\\"The Flying Nun\\\" (1967–1970), and \\\"The Girl with Something Extra\\\" (1973–1974). In 1976, her career saw a turning point when she garnered critical acclaim of her portrayal of a woman suffering from\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4723886\",\n \"text\": \"Harley Jane Kozak Harley Jane Kozak (born January 28, 1957) is an American actress and author. She made her film debut in the horror film \\\"The House on Sorority Row\\\" (1982), and had a recurring role as Mary Duvall on the soap opera \\\"Santa Barbara\\\" between 1985 and 1989. She later had supporting parts in \\\"Clean and Sober\\\" (1988) and \\\"When Harry Met Sally...\\\" (1989), before starring in the major studio films \\\"Parenthood\\\" (1989) and \\\"Arachnophobia\\\" (1990). Kozak continued to act in film throughout the remainder of the 1990s and into the 2000s, but turned her focus to writing. She\",\n \"title\": \"Harley Jane Kozak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17295888\",\n \"text\": \"It featured Smokey Robinson, Mariah Carey, Brian McKnight, James Brown, KEM, Boyz II Men, Kelly Rowland, Jeremih, Stevie Wonder, Jackson 5, Pearl Bailey, Ashanti, Mprynt & Kevin Ross. \\\"A Madea Christmas\\\" was panned by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 20% rating, based on 35 reviews, with the consensus: \\\"It boasts a few laughs, but overall, Tyler Perry's \\\"A Madea Christmas\\\" ranks among Perry's least entertaining or substantive works.\\\" On Metacritic, the film has a score of 28 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating \\\"generally unfavorable reviews\\\". \\\"A Madea Christmas\\\" was released on Blu-ray and DVD\",\n \"title\": \"A Madea Christmas (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10791193\",\n \"text\": \"This Christmas (film) This Christmas is a 2007 American Christmas romantic musical comedy-drama film produced by Rainforest Films and distributed by Screen Gems. Written, produced and directed by Preston A. Whitmore II, it is a Christmas time story that centers on the Whitfield family, whose eldest has come home for the first time in four years. The film is based on the 1970 Donny Hathaway song of the same name, which is covered by Chris Brown in the film. The Whitfield family overcome many trials and obstacles during the Christmas season. Shirley Ann \\\"Ma'Dere\\\" Whitfield greets her boyfriend Joe when\",\n \"title\": \"This Christmas (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2729076\",\n \"text\": \"album was re-released by Epitaph Records on September 15, 2008. No songs of the album would turn into live staples with the exception of \\\"Raise Your Voice\\\" which is occasionally played live in Germany due to Campino's involvement in the recording of the song. The actress on the album cover is Kristen Johnston, most famous for her two-time Emmy Award-winning role as Sally Solomon in the television series \\\"3rd Rock from the Sun\\\". No Substance No Substance is the tenth full-length album by the punk rock band Bad Religion. It was the band's third (or fourth, if the reissue of\",\n \"title\": \"No Substance\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4239166\",\n \"text\": \"Here\\\" and \\\"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing\\\". One of the singers, Candace Hackett Shively, became an elementary school teacher and sent a letter of gratitude to Schulz after he announced his retirement in 2000. In the letter, she recalls recording the choir at Fantasy Studios and going out for ice cream afterwards, while noting that she tells the story to her students every holiday season. The recording sessions were conducted in late autumn 1965 in three sessions over two weeks. They often ran late into the night, resulting in angry parents, some who forbade their children from returning; as a\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas (soundtrack)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3992881\",\n \"text\": \"Center Encores! staged concert of the George and Ira Gershwin musical \\\"Strike up the Band\\\" as Anne Draper and created roles in the original Lincoln Center Theater production of William Finn's \\\"A New Brain\\\". Ben Rimalower, in \\\"Playbill\\\", wrote: \\\"It's unlikely anyone will equal Kristin Chenoweth in the role of 'Nancy D., the waitress.'\\\" In 1999, Chenoweth performed in the Broadway revival of \\\"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\\\" as the title character's little sister, Sally, a character that was not present in the original production. She won the Tony and Drama Desk awards for Best Featured Actress in a\",\n \"title\": \"Kristin Chenoweth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7918811\",\n \"text\": \"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales is one of many prime-time animated TV specials based on characters from the Charles M. Schulz comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\". It originally aired on ABC December 8, 2002. It has since been broadcast each Christmas season after that as a companion segment in an hour-long slot featuring an unedited version of \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\". It is the only TV special to credit Charles M. Schulz posthumously for writing. Other TV credits do not credit Schulz writing it. The special consists of a series of vignettes, each one starring a different member of\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18815292\",\n \"text\": \"scheduled to sing \\\"Santa Claus Wants Some Lovin'\\\" with Murray, but when Ross became unavailable, George Clooney filled in. Also, Cyrus' acoustic version of \\\"Silent Night\\\" was a last-minute addition. The special received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% rating based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's consensus states: \\\"\\\"A Very Murray Christmas\\\" preaches effectively to the converted with a parade of superstar guests and hummable songs that - combined with the host's trademark presence - adds up to a unique holiday experience.\\\" Metacritic reports a\",\n \"title\": \"A Very Murray Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4999939\",\n \"text\": \"Melinda Dillon Melinda Ruth Dillon (born October 13, 1939) is an American actress. She received a 1963 Tony Award nomination for her Broadway debut in the original production of \\\"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?\\\", and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her roles as Jillian Guiler in \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\" (1977) and Teresa in \\\"Absence of Malice\\\" (1981). Her other film appearances include \\\"Bound for Glory\\\" (1976), \\\"F.I.S.T.\\\" (1978), \\\"A Christmas Story\\\" (1983), \\\"Harry and the Hendersons\\\" (1987), \\\"The Prince of Tides\\\" (1991) and \\\"Magnolia\\\" (1999). Dillon was born in Hope, Arkansas,\",\n \"title\": \"Melinda Dillon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9305222\",\n \"text\": \"Sally Dryer Sally Dryer (also known as Sally Dryer-Baker; born 10 February 1957) is an American former child voice actress best known for her voice-over work in the 1960s. Dryer provided the voices for several \\\"Peanuts\\\" characters in television specials and film from 1965 to 1969. Dryer first started as the voice of Violet in \\\"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\\\" (1963) and \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" (1965), before going on to Lucy in four \\\"Peanuts\\\" specials \\\"Charlie Brown's All-Stars\\\" (1966), \\\"It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown\\\" (1966), \\\"You're in Love, Charlie Brown\\\" (1967), and \\\"He's Your Dog, Charlie Brown\\\" (1968).\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Dryer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9035028\",\n \"text\": \"Normie Rowe, Sarah June (2010), Mitch Ryder, Susanna Hoffs, Voice Farm and – as an instrumental – by Henry Kaiser. The soundtrack for the 1999 film \\\"A Walk on the Moon\\\" featured a remake of \\\"Sally\\\" by Damnations TX. Anny Celsi remade \\\"Sally Go 'Round the Roses\\\" for her 2009 album \\\"Tangle Free World\\\": Celsi's version features Evie Sands as a backup vocalist. The Del-Byzanteens also covered this song on the album \\\"Lies To Live By\\\" in 1982. Patti Scialfa's self-penned song \\\"The Word\\\" on her 2007 album \\\"Play It as It Lays\\\" references the lyrics of \\\"Sally Go 'Round\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Go 'Round the Roses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11299139\",\n \"text\": \"Four Christmases Four Christmases (known as Four Holidays or Anywhere But Home in some territories) is a 2008 Christmas romantic comedy film about a couple visiting all four of their divorced parents' homes on Christmas Day. It stars Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon, with Sissy Spacek, Mary Steenburgen, Robert Duvall, Jon Voight, Jon Favreau, Tim McGraw, Dwight Yoakam, and Kristin Chenoweth as supporting cast. The film is director Seth Gordon's first studio feature film. The film is produced by Spyglass Entertainment released by New Line Cinema on November 26, 2008, the day before Thanksgiving, and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.\",\n \"title\": \"Four Christmases\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063935\",\n \"text\": \"or two\\\" minutes of animation, and Schulz suggested animator Bill Melendez, with whom he collaborated some years before on a spot for the Ford Motor Company. Despite the popularity of the strip and acclaim from advertisers, networks were not interested in the special. By April 1965, \\\"Time\\\" featured the \\\"Peanuts\\\" gang on its magazine cover, perhaps prompting a call from John Allen of the New York-based McCann Erickson Agency. Mendelson imagined he would sell his documentary, and blindly agreed to Allen's proposal: an animated half-hour \\\"Peanuts\\\" Christmas special. The Coca-Cola Company was looking for a special for advertising during the\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7744561\",\n \"text\": \"(2008), Spyro Gyra (2008), Jordan Pruitt (2008), Cee Lo Green (2012), Lady Antebellum (2012), Pentatonix (2012), John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John (2012), Mary J. Blige (2013), The Summer Set (2013), Maysa featuring Will Downing (2014), The Dazz Band featuring Jerry Bell (2015), Train (2015), The Braxtons (2015), Kurt Elling (2016), and Mark Feehily of Westlife (2017). A cover of the song by Chris Brown, recorded for the 2007 film of the same name, peaked at No. 74 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Covers by Seal and by American band, Train each went to No. 1 on \\\"Billboard\\\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Adult Contemporary chart\",\n \"title\": \"This Christmas (Donny Hathaway song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3279979\",\n \"text\": \"Sally Brown Sally Brown is the younger sister of Charlie Brown in the comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\" by Charles Schulz. She was first mentioned in early 1959 and throughout a long series of strips before her first appearance in August 1959. Kathy Steinberg was the first to voice Sally in 1965. Sally has flipped blonde hair with a cluster of curls like Schroeder and Patty. In the early 1960s and in her early television appearances, she is shown to have a bow in her curls. However, this was dropped by 1969. She wears a polka dot dress. In the TV specials,\",\n \"title\": \"Sally Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6120795\",\n \"text\": \"Sunny Mabrey Sunny Mabrey (born November 28, 1975) is an American actress and model. Prior to debuting in films, Mabrey appeared in music videos, such as \\\"Nookie\\\" from Limp Bizkit. She appeared in supporting roles in films including \\\"The New Guy\\\" (2002) and television series such as \\\"Angel\\\" (2002) and \\\"\\\" (2003). Her breakthrough came after she played the lead role, man-eating alien Sara, in \\\"Species III\\\" (2004), supporting antagonist Charlie Mayweather in \\\"\\\" (2005) and flight attendant Tiffany in \\\"Snakes on a Plane\\\" (2006). She has gone on to star in numerous television series, including \\\"House\\\" (2005), \\\"Without a\",\n \"title\": \"Sunny Mabrey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5510662\",\n \"text\": \"Rachael Lampa\\\". It features a seventeen-song collection of her best and favorite songs, from her four albums. On October 6, 2006, \\\"Hidden Secrets\\\", a film touted as the Christian version of \\\"The Big Chill\\\" debuted with Lampa starring as \\\"Sally\\\". Her co-stars included John Schneider from the television series \\\"The Dukes of Hazzard\\\". Lampa performed four songs for the film: \\\"When I Fall\\\", \\\"The Good Life\\\", \\\"No Other One\\\" and \\\"The Art\\\". On June 5, 2007, Lampa revealed in a blog that she was writing and recording new songs for a new album. She also revealed on her blog that\",\n \"title\": \"Rachael Lampa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4626526\",\n \"text\": \"Pamelyn Ferdin Pamelyn Wanda Ferdin (born February 4, 1959) is an American animal rights activist and a former child actress. Ferdin's acting career was primarily during the 1960s and 1970s, though she appeared in projects sporadically in the 1980s and later years. Ferdin began her career in numerous television series, and gained renown for her work as a voice actress supplying the voice of Lucy Van Pelt in \\\"A Boy Named Charlie Brown\\\" (1969), as well as in two other \\\"Peanuts\\\" television specials. She had supporting roles in \\\"The Beguiled\\\" (1971) with Clint Eastwood and Geraldine Page, and a lead\",\n \"title\": \"Pamelyn Ferdin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063955\",\n \"text\": \"we've killed it.\\\" Melendez was embarrassed, but one of the animators, Ed Levitt, was more positive regarding the special, telling him it was \\\"the best special [he'll] ever make [...] This show is going to run for a hundred years.\\\" Mendelson was similar in his assumptions of the show's quality, and when he showed the film to network executives in New York, their opinions were also negative. Their complaints included the show's slow pace, the music not fitting, and the animation too simple. \\\"I really believed, if it hadn't been scheduled for the following week, there's no way they were\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19278107\",\n \"text\": \"and Joseph Cates in 1977 and directed by Marc Daniels, starred Milton Berle, Steve Allen, Jayne Meadows, Herb Edelman, Jim Backus, and Adrienne Barbeau. \\\"\\\"An American Christmas Carol\\\",\\\" another holiday-inspired work, is a feature-length movie adaptation of the Charles Dickens classic transplanted to New England during the great depression. The movie, produced by Stanley Chase and Jon Slan, first aired in 1979 with Henry Winkler starring as Benedict Slade (the adaptation version of Scrooge), and David Wayne and Dorian Harewood co-starring. The movie continues to air annually, and was released commercially in all media formats. Another of Coopersmith's TV movies\",\n \"title\": \"Jerome Coopersmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063934\",\n \"text\": \"and Charlie Brown joins them as the special ends. <br> By the early 1960s, Charles M. Schulz's comic strip \\\"Peanuts\\\" had become a sensation worldwide. Television producer Lee Mendelson acknowledged the strip's cultural impression and had an idea for a documentary on its success, phoning Schulz to propose the idea. Schulz, an avid baseball fan, recognized Mendelson from his documentary on ballplayer Willie Mays, \\\"A Man Named Mays\\\", and invited him to his home in Sebastopol, California, to discuss the project. Their meeting was cordial, with the plan to produce a half-hour documentary set. Mendelson wanted to feature roughly \\\"one\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6140156\",\n \"text\": \"while Ernest Tubb, with female backing vocals by The Troubadettes, peaked at No. 7 on \\\"Billboard\\\"s Country & Western Records chart. In 1952 Mantovani and his orchestra reached No. 23 on \\\"Billboard\\\"s pop singles chart while The Drifters showcased the talents of lead singer Clyde McPhatter and the bass vocals of Bill Pinkney in 1954, peaking at No. 2 on \\\"Billboard\\\"s Rhythm & Blues Records chart. It returned to the same chart in the next two years. The Drifters rendition of this song can be heard in the films: \\\"Home Alone\\\" and \\\"The Santa Clause\\\". Andy Williams recorded it in\",\n \"title\": \"White Christmas (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2700360\",\n \"text\": \"Phoebe Snow, CeCe Peniston, Lois Walden and Albertina Walker recorded the Warner Brothers album \\\"Good News In Hard Times\\\" as the Sisters of Glory. Houston provided lead vocals on several tracks of guitarist Scott Henderson's 1997 Atlantic album, \\\"Tore Down House\\\", and in 1998 she made cameo appearances in two films: in \\\"54\\\" Houston portrayed herself singing \\\"Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas\\\" supposedly at Studio 54, and in \\\"Beloved\\\" Houston played 'One of The Thirty Women'. In 2000, Houston toured successfully throughout Australia in the stage musical version of \\\"Fame\\\". In 2002 she again guested on a Scott Henderson\",\n \"title\": \"Thelma Houston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18444545\",\n \"text\": \"A Royal Christmas A Royal Christmas is a 2014 American holiday romance television film directed by Alex Zamm and starring Lacey Chabert, Stephen Hagan, and Jane Seymour. Written by Janeen Damian, Michael Damian, Neal H. Dobrofsky, and Tippi Dobrofsky, the film is about a young American seamstress from Philadelphia whose boyfriend reveals himself to be a royal prince and heir to the throne of Cordinia. He brings her to his country intending to marry her, to the consternation of the Queen. \\\"A Royal Christmas\\\" is an original Hallmark Channel movie and first aired on the Hallmark Channel on November 21,\",\n \"title\": \"A Royal Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1063937\",\n \"text\": \"traditional music.\\\" The outline did not change over the course of its production. As Allen was in Europe, the duo received no feedback on their pitch for several days. When Allen got in touch with them, he informed them that Coca-Cola wanted to buy the special, but also wanted it for an early December broadcast, giving the duo just six months to scramble together a team to produce the special. Mendelson assured him – without complete confidence in his statements – that this would be no problem. Following this, \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" entered production. Schulz's main goal for a\",\n \"title\": \"A Charlie Brown Christmas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7918818\",\n \"text\": \"got the bike really needed it. The scene cuts to Woodstock riding off on the bicycle. When \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" was created in 1965, the program was designed as a 30-minute time program. By the 1990s, changes in the delivery of closing credits and increases in advertising minutes on the networks made it impossible for all of \\\"A Charlie Brown Christmas\\\" to be aired in a half-hour time slot. In 2010, the special ran, with commercials, for 35 minutes. CBS made several cuts to the program to keep it in the half-hour time slot, including standardizing the closing credits\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Brown's Christmas Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16207667\",\n \"text\": \"Disney Channel original film \\\"Starstruck\\\". She also had small role in the 2009 film \\\"The Missing Person\\\". Her other acting credits include \\\"The Mentalist\\\", \\\"Jonas\\\", \\\"Medium\\\", \\\"\\\", \\\"Pair of Kings\\\", \\\"Imagination Movers\\\", \\\"Big Time Rush\\\", \\\"American Horror Story\\\" and the Disney Channel original film \\\"Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas!\\\" (2011). From 2011 to 2013, she had a recurring role as Emily Bradford on The CW series \\\"90210\\\". She almost did not land the role, because of her close resemblance to fellow \\\"90210\\\" actress Jennie Garth. Her hair was dyed a dark color so she would be less like Garth. In\",\n \"title\": \"Abbie Cobb\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was the voice of sally in a charlie brown christmas"}}},{"rowIdx":190,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["seven"],"string":"[\n \"seven\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"18938998","text":"Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes. Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\" HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16. The seventh","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18938987","text":"Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven. Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18938997","text":"fifth season. New York Mets baseball pitcher Noah Syndergaard made a background cameo as a javelin-throwing Lannister soldier in \"The Spoils of War.\" On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of \"Game of Thrones\", just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season. In a June 2016 interview with \"Variety\", co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\" Director Jack","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18938989","text":"the Seven Kingdoms. HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland. \"Game of Thrones\" features a large ensemble cast, including Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington. The season introduces several new cast members, including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper. The series received 22 nominations for the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards, and won for Outstanding Drama Series and Dinklage won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18938990","text":"Drama Series. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7. They are listed by the region in which they first appear. Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season. The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 7), Mark Mylod (episodes 2 and 3), Matt Shakman (episodes 4 and 5) and Alan Taylor (episode 6). This marks Taylor's return to the series after an absence since the second season. Shakman is a first-time \"Game of Thrones\" director, with the rest each","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18938999","text":"season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes. The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average \"Game of Thrones\" episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively. The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which ran for 69 minutes. Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season. On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"20049003","text":"episodes, stating that after season six, they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\" Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14-month time frame, as Weiss said, \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\" HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist","title":"Game of Thrones (season 8)"},{"id":"157544","text":"a dozen Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series. By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-ray for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe. Season 7","title":"George R. R. Martin"},{"id":"12800963","text":"content. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth. Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order. Eight seasons were ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons. The first two seasons adapted one novel each. For the later seasons, its creators see \"Game of Thrones\" as an adaptation of \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" as a whole rather than","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"18939002","text":"Now and HBO Go apps are included. Over the season, the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms. The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. In some countries, it aired the day after its first release. On July 23, 2016, a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con. The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs, and shots of crew members creating sets and props. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"20048998","text":"Game of Thrones (season 8) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, \"The Winds of Winter\" and \"A","title":"Game of Thrones (season 8)"},{"id":"12800935","text":"Game of Thrones Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of \"A Song of Ice and Fire\", George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is \"A Game of Thrones\". It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Scotland, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"20049005","text":"to premiere in April 2019. Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season. On December 6, 2018, HBO released the first official teaser trailer for the eighth season. Game of Thrones (season 8) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found","title":"Game of Thrones (season 8)"},{"id":"18938994","text":"The Dark Hedges in Stranocum, which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season. Some scenes were filmed in Iceland. Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik, Croatia, which is used for location of King's Landing. The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta, Canada. \"Deadline\" reported on June 21, 2016, that the five main cast members, Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons. It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18939000","text":"of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". On Rotten Tomatoes, the seventh season has a 94% approval rating from 46 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10, and a 92% average episode score, with the site's consensus reading, \"After a year-long wait, \"Game of Thrones\" roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters—particularly the female ones.\" The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network's domestic platforms weeks after its release. The show's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well. In","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18938991","text":"having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons. Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer, after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season. She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons, as well as the end of the sixth season. The seventh season contains original material not found in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series. Some of the show's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin. Filming began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, and ended","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18938995","text":"and eighth season. It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation, for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons. On August 31, 2016, \"Entertainment Weekly\" reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a \"significant\" role. It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast, with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma, who had previously played the role in \"Blood of My Blood\". The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris, who did not appear in the","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"14195696","text":"to begin filming in London in 2016. On April 11, 2016, Season 5 was confirmed to be the show's last; it consists of seven episodes and premiered on August 20, 2017. The series finale, Season 5's \"Episode Seven\", aired on October 8, 2017. \"Episodes\" has received positive reviews by critics, with specific praise being given to the performances of stars Stephen Mangan, Tamsin Greig, and Matt LeBlanc. For his performance in the series Matt LeBlanc won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy and has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards. After married","title":"Episodes (TV series)"},{"id":"1571218","text":"third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes.[5] The sixth season premiered on June 15, 2018 and consists of seven episodes. The 7th season premiered August 10th 2018 and consists of 13 episodes. The 8th and final season is set to release on December 14th, 2018 and will consist of 13 episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures, and other toys. In Australia, DVDs","title":"Voltron"},{"id":"20300029","text":"before it was set to air, on August 20, 2017. Four days before its official broadcast, HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed \"Beyond the Wall\" to be available for on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed. Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones) \"Beyond the Wall\" is the sixth and penultimate episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the","title":"Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)"},{"id":"12801004","text":"out of 100 (based on 29 reviews) on Metacritic. The sixth season has been praised by critics, though not as highly as its predecessors. It has a score of 73 on Metacritic (based on nine reviews), indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The seventh season scored 77 out of 100 (based on twelve reviews) and was praised for its action sequences and focused central characters, but received criticism for its breakneck pace and plot developments that \"defied logic.\" Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics, \"Game of Thrones\" has been criticized for the amount of female nudity, violence, and sexual violence (especially","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"18939004","text":"On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the \"Game of Thrones\" Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King.","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18939007","text":"on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed. Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times, making \"Game of Thrones\" the most-pirated television series in 2017. Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18938992","text":"in February 2017. In an interview with the showrunners, it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming. The showrunners stated \"We're starting a bit later because, you know, at the end of this season, winter is here, and that means that sunny weather doesn't really serve our purposes any more. We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim, gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot.\" Girona, Spain did not return as one of the","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"12800970","text":"of the European locations. Each ten-episode season of \"Game of Thrones\" has four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes. Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes, the most episodes of the series. Alex Graves, David Nutter, Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each. Daniel Minahan directed five episodes, and Michelle MacLaren, Alik Sakharov, and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each. Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season, and Tim Van Patten directed the series' first two episodes. Neil Marshall directed two episodes, both with large battle scenes: \"Blackwater\" and \"The Watchers on the Wall\". Other directors","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"12800969","text":"as Córdoba. The sixth season, which began filming in July 2015, returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra, Guadalajara, Seville, Almeria, Girona and Peniscola. Filming also returned to Dubrovnik, Croatia. Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, with other filming in Iceland, Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain, including Seville, Cáceres, Almodovar del Rio, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. The series also filmed in Dubrovnik, which is used for location of King's Landing. Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"18938988","text":"The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show's main plotlines in preparation for the final season. Daenerys Targaryen arrives in Westeros with her army and three dragons and wages war against the Lannisters. Jon Snow forges an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army, the two falling in love in the process. Arya and Bran return to Winterfell and reunite with their sister Sansa. At the end of the season, the Army of the Dead breaches the Wall (with the help of a reanimated wight dragon) and finally enters","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18939006","text":"August 4, 2017, it was reported that, two days before its original broadcast, the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO's international network partners. The leaked copy has the \"for internal viewing only\" watermark. On July 31, 2017, due to a security breach, HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data. However, \"this was not related to this episode leak\", according to \"The Verge\". On August 16, 2017, four days before its intended release, it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18939003","text":"highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark. On March 1, 2017, HBO and \"Game of Thrones\" teamed up with Major League Baseball (MLB) for a cross-promotional partnership. At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion. On March 8, 2017, HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas, which teases the battle of \"ice vs. fire\". Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event, along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams.","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"20300002","text":"Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones) \"Beyond the Wall\" is the sixth and penultimate episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the season's finale. The episode's main plot focuses on Jon Snow's raiding party as they journey north of the Wall; they successfully capture a wight to prove the threat, though Thoros is killed. Daenerys rescues the group from the","title":"Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)"},{"id":"5621357","text":"he appeared in the film \"Another Year\", which earned him a nomination for Best Supporting Actor from the London Film Critics Circle Awards. In 2011, 2013 and 2016, Bradley appeared as Lord Walder Frey in the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\". In January 2017, it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the seventh season of the show later that year. Bradley played Solomon, a ruthless buccaneer, in the 2012 \"Doctor Who\" episode \"Dinosaurs on a Spaceship\". He previously provided voice work for \"The Sarah Jane Adventures\" serial \"Death of the Doctor\". It was announced in January 2013 that Bradley","title":"David Bradley (English actor)"},{"id":"20049002","text":"be the last time that we would be doing this\". In an interview with \"Entertainment Weekly\", HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film, the final season would be \"six one-hour movies\" on television. He continued, \"The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so, than film. What they're doing is monumental.\" Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer","title":"Game of Thrones (season 8)"},{"id":"18938993","text":"filming locations. Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King's Landing. It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland, Spain and Iceland, with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016. The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville, Cáceres, Almodóvar del Río, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika, Las Atarazanas, the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo. The series returned to film at","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"18939005","text":"The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017. The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017. The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"20263894","text":"was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO's international network partners. Four suspects were arrested over the leak in Mumbai. Three of them were current employees of Prime Focus Technologies, an independent company that handles Star India's data, while one was a former employee. The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones) \"The Spoils of War\" is the fourth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 64th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Matt Shakman. At Dragonstone, Daenerys Targaryen and Jon Snow","title":"The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones)"},{"id":"2745984","text":"season four of \"Game of Thrones\" in 2014 playing Tycho Nestoris and reprised this role in season five and season seven. In the BBC's 2015 series \"Wolf Hall\", Gatiss played King Henry VIII's secretary Stephen Gardiner. He also appeared in Channel 4’s \"Coalition\" in 2015. Gatiss appears as the Prince Regent (later George IV) in the eight-part historical fiction television drama series \"Taboo\" (2017) first broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2017 and in the United States on FX on 10 January 2017. Gatiss appears frequently in BBC Radio productions, including the science fiction comedy","title":"Mark Gatiss"},{"id":"20308995","text":"The Dragon and the Wolf \"The Dragon and the Wolf\" is the seventh and final episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 67th episode overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The episode's plot includes a negotiation between Cersei and Daenerys, and a rift between Cersei and Jaime; Theon rededicates himself to Yara; Sansa and Arya unite against Littlefinger; Jon Snow is revealed to be the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen; Jon and Daenerys's romantic relationship comes to fruition;","title":"The Dragon and the Wolf"},{"id":"15636620","text":"You Win or You Die \"You Win or You Die\" is the seventh episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\". It was written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Minahan. Set to air May 29, 2011, the episode was released in advance immediately following the conclusion of \"A Golden Crown\" to HBO customers with access to HBO Go. The episode furthers the story line of deterioration of the political balance of the Seven Kingdoms, with Eddard Stark revealing what he has discovered to Cersei Lannister while King Robert is still away","title":"You Win or You Die"},{"id":"20240373","text":"The Queen's Justice \"The Queen's Justice\" is the third episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 63rd overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Mark Mylod. At Dragonstone, Jon Snow and Davos Seaworth meet with Daenerys Targaryen, whom Jon asks for aid in defeating the White Walkers, but Daenerys iterates her desire to take the Iron Throne instead. In King's Landing, Euron Greyjoy returns bearing gifts to Cersei Lannister, in the form of Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand. At the Citadel, Samwell","title":"The Queen's Justice"},{"id":"19322147","text":"of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes. The sixth season premiered on June 15, 2018 and consists of seven episodes. A seventh season premiered on August 10, 2018 and consists of thirteen episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures, and other toys. The eighth and final season premiered on December 14, 2018, and consists of thirteen episodes. For millennia, the Galra Empire has plagued the universe by destroying other civilizations and enslaving various races.","title":"Voltron: Legendary Defender"},{"id":"20154412","text":"Lucy. After that episode's airing, they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7. West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore, who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season. On July 6, 2017, it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7. Additionally, Adelaide Kane, Mekia Cox, and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season. On July 15, it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella, albeit a different version from the one previously","title":"Once Upon a Time (season 7)"},{"id":"19269393","text":"was ordered with the sixth season on June 10, 2014, right before the fifth-season premiere aired, which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family's longest running original series, surpassing \"The Secret Life of the American Teenager\", which was ABC Family's previous longest running original series. The season will consist of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017. Charlie Craig, who served as writer/consulting producer on the second season, will return for the seventh season as executive producer/co-showrunner. I. Marlene King revealed the title of","title":"Pretty Little Liars (season 7)"},{"id":"15636640","text":"series' most gratuitous sex scene to date.\" Among other criticisms were the scene's excessive length, the repetition of the dramatic approach, and the assumption that viewers were not going to pay attention when presented with a long exposition that did not include sex. You Win or You Die \"You Win or You Die\" is the seventh episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\". It was written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Minahan. Set to air May 29, 2011, the episode was released in advance immediately following the conclusion of \"A","title":"You Win or You Die"},{"id":"14205644","text":"filmed in Iceland and Northern Ireland. The series was renewed for a seventh season, which premiered on 16 July 2017, and will conclude with its eighth season in April 2019. \"Game of Thrones\" takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. Jon Snow is introduced as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark, the honorable lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros. Harington has received praise for his performance. In","title":"Kit Harington"},{"id":"12801001","text":"had positive reviews of 91 percent or higher on Rotten Tomatoes, and a 97-percent rating (based on 50 reviews) for the season as a whole. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 95 percent and an average score of 8.6 out of 10 (based on 52 reviews). The season has a rating of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 29 reviews. After the first episode aired, the seventh season held a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"20263862","text":"The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones) \"The Spoils of War\" is the fourth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 64th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Matt Shakman. At Dragonstone, Daenerys Targaryen and Jon Snow observe cave drawings left by the Children of the Forest, indicating that the First Men and the Children fought together against the White Walkers. In King's Landing, Cersei Lannister seeks further investment from the Iron Bank, after reassuring them that their debt will soon be","title":"The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones)"},{"id":"20240394","text":"empowerment and true social change, \"Game of Thrones\" has been it\". The Queen's Justice \"The Queen's Justice\" is the third episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 63rd overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Mark Mylod. At Dragonstone, Jon Snow and Davos Seaworth meet with Daenerys Targaryen, whom Jon asks for aid in defeating the White Walkers, but Daenerys iterates her desire to take the Iron Throne instead. In King's Landing, Euron Greyjoy returns bearing gifts to Cersei Lannister, in the","title":"The Queen's Justice"},{"id":"20154403","text":"Once Upon a Time (season 7) The seventh and final season of the American ABC fantasy-drama \"Once Upon a Time\" was ordered on May 11, 2017. It consisted of 22 episodes, airing on Fridays, having premiered on October 6, 2017. This season marked a significant change for the series, as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7. Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle were the only ones remaining. Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May","title":"Once Upon a Time (season 7)"},{"id":"18938996","text":"sixth season, Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie, who last appeared in the fourth season, and Joe Dempsie as Gendry, who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member. Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances. British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season. Frontman of American heavy metal band Mastodon, Brent Hinds, has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance. This is Hinds' second cameo in the series, following his appearance (along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher) in the","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"17234893","text":"The Bear and the Maiden Fair \"The Bear and the Maiden Fair\" is the seventh episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 27th episode of the series overall. The episode was written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" novels on which the series is based, and was directed by Michelle MacLaren, her directorial debut for the series. The plot of the episode advances the storylines of Daenerys's arrival to the city of Yunkai, the repercussions of the upcoming marriage of Tyrion Lannister and","title":"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"},{"id":"18135451","text":"an increase in overall viewer numbers this season taking into account streaming services, which are not included in Nielsen ratings. The dip in ratings did not extend to the eighth and ninth episodes, \"Hardhome,\" and \"The Dance of Dragons\", which were both seen by over 7 million viewers. The season finale, \"Mother's Mercy\" was seen by 8.11 million people, setting a new record and making it the most watched episode of the series. For the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards, the series was nominated for Best Drama Series. For the 31st TCA Awards, the series was nominated for Program of","title":"Game of Thrones (season 5)"},{"id":"11944618","text":"story editor and contributed to two episodes but left the crew with the close of the season. New writer Elizabeth Hunter contributed a single episode. Producers Kaplan, Thorpe, and Misiano served as the seasons regular directors. Kaplan helmed 6 episodes while Thorpe and Misiano directed 3 each. Chulack directed a further episode. Returning directors were executive producer John Wells, cast members Anthony Edwards and Laura Innes, series veterans Lesli Linka Glatter, Félix Enríquez Alcalá, David Nutter, Marita Grabiak, and Tom Moore. Guy Norman Bee was the season's only new director. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> ER (season 7) The seventh season of the American","title":"ER (season 7)"},{"id":"20048999","text":"Dream of Spring\". The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. The season is scheduled to premiere in April 2019. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \"Game of Thrones\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series; it will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels","title":"Game of Thrones (season 8)"},{"id":"19431647","text":"also part of the show. The series began on Monday, April 25, 2016, on HBO Now, HBO Go, HBO On Demand and HBO. The stated purpose of the show is to \"recap the latest episode, explaining the who, what, when and where, exploring the complicated politics and history of \"Thrones\", and offering absurd and not-so-absurd theories about future episodes.\" For the seventh season of \"Game of Thrones\", the after show changed its name to Talk the Thrones and moved from HBO to the social media site Twitter, where it will stream live every week after an episode airs. Simmons said","title":"After the Thrones"},{"id":"20240354","text":"Stormborn \"Stormborn\" is the second episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 62nd overall. The episode was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by Mark Mylod. The title of the episode refers to both Daenerys Targaryen, who was born during a terrible storm, and Euron Greyjoy, who declares himself to be \"the storm\". The episode's main plot focuses on Daenerys planning her conquest of Westeros; at the behest of Melisandre, she orders Tyrion to summon Jon Snow, who agrees to meet with her despite the objections of Sansa and several other supporters.","title":"Stormborn"},{"id":"18939001","text":"the UK, the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days, setting a new record for Sky Atlantic. Compared to the previous season, HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent. HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region, with a 29 percent climb. In Germany, the show went up 210 percent, in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase. In the United States, the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television, and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO","title":"Game of Thrones (season 7)"},{"id":"16493787","text":"Without Honor\" didn't have as many big, striking scenes as some of the past few episodes, it made up for its lack of face-melting moments with some absolutely fantastic one-on-one scenes.\" The A.V. Club's Todd VanDerWerff gave it an A-. A Man Without Honor \"A Man Without Honor\" is the seventh episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\". The episode is written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed, for the second time in this season, by David Nutter. It premiered on May 13, 2012. The name of the","title":"A Man Without Honor"},{"id":"12800956","text":"and 2015, the average budget per episode increased from $6 million to \"at least\" $8 million. The sixth-season budget was over $10 million per episode, for a season total of over $100 million and a series record. Nina Gold and Robert Sterne are the series' primary casting directors. Through a process of auditions and readings, the main cast was assembled. The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean, whom the writers wanted from the start; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009. Other actors signed for the pilot were Kit Harington as Jon Snow, Jack Gleeson as","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"5364622","text":"the show would return in 2016 with a six-part seventh series, nine years after the previous series concluded. Filming of the new seventh series started in the summer and the series began on 7 October 2016. The show's return attracted it's highest ever overnight audience for a single episode on 7 October, taking a 58% share of the Scottish TV audience with 1,300,000 viewers. The show also aired for the first time on BBC One across the UK nationwide and drew a total audience of 3,200,000. In September 2016, a second live show was announced for the SSE Hydro. The","title":"Still Game"},{"id":"20154411","text":"\"no longer in charge.\" Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode, later revealed to be the second episode of the season. Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19, 2017. On July 22, it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season. In March 2017, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale. During the episode, it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills, while Fernandez portrayed his daughter,","title":"Once Upon a Time (season 7)"},{"id":"12801016","text":"it at number four on their \"best TV shows ever\" list, while in 2016 the series was placed seventh on \"Empire\" \"The 50 best TV shows ever\". The same year \"Rolling Stone\" named it the twelfth \"greatest TV Show of all time\". The 2011 first season received 13 Emmy nominations (including Outstanding Drama Series), and won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (given to Peter Dinklage for his portrayal of Tyrion Lannister) and Outstanding Main Title Design. Other nominations included Outstanding Directing (\"Winter Is Coming\") and Outstanding Writing (\"Baelor\"). Dinklage was also named Best Supporting Actor at the","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"20240312","text":"Dragonstone (Game of Thrones) \"Dragonstone\" is the first episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 61st overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The episode's main plot focuses on Daenerys Targaryen's long-awaited homecoming to Dragonstone with her vast forces, and Cersei and Jaime Lannister treating with Euron Greyjoy for an alliance after the demise of House Frey. \"Dragonstone\" received positive reviews from critics, who considered Arya's revenge on House Frey, Sandor Clegane's atonement for his old life, and Daenerys's dramatic homecoming","title":"Dragonstone (Game of Thrones)"},{"id":"18135450","text":"million at the seventh episode, \"The Gift\". \"Business Insider\" cites two likely reasons for the lower ratings: backlash over the rape scene in \"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken\", one of many deviations from the novels throughout the season that \"have upset fans,\" and increased online streaming through HBO Now. It also acknowledged a possible effect of the first four episodes leaking online before the season premiere and the decision to air on Memorial Day weekend in the United States (a weekend that had been skipped in previous seasons). \"Business Insider\" reached out to HBO for comment, HBO responded that it is seeing","title":"Game of Thrones (season 5)"},{"id":"15836599","text":"David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Called \"Game of Thrones\", it stars an ensemble cast including Sean Bean and Peter Dinklage. The series premiered on 17 April 2011. A critical and commercial success, it was most recently renewed for a seventh and eighth season to be aired in 2017–19. The series has itself given rise to several derived works, including soundtrack albums and a wide range of merchandise. After years of speculation about possible spin-off series, HBO in May 2017 commissioned five screenwriters – Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and a fifth yet to be announced writer","title":"Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire"},{"id":"12801019","text":"Awards (23). It won for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing (\"Battle of the Bastards\"), Outstanding Writing (\"Battle of the Bastards\"), and nine Creative Arts Emmys. Nominations included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage and Kit Harington), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Clarke, Headey and Maisie Williams), Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series (Max von Sydow) and Outstanding Directing (\"The Door\"). In 2018, the seventh season received the most nominations at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards (22). It won for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Peter Dinklage), and seven Creative Arts","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"1941186","text":"\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\" (2009) and \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\" (2011). He joined the cast of the television series \"Game of Thrones\", playing a role of Archmaester Ebrose, in the seventh season (2017). His other notable roles were in \"Topsy-Turvy\" (1999), \"The Gathering Storm\" (2002), \"And When Did You Last See Your Father?\" (2007), \"Hot Fuzz, Another Year\" (2010), and \"The Iron Lady\" (2011). Broadbent was born on 24 May 1949 in Holton cum Beckering, in Lincolnshire, the second son of Doreen \"Dee\" Broadbent (née Findlay), a sculptor, and Roy Laverick Broadbent, an","title":"Jim Broadbent"},{"id":"18135460","text":"for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill. Author George R. R. Martin, who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons, did not write an episode for the sixth season, as he was working to finish writing the sixth \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" novel, \"The Winds of Winter\". The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 2), Daniel Sackheim (episodes 3 and 4), Jack Bender (episodes 5 and 6), Mark Mylod (episodes 7 and 8), and","title":"Game of Thrones (season 6)"},{"id":"7896772","text":"Oxford Blues as Lowe's Oriel College room-mate and confidant, providing inside information. In 2011 he appeared in the television film \"The Suspicions of Mr Whicher\" for ITV. He also appeared in the drama \"The Queen\" in 2006, as Blair's aide. In 2017, Firth joined the cast of the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\" in Eastwatch, an episode of Season 7 as Archmaester Sandhu. Julian Firth Julian Firth is an English actor, best known for his roles as troubled inmate Davis in the cinematic version of the film \"Scum\" and as Brother Jerome in the long-running television series \"Cadfael\". Firth has","title":"Julian Firth"},{"id":"3735752","text":"with Dragons\" (2011), working to negotiate an alliance between the Night's Watch and the wildlings. The growing animosity he has attracted from among the Watch finally catches up with him, and he is forced to face the dire consequences. On the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\", Jon's storyline follows the character's plot arc from the novel series, though season 6 and season 7 of the TV adaptation continue on from the events of Martin's latest published installment. Harington was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the role in 2016. He was","title":"Jon Snow (character)"},{"id":"18294441","text":"season officially premiered on August 6, 2015. The series was officially renewed for a seventh season on July 25, 2014 at the San Diego Comic-Con International event. \"Regular Show\" and \"Adventure Time\" are the first Cartoon Network series to be renewed for a seventh season. Toby Jones announced on June 21, 2015 that the previous season would only contain 31 episodes because of the production of the upcoming movie and that season seven would have 40 episodes, making \"Dumptown U.S.A.\" the season premiere, with the rest of the season officially beginning later in the year. The writer and storyboard artists","title":"Regular Show (season 7)"},{"id":"20240372","text":"navigates even more treacherous waters.\" Erik Kain of \"Forbes\" gave a mixed review, writing that he enjoyed Arya's scenes but criticizing the Dragonstone scenes. Kain also criticized the plot hole of Ellaria Sand being in control of Dorne. Stormborn \"Stormborn\" is the second episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 62nd overall. The episode was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by Mark Mylod. The title of the episode refers to both Daenerys Targaryen, who was born during a terrible storm, and Euron Greyjoy, who declares himself to be \"the storm\". The","title":"Stormborn"},{"id":"3670516","text":"co-executive producer and wrote six episodes. John Shiban was promoted to supervising producer and wrote two episodes. David Amann was promoted to co-producer and wrote two episodes. Jeffrey Bell was promoted to story editor and wrote two episodes. Cyberpunk novelists William Gibson and Tom Maddox returned to write their second of two episodes for the series. Cast member Duchovny wrote two episodes in the season, while other cast members Anderson and Davis also wrote an episode each. New writers in the seventh season included Steven Maeda and Greg Walker, who wrote one episode; and Chip Johannessen who wrote a single","title":"The X-Files (season 7)"},{"id":"20286909","text":"Eastwatch \"Eastwatch\" is the fifth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 65th overall. The episode was written for television by Dave Hill, and directed by Matt Shakman. Daenerys forces the surviving Lannister and Tarly soldiers to swear fealty to her, but Randyll and Dickon Tarly refuse, and are executed. Meanwhile, Tyrion Lannister secretly meets with Jaime Lannister to request an audience with their sister Queen Cersei to present evidence of the army of the dead. Meanwhile, Davos Seaworth retrieves Gendry, and he, along with Jon Snow and Jorah Mormont travel to","title":"Eastwatch"},{"id":"20286936","text":"major characters together and narrowed its focus.\" Eastwatch \"Eastwatch\" is the fifth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 65th overall. The episode was written for television by Dave Hill, and directed by Matt Shakman. Daenerys forces the surviving Lannister and Tarly soldiers to swear fealty to her, but Randyll and Dickon Tarly refuse, and are executed. Meanwhile, Tyrion Lannister secretly meets with Jaime Lannister to request an audience with their sister Queen Cersei to present evidence of the army of the dead. Meanwhile, Davos Seaworth retrieves Gendry, and he, along with","title":"Eastwatch"},{"id":"12801026","text":"Kansas City, Missouri. Each season's Blu-ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the cast as their characters as they detail events in the history of Westeros. For the seventh season, this is to include the animated prequel series \"Game of Thrones: Conquest & Rebellion\", illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos. The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. In May 2017, after years of speculation about possible successor shows, HBO commissioned Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and a fifth unnamed writer to develop individual \"Game","title":"Game of Thrones"},{"id":"20357010","text":"series regulars for the upcoming season. Filming began in June 2017. On June 9, 2017, it was reported that Alexa Bliss and Nia Jax would be joining the upcoming season of \"Total Divas\". However, the rest of the seventh season cast is still to be announced. On June 10, 2017, Renee Young confirmed via Twitter that she will not be returning for the seventh season. In a recent interview, it was confirmed Lana would be returning to the show for the upcoming season, along with her storyline of becoming an independent superstar on the \"SmackDown Live\" brand. On June 29,","title":"Total Divas (season 7)"},{"id":"20879918","text":"Chicago Fire (season 7) The seventh season of \"Chicago Fire\", an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on May 9, 2018, by NBC. The season premiered on September 26, 2018 with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 p.m. to Wednesday at 9:00 p.m. The season is set to contain 22 episodes. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> On May 15, 2018, longtime cast member Monica Raymund who plays Paramedic Gabriela Dawson, announced her departure from the series citing not to extend her current contract. On September 21, 2018, NBC announced that","title":"Chicago Fire (season 7)"},{"id":"14722245","text":"Die\", playing Ricky, and is currently appearing in the BBC Two comedy \"Episodes\", alongside Matt LeBlanc and Stephen Mangan. In 2012, Anderson was cast for the third season of HBO's television series \"Game of Thrones\" as Grey Worm, the leader of the Unsullied. Anderson continues to portray this role through season 4, season 5, season 6 and season 7. Anderson played Dean Thomas, the boyfriend of Chloe Latimer, on the ITV drama \"Broadchurch\" in 2013. In 2006, Anderson was featured as a vocalist on Typesun's \"The PL\". They released another track in 2007, titled \"Let Me Know.\" Anderson recorded a","title":"Jacob Anderson"},{"id":"17234912","text":"for terribly exciting fiction, and that’s more or less bearing out here.\" On the other end of the spectrum, the reviewer for \"Time\", James Poniewozik, considered it \"chilling\". The Bear and the Maiden Fair \"The Bear and the Maiden Fair\" is the seventh episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 27th episode of the series overall. The episode was written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" novels on which the series is based, and was directed by Michelle MacLaren, her directorial debut for","title":"The Bear and the Maiden Fair"},{"id":"18680088","text":"The Gift (Game of Thrones) \"The Gift\" is the seventh episode of the fifth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game of Thrones\", and the 47th overall. The episode was written by the series' creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Miguel Sapochnik, his directorial debut for the series. This episode marks the final appearance for Peter Vaughan. Jon leaves for Hardhome with Tormund and some rangers, in spite of Ser Alliser's complaints. Before they leave, Sam gives Jon a bag of dragonglass weapons, reminding him of their use against the White Walkers. Afterward, Sam and Gilly","title":"The Gift (Game of Thrones)"},{"id":"10453997","text":"day, he appeared on \"Pointless Celebrities\", where he was paired with fellow actor Vas Blackwood. On 7 November 2015, he made his second appearance on \"Pointless Celebrities\", where he was paired with Tyger Drew-Honey. In 2017, Turgoose appeared in the Season 7 premiere of the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\" as a Lannister soldier. Thomas Turgoose Thomas Aiden Turgoose (born 11 February 1992) is an English actor, best known for his role as Shaun Fields in the film \"This Is England\" (2006), a role he reprises in the \"This Is England\" TV series \"This Is England '86\" (2010), \"This Is","title":"Thomas Turgoose"},{"id":"20240332","text":"of Game of Thrones was thoroughly satisfying, a transporting hour that brilliantly reestablished the chessboard for the new, penultimate season.\" Ed Sheeran received mixed reviews over his cameo appearance. He deleted his Twitter account shortly after it. Much of the criticism was around the fact that there seemed to have been little attempt to disguise his cameo – while other artists such as Coldplay drummer Will Champion and Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol were more difficult to spot in their scenes. Dragonstone (Game of Thrones) \"Dragonstone\" is the first episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"Game","title":"Dragonstone (Game of Thrones)"},{"id":"20154417","text":"by Jeff Pierre, who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season. On November 16, actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role. On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad, Zelena's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly. He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season. On March 16, it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series' last two episodes. This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore (who","title":"Once Upon a Time (season 7)"},{"id":"17142219","text":"which it was nominated. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 4. They are listed by the region in which they first appear: On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss serve as main writers and showrunners for the fourth season. They co-wrote seven out of ten episodes. The remaining three episodes were written by Bryan Cogman (two episodes), and the author of \"A Song of Ice and Fire\", George R. R. Martin (one episode). Benioff and","title":"Game of Thrones (season 4)"},{"id":"18177093","text":"seven. Cartoon Network was encouraged to greenlight the miniseries after the success of the 2014 event series \"Over the Garden Wall\", which was created by Pat McHale, the former creative director of \"Adventure Time\". The eight-episode miniseries, entitled \"Stakes\", follows Finn and Jake as they face a new threat brought about when one of Princess Bubblegum's science projects unleashes the ghosts of Marceline's past. Former storyboard artist Rebecca Sugar returned to write a new song for the miniseries (entitled \"Everything Stays\") and to voice Marceline's mother. The voice actors for the season included: Jeremy Shada (Finn the Human), John DiMaggio","title":"Adventure Time (season 7)"},{"id":"8880575","text":"character Green Arrow, starring Stephen Amell. In 2014, he returned to the HBO series \"Game of Thrones\" to direct episodes 9 and 10 of Season 5. For episode 10, he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. In September 2017, it was announced that Nutter would return to direct at least two episodes of the eighth season of \"Game of Thrones\", alongside Miguel Sapochnik, David Benioff and D. B. Weiss for the remainder of the episodes. The first sixteen pilots that Nutter directed have all gone to series. This streak was broken in 2011 when","title":"David Nutter"},{"id":"18135436","text":"Cogman, and Dave Hill, who was promoted to staff writer this season after previously working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss. Author George R. R. Martin, who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons, did not write an episode for the fifth season as he was working to finish writing the sixth novel of the series, \"The Winds of Winter\". The directing staff for the fifth season is Michael Slovis (episodes 1 and 2), Mark Mylod (episodes 3 and 4), Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 5 and 6), Miguel Sapochnik (episodes 7 and 8), and David Nutter","title":"Game of Thrones (season 5)"},{"id":"16347571","text":"aired. In a similar manner, a 12-episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015. It began airing from 10 May 2016. Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July. The twelve-part series premiered on 4 April 2017. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019. On 5 December 2018, it was","title":"Wentworth (TV series)"},{"id":"17654896","text":"and \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid \"upward of $500,000 per episode\" for seasons seven and the potential eight. In 2017, Dinklage became one of the highest paid actors on television and will earn £2 million per episode for the show. Seasons 1 and 2 (2011–12) follow the events of \"A Game of Thrones\" and \"A Clash of Kings\", respectively. The plot of \"A Storm of Swords\" was split into seasons 3 and 4 (2013–14). Both season 5 and season 6 adapt material from \"A Feast for Crows\" and \"A Dance with","title":"Tyrion Lannister"},{"id":"16430635","text":"a critical and commercial success after it started airing in April 2011. A few days after ratings for the second season's premiere, \"The North Remembers\", hit a series high of 8.3 million viewers, HBO announced the show's renewal for a third season. Prior to that announcement, there had been rumors and reports that showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss planned to shoot seasons three and four simultaneously. Benioff said that this would be very efficient, but impossible to write. The ten episodes of the third season are longer than the previous seasons', about 54 or 57 minutes as opposed","title":"Game of Thrones (season 3)"},{"id":"14358318","text":"in which Patricia Rodriguez voices Catherine Frensky, and this is the final season in which Mitchell Rothpan voices George Lundgren. The series won a Daytime Emmy in 2003 for \"Outstanding Sound Mixing - Live Action and Animation\". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Arthur (season 7) The 7th season of the television series \"Arthur\" was originally broadcast on PBS in the United States from October 8 to November 29, 2002 and contains 10 episodes. The special \"Arthur, It's Only Rock 'N' Roll\" served as the premiere of this season. Jason Szwimmer replaced Oliver Grainger as the voice of D.W. Alex Hood is cast as the","title":"Arthur (season 7)"},{"id":"18045465","text":"Castle (season 7) The seventh season of American crime-comedy-drama television series \"Castle\", was ordered on May 8, 2014, by ABC. The season premiered on September 29, 2014, in the United States on ABC, and the finale aired on May 11, 2015. The seventh season initially had 22 episodes. But on October 23, 2014, ABC ordered one more episode, resulting in an episode count of 23 episodes. Richard Castle (Fillion) is a famous mystery novelist who has killed off the main character in his popular book series and has writer's block. He is brought in by the NYPD for questioning regarding","title":"Castle (season 7)"},{"id":"18177088","text":"characters\". While he contrasted the show's seventh season with its sixthwhich he described as \"heady\"Muto asserted that the seventh season would not be a \"throwback\" to the show's earlier seasons, which had been defined by their focus on comedy. Originally, the show's seventh season comprised episodes \"Bonnie & Neddy\" through \"Reboot\", for a total of 39. However, when it came time to upload the seventh season onto streaming sites, Cartoon Network chose to end the season with its 26th episode, \"The Thin Yellow Line.\" The network then began counting the remaining 13 episodes (which included \"Broke His Crown\" through \"Reboot\")","title":"Adventure Time (season 7)"},{"id":"15681774","text":"the public before transmission. Coleman was originally given the role of a Victorian governess named Jasmine, and then for the second audition she was given both the characters of Oswin and Clara. She originally thought that the producers were looking for the right character, but later realised it was part of Moffat's \"soft mystery\" plan. Guest stars include David Gyasi, Rupert Graves, David Bradley, Riann Steele as Queen Nefertiti in episode 2, Ben Browder, Adrian Scarborough, Garrick Hagon, Steven Berkoff, Ruthie Henshall, Jemma Redgrave, Michael McShane. Dougray Scott, Jessica Raine, David Warner and Liam Cunningham in episode 8, Rachael Stirling","title":"Doctor Who (series 7)"},{"id":"20049004","text":"of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason. Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, \"From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to.\" The season is scheduled","title":"Game of Thrones (season 8)"},{"id":"17142231","text":"received a 97% average episode score. The site's critical consensus reads, \"\"Game of Thrones\" continues to be one of the best shows on TV, combining meticulously-plotted character arcs with the spectacular design of the Seven Kingdoms.\" Season 4 obtained the strongest viewer numbers of all seasons aired up until that point, with a series high of 7.20 million viewers of the first airing of the seventh episode. With its fourth season, \"Game of Thrones\" has become the most-watched HBO series in history (surpassing the fourth season of \"The Sopranos\" which had a gross audience of 18.2 million viewers), averaging 18.4","title":"Game of Thrones (season 4)"},{"id":"19322152","text":"2017. The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7, 2016, where an episode was shown at the \"Voltron\" panel. The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes. The fourth season premiered on October 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consisted of 6 episodes. The sixth season premiered","title":"Voltron: Legendary Defender"},{"id":"5364623","text":"second stage show was to run for ten nights beginning 4 February 2017, but in October 2016, a further five performances were added. Unlike the previous live show, this show was not televised or recorded in any other way. On 16 March 2017, it was announced that an eighth series has been commissioned to air on BBC One with plans to broadcast towards the end of 2017. The series was pushed back to start on 8 March 2018. Before the start of the eighth series, Hemphill revealed that he and Kiernan were about to start writing the ninth series and","title":"Still Game"},{"id":"18135466","text":"(played by animal actor Quigly). However, some of the special effects were created at Montreal's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series. The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark, Kristian Nairn as Hodor, Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed, Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy, and Rory McCann as Sandor \"The Hound\" Clegane, who did not appear in the fifth season. Clive Russell, Tobias Menzies, Patrick Malahide, Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully, Edmure Tully, Balon Greyjoy, Beric Dondarrion and Thoros","title":"Game of Thrones (season 6)"},{"id":"5789134","text":"2017 on MTV. The 10th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from November 30, 2017 to March 1, 2018 on MTV. The 11th season will consist of 22 episodes and premiered on March 15, 2018 on MTV, two weeks after the end of Season 10. The season resumed on July 12, 2018. The 12th season will consist of 26 episodes and premiered on August 17, 2018 on MTV. The 13th season had filmed in Atlanta from October 29 to November 11, 2018 and will air sometime in 2019 on MTV. Wild 'n Out Nick Cannon Presents:","title":"Wild 'n Out"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"18938998\",\n \"text\": \"Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes. Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \\\"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\\\" HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16. The seventh\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938987\",\n \"text\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven. Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\" series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938997\",\n \"text\": \"fifth season. New York Mets baseball pitcher Noah Syndergaard made a background cameo as a javelin-throwing Lannister soldier in \\\"The Spoils of War.\\\" On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season. In a June 2016 interview with \\\"Variety\\\", co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \\\"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\\\" Director Jack\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938989\",\n \"text\": \"the Seven Kingdoms. HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland. \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" features a large ensemble cast, including Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington. The season introduces several new cast members, including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper. The series received 22 nominations for the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards, and won for Outstanding Drama Series and Dinklage won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938990\",\n \"text\": \"Drama Series. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7. They are listed by the region in which they first appear. Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season. The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 7), Mark Mylod (episodes 2 and 3), Matt Shakman (episodes 4 and 5) and Alan Taylor (episode 6). This marks Taylor's return to the series after an absence since the second season. Shakman is a first-time \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" director, with the rest each\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938999\",\n \"text\": \"season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes. The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively. The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \\\"The Winds of Winter\\\", which ran for 69 minutes. Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season. On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20049003\",\n \"text\": \"episodes, stating that after season six, they were \\\"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\\\" Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14-month time frame, as Weiss said, \\\"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\\\" HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"157544\",\n \"text\": \"a dozen Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series. By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-ray for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe. Season 7\",\n \"title\": \"George R. R. Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12800963\",\n \"text\": \"content. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth. Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order. Eight seasons were ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons. The first two seasons adapted one novel each. For the later seasons, its creators see \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" as an adaptation of \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\" as a whole rather than\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18939002\",\n \"text\": \"Now and HBO Go apps are included. Over the season, the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms. The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. In some countries, it aired the day after its first release. On July 23, 2016, a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con. The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs, and shots of crew members creating sets and props. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20048998\",\n \"text\": \"Game of Thrones (season 8) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\" series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, \\\"The Winds of Winter\\\" and \\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12800935\",\n \"text\": \"Game of Thrones Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\", George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is \\\"A Game of Thrones\\\". It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Scotland, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20049005\",\n \"text\": \"to premiere in April 2019. Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season. On December 6, 2018, HBO released the first official teaser trailer for the eighth season. Game of Thrones (season 8) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938994\",\n \"text\": \"The Dark Hedges in Stranocum, which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season. Some scenes were filmed in Iceland. Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik, Croatia, which is used for location of King's Landing. The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta, Canada. \\\"Deadline\\\" reported on June 21, 2016, that the five main cast members, Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons. It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18939000\",\n \"text\": \"of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". On Rotten Tomatoes, the seventh season has a 94% approval rating from 46 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10, and a 92% average episode score, with the site's consensus reading, \\\"After a year-long wait, \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters—particularly the female ones.\\\" The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network's domestic platforms weeks after its release. The show's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well. In\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938991\",\n \"text\": \"having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons. Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer, after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season. She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons, as well as the end of the sixth season. The seventh season contains original material not found in the \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\" series. Some of the show's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin. Filming began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, and ended\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938995\",\n \"text\": \"and eighth season. It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation, for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons. On August 31, 2016, \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a \\\"significant\\\" role. It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast, with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma, who had previously played the role in \\\"Blood of My Blood\\\". The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris, who did not appear in the\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14195696\",\n \"text\": \"to begin filming in London in 2016. On April 11, 2016, Season 5 was confirmed to be the show's last; it consists of seven episodes and premiered on August 20, 2017. The series finale, Season 5's \\\"Episode Seven\\\", aired on October 8, 2017. \\\"Episodes\\\" has received positive reviews by critics, with specific praise being given to the performances of stars Stephen Mangan, Tamsin Greig, and Matt LeBlanc. For his performance in the series Matt LeBlanc won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy and has been nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards. After married\",\n \"title\": \"Episodes (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1571218\",\n \"text\": \"third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes.[5] The sixth season premiered on June 15, 2018 and consists of seven episodes. The 7th season premiered August 10th 2018 and consists of 13 episodes. The 8th and final season is set to release on December 14th, 2018 and will consist of 13 episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures, and other toys. In Australia, DVDs\",\n \"title\": \"Voltron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20300029\",\n \"text\": \"before it was set to air, on August 20, 2017. Four days before its official broadcast, HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed \\\"Beyond the Wall\\\" to be available for on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed. Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones) \\\"Beyond the Wall\\\" is the sixth and penultimate episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the\",\n \"title\": \"Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12801004\",\n \"text\": \"out of 100 (based on 29 reviews) on Metacritic. The sixth season has been praised by critics, though not as highly as its predecessors. It has a score of 73 on Metacritic (based on nine reviews), indicating \\\"generally favorable reviews\\\". The seventh season scored 77 out of 100 (based on twelve reviews) and was praised for its action sequences and focused central characters, but received criticism for its breakneck pace and plot developments that \\\"defied logic.\\\" Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics, \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" has been criticized for the amount of female nudity, violence, and sexual violence (especially\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18939004\",\n \"text\": \"On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King.\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18939007\",\n \"text\": \"on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed. Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times, making \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" the most-pirated television series in 2017. Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938992\",\n \"text\": \"in February 2017. In an interview with the showrunners, it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming. The showrunners stated \\\"We're starting a bit later because, you know, at the end of this season, winter is here, and that means that sunny weather doesn't really serve our purposes any more. We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim, gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot.\\\" Girona, Spain did not return as one of the\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12800970\",\n \"text\": \"of the European locations. Each ten-episode season of \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" has four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes. Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes, the most episodes of the series. Alex Graves, David Nutter, Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each. Daniel Minahan directed five episodes, and Michelle MacLaren, Alik Sakharov, and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each. Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season, and Tim Van Patten directed the series' first two episodes. Neil Marshall directed two episodes, both with large battle scenes: \\\"Blackwater\\\" and \\\"The Watchers on the Wall\\\". Other directors\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12800969\",\n \"text\": \"as Córdoba. The sixth season, which began filming in July 2015, returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra, Guadalajara, Seville, Almeria, Girona and Peniscola. Filming also returned to Dubrovnik, Croatia. Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, with other filming in Iceland, Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain, including Seville, Cáceres, Almodovar del Rio, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. The series also filmed in Dubrovnik, which is used for location of King's Landing. Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938988\",\n \"text\": \"The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show's main plotlines in preparation for the final season. Daenerys Targaryen arrives in Westeros with her army and three dragons and wages war against the Lannisters. Jon Snow forges an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army, the two falling in love in the process. Arya and Bran return to Winterfell and reunite with their sister Sansa. At the end of the season, the Army of the Dead breaches the Wall (with the help of a reanimated wight dragon) and finally enters\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18939006\",\n \"text\": \"August 4, 2017, it was reported that, two days before its original broadcast, the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO's international network partners. The leaked copy has the \\\"for internal viewing only\\\" watermark. On July 31, 2017, due to a security breach, HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data. However, \\\"this was not related to this episode leak\\\", according to \\\"The Verge\\\". On August 16, 2017, four days before its intended release, it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18939003\",\n \"text\": \"highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark. On March 1, 2017, HBO and \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" teamed up with Major League Baseball (MLB) for a cross-promotional partnership. At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion. On March 8, 2017, HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas, which teases the battle of \\\"ice vs. fire\\\". Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event, along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams.\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20300002\",\n \"text\": \"Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones) \\\"Beyond the Wall\\\" is the sixth and penultimate episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the season's finale. The episode's main plot focuses on Jon Snow's raiding party as they journey north of the Wall; they successfully capture a wight to prove the threat, though Thoros is killed. Daenerys rescues the group from the\",\n \"title\": \"Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5621357\",\n \"text\": \"he appeared in the film \\\"Another Year\\\", which earned him a nomination for Best Supporting Actor from the London Film Critics Circle Awards. In 2011, 2013 and 2016, Bradley appeared as Lord Walder Frey in the HBO series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\". In January 2017, it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the seventh season of the show later that year. Bradley played Solomon, a ruthless buccaneer, in the 2012 \\\"Doctor Who\\\" episode \\\"Dinosaurs on a Spaceship\\\". He previously provided voice work for \\\"The Sarah Jane Adventures\\\" serial \\\"Death of the Doctor\\\". It was announced in January 2013 that Bradley\",\n \"title\": \"David Bradley (English actor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20049002\",\n \"text\": \"be the last time that we would be doing this\\\". In an interview with \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\", HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film, the final season would be \\\"six one-hour movies\\\" on television. He continued, \\\"The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so, than film. What they're doing is monumental.\\\" Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938993\",\n \"text\": \"filming locations. Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King's Landing. It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland, Spain and Iceland, with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016. The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville, Cáceres, Almodóvar del Río, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika, Las Atarazanas, the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo. The series returned to film at\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18939005\",\n \"text\": \"The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017. The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017. The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20263894\",\n \"text\": \"was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO's international network partners. Four suspects were arrested over the leak in Mumbai. Three of them were current employees of Prime Focus Technologies, an independent company that handles Star India's data, while one was a former employee. The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones) \\\"The Spoils of War\\\" is the fourth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 64th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Matt Shakman. At Dragonstone, Daenerys Targaryen and Jon Snow\",\n \"title\": \"The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2745984\",\n \"text\": \"season four of \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" in 2014 playing Tycho Nestoris and reprised this role in season five and season seven. In the BBC's 2015 series \\\"Wolf Hall\\\", Gatiss played King Henry VIII's secretary Stephen Gardiner. He also appeared in Channel 4’s \\\"Coalition\\\" in 2015. Gatiss appears as the Prince Regent (later George IV) in the eight-part historical fiction television drama series \\\"Taboo\\\" (2017) first broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 7 January 2017 and in the United States on FX on 10 January 2017. Gatiss appears frequently in BBC Radio productions, including the science fiction comedy\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Gatiss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20308995\",\n \"text\": \"The Dragon and the Wolf \\\"The Dragon and the Wolf\\\" is the seventh and final episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 67th episode overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The episode's plot includes a negotiation between Cersei and Daenerys, and a rift between Cersei and Jaime; Theon rededicates himself to Yara; Sansa and Arya unite against Littlefinger; Jon Snow is revealed to be the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen; Jon and Daenerys's romantic relationship comes to fruition;\",\n \"title\": \"The Dragon and the Wolf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15636620\",\n \"text\": \"You Win or You Die \\\"You Win or You Die\\\" is the seventh episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\". It was written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Minahan. Set to air May 29, 2011, the episode was released in advance immediately following the conclusion of \\\"A Golden Crown\\\" to HBO customers with access to HBO Go. The episode furthers the story line of deterioration of the political balance of the Seven Kingdoms, with Eddard Stark revealing what he has discovered to Cersei Lannister while King Robert is still away\",\n \"title\": \"You Win or You Die\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20240373\",\n \"text\": \"The Queen's Justice \\\"The Queen's Justice\\\" is the third episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 63rd overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Mark Mylod. At Dragonstone, Jon Snow and Davos Seaworth meet with Daenerys Targaryen, whom Jon asks for aid in defeating the White Walkers, but Daenerys iterates her desire to take the Iron Throne instead. In King's Landing, Euron Greyjoy returns bearing gifts to Cersei Lannister, in the form of Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand. At the Citadel, Samwell\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen's Justice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19322147\",\n \"text\": \"of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes. The sixth season premiered on June 15, 2018 and consists of seven episodes. A seventh season premiered on August 10, 2018 and consists of thirteen episodes. The series' success has spawned several comics, action figures, and other toys. The eighth and final season premiered on December 14, 2018, and consists of thirteen episodes. For millennia, the Galra Empire has plagued the universe by destroying other civilizations and enslaving various races.\",\n \"title\": \"Voltron: Legendary Defender\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20154412\",\n \"text\": \"Lucy. After that episode's airing, they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7. West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore, who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season. On July 6, 2017, it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7. Additionally, Adelaide Kane, Mekia Cox, and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season. On July 15, it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella, albeit a different version from the one previously\",\n \"title\": \"Once Upon a Time (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19269393\",\n \"text\": \"was ordered with the sixth season on June 10, 2014, right before the fifth-season premiere aired, which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family's longest running original series, surpassing \\\"The Secret Life of the American Teenager\\\", which was ABC Family's previous longest running original series. The season will consist of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017. Charlie Craig, who served as writer/consulting producer on the second season, will return for the seventh season as executive producer/co-showrunner. I. Marlene King revealed the title of\",\n \"title\": \"Pretty Little Liars (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15636640\",\n \"text\": \"series' most gratuitous sex scene to date.\\\" Among other criticisms were the scene's excessive length, the repetition of the dramatic approach, and the assumption that viewers were not going to pay attention when presented with a long exposition that did not include sex. You Win or You Die \\\"You Win or You Die\\\" is the seventh episode of the HBO medieval fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\". It was written by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Daniel Minahan. Set to air May 29, 2011, the episode was released in advance immediately following the conclusion of \\\"A\",\n \"title\": \"You Win or You Die\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14205644\",\n \"text\": \"filmed in Iceland and Northern Ireland. The series was renewed for a seventh season, which premiered on 16 July 2017, and will conclude with its eighth season in April 2019. \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. Jon Snow is introduced as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark, the honorable lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros. Harington has received praise for his performance. In\",\n \"title\": \"Kit Harington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12801001\",\n \"text\": \"had positive reviews of 91 percent or higher on Rotten Tomatoes, and a 97-percent rating (based on 50 reviews) for the season as a whole. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 95 percent and an average score of 8.6 out of 10 (based on 52 reviews). The season has a rating of 96 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.4 out of 10 based on 29 reviews. After the first episode aired, the seventh season held a rating of 97 percent on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20263862\",\n \"text\": \"The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones) \\\"The Spoils of War\\\" is the fourth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 64th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Matt Shakman. At Dragonstone, Daenerys Targaryen and Jon Snow observe cave drawings left by the Children of the Forest, indicating that the First Men and the Children fought together against the White Walkers. In King's Landing, Cersei Lannister seeks further investment from the Iron Bank, after reassuring them that their debt will soon be\",\n \"title\": \"The Spoils of War (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20240394\",\n \"text\": \"empowerment and true social change, \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" has been it\\\". The Queen's Justice \\\"The Queen's Justice\\\" is the third episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 63rd overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Mark Mylod. At Dragonstone, Jon Snow and Davos Seaworth meet with Daenerys Targaryen, whom Jon asks for aid in defeating the White Walkers, but Daenerys iterates her desire to take the Iron Throne instead. In King's Landing, Euron Greyjoy returns bearing gifts to Cersei Lannister, in the\",\n \"title\": \"The Queen's Justice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20154403\",\n \"text\": \"Once Upon a Time (season 7) The seventh and final season of the American ABC fantasy-drama \\\"Once Upon a Time\\\" was ordered on May 11, 2017. It consisted of 22 episodes, airing on Fridays, having premiered on October 6, 2017. This season marked a significant change for the series, as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7. Lana Parrilla, Colin O'Donoghue, and Robert Carlyle were the only ones remaining. Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May\",\n \"title\": \"Once Upon a Time (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18938996\",\n \"text\": \"sixth season, Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie, who last appeared in the fourth season, and Joe Dempsie as Gendry, who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member. Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances. British singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season. Frontman of American heavy metal band Mastodon, Brent Hinds, has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance. This is Hinds' second cameo in the series, following his appearance (along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher) in the\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17234893\",\n \"text\": \"The Bear and the Maiden Fair \\\"The Bear and the Maiden Fair\\\" is the seventh episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 27th episode of the series overall. The episode was written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\" novels on which the series is based, and was directed by Michelle MacLaren, her directorial debut for the series. The plot of the episode advances the storylines of Daenerys's arrival to the city of Yunkai, the repercussions of the upcoming marriage of Tyrion Lannister and\",\n \"title\": \"The Bear and the Maiden Fair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18135451\",\n \"text\": \"an increase in overall viewer numbers this season taking into account streaming services, which are not included in Nielsen ratings. The dip in ratings did not extend to the eighth and ninth episodes, \\\"Hardhome,\\\" and \\\"The Dance of Dragons\\\", which were both seen by over 7 million viewers. The season finale, \\\"Mother's Mercy\\\" was seen by 8.11 million people, setting a new record and making it the most watched episode of the series. For the 5th Critics' Choice Television Awards, the series was nominated for Best Drama Series. For the 31st TCA Awards, the series was nominated for Program of\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 5)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11944618\",\n \"text\": \"story editor and contributed to two episodes but left the crew with the close of the season. New writer Elizabeth Hunter contributed a single episode. Producers Kaplan, Thorpe, and Misiano served as the seasons regular directors. Kaplan helmed 6 episodes while Thorpe and Misiano directed 3 each. Chulack directed a further episode. Returning directors were executive producer John Wells, cast members Anthony Edwards and Laura Innes, series veterans Lesli Linka Glatter, Félix Enríquez Alcalá, David Nutter, Marita Grabiak, and Tom Moore. Guy Norman Bee was the season's only new director. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> ER (season 7) The seventh season of the American\",\n \"title\": \"ER (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20048999\",\n \"text\": \"Dream of Spring\\\". The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. The season is scheduled to premiere in April 2019. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\" series; it will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19431647\",\n \"text\": \"also part of the show. The series began on Monday, April 25, 2016, on HBO Now, HBO Go, HBO On Demand and HBO. The stated purpose of the show is to \\\"recap the latest episode, explaining the who, what, when and where, exploring the complicated politics and history of \\\"Thrones\\\", and offering absurd and not-so-absurd theories about future episodes.\\\" For the seventh season of \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", the after show changed its name to Talk the Thrones and moved from HBO to the social media site Twitter, where it will stream live every week after an episode airs. Simmons said\",\n \"title\": \"After the Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20240354\",\n \"text\": \"Stormborn \\\"Stormborn\\\" is the second episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 62nd overall. The episode was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by Mark Mylod. The title of the episode refers to both Daenerys Targaryen, who was born during a terrible storm, and Euron Greyjoy, who declares himself to be \\\"the storm\\\". The episode's main plot focuses on Daenerys planning her conquest of Westeros; at the behest of Melisandre, she orders Tyrion to summon Jon Snow, who agrees to meet with her despite the objections of Sansa and several other supporters.\",\n \"title\": \"Stormborn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18939001\",\n \"text\": \"the UK, the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days, setting a new record for Sky Atlantic. Compared to the previous season, HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent. HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region, with a 29 percent climb. In Germany, the show went up 210 percent, in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase. In the United States, the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television, and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16493787\",\n \"text\": \"Without Honor\\\" didn't have as many big, striking scenes as some of the past few episodes, it made up for its lack of face-melting moments with some absolutely fantastic one-on-one scenes.\\\" The A.V. Club's Todd VanDerWerff gave it an A-. A Man Without Honor \\\"A Man Without Honor\\\" is the seventh episode of the second season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\". The episode is written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed, for the second time in this season, by David Nutter. It premiered on May 13, 2012. The name of the\",\n \"title\": \"A Man Without Honor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12800956\",\n \"text\": \"and 2015, the average budget per episode increased from $6 million to \\\"at least\\\" $8 million. The sixth-season budget was over $10 million per episode, for a season total of over $100 million and a series record. Nina Gold and Robert Sterne are the series' primary casting directors. Through a process of auditions and readings, the main cast was assembled. The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean, whom the writers wanted from the start; they were announced as joining the pilot in 2009. Other actors signed for the pilot were Kit Harington as Jon Snow, Jack Gleeson as\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5364622\",\n \"text\": \"the show would return in 2016 with a six-part seventh series, nine years after the previous series concluded. Filming of the new seventh series started in the summer and the series began on 7 October 2016. The show's return attracted it's highest ever overnight audience for a single episode on 7 October, taking a 58% share of the Scottish TV audience with 1,300,000 viewers. The show also aired for the first time on BBC One across the UK nationwide and drew a total audience of 3,200,000. In September 2016, a second live show was announced for the SSE Hydro. The\",\n \"title\": \"Still Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20154411\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"no longer in charge.\\\" Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode, later revealed to be the second episode of the season. Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19, 2017. On July 22, it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season. In March 2017, Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale. During the episode, it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills, while Fernandez portrayed his daughter,\",\n \"title\": \"Once Upon a Time (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12801016\",\n \"text\": \"it at number four on their \\\"best TV shows ever\\\" list, while in 2016 the series was placed seventh on \\\"Empire\\\" \\\"The 50 best TV shows ever\\\". The same year \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" named it the twelfth \\\"greatest TV Show of all time\\\". The 2011 first season received 13 Emmy nominations (including Outstanding Drama Series), and won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (given to Peter Dinklage for his portrayal of Tyrion Lannister) and Outstanding Main Title Design. Other nominations included Outstanding Directing (\\\"Winter Is Coming\\\") and Outstanding Writing (\\\"Baelor\\\"). Dinklage was also named Best Supporting Actor at the\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20240312\",\n \"text\": \"Dragonstone (Game of Thrones) \\\"Dragonstone\\\" is the first episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 61st overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The episode's main plot focuses on Daenerys Targaryen's long-awaited homecoming to Dragonstone with her vast forces, and Cersei and Jaime Lannister treating with Euron Greyjoy for an alliance after the demise of House Frey. \\\"Dragonstone\\\" received positive reviews from critics, who considered Arya's revenge on House Frey, Sandor Clegane's atonement for his old life, and Daenerys's dramatic homecoming\",\n \"title\": \"Dragonstone (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18135450\",\n \"text\": \"million at the seventh episode, \\\"The Gift\\\". \\\"Business Insider\\\" cites two likely reasons for the lower ratings: backlash over the rape scene in \\\"Unbowed, Unbent, Unbroken\\\", one of many deviations from the novels throughout the season that \\\"have upset fans,\\\" and increased online streaming through HBO Now. It also acknowledged a possible effect of the first four episodes leaking online before the season premiere and the decision to air on Memorial Day weekend in the United States (a weekend that had been skipped in previous seasons). \\\"Business Insider\\\" reached out to HBO for comment, HBO responded that it is seeing\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 5)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15836599\",\n \"text\": \"David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Called \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", it stars an ensemble cast including Sean Bean and Peter Dinklage. The series premiered on 17 April 2011. A critical and commercial success, it was most recently renewed for a seventh and eighth season to be aired in 2017–19. The series has itself given rise to several derived works, including soundtrack albums and a wide range of merchandise. After years of speculation about possible spin-off series, HBO in May 2017 commissioned five screenwriters – Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and a fifth yet to be announced writer\",\n \"title\": \"Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12801019\",\n \"text\": \"Awards (23). It won for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing (\\\"Battle of the Bastards\\\"), Outstanding Writing (\\\"Battle of the Bastards\\\"), and nine Creative Arts Emmys. Nominations included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage and Kit Harington), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Clarke, Headey and Maisie Williams), Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series (Max von Sydow) and Outstanding Directing (\\\"The Door\\\"). In 2018, the seventh season received the most nominations at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards (22). It won for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Peter Dinklage), and seven Creative Arts\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1941186\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\\\" (2009) and \\\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\\\" (2011). He joined the cast of the television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", playing a role of Archmaester Ebrose, in the seventh season (2017). His other notable roles were in \\\"Topsy-Turvy\\\" (1999), \\\"The Gathering Storm\\\" (2002), \\\"And When Did You Last See Your Father?\\\" (2007), \\\"Hot Fuzz, Another Year\\\" (2010), and \\\"The Iron Lady\\\" (2011). Broadbent was born on 24 May 1949 in Holton cum Beckering, in Lincolnshire, the second son of Doreen \\\"Dee\\\" Broadbent (née Findlay), a sculptor, and Roy Laverick Broadbent, an\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Broadbent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18135460\",\n \"text\": \"for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill. Author George R. R. Martin, who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons, did not write an episode for the sixth season, as he was working to finish writing the sixth \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\" novel, \\\"The Winds of Winter\\\". The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 2), Daniel Sackheim (episodes 3 and 4), Jack Bender (episodes 5 and 6), Mark Mylod (episodes 7 and 8), and\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 6)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7896772\",\n \"text\": \"Oxford Blues as Lowe's Oriel College room-mate and confidant, providing inside information. In 2011 he appeared in the television film \\\"The Suspicions of Mr Whicher\\\" for ITV. He also appeared in the drama \\\"The Queen\\\" in 2006, as Blair's aide. In 2017, Firth joined the cast of the HBO series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" in Eastwatch, an episode of Season 7 as Archmaester Sandhu. Julian Firth Julian Firth is an English actor, best known for his roles as troubled inmate Davis in the cinematic version of the film \\\"Scum\\\" and as Brother Jerome in the long-running television series \\\"Cadfael\\\". Firth has\",\n \"title\": \"Julian Firth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3735752\",\n \"text\": \"with Dragons\\\" (2011), working to negotiate an alliance between the Night's Watch and the wildlings. The growing animosity he has attracted from among the Watch finally catches up with him, and he is forced to face the dire consequences. On the HBO series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", Jon's storyline follows the character's plot arc from the novel series, though season 6 and season 7 of the TV adaptation continue on from the events of Martin's latest published installment. Harington was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the role in 2016. He was\",\n \"title\": \"Jon Snow (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18294441\",\n \"text\": \"season officially premiered on August 6, 2015. The series was officially renewed for a seventh season on July 25, 2014 at the San Diego Comic-Con International event. \\\"Regular Show\\\" and \\\"Adventure Time\\\" are the first Cartoon Network series to be renewed for a seventh season. Toby Jones announced on June 21, 2015 that the previous season would only contain 31 episodes because of the production of the upcoming movie and that season seven would have 40 episodes, making \\\"Dumptown U.S.A.\\\" the season premiere, with the rest of the season officially beginning later in the year. The writer and storyboard artists\",\n \"title\": \"Regular Show (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20240372\",\n \"text\": \"navigates even more treacherous waters.\\\" Erik Kain of \\\"Forbes\\\" gave a mixed review, writing that he enjoyed Arya's scenes but criticizing the Dragonstone scenes. Kain also criticized the plot hole of Ellaria Sand being in control of Dorne. Stormborn \\\"Stormborn\\\" is the second episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 62nd overall. The episode was written by Bryan Cogman, and directed by Mark Mylod. The title of the episode refers to both Daenerys Targaryen, who was born during a terrible storm, and Euron Greyjoy, who declares himself to be \\\"the storm\\\". The\",\n \"title\": \"Stormborn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3670516\",\n \"text\": \"co-executive producer and wrote six episodes. John Shiban was promoted to supervising producer and wrote two episodes. David Amann was promoted to co-producer and wrote two episodes. Jeffrey Bell was promoted to story editor and wrote two episodes. Cyberpunk novelists William Gibson and Tom Maddox returned to write their second of two episodes for the series. Cast member Duchovny wrote two episodes in the season, while other cast members Anderson and Davis also wrote an episode each. New writers in the seventh season included Steven Maeda and Greg Walker, who wrote one episode; and Chip Johannessen who wrote a single\",\n \"title\": \"The X-Files (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20286909\",\n \"text\": \"Eastwatch \\\"Eastwatch\\\" is the fifth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 65th overall. The episode was written for television by Dave Hill, and directed by Matt Shakman. Daenerys forces the surviving Lannister and Tarly soldiers to swear fealty to her, but Randyll and Dickon Tarly refuse, and are executed. Meanwhile, Tyrion Lannister secretly meets with Jaime Lannister to request an audience with their sister Queen Cersei to present evidence of the army of the dead. Meanwhile, Davos Seaworth retrieves Gendry, and he, along with Jon Snow and Jorah Mormont travel to\",\n \"title\": \"Eastwatch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20286936\",\n \"text\": \"major characters together and narrowed its focus.\\\" Eastwatch \\\"Eastwatch\\\" is the fifth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 65th overall. The episode was written for television by Dave Hill, and directed by Matt Shakman. Daenerys forces the surviving Lannister and Tarly soldiers to swear fealty to her, but Randyll and Dickon Tarly refuse, and are executed. Meanwhile, Tyrion Lannister secretly meets with Jaime Lannister to request an audience with their sister Queen Cersei to present evidence of the army of the dead. Meanwhile, Davos Seaworth retrieves Gendry, and he, along with\",\n \"title\": \"Eastwatch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12801026\",\n \"text\": \"Kansas City, Missouri. Each season's Blu-ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the cast as their characters as they detail events in the history of Westeros. For the seventh season, this is to include the animated prequel series \\\"Game of Thrones: Conquest & Rebellion\\\", illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos. The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. In May 2017, after years of speculation about possible successor shows, HBO commissioned Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and a fifth unnamed writer to develop individual \\\"Game\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20357010\",\n \"text\": \"series regulars for the upcoming season. Filming began in June 2017. On June 9, 2017, it was reported that Alexa Bliss and Nia Jax would be joining the upcoming season of \\\"Total Divas\\\". However, the rest of the seventh season cast is still to be announced. On June 10, 2017, Renee Young confirmed via Twitter that she will not be returning for the seventh season. In a recent interview, it was confirmed Lana would be returning to the show for the upcoming season, along with her storyline of becoming an independent superstar on the \\\"SmackDown Live\\\" brand. On June 29,\",\n \"title\": \"Total Divas (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20879918\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago Fire (season 7) The seventh season of \\\"Chicago Fire\\\", an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on May 9, 2018, by NBC. The season premiered on September 26, 2018 with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 p.m. to Wednesday at 9:00 p.m. The season is set to contain 22 episodes. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> On May 15, 2018, longtime cast member Monica Raymund who plays Paramedic Gabriela Dawson, announced her departure from the series citing not to extend her current contract. On September 21, 2018, NBC announced that\",\n \"title\": \"Chicago Fire (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14722245\",\n \"text\": \"Die\\\", playing Ricky, and is currently appearing in the BBC Two comedy \\\"Episodes\\\", alongside Matt LeBlanc and Stephen Mangan. In 2012, Anderson was cast for the third season of HBO's television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" as Grey Worm, the leader of the Unsullied. Anderson continues to portray this role through season 4, season 5, season 6 and season 7. Anderson played Dean Thomas, the boyfriend of Chloe Latimer, on the ITV drama \\\"Broadchurch\\\" in 2013. In 2006, Anderson was featured as a vocalist on Typesun's \\\"The PL\\\". They released another track in 2007, titled \\\"Let Me Know.\\\" Anderson recorded a\",\n \"title\": \"Jacob Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17234912\",\n \"text\": \"for terribly exciting fiction, and that’s more or less bearing out here.\\\" On the other end of the spectrum, the reviewer for \\\"Time\\\", James Poniewozik, considered it \\\"chilling\\\". The Bear and the Maiden Fair \\\"The Bear and the Maiden Fair\\\" is the seventh episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 27th episode of the series overall. The episode was written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\" novels on which the series is based, and was directed by Michelle MacLaren, her directorial debut for\",\n \"title\": \"The Bear and the Maiden Fair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18680088\",\n \"text\": \"The Gift (Game of Thrones) \\\"The Gift\\\" is the seventh episode of the fifth season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", and the 47th overall. The episode was written by the series' creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Miguel Sapochnik, his directorial debut for the series. This episode marks the final appearance for Peter Vaughan. Jon leaves for Hardhome with Tormund and some rangers, in spite of Ser Alliser's complaints. Before they leave, Sam gives Jon a bag of dragonglass weapons, reminding him of their use against the White Walkers. Afterward, Sam and Gilly\",\n \"title\": \"The Gift (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10453997\",\n \"text\": \"day, he appeared on \\\"Pointless Celebrities\\\", where he was paired with fellow actor Vas Blackwood. On 7 November 2015, he made his second appearance on \\\"Pointless Celebrities\\\", where he was paired with Tyger Drew-Honey. In 2017, Turgoose appeared in the Season 7 premiere of the HBO series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" as a Lannister soldier. Thomas Turgoose Thomas Aiden Turgoose (born 11 February 1992) is an English actor, best known for his role as Shaun Fields in the film \\\"This Is England\\\" (2006), a role he reprises in the \\\"This Is England\\\" TV series \\\"This Is England '86\\\" (2010), \\\"This Is\",\n \"title\": \"Thomas Turgoose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20240332\",\n \"text\": \"of Game of Thrones was thoroughly satisfying, a transporting hour that brilliantly reestablished the chessboard for the new, penultimate season.\\\" Ed Sheeran received mixed reviews over his cameo appearance. He deleted his Twitter account shortly after it. Much of the criticism was around the fact that there seemed to have been little attempt to disguise his cameo – while other artists such as Coldplay drummer Will Champion and Gary Lightbody of Snow Patrol were more difficult to spot in their scenes. Dragonstone (Game of Thrones) \\\"Dragonstone\\\" is the first episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \\\"Game\",\n \"title\": \"Dragonstone (Game of Thrones)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20154417\",\n \"text\": \"by Jeff Pierre, who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season. On November 16, actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role. On January 23, 2018, it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad, Zelena's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly. He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season. On March 16, it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series' last two episodes. This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore (who\",\n \"title\": \"Once Upon a Time (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17142219\",\n \"text\": \"which it was nominated. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 4. They are listed by the region in which they first appear: On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss serve as main writers and showrunners for the fourth season. They co-wrote seven out of ten episodes. The remaining three episodes were written by Bryan Cogman (two episodes), and the author of \\\"A Song of Ice and Fire\\\", George R. R. Martin (one episode). Benioff and\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 4)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18177093\",\n \"text\": \"seven. Cartoon Network was encouraged to greenlight the miniseries after the success of the 2014 event series \\\"Over the Garden Wall\\\", which was created by Pat McHale, the former creative director of \\\"Adventure Time\\\". The eight-episode miniseries, entitled \\\"Stakes\\\", follows Finn and Jake as they face a new threat brought about when one of Princess Bubblegum's science projects unleashes the ghosts of Marceline's past. Former storyboard artist Rebecca Sugar returned to write a new song for the miniseries (entitled \\\"Everything Stays\\\") and to voice Marceline's mother. The voice actors for the season included: Jeremy Shada (Finn the Human), John DiMaggio\",\n \"title\": \"Adventure Time (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8880575\",\n \"text\": \"character Green Arrow, starring Stephen Amell. In 2014, he returned to the HBO series \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" to direct episodes 9 and 10 of Season 5. For episode 10, he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series. In September 2017, it was announced that Nutter would return to direct at least two episodes of the eighth season of \\\"Game of Thrones\\\", alongside Miguel Sapochnik, David Benioff and D. B. Weiss for the remainder of the episodes. The first sixteen pilots that Nutter directed have all gone to series. This streak was broken in 2011 when\",\n \"title\": \"David Nutter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18135436\",\n \"text\": \"Cogman, and Dave Hill, who was promoted to staff writer this season after previously working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss. Author George R. R. Martin, who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons, did not write an episode for the fifth season as he was working to finish writing the sixth novel of the series, \\\"The Winds of Winter\\\". The directing staff for the fifth season is Michael Slovis (episodes 1 and 2), Mark Mylod (episodes 3 and 4), Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 5 and 6), Miguel Sapochnik (episodes 7 and 8), and David Nutter\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 5)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16347571\",\n \"text\": \"aired. In a similar manner, a 12-episode fourth season was announced before the airing of the third season on 27 February 2015. It began airing from 10 May 2016. Cormack confirmed a fifth season had been commissioned on 19 July. The twelve-part series premiered on 4 April 2017. On 9 May 2017, Showcase announced that the series has been renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on 19 June 2018. A seventh season was commissioned in April 2018, before the sixth-season premiere, with filming commencing the following week and a premiere set for 2019. On 5 December 2018, it was\",\n \"title\": \"Wentworth (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17654896\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" wrote in June 2016 that the performers would each be paid \\\"upward of $500,000 per episode\\\" for seasons seven and the potential eight. In 2017, Dinklage became one of the highest paid actors on television and will earn £2 million per episode for the show. Seasons 1 and 2 (2011–12) follow the events of \\\"A Game of Thrones\\\" and \\\"A Clash of Kings\\\", respectively. The plot of \\\"A Storm of Swords\\\" was split into seasons 3 and 4 (2013–14). Both season 5 and season 6 adapt material from \\\"A Feast for Crows\\\" and \\\"A Dance with\",\n \"title\": \"Tyrion Lannister\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16430635\",\n \"text\": \"a critical and commercial success after it started airing in April 2011. A few days after ratings for the second season's premiere, \\\"The North Remembers\\\", hit a series high of 8.3 million viewers, HBO announced the show's renewal for a third season. Prior to that announcement, there had been rumors and reports that showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss planned to shoot seasons three and four simultaneously. Benioff said that this would be very efficient, but impossible to write. The ten episodes of the third season are longer than the previous seasons', about 54 or 57 minutes as opposed\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 3)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14358318\",\n \"text\": \"in which Patricia Rodriguez voices Catherine Frensky, and this is the final season in which Mitchell Rothpan voices George Lundgren. The series won a Daytime Emmy in 2003 for \\\"Outstanding Sound Mixing - Live Action and Animation\\\". <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> Arthur (season 7) The 7th season of the television series \\\"Arthur\\\" was originally broadcast on PBS in the United States from October 8 to November 29, 2002 and contains 10 episodes. The special \\\"Arthur, It's Only Rock 'N' Roll\\\" served as the premiere of this season. Jason Szwimmer replaced Oliver Grainger as the voice of D.W. Alex Hood is cast as the\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18045465\",\n \"text\": \"Castle (season 7) The seventh season of American crime-comedy-drama television series \\\"Castle\\\", was ordered on May 8, 2014, by ABC. The season premiered on September 29, 2014, in the United States on ABC, and the finale aired on May 11, 2015. The seventh season initially had 22 episodes. But on October 23, 2014, ABC ordered one more episode, resulting in an episode count of 23 episodes. Richard Castle (Fillion) is a famous mystery novelist who has killed off the main character in his popular book series and has writer's block. He is brought in by the NYPD for questioning regarding\",\n \"title\": \"Castle (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18177088\",\n \"text\": \"characters\\\". While he contrasted the show's seventh season with its sixthwhich he described as \\\"heady\\\"Muto asserted that the seventh season would not be a \\\"throwback\\\" to the show's earlier seasons, which had been defined by their focus on comedy. Originally, the show's seventh season comprised episodes \\\"Bonnie & Neddy\\\" through \\\"Reboot\\\", for a total of 39. However, when it came time to upload the seventh season onto streaming sites, Cartoon Network chose to end the season with its 26th episode, \\\"The Thin Yellow Line.\\\" The network then began counting the remaining 13 episodes (which included \\\"Broke His Crown\\\" through \\\"Reboot\\\")\",\n \"title\": \"Adventure Time (season 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15681774\",\n \"text\": \"the public before transmission. Coleman was originally given the role of a Victorian governess named Jasmine, and then for the second audition she was given both the characters of Oswin and Clara. She originally thought that the producers were looking for the right character, but later realised it was part of Moffat's \\\"soft mystery\\\" plan. Guest stars include David Gyasi, Rupert Graves, David Bradley, Riann Steele as Queen Nefertiti in episode 2, Ben Browder, Adrian Scarborough, Garrick Hagon, Steven Berkoff, Ruthie Henshall, Jemma Redgrave, Michael McShane. Dougray Scott, Jessica Raine, David Warner and Liam Cunningham in episode 8, Rachael Stirling\",\n \"title\": \"Doctor Who (series 7)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20049004\",\n \"text\": \"of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason. Benioff and Weiss spoke about the end of the show, saying, \\\"From the beginning we've wanted to tell a 70-hour movie. It will turn out to be a 73-hour movie, but it's stayed relatively the same of having the beginning, middle and now we're coming to the end. It would have been really tough if we lost any core cast members along the way, I'm very happy we've kept everyone and we get to finish it the way we want to.\\\" The season is scheduled\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17142231\",\n \"text\": \"received a 97% average episode score. The site's critical consensus reads, \\\"\\\"Game of Thrones\\\" continues to be one of the best shows on TV, combining meticulously-plotted character arcs with the spectacular design of the Seven Kingdoms.\\\" Season 4 obtained the strongest viewer numbers of all seasons aired up until that point, with a series high of 7.20 million viewers of the first airing of the seventh episode. With its fourth season, \\\"Game of Thrones\\\" has become the most-watched HBO series in history (surpassing the fourth season of \\\"The Sopranos\\\" which had a gross audience of 18.2 million viewers), averaging 18.4\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 4)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19322152\",\n \"text\": \"2017. The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7, 2016, where an episode was shown at the \\\"Voltron\\\" panel. The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes. The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes. The fourth season premiered on October 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes. The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consisted of 6 episodes. The sixth season premiered\",\n \"title\": \"Voltron: Legendary Defender\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5364623\",\n \"text\": \"second stage show was to run for ten nights beginning 4 February 2017, but in October 2016, a further five performances were added. Unlike the previous live show, this show was not televised or recorded in any other way. On 16 March 2017, it was announced that an eighth series has been commissioned to air on BBC One with plans to broadcast towards the end of 2017. The series was pushed back to start on 8 March 2018. Before the start of the eighth series, Hemphill revealed that he and Kiernan were about to start writing the ninth series and\",\n \"title\": \"Still Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18135466\",\n \"text\": \"(played by animal actor Quigly). However, some of the special effects were created at Montreal's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series. The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark, Kristian Nairn as Hodor, Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed, Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy, and Rory McCann as Sandor \\\"The Hound\\\" Clegane, who did not appear in the fifth season. Clive Russell, Tobias Menzies, Patrick Malahide, Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully, Edmure Tully, Balon Greyjoy, Beric Dondarrion and Thoros\",\n \"title\": \"Game of Thrones (season 6)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5789134\",\n \"text\": \"2017 on MTV. The 10th season contains a total of 16 episodes which were broadcast from November 30, 2017 to March 1, 2018 on MTV. The 11th season will consist of 22 episodes and premiered on March 15, 2018 on MTV, two weeks after the end of Season 10. The season resumed on July 12, 2018. The 12th season will consist of 26 episodes and premiered on August 17, 2018 on MTV. The 13th season had filmed in Atlanta from October 29 to November 11, 2018 and will air sometime in 2019 on MTV. Wild 'n Out Nick Cannon Presents:\",\n \"title\": \"Wild 'n Out\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"how many episodes are going to be in game of thrones season 7"}}},{"rowIdx":191,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Wicked Witch of the West"],"string":"[\n \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"3655711","text":"Wicked Witch of the West The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum as the most significant antagonist in his classic children's novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). In Baum's subsequent \"Oz\" novels, it is the Nome King who is the principal villain; the Wicked Witch of the West is rarely even referred to again after her death in the first book. The witch's most popular depiction was in the classic 1939 film based on Baum's novel, where she was portrayed by Margaret Hamilton. Hamilton's characterization introduced green skin and","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"3604489","text":"Nome King The Nome King is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. He is introduced in Baum's third Oz book \"Ozma of Oz\" (1907). He also appears in many of the continuing sequel \"Oz\" novels also written by Baum. Although the character of the Wicked Witch of the West is the most notable and famous Oz villain (due to her appearance in the 1939 MGM musical \"The Wizard of Oz\"), it is actually the Nome King who is the most frequent antagonist throughout the entire book series. Katharine M. Rogers, a biographer of L. Frank Baum,","title":"Nome King"},{"id":"3663703","text":"Wicked Witch of the East The Wicked Witch of the East is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is a crucial character but appears only briefly in Baum's classic children's series of \"Oz\" novels, most notably \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). The Wicked Witch was a middle aged, malevolent woman who conquered and tyrannized the Munchkin Country in Oz's eastern quadrant, forcing the native Munchkins to slave for her night and day. Her charmed Silver Shoes (famously changed to magic ruby slippers in the 1939 film musical) held many mysterious powers and were her","title":"Wicked Witch of the East"},{"id":"8879374","text":"women, a \"Dragon Lady\". Her character was frequently used to examine matters related to gender definition and topics. Ling is the only major character in \"Ally McBeal\" who does not have a story for the origin of her particular neurosis. She is exempt from the psychoanalytic focus given to others in the series, which Smith attributes to her Asian \"mysteriousness\". Woo is cast as a villain, underscored by her frequent appearance to the theme music that accompanied the Wicked Witch of the West in the \"Wizard of Oz\". Unlike a melodramatic villain such as J. R. Ewing, Ling was cast","title":"Ling Woo"},{"id":"3604522","text":"and the Witches of Oz\" played by professional wrestler Al Snow. He is among the villains that accompanies the Wicked Witch of the West in her attack on Earth. During the climax of the film, the Nome King fights the Tin Man and is defeated by him. The Nome King appears in \"\" voiced by Jason Alexander. In this film, his Kansas counterpart is Mr. Bibb who is the neighbor of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. The Nome King appears in the season one finale of \"Emerald City\" (portrayed by Julian Bleach). He appears as a flayed man trapped by","title":"Nome King"},{"id":"3655750","text":"is very emotional, especially when compared to the reserved behavior of Glinda's. Despite claiming to hate magic because it could not save her mother and sister witches during the Beast Forever's last attack, she resorts to it quickly when in pursuit of Dorothy after she accidentally killed East. Wicked Witch of the West The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum as the most significant antagonist in his classic children's novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). In Baum's subsequent \"Oz\" novels, it is the Nome King who is the principal","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"3663710","text":"of Oz\" and Disney's 2013 theatrical film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\". Wicked Witch of the East The Wicked Witch of the East is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is a crucial character but appears only briefly in Baum's classic children's series of \"Oz\" novels, most notably \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). The Wicked Witch was a middle aged, malevolent woman who conquered and tyrannized the Munchkin Country in Oz's eastern quadrant, forcing the native Munchkins to slave for her night and day. Her charmed Silver Shoes (famously changed to magic ruby slippers","title":"Wicked Witch of the East"},{"id":"2888773","text":"in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production. Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\") into the familiar \"ugly hag\". She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no","title":"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)"},{"id":"13049819","text":"the protagonists in the \"Wizard of Oz\" are presented either as antagonists or neutral. The first book in the series, \"Wicked\", was adapted into a successful musical of the same name. There are four books in the series. The first novel, published in 1995, was \"\", a book detailing the life of the infamous villain from Baum's books, now called \"Elphaba\". It is told through the various perspectives of those who knew Elphaba (who would become branded as the Wicked Witch of the West), an outcast aspiring social reformer with an allergy to water. The novel was a huge success,","title":"The Wicked Years"},{"id":"17942111","text":"file rival trademarks. Disney filed a trademark on \"Oz the Great and Powerful.\" One week later, WB filed its own trademark for \"The Great and Powerful Oz.\" The US Patent and Trademark Office suspended WB's attempt at a trademark because Disney had filed basically the same one a week earlier. The Wicked Witch of the West is one of the most iconic villains of modern times. However, the iconic version of the Wicked Witch is Margaret Hamilton's portrayal in the 1939 movie, which is copyrighted. The character of the Wicked Witch from the book is in public domain, but that","title":"Copyright status of The Wizard of Oz and related works in the United States"},{"id":"2888774","text":"regrets about turning down the part, and would go on to play a glamorous villain in Fox's version of Maurice Maeterlinck's \"The Blue Bird\" in 1940; Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film \"Babes in Arms\" (1939). According to Aljean Harmetz, the \"gone-to-seed\" coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second-hand shop. According to legend, Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum, that Baum's widow confirmed this, and that the coat was eventually","title":"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)"},{"id":"8847960","text":"concocting potions in large cauldrons. Witches typically ride through the air on a broomstick as in the Harry Potter universe or in more modern spoof versions, a vacuum cleaner as in the \"Hocus Pocus\" universe. They are often accompanied by black cats. One of the most famous modern depictions is the Wicked Witch of the West, in L. Frank Baum's \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\". Witches also appear as villains in many 19th- and 20th-century fairy tales, folk tales and children's stories, such as \"Snow White\", \"Hansel and Gretel\", \"Sleeping Beauty\", and many other stories recorded by the Brothers Grimm.","title":"European witchcraft"},{"id":"3655732","text":"(Michelle Williams) for control of Oz; she wants nothing more than for peace to come back to their land. She falls in love with Oscar Diggs (James Franco), but her feelings for him are one-sided; Theodora wanted to be Oscar's queen when he ruled Oz. After Oscar goes to meet with Glinda, Evanora tricks Theodora into thinking Oscar had betrayed her, offering her a magic apple that will help her forget her disappointment. Theodora immediately takes a bite from it, but afterwards Evanora reveals that she was the evil Witch all along, however Theodora is too late to realize this.","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"6406912","text":"uses an ampersand for the title, features Robby Benson as \"Nicholas\", who plays a bigger part in this film than in the earlier version. Claus at his very oldest is portrayed by Jim Cummings. While the Rankin-Bass production made the sequence with the Awgwas a centerpiece, in this film, they become running villains, and the story is structured around the upcoming battle. The 1939 film \"The Wizard of Oz\", with its expansion of the role of The Wicked Witch of the West into a running villain, seems to have been adhered to quite closely as a model for the Awgwas'","title":"The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus"},{"id":"6852376","text":"people (and even the Good Witches) into believing he is benevolent, wise, and powerful when really he is a selfish, evil humbug. He sends Dorothy into severe danger hoping she will rid him of his enemy the Wicked Witch of the West. He is powerless and, as he admits to Dorothy, \"I'm a very bad Wizard\". Hugh Rockoff suggested in 1990 that the novel was an allegory about the demonetization of silver in 1873, whereby “the cyclone that carried Dorothy to the Land of Oz represents the economic and political upheaval, the yellow brick road stands for the gold standard,","title":"Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz"},{"id":"5934605","text":"with the Scarecrow, Tin Man and Cowardly Lion, she learns from Glinda the Good Witch that the Wicked Witch of the West has been resurrected by her evil winged monkeys and that the Emerald City has been taken over by her. The Wizard is in his hot air balloon, which is under a spell that causes it to be constantly blown around by an evil wind. Dorothy, Toto, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion set out to rescue him and defeat the Wicked Witch once and for all. Author Jeff Lenburg mentioned an aspect of the series wherein Dorothy has","title":"The Wizard of Oz (TV series)"},{"id":"2888753","text":"She awakens to see various figures fly by, including Miss Gulch, who transforms into a witch on a broomstick. The house lands in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as a heroine, as the falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East; only the witch's legs and the ruby slippers on her feet are visible. Her sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, arrives to claim the slippers, but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy's feet first. The Wicked Witch of the West swears revenge on Dorothy","title":"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)"},{"id":"2971445","text":"Margaret Hamilton (actress) Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 – May 16, 1985) was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of Miss Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's classic film \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939). A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. In later years, Hamilton made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals, and","title":"Margaret Hamilton (actress)"},{"id":"2699390","text":"Billie Burke Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke (August 7, 1884 – May 14, 1970) known professionally as Billie Burke, was an American actress who was famous on Broadway, on radio, early silent film, and subsequently in sound film. She is best known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939). Burke was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in \"Merrily We Live\" and is also remembered for her appearances in the \"Topper\" film series. Her high-pitched, wavering,","title":"Billie Burke"},{"id":"5437407","text":"the most traumatizing reveals for kids from the 1980s by \"BuzzFeed\". While \"Rolling Stone\" placed it as one of the top twelve of scariest moments in a \"kids\" film. Neal Justin of the \"Star Tribune\" described Judge Doom as making Freddy Krueger \"look like Fred Rogers\". YouTuber \"Nostalgia Critic\" placed this scene reveal as number three of his \"Top 11 Scariest Nostalgic Moments\". Christopher Lloyd responded to the character he played: Judge Doom's demise is often referenced as an allusion to the death of the Wicked Witch of the West in \"The Wizard of Oz\". Judge Doom Judge Doom is","title":"Judge Doom"},{"id":"4210666","text":"Elphaba Elphaba Thropp is a fictional character in \"\" by Gregory Maguire, as well as in the Broadway and West End adaptations, \"Wicked\". In the original L. Frank Baum book \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\", the Wicked Witch of the West is unnamed and little is explained about her life. Elphaba is modeled after the Witch portrayed by Margaret Hamilton in the classic 1939 film \"The Wizard of Oz\": green-skinned, clad entirely in black and wearing a tall peaked hat. Maguire formulated the name \"Elphaba\" from the phonetic pronunciation of Baum's initials L.F.B. In both adaptations, Elphaba is also called","title":"Elphaba"},{"id":"20071373","text":"bravery and farm girl feistiness. And whether it’s magic, Munchkins, flying monkeys or her arch-nemesis Wilhelmina, the wicked witch-in-training and niece of the Wicked Witch of the West, Dorothy is ready to track down and put a stop to any problem that comes Oz’s way with help from her dog Toto and their friends Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion. At the start of the second season, the Wizard of Oz ends up back in Oz after getting mixed up in another tornado. Now that he has returned at last, he plots to make himself into a real wizard by","title":"Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz"},{"id":"10059923","text":"a very bored Jiminy Cricket, who has read them so often that they put him to sleep. As a game, he asks the player to put them back where they belong, when suddenly the book is possessed by the spirits of several Disney Villains, namely Captain Hook (Corey Burton) from \"Peter Pan\"; The Witch (Wicked Queen Grimhilde) (Louise Chamis) from \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\"; The Queen of Hearts (Tress MacNeille) from \"Alice in Wonderland\" and the Ringmaster (Corey Burton) from \"Dumbo\", who alter the stories to their advantage, without the presence of happy endings. The Blue Fairy (Rosalyn","title":"Disney's Villains' Revenge"},{"id":"1512954","text":"Ray Bolger Raymond Wallace Bolger (January 10, 1904 – January 15, 1987) was an American film and television actor, vaudevillian, TV presenter, singer, dancer (particularly of tap) and stage performer (particularly musical theatre) who started in the silent film era. He was a major Broadway performer in the 1930s and beyond (see below). He is best known for his role as the Scarecrow and his Kansas counterpart farm worker \"Hunk\" in MGM's classic \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939) and the villainous Barnaby in Walt Disney's musical fantasy \"Babes in Toyland\". He was also the host of his eponymous television show,","title":"Ray Bolger"},{"id":"1639023","text":"Benaderet supplied the witch's voice. Despite their common name, Jones' Witch Hazel is a much different witch from her counterpart in the earlier Walt Disney film. The Looney Tunes character is a highly stylized villainess. Her rotund, green-skinned body is wrapped in a plain, blue dress and supported by twig-like legs. She has wild black hair from which hairpins fly and spin in midair, whenever she zooms off on her broom or cackles in glee over her next evil scheme, and she wears a crumpled black hat. Her nose and chin jut bulbously from her face, and her mouth sports","title":"Witch Hazel (Looney Tunes)"},{"id":"6566364","text":"a samba set to \"Poor Unfortunate Souls\". As arguably \"the most famous example of a direct tie to the LGBT community,\" Ursula has also become something of a gay icon, due in part to sharing Divine's appearance and personality. Ursula (The Little Mermaid) Ursula is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 28th animated feature film \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989). Voiced by American actress Pat Carroll, Ursula is a villainous sea witch who tricks a mermaid princess named Ariel into trading her voice for a pair of human legs, at first appearing to be providing the character with","title":"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)"},{"id":"2930234","text":"actress flourished during the 1930s, including a role with Paul Muni in \"The Life of Emile Zola\" (1937). During pre-production of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's classic \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939), an early idea was to have the Wicked Witch of the West portrayed as a slinky, glamorous villainess in a black, sequined costume, inspired by the Evil Queen in Walt Disney's \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937). Sondergaard originally was cast as the witch and was photographed for two wardrobe tests, both of which survive. One was as a glamorous wicked witch, and another as a conventionally ugly wicked witch. After","title":"Gale Sondergaard"},{"id":"16940235","text":"too bears a similarity to the Evil Queen in her costume and character. Four wicked witches of the East, West, North and South, resembling the Witch from Disney's \"Snow White\", are also the villains Mickey has to kill to save Disneyland in 1988's \"\". The first names for the magic-wielding antagonist couple The Glooms in Disney XD's own series \"The 7D\" (2014) ― set in a timeframe before the Seven Dwarfs first met Snow White ― might have been inspired by the Evil Queen character's alternate name \"Grimhilde\", with the bumbling warlock husband named \"Grim\" and the determined witch wife","title":"Evil Queen (Disney)"},{"id":"2293754","text":"Tip has been under the guardianship of a cruel Wicked Witch named Mombi (who is the main antagonist) and lives in the northern quadrant of Oz called Gillikin Country. Mombi has always been extremely mean and abusive to Tip. As Mombi is returning home one day, Tip plans to get revenge and frighten her with a wooden man he has made, with a large Jack-o'-lantern he carves for a head, thus naming him Jack Pumpkinhead. To Tip's dismay, Mombi is not fooled by this trick, and she takes this opportunity to demonstrate the new magic \"Powder of Life\" that she","title":"The Marvelous Land of Oz"},{"id":"9058862","text":"(Robin Ramsay), gives her a pair of red shoes as a reward to help her see the last concert of the Wizard (Matters), an androgynous glam rock singer. She is pursued by the thug's brother (Ned Kelly) who attempts to rape her on several occasions. She also meets a dumb surfer Blondie (Bruce Spence), a heartless mechanic Greaseball (Michael Carman), and a cowardly biker Killer (Garry Waddell). Chris Lofven and Lyne Helms got the idea to make an Australian version of \"The Wizard of Oz\" while working in London in the early 1970s. Lofven was also inspired by David Bowie","title":"Oz (1976 film)"},{"id":"14334954","text":"the perfect Villain, the children around me (and possibly even myself…) were shivering in their seats whenever he came on. A performance I shall remember for a long time!\"\" During the Christmas 2018-19 season, Vantyler will play the part of Ms Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West in \"The Wizard of Oz\" at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Jos Vantyler Jos Vantyler (born 20 February 1988) is an award-winning Irish actor. Vantyler was born in County Mayo, Ireland, where he lived until the age of six. In 2005, Vantyler won The NYC Star Best Newcomer Award for his portrayal of Rodolfo","title":"Jos Vantyler"},{"id":"14658728","text":"Scarlet Witch Scarlet Witch is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, first appearing in \"The X-Men\" #4 (March 1964) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. She is first portrayed as a supervillain along with her twin brother Quicksilver as a founding member of the Brotherhood of Mutants. In most depictions she is portrayed as a mutant, a member of a fictional subspecies of humans born with superhuman abilities. Scarlet Witch possesses abilities to alter reality in unspecified ways and is a","title":"Scarlet Witch"},{"id":"6566344","text":"Prince Eric at his castle, where he is having a ball honoring Ursula. Later, the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla) disguises herself as Ursula in order to make a deal with Ariel and trick her into capturing Snow White. This physical disguise includes short white hair and tentacles, similar to Ursula's animated appearance. Although the Queen considers Ursula to be \"a long-dead octopus\", she is shocked when the real Ursula possesses a statue and warns the queen not to impersonate her again. Ursula the Sea Witch is an antagonist who appears in the second half of Season 4, where she is","title":"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)"},{"id":"17942112","text":"version of the Wicked Witch is not even green. Most modern portrayals of the Wicked Witch of the West do make her green, because that is how the public thinks of the Wicked Witch, but they all strive to make her appearance somehow distinctive. The Wicked Witch is not given a name in the books, so subsequent authors gave her their own names. All of these names are protected under copyright as part of their respective works, which means new creators have to keep coming up with their own version. Some of the most well-known incarnations of the Wicked Witch","title":"Copyright status of The Wizard of Oz and related works in the United States"},{"id":"2971450","text":"Joseph L. Mankiewicz's \"People Will Talk\" (1951) as Sarah Pickett. In 1960, producer/director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his \"13 Ghosts\" horror film, in which 12-year-old lead Charles Herbert taunts her about being a witch, including one scene in which she is holding a broom in her hand. In 1939, Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch, opposite Judy Garland's Dorothy Gale in \"The Wizard of Oz\", creating not only her most famous role, but also one of the screen's most memorable villains. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role,","title":"Margaret Hamilton (actress)"},{"id":"6566296","text":"Ursula (The Little Mermaid) Ursula is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 28th animated feature film \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989). Voiced by American actress Pat Carroll, Ursula is a villainous sea witch who tricks a mermaid princess named Ariel into trading her voice for a pair of human legs, at first appearing to be providing the character with an opportunity to become human by temporarily transforming her into one so that she may earn the love of Prince Eric within three days. However, Ursula is, in fact, determined to sabotage Ariel's chances at any expense so that","title":"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)"},{"id":"6804803","text":"game villains (Lrrr, Donkey Kong, a Berzerk robot, a Robotron brain, \"BurgerTime\"s Mr. Egg, and Q*bert) exit the landed ship, one character says the phrase \"All your base are belong to us\". The majority of the plot is a direct parody of the 1939 film \"The Wizard of Oz\", with Leela taking the place of Dorothy, Amy as the Good Witch of the North, Fry as the Scarecrow, Bender as the Tin Man, Zoidberg as the Cowardly Lion, Professor Farnsworth as the Wizard and Mom as the Wicked Witch of the West. When Leela first exits the spaceship, a parody","title":"Anthology of Interest II"},{"id":"2895646","text":"only because she had killed the Wicked Witch of the East, but because her dress is blue and white checked. Ozma, once on the throne, prohibits the use of magic by anyone other than Glinda the Good, the Wizard of Oz, and herself – as, earlier, the Good Witch of the North had prohibited magic by any other witch in her domains. The illicit use of magic is a frequent feature of villains in later works in the series, appearing in \"The Scarecrow of Oz\", \"Rinkitink in Oz\", \"The Lost Princess of Oz\", \"The Tin Woodman of Oz\", and \"The","title":"Land of Oz"},{"id":"17932990","text":"April 2015 in Mexico. It was released direct-to-video on January 24, 2017 in the United States and features the voices of Mikey Bolts, Ambyr Childers, and Jenn McAllister. After the Wicked Witch of the West is melted by a bucket of water, and Dorothy is sent back to her world, Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, decides to revive the Wicked Witch and remove her powers by storing them in a magic broom. Glinda then gives the magical broom to Dorothy's friends, Tin Woodman, Cowardly Lion, and Scarecrow, and they become the guardians of the broom. Evilene, the Wicked","title":"Guardians of Oz"},{"id":"7139622","text":"spends a few days relaxing in the Witch's castle with their new Winkie friends, they are visited by a young boy named Tip and his guardian, Mombi. Mombi is a witch in training and upon hearing that her old friend the Wicked Witch of the West is dead, she decides to steal the Golden Cap from Dorothy. She transforms herself into a large gray cat and attempts to steal the cap while Dorothy is sleeping. Her plot is thwarted by the Cowardly Lion. Tip explains Mombi's plot and apologizes to Dorothy. Dorothy uses the Golden Cap, against her friends' wishes,","title":"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986 TV series)"},{"id":"16940230","text":"Nurmi's inspiration for her character of Vampira came from Nurmi being fascinated by the Queen after watching Disney's \"Snow White\" at the age of 14. When she was cast for the 1939's \"The Wizard of Oz\" as the Wicked Witch of the West, Gale Sondergaard (who herself has earlier served as one of inspirations for Disney) insisted on playing a glamorous vision of the character, similar to the Disney's interpretation of the Queen from \"Snow White\"; when Sondergaard's idea was rejected by producers Mervyn LeRoy and Arthur Freed in favor of making the Wicked Witch ugly, she withdrew from the","title":"Evil Queen (Disney)"},{"id":"15759134","text":"Girl, a living china doll whose village and family were destroyed by the Wicked Witch. The three reach the forest and discover the \"Wicked Witch\" is the late king's daughter Glinda the Good Witch, and Evanora is the true Wicked Witch. Evanora sees this with her crystal ball and tricks Theodora into thinking Oscar is trying to court all three witches at once. She offers Theodora a magic apple \"to remove her heartache\" but it turns her into a hideous green-skinned witch. Glinda brings Oscar's group to her domain to escape Evanora's army of Winkies and flying baboons. She confides","title":"Oz the Great and Powerful"},{"id":"1646949","text":"Witch, the villain in the 1989 Disney animated film \"The Little Mermaid\". Due to Divine's portrayal of Edna Turnblad in the original comedy-film version of \"Hairspray\", later musical adaptations of \"Hairspray\" have commonly placed male actors in the role of Edna, including Harvey Fierstein and others in the 2002 Broadway musical, and John Travolta in the 2007 musical film. A 12-foot (4 m) tall statue in the likeness of Divine by Andrew Logan can be seen on permanent display at The American Visionary Art Museum in Divine's hometown of Baltimore. \"I Am Divine\", a feature documentary on the life of","title":"Divine (performer)"},{"id":"8155676","text":"which Tryxie Tryfle sings of a lost love before King Pastoria, though the only surviving recording of the piece was sung by a man (Harry Macdonough). The witches are largely absent in this version; The Good Witch of the North appears, named Locasta, and The Wicked Witch of the East is a special effect. Toto, Dorothy's dog, was replaced by a cow named Imogene. The Wicked Witch of the West does not appear, and Glinda the Good Witch of the South, who had appeared only in Act Three, was written out by Mitchell in 1903. His re-write of that act","title":"The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)"},{"id":"16940195","text":"Dale, Donald Duck & Mickey Mouse, Goofy, Huey, Dewey, and Louie, Jiminy Cricket, José Carioca, Mickey & Minnie Mouse, Li'l Bad Wolf, Tinker Bell, and the Three Little Pigs, as well as her fellow witches such as Madam Mim from \"The Sword in the Stone\", Witch Hazel from \"Trick or Treat\", and Magica De Spell (especially in Brazilian comics). She also starred with the Big Bad Wolf in the 1970s-1980's comics series \"The Big Bad Wolf & The Wicked Witch\", including \"Mirror Mirror\", \"Witch Switch\", \"The Apple Caper\", \"The High-Hopping Wolf\", \"Double Trouble\", and \"Getting the Boot\". Several comics include","title":"Evil Queen (Disney)"},{"id":"3655722","text":"original novel. She demands the Munchkins reveal who killed her sister, not long after Dorothy's arrival in Oz. She is described by Glinda the Good Witch of the North, not the South as in the book, as \"worse than the other one\". She actively seeks revenge against Dorothy for killing her sister, even though it was \"accidental\". However, as soon as the Witch is reminded of the ruby slippers, all interest in her sister's death vanishes and all she cares about are obtaining \"her\" slippers, which will enable her to conquer Oz. She is more menacing than her literary counterpart,","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"3655724","text":"with her broom as proof, in exchange for granting the wishes of Dorothy and her companions. Unlike Baum's original depiction, the Wicked Witch sends the Winged Monkeys as the first wave of attack. The Golden Cap is not mentioned but, after the failure of her poppy spell, the Witch does hold and then angrily cast away a costume piece that could be considered the cap (It greatly resembles the Cap in depicted in W. W. Denslow's original illustrations for \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\") and was mentioned as her \"wishing cap\" in the original shooting script. She is killed when","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"17106102","text":"name. Aniston portrayed the Wicked Witch in the 2013 adult film parody \"Not the Wizard of Oz XXX\". She won the 2014 AVN Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film. Aniston was among the fifteen pornographic actresses to appear in the music video for the song \"YouPorn.com\" by Brian McKnight. In October 2013, Aniston was interviewed alongside several mainstream celebrities, such as Kanye West, Selena Gomez, James Franco, Juliette Lewis, and Shaun White, for a short documentary preceding the music video for the song \"City of Angels\" by Thirty Seconds to Mars. Aniston hosts a show","title":"Brandy Aniston"},{"id":"5199512","text":"Mombi Mombi is a fictional character in L. Frank Baum's classic children's series of Oz Books. She is the most significant antagonist in the second Oz book \"The Marvelous Land of Oz\" (1904), and is alluded to in other works. Mombi plays a very important role in the fictional history of Oz. The character was originally presented as a lowly hag who had enchanted Princess Ozma in order to prevent her from ascending to the throne. Later in the series, L. Frank Baum specified that she had once conquered and ruled the Gillikin Country, as the Wicked Witch of the","title":"Mombi"},{"id":"17932994","text":"are quickly defeated. Ozzy decides to break the broom in order to remove Evilene's powers for good, and tells the rest of the winged monkeys that they obey Evilene due to their dumb and cowardly mindset. The Monkeys rebel against Evilene who discovers there is some power left in the broom and tries to defeat Ozzy who escapes with a part of the broom. A chase through the streets of Emerald City ends with a crash in the fountain dedicated to Dorothy Gale, and the wicked witch is melted for good. As the story ends, Glinda breaks Evilene's spell on","title":"Guardians of Oz"},{"id":"16940196","text":"the Witch kidnapping another Disney character, either to be her slave or to exchange them for something, until they are rescued. Example of this include her abducting, besides Snow White (\"Diamond Dust Dilemma\", \"The Weather Witch\"), such characters as Chip 'n' Dale (\"Witch Convention\"), Tinker Bell (\"Pixie Dust Dilemma\", \"The Big Bust-out\"), and \"Dumbo\" characters (\"Dumbo\", \"The Chips Are Flying\", \"A Witch in Time\"). The Witch also captures Dumbo in \"Dumbo l'échappe belle\", but is defeated by Mickey and Br'er Bear and imprisoned by the Dwarfs. In \"The Gingerbread House\", the Witch captures the Wicked Witch of the West's children","title":"Evil Queen (Disney)"},{"id":"12384067","text":"car resembling a Ford Model T, even inside the house. One day while out driving Jack sees a girl named Allegra in a flying machine and challenges her to race. After he loses Allegra offers him a ride and he accepts, along with Squeeker Mouse who sneaks aboard. Allegra is actually a witch, and takes Jack to the castle of the evil queen Auriana, who changes children into harpies to be her slaves. Squeeker is sucked into a machine that changes him into a harpy but Jack escapes. When Allegra and another harpy named Harvey Harpy pursue Jack he leads","title":"Jack and the Witch"},{"id":"241775","text":"Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum","title":"L. Frank Baum"},{"id":"2379969","text":"dress like Princess Ozma. Glinda is portrayed by Michelle Williams, in the 2013 Disney film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\". In this prequel, she is Glinda the Good Witch of the South as well as the daughter of the slain king of Oz. Her sisters, Theodora (Mila Kunis) and Evanora (Rachel Weisz), are the future Wicked Witches of the West and East, respectively. In the film, she helps a good-hearted con artist named Oscar Diggs (James Franco) defeat her sisters and become the Wizard of Oz. Glinda was voiced by Bernadette Peters in the 3D animated film \"\", which was","title":"Glinda the Good Witch"},{"id":"2981605","text":"Your Answer, Do!\" mounted by Roundabout Theatre Company. In 2000, Grey played Oldrich Novy in the film \"Dancer in the Dark\" and had recurring television roles on \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" (as the evil reptilian demon Doc, 2001), \"Oz\" (as Lemuel Idzik, 2003) and \"Alias\" (as \"Another Mr. Sloane\", 2005). He played a wealthy, paroled ex-convict on \"\" (episode \"\", 2003). Grey also originated the role of the Wizard of Oz in the hit Broadway musical \"Wicked\". He also appeared on the shows \"House\" and \"Brothers & Sisters\" (2007), on the latter of which he played the role of Dr.","title":"Joel Grey"},{"id":"15020798","text":"10 September 2013 at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas, Nevada, with the original Canadian cast, except that Jacquelyn Piro Donovan played Miss Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West. It concluded on 29 June 2014 at the Detroit Opera House. The musical began touring Australia beginning 4 November 2017 at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane, Queensland, followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney in Sydney from 30 December 2017. The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch","title":"The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)"},{"id":"3271663","text":"is also hinted to have a cynical, dry sense of humour. Tilda Swinton was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for her performance as the White Witch in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\", but lost to Hayden Christensen for his performance as Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader in \"\". Swinton reprised her role as the White Witch in the 2008 Disney Movie sequel \"\". In a departure from the novel, Nikabrik and his fellow conspirators (a hag and werewolf) use the White Witch's retrieved wand and through the use dark magic manage to conjure an apparition of","title":"White Witch"},{"id":"3655731","text":"instead of being born without arms, Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda – and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper, the complete cutting of Elphaba's years in the Vinkus, the deletion of Liir's birth, Fiyero not having a wife and children, and Doctor Dillamond not being murdered. Mila Kunis portrays the Wicked Witch of the West, who is named Theodora, in the 2013 Disney film \"Oz the Great and Powerful\". In this version, she is portrayed as a 'good witch', also being the younger sister of Evanora (Rachel Weisz), who is at war with Glinda","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"2351096","text":"lion), and the China Girl (a living china doll and the sole survivor of an attack on China Town whose legs he repaired with glue). The Wizard of Oz appears in the \"Once Upon a Time\" episodes \"New York City Serenade\", \"A Curious Thing\" and \"Kansas\" portrayed by Christopher Gorham. Originally, Walsh is from Kansas, but finds himself in the Land of Oz. Giving himself the name \"Oz the Great and Terrible\", he masquerades as an all-knowing wizard. This hoax upsets Glinda the Witch of the South, as she knows he only gives false hope to those who seek out","title":"Wizard of Oz (character)"},{"id":"9432233","text":"sister of the Wicked Witch of the East, Evillene, the Wicked Witch of the West, who runs a sweatshop in the underground sewers of Oz. Before they can reach her domain, Evillene learns of their quest to kill her and sends out the Flying Monkeys (a motorcycle gang) to keep them at bay. After a long chase, the Flying Monkeys succeed in capturing their targets and bring them back to Evillene. Vengeful for Dorothy having killed her sister, she dismembers the Scarecrow, flattens the Tin Man, and tortures the Lion in hopes of making Dorothy give her the silver shoes.","title":"The Wiz (film)"},{"id":"3655718","text":"of Oz\". The most likely explanation of Baum making water the Achilles' heel of these witches is the long-held belief amongst major religions that water is effective for purifying the soul and combating evil. The Witch did not carry a broom in the novel, but rather an umbrella, which she uses on one occasion to strike Dorothy's dog Toto. Her nature is a volatile and yet somewhat cowardly one. Despite her immense power, she avoids face-to-face contact with her enemies, and is frightened of Dorothy at first when she sees the girl wearing the Silver Shoes. She is also afraid","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"2895642","text":"different direction with her Oz books, introducing European elements such as the title character of \"The Yellow Knight of Oz\", a knight straight out of Arthurian Legend. At the time of \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\", the lands in the North, South, East and West of Oz are each ruled by a Witch. The Witches of the North and South are good, while the Witches of the East and West are wicked. Glinda (the Good Witch of the South) is later revealed to be the most powerful of the four, although later Oz books reveal that the Wicked Witch of","title":"Land of Oz"},{"id":"3006545","text":"jokes about lavatories, effeminacy in men, immorality of any kind, suggestive references to honeymoon couples, chambermaids, fig leaves, ladies' underwear (e.g. ‘winter draws on’), prostitution, and the vulgar use of words such as \"basket\". The guidelines also stipulated that \"..such words as \"God, Good God, My God, Blast, Hell, Damn, Bloody, Gorblimey, Ruddy\", etc etc should be deleted from scripts and innocuous expressions substituted.\" In April 2013, after the death of Margaret Thatcher, the song \"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead\" from The Wizard of Oz (1939 film), rose to number two in the BBC Radio 1 UK singles chart","title":"Censorship in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"8255382","text":"a parody of the Dr. Dre song \"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\". She also hosts a Nerdist Industries podcast called \"Making It\". In 2012, Lindhome turned her hand to Shakespeare, appearing as a villain in Joss Whedon's adaptation of \"Much Ado About Nothing\". In 2015, Lindhome and Natasha Leggero created the Comedy Central series \"Another Period\", which they also starred in together. She also played the girlfriend of Fozzie Bear on the series \"The Muppets\". In 2017, Lindhome had a supporting role in \"The Lego Batman Movie\", voicing supervillain Poison Ivy and The Wicked Witch of the West, though she","title":"Riki Lindhome"},{"id":"2566285","text":"towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the \"Wicked Witch of the East\". Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road, and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a \"munchkin maiden\" whom the Tin Woodman once loved. Baum also included the munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City.","title":"Munchkin"},{"id":"8492706","text":"up with the Wicked Witch of the East. The witch sends Lion on a journey to find the Flower of Oz, the source of all things good in the land. On his way he meets a mysterious girl who is accompanied by animated toys, and they set off together to find the Flower of Oz. On the way they come to many adventures, an evil seamstress who's working for the Wicked Witch of the East, mini munchkins, and The Wizard of Oz himself. But if Lion doesn't find the flower in time, he will lose his badge of courage to","title":"Lion of Oz and the Badge of Courage"},{"id":"4033789","text":"role as the Wicked Witch of the West in \"The Wizard of Oz\" (1939). At the end of the film, Buck says to Elaine, \"You really are a witch, aren't you?\", to which she replies, \"Ask me no questions and I'll tell you no lies.\" When occultist uncle Dr. Plato Zorba wills a huge ramshackle house to his nephew Cyrus and his impoverished family, they are shocked to find the house is haunted. Their new furnished residence comes complete with a creepy housekeeper, Elaine, plus a fortune in buried treasure and 12 horrifying ghosts. His family soon discovers that these","title":"13 Ghosts"},{"id":"12731801","text":"Sea Hag The Sea Hag is a fictional character owned by King Features Syndicate. She is a tall, masculine looking witch featured in comics/cartoons as a nemesis to the character Popeye. The Sea Hag was created by Elzie Crisler Segar in 1929 as part of the \"Thimble Theatre\" comic strip. The Sea Hag is one of the central enemies of Popeye the Sailor. She is the last witch on earth, and a pirate who sails the Seven Seas in her ship \"The Black Barnacle.\" She has a headquarters on Plunder Island, where she keeps a pride of lions that she","title":"Sea Hag"},{"id":"5122278","text":"various Conan titles. Several of the sorcerer's accoutrements, \"The Scroll of Thoth\" and \"The Serpent Ring of Set\", have also shown up in other stories by Richard Tierney and others. Though the villain in the film \"Conan the Barbarian\" is named Thulsa Doom, after an evil wizard in Howard's Kull stories, he more closely resembles Thoth-Amon. The enduring popularity of Thoth-Amon may be because of his unusual characterization. Though a villain, the sorcerer has many heroic qualities. He is brave, physically strong, intelligent, and devoted to the advancement of his people. He is perhaps the best example of a noble","title":"Thoth-Amon"},{"id":"2895660","text":"a name, Nessarose), ruler of the Munchkins. In an attempt to get back to her home, she journeys to the Emerald City. Along the way, she meets the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion, and the Scarecrow, all of whom accompany her. Once there, they become the first people to gain an audience with the Wizard since he went into seclusion, although he disguises himself because Dorothy now has the Wicked Witch of the East's magic silver shoes, and he is afraid of her. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her party to destroy the Wicked Witch of the West and in","title":"Land of Oz"},{"id":"11795150","text":"be called as such. She is the ruler of Sapphire City, and is in constant turmoil with Sepia, the leader of the Devil Tribe, who wants to take over her region. However, Selluriah is not a true witch, as her power comes from her magical boots and she is virtually helpless without them. Minutes after she gives the boots to Mara, she is killed by an assassin sent by the Witch of the West, who plunged a poisoned blade into her chest. Her last words were for Mara to flee Sapphire City and get to safety. Out of all the","title":"Dorothy of Oz (manhwa)"},{"id":"16205153","text":"a drug to help quit smoking that resulted in some people committing suicide. He said they considered focusing on banks due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, but they chose the pharmaceutical industry so the mission in the film would have emotional resonance. They titled the film \"The East\" to make a variety of references. The director explained, \"'The East' is ... the East Coast, which is like something in our American collective consciousness—New England, tony, center of power. The Wicked Witch of the East in the Oz mythology was the bad witch because the book was about how the","title":"The East (film)"},{"id":"19783","text":"Soul\" was played at the beginning of each episode, but remarkably the song was never played in its entirety. Several of the characters had a musical leitmotif that played when they appeared. John Cage's was \"You're the First, the Last, My Everything\", Ling Woo's was the Wicked Witch of the West theme from \"The Wizard of Oz\", and Ally McBeal herself picked \"Tell Him\", when told by a psychiatrist that she needed a theme. Due to the popularity of the show and Shepard's music, a soundtrack titled \"Songs from Ally McBeal\" was released in 1998, as well as a successor","title":"Ally McBeal"},{"id":"12306808","text":"of the Winkies\" and \"March of the Winkies\" (reprise). \"Over the Rainbow\" (reprise) occurs after \"March of the Winkies\" (reprise). The RSC based its costumes on a combination of the book's original artwork and the style of the then-popular musical \"The Wiz\". The original cast featured Imelda Staunton as Dorothy Gale; Bille Brown (in drag) as Miss Gulch/the Wicked Witch of the West; Dilys Laye and later Joyce Grant as Aunt Em/Glinda, the Good Witch of the North; and Trevor Peacock as Zeke/the Cowardly Lion and Sebastian Shaw as Oz/Professor Marvel. When the same production was reproduced in 1988, Gillian","title":"The Wizard of Oz (1987 musical)"},{"id":"7947194","text":"Denslow's depiction of the Wicked Witch of the West. The Cowardly Lion is encountered only briefly, and battles The Lonesome Zoop, a character who appears in all three films. All of the animal roles are attributed to Fred Woodward, though too many appear in the same shot at once for him to have played them all. King Krewl (Raymond Russell) is a cruel dictator in the Emerald City in the Land of Oz. He wishes to marry his daughter, Princess Gloria (Vivian Reed), to an old courtier named Googly-Goo (Arthur Smollett), but she is in love with Pon, the Gardener's","title":"His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz"},{"id":"3271639","text":"White Witch Jadis is the main antagonist of \"The Magician's Nephew\" and of \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\" in C. S. Lewis's series, \"The Chronicles of Narnia\". She is commonly referred to as the White Witch in \"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\", as she is the Witch who froze Narnia in the Hundred Years Winter. Some recent editions of the books include brief notes, added by later editors, that describe the cast of characters. As Lewis scholar Peter Schakel points out, the description there of Jadis and the Queen of Underland (the main antagonist of \"The","title":"White Witch"},{"id":"12098453","text":"opened in Melbourne at the Princess Theatre in May 2013. Lucy won the Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Musical for her work in \"Legally Blonde\". Durack completed filming the role of Katie Morgan in the film \"Now Add Honey\" in September 2013 playing the fiancee of Hamish Blake and sister of Portia De Rossi. Durack's debut self-titled album was released on 28 September 2012. Beginning 2017, Durack portrays Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian tour of \"The Wizard of Oz\". Lucy Durack Lucy Durack (born 17 November 1982) is an Australian musical theatre performer who played","title":"Lucy Durack"},{"id":"6572353","text":"Lady of the Green Kirtle The Lady of the Green Kirtle, also called Queen of Underland and Queen of the Deep Realm, is the main antagonist in \"The Silver Chair\" by C. S. Lewis. She is sometimes called briefly the \"Green Lady\" (on analogy with Jadis, the \"White Lady\"), and she is known also as the \"Emerald Witch\"; neither name, however, appears in Lewis's text. She enslaved Prince Rilian of Narnia and a horde of gnomes by her witchcraft, and planned to use them to take over Narnia. She is foiled by three friends of Aslan: Eustace Scrubb, Jill Pole,","title":"Lady of the Green Kirtle"},{"id":"5202492","text":"for Roshaun. According to the New Millennial Edition of \"High Wizardry\", her birthday is October 20, 1997. The Lone Power is the chief antagonist of the series, and appears in various avatars and/or as Itself in each book. It is named as, \"the Witherer, the Kindler of Wildfires, the one who decreed darkness, the Starsnuffer,\" (\"So You Want to Be a Wizard\" -p238). It is a renegade Power who invented entropy in all its manifestations, including death. Wizards exist in order to fight Its influence, with varying degrees of success. Addressed formally as \"Fairest and Fallen\", The Lone Power used","title":"Young Wizards"},{"id":"2820267","text":"and Millie\" include Avery, a raccoon friend who constantly tries to be \"cool,\" even ditching his \"uncool\" friends such as Ozy. Ironically, his friend Stephan the aardvark is the nerdiest character in the strip. Avery's younger brother, Timulty, constantly undermines his coolness. The two major antagonists are Felicia the sheep, a \"popular girl\" who teases Millie for being too individualistic, and Jeremy the jock rabbit who bullies Ozy. Other minor characters include Ms. Sorkowitz, Ozy and Millie's kangaroo teacher and Principal Beau Vine, the bull principal of the school who allows bullying believing that, \"Repeated exposure to unprovoked assault squelches","title":"Ozy and Millie"},{"id":"2379976","text":"Wizard's High Council. It is revealed that she in fact conspires against the Wizard's rule and prepares to overthrow him, using the Wizard's councilwomen as spies and aiming to use the secretly raised young witches for war. \"Emerald City\" also have another witch half based on the Witch of the South, named Mother South, that is a cardinal witch together with her daughters Glinda, West and East. Mother South gave birth to all of the witches in Oz, over a thousand years ago. Glinda appears in the cartoon series \"Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz\", voiced by Grey DeLisle. In","title":"Glinda the Good Witch"},{"id":"6882372","text":"historic ABC-TV production of \"The Recruiting Officer\" (1965), notable as the first play ever performed in the newly founded colony of New South Wales, in 1789. He gained his first starring role in TV as the host of the ABC version of the children's comedy series \"Crackerjack\" (1966–67), and was a featured cast member for the final season of the satirical sketch series \"The Mavis Bramston Show\" (1968). During 1964/65 Livermore starred as the Wicked Witch of the West in the \"Wizard of Oz\" at the Sydney Tivoli, and then played the lead role in \"The Knack\" for the Phillip","title":"Reg Livermore"},{"id":"16940231","text":"project and Margaret Hamilton was cast instead. Still, the similarities between the two films, including the portrayals on their respective witch characters, were such that \"The Wizard of Oz\" was at one point advertised as \"\"Snow White\" with live actors.\" The Queen inspired main antagonist characters in the otherwise unrelated titles, such as the stepmother queen in the Russian animated film \"The Wild Swans\" (1962), the Witch Queen in the Spanish film \"Tom Thumb and Little Red Riding Hood\" (1962), the goddess Venus in the anime version of \"Unico\", Queen Admira in the American film \"The Hugga Bunch\" (1985), and","title":"Evil Queen (Disney)"},{"id":"8730352","text":"Opera Association of St. Louis production of \"The Wizard of Oz\", alongside Bob Keeshan as the Wizard of Oz, Natalie Delucia as Dorothy Gale, Lara Teeter as the Scarecrow, Ken Page as the Cowardly Lion, Johnny Sloman as the Tin Man and Marilyn Sokol as the Wicked Witch of the West. Larson was married to actor Rex Hays, who died on September 8, 2006 from cancer; the union produced two sons, Connor and Matthew. Lisby Larson Lisby Larson (born October 23, 1951, Washington, D.C.) is an American film, musical theatre, soap opera and television actress. She made multiple appearances on","title":"Lisby Larson"},{"id":"3655734","text":"is forced to flee the city on her broom, but she threatens to return. Oscar tells her he knows her wickedness isn't her doing and if she ever finds the goodness within her, she is welcome to return. However, she refuses and flies off to the West, vowing revenge. The Wicked Witch appears as the main antagonist of the second half of Season Three of \"Once Upon a Time\" played by Rebecca Mader. This version goes by the name of Zelena (which means \"green\" in some Slavic languages). Zelena is discovered to be the daughter of the Queen of Hearts/the","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"654685","text":"kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Oz's Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch. The Wicked Witch of the West sees the travelers approaching with her one telescopic eye. She sends a pack of wolves to tear them to pieces, but the Tin Woodman kills them with his axe. She sends wild crows to peck their eyes out, but the Scarecrow kills them by breaking their necks. She summons a swarm of black bees to sting them, but they are killed trying to sting the Tin Woodman","title":"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz"},{"id":"5837917","text":"also find the magic dinner bell of Jinnicky the Red Jinn, which supplies Peter with needed provisions. The travelers adopt a third member for their party when they meet the doggerel-spouting Snif the Iffin (he's a griffin who has lost his \"gr-\" and is no longer able to growl). The three then encounter the unfortunate Baron Belfaygor of Bourne. He has been accidentally cursed with a rapidly growing beard that he must constantly cut away. Even worse, his fiancée, the princess Shirley Sunshine, has been kidnapped by the local villain, Mogodore the Mighty, the Baron of Baffleburg. Peter, Belfaygor, Snif,","title":"Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz"},{"id":"6566357","text":"as a fan favorite, Ursula has established herself as one of Disney's most iconic characters; she is widely regarded as one of the studio's \"classic\" villains. Author Corey Sandler described Ursula as a popular \"anti-favorite\" in his book \"Econoguide Disneyland Resort, Universal Studios Hollywood: And Other Major Southern California Attractions Including Disney's California Adventure\". The character's impact as a villainness has ultimately eclipsed those of her predecessors. According to Laura Rosenfeld of Tech Times, Ursula has had the most profound influence out of all animated characters in the Disney canon. The character is considered to be one of the greatest","title":"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)"},{"id":"15020795","text":"Wizard was created by Michael Crawford. \"Over the Rainbow\" runner-up Sophie Evans performed the role of Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and when Hope was ill or on holiday. Hannah Waddingham originated the role of the Wicked Witch of the West and was replaced in September 2011 by her understudy, Marianne Benedict. Hope and Crawford left the production on 5 February 2012. Evans replaced Hope in the role of Dorothy full-time in February 2012, and Russell Grant took over soon afterwards as The Wizard, for 14 weeks. Des O'Connor portrayed The Wizard from May 2012 until the production closed. The musical","title":"The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)"},{"id":"12634255","text":"Wicked Witch of the South. She awakens after sleeping for a century; her Magical Musical Snuffbox informs her of all the events she has missed in the last hundred years. Armed with this knowledge, Singra sets out to brew a spell of revenge against Dorothy Gale, the main agent of unwelcome change. Grudgingly rescuing a water nymph along the way, she is granted her wish to become impervious to water so that she will not melt like her late cousin, the Wicked Witch of the West. Singra waylays the Scarecrow, and tricks the girl she thinks is Dorothy into drinking","title":"The Wicked Witch of Oz"},{"id":"3604524","text":"in the credits, which list him as \"Roquat\". The Nome King appears in \"Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz\" portrayed by JP Karliak. His plans to take over the Land of Oz and his fear of chickens remain in intact with the series. Nome King The Nome King is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. He is introduced in Baum's third Oz book \"Ozma of Oz\" (1907). He also appears in many of the continuing sequel \"Oz\" novels also written by Baum. Although the character of the Wicked Witch of the West is the most notable","title":"Nome King"},{"id":"3101405","text":"however, made a guest appearance on the show as a KAOS villain. He appeared in \"Thriller\" during its second season in 1961. The episode, number six, was entitled \"Masquerade\" and starred Elizabeth Montgomery. In 1968, Poston played the role of the Scarecrow, at The Municipal Opera Association of St. Louis, production of \"The Wizard of Oz\". Lana Cantrell played Dorothy Gale, and Betty Low played the Sorceress of the North, also known as Glinda. Poston was a recurring guest star on \"The Bob Newhart Show\" in the 1970s. He later played the role of Franklin Delano Bickley on \"Mork &","title":"Tom Poston"},{"id":"3655749","text":"herself, Robyn, Mother Gothel and Nook (the wish realm version of Captain Hook). The Witch of the West appears as one of the main characters in the television series \"Emerald City\", portrayed by Ana Ularu. Here she is one of the last Cardinal Witches of Oz and the \"Mistress of the Western Fields, Vessel of Truth and Solace\", along with her sisters Glinda of the North and the Witch of the East. West seemingly obeys the Wizard of Oz's law against magic, owns a brothel in the Emerald City and is a poppy opium addict, deteriorating her magical skill. She","title":"Wicked Witch of the West"},{"id":"1975930","text":"\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\" and \"Part 2\", in which he is portrayed as being a Death Eater even before Scrimgeour's death; there is no mention of the Imperius Curse being used to secure his support. In \"Part 2\", Thicknesse is killed by Voldemort. Dolores Jane Umbridge was the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, the Senior Undersecretary to the Minister of Magic, and the main antagonist in \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\". She is a short, squat woman described as resembling a large pale toad, with \"short, curly, mouse-brown hair\". She speaks","title":"Ministry of Magic"},{"id":"9081200","text":"on Region 1 DVD in the US on October 2, 2007, with bonus features. This followed a two-year process by producer/head writer Bob Booker to clear the rights after finding the original footage of the show which had long been thought lost. The Paul Lynde Halloween Special The Paul Lynde Halloween Special is a Halloween-themed television special starring Paul Lynde broadcast October 29, 1976 on ABC. It featured guest stars Margaret Hamilton in her first reprisal of her role as the Wicked Witch of the West from \"The Wizard of Oz\". Also guest starring are Billie Hayes as Witchiepoo from","title":"The Paul Lynde Halloween Special"},{"id":"11795138","text":"a seemingly normal alleyway in Mara's hometown), causing her to follow him in an attempt to get both him and her glove back. Unfortunately, after doing so, she could not find the way back home, and she and Toto were taken in by Selluriah. Toto has a habit of barking ferociously at any and all who annoy him, up to and including a dangerous “pig bear”, Tail, an assassin, Tick Tock, a flock of bats, and the Seven Dwarfs. \"Codename: Scarecrow (“Huhsuabee”).\" Abee is one of several clones created to be the Witch of the West's “secret weapon”. Unlike the","title":"Dorothy of Oz (manhwa)"},{"id":"4210707","text":"to have been created on Earth, which is why it is illegible to the people of Oz. However, being of mixed Ozian and Earthly blood, Elphaba possesses a natural ability to at least partially understand the contents of the book. Elphaba Elphaba Thropp is a fictional character in \"\" by Gregory Maguire, as well as in the Broadway and West End adaptations, \"Wicked\". In the original L. Frank Baum book \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\", the Wicked Witch of the West is unnamed and little is explained about her life. Elphaba is modeled after the Witch portrayed by Margaret Hamilton","title":"Elphaba"},{"id":"7414765","text":"are perhaps most familiar with his role of Marcelo Desnoyers, the well-intentioned but impractical French upper class father in Rex Ingram's 1921 film \"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse\". His career in sound films was somewhat limited and he played in low-budget and action serial type films. He played the villainous Prime Minister Kruel in the 1925 film version of \"The Wizard of Oz\". Swickard was the brother of actor Charles Swickard, and the former husband of Broadway actress Margaret Campbell, who on June 27, 1939 was brutally murdered by her adult son from a previous marriage, Campbell McDonald. Nearly","title":"Josef Swickard"},{"id":"9081194","text":"The Paul Lynde Halloween Special The Paul Lynde Halloween Special is a Halloween-themed television special starring Paul Lynde broadcast October 29, 1976 on ABC. It featured guest stars Margaret Hamilton in her first reprisal of her role as the Wicked Witch of the West from \"The Wizard of Oz\". Also guest starring are Billie Hayes as Witchiepoo from \"H.R. Pufnstuf\", Tim Conway, Roz Kelly, Florence Henderson, rock band Kiss, Billy Barty as Gallows the Butler, Betty White and, in an unbilled surprise appearance, Donny and Marie Osmond. The special aired only once. Lynde announces to the audience the show is","title":"The Paul Lynde Halloween Special"},{"id":"14226878","text":"(2009) is an eight-issue comic book limited series adapting the L. Frank Baum novel of the same name. The series was written by Eric Shanower with art by Skottie Young and published by Marvel Comics. When Kansas farm girl Dorothy Gale and her pet dog Toto are swept away to the magical Land of Oz in a cyclone, she fatally flattens the Wicked Witch of the East, liberates a talking Scarecrow, meets a Tin Woodman, a Cowardly Lion and is hailed by everyone as a great sorceress! But all Dorothy really wants to know is: how does she get back","title":"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (comics)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"3655711\",\n \"text\": \"Wicked Witch of the West The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum as the most significant antagonist in his classic children's novel \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\" (1900). In Baum's subsequent \\\"Oz\\\" novels, it is the Nome King who is the principal villain; the Wicked Witch of the West is rarely even referred to again after her death in the first book. The witch's most popular depiction was in the classic 1939 film based on Baum's novel, where she was portrayed by Margaret Hamilton. Hamilton's characterization introduced green skin and\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3604489\",\n \"text\": \"Nome King The Nome King is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. He is introduced in Baum's third Oz book \\\"Ozma of Oz\\\" (1907). He also appears in many of the continuing sequel \\\"Oz\\\" novels also written by Baum. Although the character of the Wicked Witch of the West is the most notable and famous Oz villain (due to her appearance in the 1939 MGM musical \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\"), it is actually the Nome King who is the most frequent antagonist throughout the entire book series. Katharine M. Rogers, a biographer of L. Frank Baum,\",\n \"title\": \"Nome King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3663703\",\n \"text\": \"Wicked Witch of the East The Wicked Witch of the East is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is a crucial character but appears only briefly in Baum's classic children's series of \\\"Oz\\\" novels, most notably \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\" (1900). The Wicked Witch was a middle aged, malevolent woman who conquered and tyrannized the Munchkin Country in Oz's eastern quadrant, forcing the native Munchkins to slave for her night and day. Her charmed Silver Shoes (famously changed to magic ruby slippers in the 1939 film musical) held many mysterious powers and were her\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the East\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8879374\",\n \"text\": \"women, a \\\"Dragon Lady\\\". Her character was frequently used to examine matters related to gender definition and topics. Ling is the only major character in \\\"Ally McBeal\\\" who does not have a story for the origin of her particular neurosis. She is exempt from the psychoanalytic focus given to others in the series, which Smith attributes to her Asian \\\"mysteriousness\\\". Woo is cast as a villain, underscored by her frequent appearance to the theme music that accompanied the Wicked Witch of the West in the \\\"Wizard of Oz\\\". Unlike a melodramatic villain such as J. R. Ewing, Ling was cast\",\n \"title\": \"Ling Woo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3604522\",\n \"text\": \"and the Witches of Oz\\\" played by professional wrestler Al Snow. He is among the villains that accompanies the Wicked Witch of the West in her attack on Earth. During the climax of the film, the Nome King fights the Tin Man and is defeated by him. The Nome King appears in \\\"\\\" voiced by Jason Alexander. In this film, his Kansas counterpart is Mr. Bibb who is the neighbor of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry. The Nome King appears in the season one finale of \\\"Emerald City\\\" (portrayed by Julian Bleach). He appears as a flayed man trapped by\",\n \"title\": \"Nome King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3655750\",\n \"text\": \"is very emotional, especially when compared to the reserved behavior of Glinda's. Despite claiming to hate magic because it could not save her mother and sister witches during the Beast Forever's last attack, she resorts to it quickly when in pursuit of Dorothy after she accidentally killed East. Wicked Witch of the West The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum as the most significant antagonist in his classic children's novel \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\" (1900). In Baum's subsequent \\\"Oz\\\" novels, it is the Nome King who is the principal\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3663710\",\n \"text\": \"of Oz\\\" and Disney's 2013 theatrical film \\\"Oz the Great and Powerful\\\". Wicked Witch of the East The Wicked Witch of the East is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. She is a crucial character but appears only briefly in Baum's classic children's series of \\\"Oz\\\" novels, most notably \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\" (1900). The Wicked Witch was a middle aged, malevolent woman who conquered and tyrannized the Munchkin Country in Oz's eastern quadrant, forcing the native Munchkins to slave for her night and day. Her charmed Silver Shoes (famously changed to magic ruby slippers\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the East\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2888773\",\n \"text\": \"in his or her costume so that they could correctly apply the same costume and makeup each day of production. Gale Sondergaard was originally cast as the Wicked Witch. She became unhappy when the witch's persona shifted from sly and glamorous (thought to emulate the wicked queen in Disney's \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\") into the familiar \\\"ugly hag\\\". She turned down the role and was replaced on October 10, 1938, just three days before filming started, by MGM contract player Margaret Hamilton. Sondergaard said in an interview for a bonus feature on the DVD that she had no\",\n \"title\": \"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13049819\",\n \"text\": \"the protagonists in the \\\"Wizard of Oz\\\" are presented either as antagonists or neutral. The first book in the series, \\\"Wicked\\\", was adapted into a successful musical of the same name. There are four books in the series. The first novel, published in 1995, was \\\"\\\", a book detailing the life of the infamous villain from Baum's books, now called \\\"Elphaba\\\". It is told through the various perspectives of those who knew Elphaba (who would become branded as the Wicked Witch of the West), an outcast aspiring social reformer with an allergy to water. The novel was a huge success,\",\n \"title\": \"The Wicked Years\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17942111\",\n \"text\": \"file rival trademarks. Disney filed a trademark on \\\"Oz the Great and Powerful.\\\" One week later, WB filed its own trademark for \\\"The Great and Powerful Oz.\\\" The US Patent and Trademark Office suspended WB's attempt at a trademark because Disney had filed basically the same one a week earlier. The Wicked Witch of the West is one of the most iconic villains of modern times. However, the iconic version of the Wicked Witch is Margaret Hamilton's portrayal in the 1939 movie, which is copyrighted. The character of the Wicked Witch from the book is in public domain, but that\",\n \"title\": \"Copyright status of The Wizard of Oz and related works in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2888774\",\n \"text\": \"regrets about turning down the part, and would go on to play a glamorous villain in Fox's version of Maurice Maeterlinck's \\\"The Blue Bird\\\" in 1940; Margaret Hamilton played a role remarkably similar to the Wicked Witch in the Judy Garland film \\\"Babes in Arms\\\" (1939). According to Aljean Harmetz, the \\\"gone-to-seed\\\" coat worn by Morgan as the wizard was selected from a rack of coats purchased from a second-hand shop. According to legend, Morgan later discovered a label in the coat indicating it had once belonged to Baum, that Baum's widow confirmed this, and that the coat was eventually\",\n \"title\": \"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8847960\",\n \"text\": \"concocting potions in large cauldrons. Witches typically ride through the air on a broomstick as in the Harry Potter universe or in more modern spoof versions, a vacuum cleaner as in the \\\"Hocus Pocus\\\" universe. They are often accompanied by black cats. One of the most famous modern depictions is the Wicked Witch of the West, in L. Frank Baum's \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\". Witches also appear as villains in many 19th- and 20th-century fairy tales, folk tales and children's stories, such as \\\"Snow White\\\", \\\"Hansel and Gretel\\\", \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\", and many other stories recorded by the Brothers Grimm.\",\n \"title\": \"European witchcraft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3655732\",\n \"text\": \"(Michelle Williams) for control of Oz; she wants nothing more than for peace to come back to their land. She falls in love with Oscar Diggs (James Franco), but her feelings for him are one-sided; Theodora wanted to be Oscar's queen when he ruled Oz. After Oscar goes to meet with Glinda, Evanora tricks Theodora into thinking Oscar had betrayed her, offering her a magic apple that will help her forget her disappointment. Theodora immediately takes a bite from it, but afterwards Evanora reveals that she was the evil Witch all along, however Theodora is too late to realize this.\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6406912\",\n \"text\": \"uses an ampersand for the title, features Robby Benson as \\\"Nicholas\\\", who plays a bigger part in this film than in the earlier version. Claus at his very oldest is portrayed by Jim Cummings. While the Rankin-Bass production made the sequence with the Awgwas a centerpiece, in this film, they become running villains, and the story is structured around the upcoming battle. The 1939 film \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", with its expansion of the role of The Wicked Witch of the West into a running villain, seems to have been adhered to quite closely as a model for the Awgwas'\",\n \"title\": \"The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6852376\",\n \"text\": \"people (and even the Good Witches) into believing he is benevolent, wise, and powerful when really he is a selfish, evil humbug. He sends Dorothy into severe danger hoping she will rid him of his enemy the Wicked Witch of the West. He is powerless and, as he admits to Dorothy, \\\"I'm a very bad Wizard\\\". Hugh Rockoff suggested in 1990 that the novel was an allegory about the demonetization of silver in 1873, whereby “the cyclone that carried Dorothy to the Land of Oz represents the economic and political upheaval, the yellow brick road stands for the gold standard,\",\n \"title\": \"Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5934605\",\n \"text\": \"with the Scarecrow, Tin Man and Cowardly Lion, she learns from Glinda the Good Witch that the Wicked Witch of the West has been resurrected by her evil winged monkeys and that the Emerald City has been taken over by her. The Wizard is in his hot air balloon, which is under a spell that causes it to be constantly blown around by an evil wind. Dorothy, Toto, Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion set out to rescue him and defeat the Wicked Witch once and for all. Author Jeff Lenburg mentioned an aspect of the series wherein Dorothy has\",\n \"title\": \"The Wizard of Oz (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2888753\",\n \"text\": \"She awakens to see various figures fly by, including Miss Gulch, who transforms into a witch on a broomstick. The house lands in Munchkinland in the Land of Oz. Glinda the Good Witch of the North and the Munchkins welcome her as a heroine, as the falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East; only the witch's legs and the ruby slippers on her feet are visible. Her sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, arrives to claim the slippers, but Glinda transports them onto Dorothy's feet first. The Wicked Witch of the West swears revenge on Dorothy\",\n \"title\": \"The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2971445\",\n \"text\": \"Margaret Hamilton (actress) Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 – May 16, 1985) was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of Miss Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's classic film \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" (1939). A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. In later years, Hamilton made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals, and\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Hamilton (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2699390\",\n \"text\": \"Billie Burke Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke (August 7, 1884 – May 14, 1970) known professionally as Billie Burke, was an American actress who was famous on Broadway, on radio, early silent film, and subsequently in sound film. She is best known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" (1939). Burke was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in \\\"Merrily We Live\\\" and is also remembered for her appearances in the \\\"Topper\\\" film series. Her high-pitched, wavering,\",\n \"title\": \"Billie Burke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5437407\",\n \"text\": \"the most traumatizing reveals for kids from the 1980s by \\\"BuzzFeed\\\". While \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" placed it as one of the top twelve of scariest moments in a \\\"kids\\\" film. Neal Justin of the \\\"Star Tribune\\\" described Judge Doom as making Freddy Krueger \\\"look like Fred Rogers\\\". YouTuber \\\"Nostalgia Critic\\\" placed this scene reveal as number three of his \\\"Top 11 Scariest Nostalgic Moments\\\". Christopher Lloyd responded to the character he played: Judge Doom's demise is often referenced as an allusion to the death of the Wicked Witch of the West in \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". Judge Doom Judge Doom is\",\n \"title\": \"Judge Doom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4210666\",\n \"text\": \"Elphaba Elphaba Thropp is a fictional character in \\\"\\\" by Gregory Maguire, as well as in the Broadway and West End adaptations, \\\"Wicked\\\". In the original L. Frank Baum book \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\", the Wicked Witch of the West is unnamed and little is explained about her life. Elphaba is modeled after the Witch portrayed by Margaret Hamilton in the classic 1939 film \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\": green-skinned, clad entirely in black and wearing a tall peaked hat. Maguire formulated the name \\\"Elphaba\\\" from the phonetic pronunciation of Baum's initials L.F.B. In both adaptations, Elphaba is also called\",\n \"title\": \"Elphaba\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20071373\",\n \"text\": \"bravery and farm girl feistiness. And whether it’s magic, Munchkins, flying monkeys or her arch-nemesis Wilhelmina, the wicked witch-in-training and niece of the Wicked Witch of the West, Dorothy is ready to track down and put a stop to any problem that comes Oz’s way with help from her dog Toto and their friends Scarecrow, Tin Man, and Cowardly Lion. At the start of the second season, the Wizard of Oz ends up back in Oz after getting mixed up in another tornado. Now that he has returned at last, he plots to make himself into a real wizard by\",\n \"title\": \"Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10059923\",\n \"text\": \"a very bored Jiminy Cricket, who has read them so often that they put him to sleep. As a game, he asks the player to put them back where they belong, when suddenly the book is possessed by the spirits of several Disney Villains, namely Captain Hook (Corey Burton) from \\\"Peter Pan\\\"; The Witch (Wicked Queen Grimhilde) (Louise Chamis) from \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\"; The Queen of Hearts (Tress MacNeille) from \\\"Alice in Wonderland\\\" and the Ringmaster (Corey Burton) from \\\"Dumbo\\\", who alter the stories to their advantage, without the presence of happy endings. The Blue Fairy (Rosalyn\",\n \"title\": \"Disney's Villains' Revenge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1512954\",\n \"text\": \"Ray Bolger Raymond Wallace Bolger (January 10, 1904 – January 15, 1987) was an American film and television actor, vaudevillian, TV presenter, singer, dancer (particularly of tap) and stage performer (particularly musical theatre) who started in the silent film era. He was a major Broadway performer in the 1930s and beyond (see below). He is best known for his role as the Scarecrow and his Kansas counterpart farm worker \\\"Hunk\\\" in MGM's classic \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" (1939) and the villainous Barnaby in Walt Disney's musical fantasy \\\"Babes in Toyland\\\". He was also the host of his eponymous television show,\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Bolger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1639023\",\n \"text\": \"Benaderet supplied the witch's voice. Despite their common name, Jones' Witch Hazel is a much different witch from her counterpart in the earlier Walt Disney film. The Looney Tunes character is a highly stylized villainess. Her rotund, green-skinned body is wrapped in a plain, blue dress and supported by twig-like legs. She has wild black hair from which hairpins fly and spin in midair, whenever she zooms off on her broom or cackles in glee over her next evil scheme, and she wears a crumpled black hat. Her nose and chin jut bulbously from her face, and her mouth sports\",\n \"title\": \"Witch Hazel (Looney Tunes)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566364\",\n \"text\": \"a samba set to \\\"Poor Unfortunate Souls\\\". As arguably \\\"the most famous example of a direct tie to the LGBT community,\\\" Ursula has also become something of a gay icon, due in part to sharing Divine's appearance and personality. Ursula (The Little Mermaid) Ursula is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 28th animated feature film \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989). Voiced by American actress Pat Carroll, Ursula is a villainous sea witch who tricks a mermaid princess named Ariel into trading her voice for a pair of human legs, at first appearing to be providing the character with\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2930234\",\n \"text\": \"actress flourished during the 1930s, including a role with Paul Muni in \\\"The Life of Emile Zola\\\" (1937). During pre-production of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's classic \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" (1939), an early idea was to have the Wicked Witch of the West portrayed as a slinky, glamorous villainess in a black, sequined costume, inspired by the Evil Queen in Walt Disney's \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" (1937). Sondergaard originally was cast as the witch and was photographed for two wardrobe tests, both of which survive. One was as a glamorous wicked witch, and another as a conventionally ugly wicked witch. After\",\n \"title\": \"Gale Sondergaard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16940235\",\n \"text\": \"too bears a similarity to the Evil Queen in her costume and character. Four wicked witches of the East, West, North and South, resembling the Witch from Disney's \\\"Snow White\\\", are also the villains Mickey has to kill to save Disneyland in 1988's \\\"\\\". The first names for the magic-wielding antagonist couple The Glooms in Disney XD's own series \\\"The 7D\\\" (2014) ― set in a timeframe before the Seven Dwarfs first met Snow White ― might have been inspired by the Evil Queen character's alternate name \\\"Grimhilde\\\", with the bumbling warlock husband named \\\"Grim\\\" and the determined witch wife\",\n \"title\": \"Evil Queen (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2293754\",\n \"text\": \"Tip has been under the guardianship of a cruel Wicked Witch named Mombi (who is the main antagonist) and lives in the northern quadrant of Oz called Gillikin Country. Mombi has always been extremely mean and abusive to Tip. As Mombi is returning home one day, Tip plans to get revenge and frighten her with a wooden man he has made, with a large Jack-o'-lantern he carves for a head, thus naming him Jack Pumpkinhead. To Tip's dismay, Mombi is not fooled by this trick, and she takes this opportunity to demonstrate the new magic \\\"Powder of Life\\\" that she\",\n \"title\": \"The Marvelous Land of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9058862\",\n \"text\": \"(Robin Ramsay), gives her a pair of red shoes as a reward to help her see the last concert of the Wizard (Matters), an androgynous glam rock singer. She is pursued by the thug's brother (Ned Kelly) who attempts to rape her on several occasions. She also meets a dumb surfer Blondie (Bruce Spence), a heartless mechanic Greaseball (Michael Carman), and a cowardly biker Killer (Garry Waddell). Chris Lofven and Lyne Helms got the idea to make an Australian version of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" while working in London in the early 1970s. Lofven was also inspired by David Bowie\",\n \"title\": \"Oz (1976 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14334954\",\n \"text\": \"the perfect Villain, the children around me (and possibly even myself…) were shivering in their seats whenever he came on. A performance I shall remember for a long time!\\\"\\\" During the Christmas 2018-19 season, Vantyler will play the part of Ms Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West in \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Jos Vantyler Jos Vantyler (born 20 February 1988) is an award-winning Irish actor. Vantyler was born in County Mayo, Ireland, where he lived until the age of six. In 2005, Vantyler won The NYC Star Best Newcomer Award for his portrayal of Rodolfo\",\n \"title\": \"Jos Vantyler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14658728\",\n \"text\": \"Scarlet Witch Scarlet Witch is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, first appearing in \\\"The X-Men\\\" #4 (March 1964) in the Silver Age of Comic Books. She is first portrayed as a supervillain along with her twin brother Quicksilver as a founding member of the Brotherhood of Mutants. In most depictions she is portrayed as a mutant, a member of a fictional subspecies of humans born with superhuman abilities. Scarlet Witch possesses abilities to alter reality in unspecified ways and is a\",\n \"title\": \"Scarlet Witch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566344\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Eric at his castle, where he is having a ball honoring Ursula. Later, the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla) disguises herself as Ursula in order to make a deal with Ariel and trick her into capturing Snow White. This physical disguise includes short white hair and tentacles, similar to Ursula's animated appearance. Although the Queen considers Ursula to be \\\"a long-dead octopus\\\", she is shocked when the real Ursula possesses a statue and warns the queen not to impersonate her again. Ursula the Sea Witch is an antagonist who appears in the second half of Season 4, where she is\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17942112\",\n \"text\": \"version of the Wicked Witch is not even green. Most modern portrayals of the Wicked Witch of the West do make her green, because that is how the public thinks of the Wicked Witch, but they all strive to make her appearance somehow distinctive. The Wicked Witch is not given a name in the books, so subsequent authors gave her their own names. All of these names are protected under copyright as part of their respective works, which means new creators have to keep coming up with their own version. Some of the most well-known incarnations of the Wicked Witch\",\n \"title\": \"Copyright status of The Wizard of Oz and related works in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2971450\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph L. Mankiewicz's \\\"People Will Talk\\\" (1951) as Sarah Pickett. In 1960, producer/director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his \\\"13 Ghosts\\\" horror film, in which 12-year-old lead Charles Herbert taunts her about being a witch, including one scene in which she is holding a broom in her hand. In 1939, Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch, opposite Judy Garland's Dorothy Gale in \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", creating not only her most famous role, but also one of the screen's most memorable villains. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role,\",\n \"title\": \"Margaret Hamilton (actress)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566296\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula (The Little Mermaid) Ursula is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 28th animated feature film \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\" (1989). Voiced by American actress Pat Carroll, Ursula is a villainous sea witch who tricks a mermaid princess named Ariel into trading her voice for a pair of human legs, at first appearing to be providing the character with an opportunity to become human by temporarily transforming her into one so that she may earn the love of Prince Eric within three days. However, Ursula is, in fact, determined to sabotage Ariel's chances at any expense so that\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6804803\",\n \"text\": \"game villains (Lrrr, Donkey Kong, a Berzerk robot, a Robotron brain, \\\"BurgerTime\\\"s Mr. Egg, and Q*bert) exit the landed ship, one character says the phrase \\\"All your base are belong to us\\\". The majority of the plot is a direct parody of the 1939 film \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", with Leela taking the place of Dorothy, Amy as the Good Witch of the North, Fry as the Scarecrow, Bender as the Tin Man, Zoidberg as the Cowardly Lion, Professor Farnsworth as the Wizard and Mom as the Wicked Witch of the West. When Leela first exits the spaceship, a parody\",\n \"title\": \"Anthology of Interest II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2895646\",\n \"text\": \"only because she had killed the Wicked Witch of the East, but because her dress is blue and white checked. Ozma, once on the throne, prohibits the use of magic by anyone other than Glinda the Good, the Wizard of Oz, and herself – as, earlier, the Good Witch of the North had prohibited magic by any other witch in her domains. The illicit use of magic is a frequent feature of villains in later works in the series, appearing in \\\"The Scarecrow of Oz\\\", \\\"Rinkitink in Oz\\\", \\\"The Lost Princess of Oz\\\", \\\"The Tin Woodman of Oz\\\", and \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Land of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17932990\",\n \"text\": \"April 2015 in Mexico. It was released direct-to-video on January 24, 2017 in the United States and features the voices of Mikey Bolts, Ambyr Childers, and Jenn McAllister. After the Wicked Witch of the West is melted by a bucket of water, and Dorothy is sent back to her world, Glinda, the Good Witch of the South, decides to revive the Wicked Witch and remove her powers by storing them in a magic broom. Glinda then gives the magical broom to Dorothy's friends, Tin Woodman, Cowardly Lion, and Scarecrow, and they become the guardians of the broom. Evilene, the Wicked\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7139622\",\n \"text\": \"spends a few days relaxing in the Witch's castle with their new Winkie friends, they are visited by a young boy named Tip and his guardian, Mombi. Mombi is a witch in training and upon hearing that her old friend the Wicked Witch of the West is dead, she decides to steal the Golden Cap from Dorothy. She transforms herself into a large gray cat and attempts to steal the cap while Dorothy is sleeping. Her plot is thwarted by the Cowardly Lion. Tip explains Mombi's plot and apologizes to Dorothy. Dorothy uses the Golden Cap, against her friends' wishes,\",\n \"title\": \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1986 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16940230\",\n \"text\": \"Nurmi's inspiration for her character of Vampira came from Nurmi being fascinated by the Queen after watching Disney's \\\"Snow White\\\" at the age of 14. When she was cast for the 1939's \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" as the Wicked Witch of the West, Gale Sondergaard (who herself has earlier served as one of inspirations for Disney) insisted on playing a glamorous vision of the character, similar to the Disney's interpretation of the Queen from \\\"Snow White\\\"; when Sondergaard's idea was rejected by producers Mervyn LeRoy and Arthur Freed in favor of making the Wicked Witch ugly, she withdrew from the\",\n \"title\": \"Evil Queen (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15759134\",\n \"text\": \"Girl, a living china doll whose village and family were destroyed by the Wicked Witch. The three reach the forest and discover the \\\"Wicked Witch\\\" is the late king's daughter Glinda the Good Witch, and Evanora is the true Wicked Witch. Evanora sees this with her crystal ball and tricks Theodora into thinking Oscar is trying to court all three witches at once. She offers Theodora a magic apple \\\"to remove her heartache\\\" but it turns her into a hideous green-skinned witch. Glinda brings Oscar's group to her domain to escape Evanora's army of Winkies and flying baboons. She confides\",\n \"title\": \"Oz the Great and Powerful\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1646949\",\n \"text\": \"Witch, the villain in the 1989 Disney animated film \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\". Due to Divine's portrayal of Edna Turnblad in the original comedy-film version of \\\"Hairspray\\\", later musical adaptations of \\\"Hairspray\\\" have commonly placed male actors in the role of Edna, including Harvey Fierstein and others in the 2002 Broadway musical, and John Travolta in the 2007 musical film. A 12-foot (4 m) tall statue in the likeness of Divine by Andrew Logan can be seen on permanent display at The American Visionary Art Museum in Divine's hometown of Baltimore. \\\"I Am Divine\\\", a feature documentary on the life of\",\n \"title\": \"Divine (performer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8155676\",\n \"text\": \"which Tryxie Tryfle sings of a lost love before King Pastoria, though the only surviving recording of the piece was sung by a man (Harry Macdonough). The witches are largely absent in this version; The Good Witch of the North appears, named Locasta, and The Wicked Witch of the East is a special effect. Toto, Dorothy's dog, was replaced by a cow named Imogene. The Wicked Witch of the West does not appear, and Glinda the Good Witch of the South, who had appeared only in Act Three, was written out by Mitchell in 1903. His re-write of that act\",\n \"title\": \"The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16940195\",\n \"text\": \"Dale, Donald Duck & Mickey Mouse, Goofy, Huey, Dewey, and Louie, Jiminy Cricket, José Carioca, Mickey & Minnie Mouse, Li'l Bad Wolf, Tinker Bell, and the Three Little Pigs, as well as her fellow witches such as Madam Mim from \\\"The Sword in the Stone\\\", Witch Hazel from \\\"Trick or Treat\\\", and Magica De Spell (especially in Brazilian comics). She also starred with the Big Bad Wolf in the 1970s-1980's comics series \\\"The Big Bad Wolf & The Wicked Witch\\\", including \\\"Mirror Mirror\\\", \\\"Witch Switch\\\", \\\"The Apple Caper\\\", \\\"The High-Hopping Wolf\\\", \\\"Double Trouble\\\", and \\\"Getting the Boot\\\". Several comics include\",\n \"title\": \"Evil Queen (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3655722\",\n \"text\": \"original novel. She demands the Munchkins reveal who killed her sister, not long after Dorothy's arrival in Oz. She is described by Glinda the Good Witch of the North, not the South as in the book, as \\\"worse than the other one\\\". She actively seeks revenge against Dorothy for killing her sister, even though it was \\\"accidental\\\". However, as soon as the Witch is reminded of the ruby slippers, all interest in her sister's death vanishes and all she cares about are obtaining \\\"her\\\" slippers, which will enable her to conquer Oz. She is more menacing than her literary counterpart,\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3655724\",\n \"text\": \"with her broom as proof, in exchange for granting the wishes of Dorothy and her companions. Unlike Baum's original depiction, the Wicked Witch sends the Winged Monkeys as the first wave of attack. The Golden Cap is not mentioned but, after the failure of her poppy spell, the Witch does hold and then angrily cast away a costume piece that could be considered the cap (It greatly resembles the Cap in depicted in W. W. Denslow's original illustrations for \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\") and was mentioned as her \\\"wishing cap\\\" in the original shooting script. She is killed when\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17106102\",\n \"text\": \"name. Aniston portrayed the Wicked Witch in the 2013 adult film parody \\\"Not the Wizard of Oz XXX\\\". She won the 2014 AVN Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film. Aniston was among the fifteen pornographic actresses to appear in the music video for the song \\\"YouPorn.com\\\" by Brian McKnight. In October 2013, Aniston was interviewed alongside several mainstream celebrities, such as Kanye West, Selena Gomez, James Franco, Juliette Lewis, and Shaun White, for a short documentary preceding the music video for the song \\\"City of Angels\\\" by Thirty Seconds to Mars. Aniston hosts a show\",\n \"title\": \"Brandy Aniston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5199512\",\n \"text\": \"Mombi Mombi is a fictional character in L. Frank Baum's classic children's series of Oz Books. She is the most significant antagonist in the second Oz book \\\"The Marvelous Land of Oz\\\" (1904), and is alluded to in other works. Mombi plays a very important role in the fictional history of Oz. The character was originally presented as a lowly hag who had enchanted Princess Ozma in order to prevent her from ascending to the throne. Later in the series, L. Frank Baum specified that she had once conquered and ruled the Gillikin Country, as the Wicked Witch of the\",\n \"title\": \"Mombi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17932994\",\n \"text\": \"are quickly defeated. Ozzy decides to break the broom in order to remove Evilene's powers for good, and tells the rest of the winged monkeys that they obey Evilene due to their dumb and cowardly mindset. The Monkeys rebel against Evilene who discovers there is some power left in the broom and tries to defeat Ozzy who escapes with a part of the broom. A chase through the streets of Emerald City ends with a crash in the fountain dedicated to Dorothy Gale, and the wicked witch is melted for good. As the story ends, Glinda breaks Evilene's spell on\",\n \"title\": \"Guardians of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16940196\",\n \"text\": \"the Witch kidnapping another Disney character, either to be her slave or to exchange them for something, until they are rescued. Example of this include her abducting, besides Snow White (\\\"Diamond Dust Dilemma\\\", \\\"The Weather Witch\\\"), such characters as Chip 'n' Dale (\\\"Witch Convention\\\"), Tinker Bell (\\\"Pixie Dust Dilemma\\\", \\\"The Big Bust-out\\\"), and \\\"Dumbo\\\" characters (\\\"Dumbo\\\", \\\"The Chips Are Flying\\\", \\\"A Witch in Time\\\"). The Witch also captures Dumbo in \\\"Dumbo l'échappe belle\\\", but is defeated by Mickey and Br'er Bear and imprisoned by the Dwarfs. In \\\"The Gingerbread House\\\", the Witch captures the Wicked Witch of the West's children\",\n \"title\": \"Evil Queen (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12384067\",\n \"text\": \"car resembling a Ford Model T, even inside the house. One day while out driving Jack sees a girl named Allegra in a flying machine and challenges her to race. After he loses Allegra offers him a ride and he accepts, along with Squeeker Mouse who sneaks aboard. Allegra is actually a witch, and takes Jack to the castle of the evil queen Auriana, who changes children into harpies to be her slaves. Squeeker is sucked into a machine that changes him into a harpy but Jack escapes. When Allegra and another harpy named Harvey Harpy pursue Jack he leads\",\n \"title\": \"Jack and the Witch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"241775\",\n \"text\": \"Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow, and Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, and the plot became about how the four friends were allied with the usurping Wizard and were hunted as traitors to Pastoria II, the rightful King of Oz. It is unclear how much control or influence Baum\",\n \"title\": \"L. Frank Baum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2379969\",\n \"text\": \"dress like Princess Ozma. Glinda is portrayed by Michelle Williams, in the 2013 Disney film \\\"Oz the Great and Powerful\\\". In this prequel, she is Glinda the Good Witch of the South as well as the daughter of the slain king of Oz. Her sisters, Theodora (Mila Kunis) and Evanora (Rachel Weisz), are the future Wicked Witches of the West and East, respectively. In the film, she helps a good-hearted con artist named Oscar Diggs (James Franco) defeat her sisters and become the Wizard of Oz. Glinda was voiced by Bernadette Peters in the 3D animated film \\\"\\\", which was\",\n \"title\": \"Glinda the Good Witch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2981605\",\n \"text\": \"Your Answer, Do!\\\" mounted by Roundabout Theatre Company. In 2000, Grey played Oldrich Novy in the film \\\"Dancer in the Dark\\\" and had recurring television roles on \\\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\\\" (as the evil reptilian demon Doc, 2001), \\\"Oz\\\" (as Lemuel Idzik, 2003) and \\\"Alias\\\" (as \\\"Another Mr. Sloane\\\", 2005). He played a wealthy, paroled ex-convict on \\\"\\\" (episode \\\"\\\", 2003). Grey also originated the role of the Wizard of Oz in the hit Broadway musical \\\"Wicked\\\". He also appeared on the shows \\\"House\\\" and \\\"Brothers & Sisters\\\" (2007), on the latter of which he played the role of Dr.\",\n \"title\": \"Joel Grey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15020798\",\n \"text\": \"10 September 2013 at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas, Nevada, with the original Canadian cast, except that Jacquelyn Piro Donovan played Miss Gulch/The Wicked Witch of the West. It concluded on 29 June 2014 at the Detroit Opera House. The musical began touring Australia beginning 4 November 2017 at the Lyric Theatre, Queensland Performing Arts Centre in Brisbane, Queensland, followed by a season at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney in Sydney from 30 December 2017. The cast includes Anthony Warlow as the Wizard with Lucy Durack as Glinda the Good and Jemma Rix as Wicked Witch\",\n \"title\": \"The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3271663\",\n \"text\": \"is also hinted to have a cynical, dry sense of humour. Tilda Swinton was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for her performance as the White Witch in \\\"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\\\", but lost to Hayden Christensen for his performance as Anakin Skywalker/Darth Vader in \\\"\\\". Swinton reprised her role as the White Witch in the 2008 Disney Movie sequel \\\"\\\". In a departure from the novel, Nikabrik and his fellow conspirators (a hag and werewolf) use the White Witch's retrieved wand and through the use dark magic manage to conjure an apparition of\",\n \"title\": \"White Witch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3655731\",\n \"text\": \"instead of being born without arms, Boq having a continuing love interest for Glinda – and eventually becoming the Tin Woodman instead of Nick Chopper, the complete cutting of Elphaba's years in the Vinkus, the deletion of Liir's birth, Fiyero not having a wife and children, and Doctor Dillamond not being murdered. Mila Kunis portrays the Wicked Witch of the West, who is named Theodora, in the 2013 Disney film \\\"Oz the Great and Powerful\\\". In this version, she is portrayed as a 'good witch', also being the younger sister of Evanora (Rachel Weisz), who is at war with Glinda\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2351096\",\n \"text\": \"lion), and the China Girl (a living china doll and the sole survivor of an attack on China Town whose legs he repaired with glue). The Wizard of Oz appears in the \\\"Once Upon a Time\\\" episodes \\\"New York City Serenade\\\", \\\"A Curious Thing\\\" and \\\"Kansas\\\" portrayed by Christopher Gorham. Originally, Walsh is from Kansas, but finds himself in the Land of Oz. Giving himself the name \\\"Oz the Great and Terrible\\\", he masquerades as an all-knowing wizard. This hoax upsets Glinda the Witch of the South, as she knows he only gives false hope to those who seek out\",\n \"title\": \"Wizard of Oz (character)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9432233\",\n \"text\": \"sister of the Wicked Witch of the East, Evillene, the Wicked Witch of the West, who runs a sweatshop in the underground sewers of Oz. Before they can reach her domain, Evillene learns of their quest to kill her and sends out the Flying Monkeys (a motorcycle gang) to keep them at bay. After a long chase, the Flying Monkeys succeed in capturing their targets and bring them back to Evillene. Vengeful for Dorothy having killed her sister, she dismembers the Scarecrow, flattens the Tin Man, and tortures the Lion in hopes of making Dorothy give her the silver shoes.\",\n \"title\": \"The Wiz (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3655718\",\n \"text\": \"of Oz\\\". The most likely explanation of Baum making water the Achilles' heel of these witches is the long-held belief amongst major religions that water is effective for purifying the soul and combating evil. The Witch did not carry a broom in the novel, but rather an umbrella, which she uses on one occasion to strike Dorothy's dog Toto. Her nature is a volatile and yet somewhat cowardly one. Despite her immense power, she avoids face-to-face contact with her enemies, and is frightened of Dorothy at first when she sees the girl wearing the Silver Shoes. She is also afraid\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2895642\",\n \"text\": \"different direction with her Oz books, introducing European elements such as the title character of \\\"The Yellow Knight of Oz\\\", a knight straight out of Arthurian Legend. At the time of \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\", the lands in the North, South, East and West of Oz are each ruled by a Witch. The Witches of the North and South are good, while the Witches of the East and West are wicked. Glinda (the Good Witch of the South) is later revealed to be the most powerful of the four, although later Oz books reveal that the Wicked Witch of\",\n \"title\": \"Land of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3006545\",\n \"text\": \"jokes about lavatories, effeminacy in men, immorality of any kind, suggestive references to honeymoon couples, chambermaids, fig leaves, ladies' underwear (e.g. ‘winter draws on’), prostitution, and the vulgar use of words such as \\\"basket\\\". The guidelines also stipulated that \\\"..such words as \\\"God, Good God, My God, Blast, Hell, Damn, Bloody, Gorblimey, Ruddy\\\", etc etc should be deleted from scripts and innocuous expressions substituted.\\\" In April 2013, after the death of Margaret Thatcher, the song \\\"Ding Dong! The Witch Is Dead\\\" from The Wizard of Oz (1939 film), rose to number two in the BBC Radio 1 UK singles chart\",\n \"title\": \"Censorship in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8255382\",\n \"text\": \"a parody of the Dr. Dre song \\\"Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang\\\". She also hosts a Nerdist Industries podcast called \\\"Making It\\\". In 2012, Lindhome turned her hand to Shakespeare, appearing as a villain in Joss Whedon's adaptation of \\\"Much Ado About Nothing\\\". In 2015, Lindhome and Natasha Leggero created the Comedy Central series \\\"Another Period\\\", which they also starred in together. She also played the girlfriend of Fozzie Bear on the series \\\"The Muppets\\\". In 2017, Lindhome had a supporting role in \\\"The Lego Batman Movie\\\", voicing supervillain Poison Ivy and The Wicked Witch of the West, though she\",\n \"title\": \"Riki Lindhome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2566285\",\n \"text\": \"towards Dorothy for killing their evil ruler the \\\"Wicked Witch of the East\\\". Dorothy later eventually finds the yellow brick road, and along the way attends a banquet held by a Munchkin man named Boq. Sometime in the book a background story is also given about a \\\"munchkin maiden\\\" whom the Tin Woodman once loved. Baum also included the munchkin characters in his later works as minor and major individual characters. The munchkin Jinjur is the main antagonist in Baum's second book The Marvelous Land of Oz, where she seeks to overthrow the Scarecrow and take over the Emerald City.\",\n \"title\": \"Munchkin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8492706\",\n \"text\": \"up with the Wicked Witch of the East. The witch sends Lion on a journey to find the Flower of Oz, the source of all things good in the land. On his way he meets a mysterious girl who is accompanied by animated toys, and they set off together to find the Flower of Oz. On the way they come to many adventures, an evil seamstress who's working for the Wicked Witch of the East, mini munchkins, and The Wizard of Oz himself. But if Lion doesn't find the flower in time, he will lose his badge of courage to\",\n \"title\": \"Lion of Oz and the Badge of Courage\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4033789\",\n \"text\": \"role as the Wicked Witch of the West in \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" (1939). At the end of the film, Buck says to Elaine, \\\"You really are a witch, aren't you?\\\", to which she replies, \\\"Ask me no questions and I'll tell you no lies.\\\" When occultist uncle Dr. Plato Zorba wills a huge ramshackle house to his nephew Cyrus and his impoverished family, they are shocked to find the house is haunted. Their new furnished residence comes complete with a creepy housekeeper, Elaine, plus a fortune in buried treasure and 12 horrifying ghosts. His family soon discovers that these\",\n \"title\": \"13 Ghosts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12731801\",\n \"text\": \"Sea Hag The Sea Hag is a fictional character owned by King Features Syndicate. She is a tall, masculine looking witch featured in comics/cartoons as a nemesis to the character Popeye. The Sea Hag was created by Elzie Crisler Segar in 1929 as part of the \\\"Thimble Theatre\\\" comic strip. The Sea Hag is one of the central enemies of Popeye the Sailor. She is the last witch on earth, and a pirate who sails the Seven Seas in her ship \\\"The Black Barnacle.\\\" She has a headquarters on Plunder Island, where she keeps a pride of lions that she\",\n \"title\": \"Sea Hag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5122278\",\n \"text\": \"various Conan titles. Several of the sorcerer's accoutrements, \\\"The Scroll of Thoth\\\" and \\\"The Serpent Ring of Set\\\", have also shown up in other stories by Richard Tierney and others. Though the villain in the film \\\"Conan the Barbarian\\\" is named Thulsa Doom, after an evil wizard in Howard's Kull stories, he more closely resembles Thoth-Amon. The enduring popularity of Thoth-Amon may be because of his unusual characterization. Though a villain, the sorcerer has many heroic qualities. He is brave, physically strong, intelligent, and devoted to the advancement of his people. He is perhaps the best example of a noble\",\n \"title\": \"Thoth-Amon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2895660\",\n \"text\": \"a name, Nessarose), ruler of the Munchkins. In an attempt to get back to her home, she journeys to the Emerald City. Along the way, she meets the Tin Woodman, the Cowardly Lion, and the Scarecrow, all of whom accompany her. Once there, they become the first people to gain an audience with the Wizard since he went into seclusion, although he disguises himself because Dorothy now has the Wicked Witch of the East's magic silver shoes, and he is afraid of her. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her party to destroy the Wicked Witch of the West and in\",\n \"title\": \"Land of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11795150\",\n \"text\": \"be called as such. She is the ruler of Sapphire City, and is in constant turmoil with Sepia, the leader of the Devil Tribe, who wants to take over her region. However, Selluriah is not a true witch, as her power comes from her magical boots and she is virtually helpless without them. Minutes after she gives the boots to Mara, she is killed by an assassin sent by the Witch of the West, who plunged a poisoned blade into her chest. Her last words were for Mara to flee Sapphire City and get to safety. Out of all the\",\n \"title\": \"Dorothy of Oz (manhwa)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16205153\",\n \"text\": \"a drug to help quit smoking that resulted in some people committing suicide. He said they considered focusing on banks due to the financial crisis of 2007–2008, but they chose the pharmaceutical industry so the mission in the film would have emotional resonance. They titled the film \\\"The East\\\" to make a variety of references. The director explained, \\\"'The East' is ... the East Coast, which is like something in our American collective consciousness—New England, tony, center of power. The Wicked Witch of the East in the Oz mythology was the bad witch because the book was about how the\",\n \"title\": \"The East (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19783\",\n \"text\": \"Soul\\\" was played at the beginning of each episode, but remarkably the song was never played in its entirety. Several of the characters had a musical leitmotif that played when they appeared. John Cage's was \\\"You're the First, the Last, My Everything\\\", Ling Woo's was the Wicked Witch of the West theme from \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", and Ally McBeal herself picked \\\"Tell Him\\\", when told by a psychiatrist that she needed a theme. Due to the popularity of the show and Shepard's music, a soundtrack titled \\\"Songs from Ally McBeal\\\" was released in 1998, as well as a successor\",\n \"title\": \"Ally McBeal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12306808\",\n \"text\": \"of the Winkies\\\" and \\\"March of the Winkies\\\" (reprise). \\\"Over the Rainbow\\\" (reprise) occurs after \\\"March of the Winkies\\\" (reprise). The RSC based its costumes on a combination of the book's original artwork and the style of the then-popular musical \\\"The Wiz\\\". The original cast featured Imelda Staunton as Dorothy Gale; Bille Brown (in drag) as Miss Gulch/the Wicked Witch of the West; Dilys Laye and later Joyce Grant as Aunt Em/Glinda, the Good Witch of the North; and Trevor Peacock as Zeke/the Cowardly Lion and Sebastian Shaw as Oz/Professor Marvel. When the same production was reproduced in 1988, Gillian\",\n \"title\": \"The Wizard of Oz (1987 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7947194\",\n \"text\": \"Denslow's depiction of the Wicked Witch of the West. The Cowardly Lion is encountered only briefly, and battles The Lonesome Zoop, a character who appears in all three films. All of the animal roles are attributed to Fred Woodward, though too many appear in the same shot at once for him to have played them all. King Krewl (Raymond Russell) is a cruel dictator in the Emerald City in the Land of Oz. He wishes to marry his daughter, Princess Gloria (Vivian Reed), to an old courtier named Googly-Goo (Arthur Smollett), but she is in love with Pon, the Gardener's\",\n \"title\": \"His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3271639\",\n \"text\": \"White Witch Jadis is the main antagonist of \\\"The Magician's Nephew\\\" and of \\\"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\\\" in C. S. Lewis's series, \\\"The Chronicles of Narnia\\\". She is commonly referred to as the White Witch in \\\"The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe\\\", as she is the Witch who froze Narnia in the Hundred Years Winter. Some recent editions of the books include brief notes, added by later editors, that describe the cast of characters. As Lewis scholar Peter Schakel points out, the description there of Jadis and the Queen of Underland (the main antagonist of \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"White Witch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12098453\",\n \"text\": \"opened in Melbourne at the Princess Theatre in May 2013. Lucy won the Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Musical for her work in \\\"Legally Blonde\\\". Durack completed filming the role of Katie Morgan in the film \\\"Now Add Honey\\\" in September 2013 playing the fiancee of Hamish Blake and sister of Portia De Rossi. Durack's debut self-titled album was released on 28 September 2012. Beginning 2017, Durack portrays Glinda the Good Witch in the Australian tour of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". Lucy Durack Lucy Durack (born 17 November 1982) is an Australian musical theatre performer who played\",\n \"title\": \"Lucy Durack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6572353\",\n \"text\": \"Lady of the Green Kirtle The Lady of the Green Kirtle, also called Queen of Underland and Queen of the Deep Realm, is the main antagonist in \\\"The Silver Chair\\\" by C. S. Lewis. She is sometimes called briefly the \\\"Green Lady\\\" (on analogy with Jadis, the \\\"White Lady\\\"), and she is known also as the \\\"Emerald Witch\\\"; neither name, however, appears in Lewis's text. She enslaved Prince Rilian of Narnia and a horde of gnomes by her witchcraft, and planned to use them to take over Narnia. She is foiled by three friends of Aslan: Eustace Scrubb, Jill Pole,\",\n \"title\": \"Lady of the Green Kirtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5202492\",\n \"text\": \"for Roshaun. According to the New Millennial Edition of \\\"High Wizardry\\\", her birthday is October 20, 1997. The Lone Power is the chief antagonist of the series, and appears in various avatars and/or as Itself in each book. It is named as, \\\"the Witherer, the Kindler of Wildfires, the one who decreed darkness, the Starsnuffer,\\\" (\\\"So You Want to Be a Wizard\\\" -p238). It is a renegade Power who invented entropy in all its manifestations, including death. Wizards exist in order to fight Its influence, with varying degrees of success. Addressed formally as \\\"Fairest and Fallen\\\", The Lone Power used\",\n \"title\": \"Young Wizards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2820267\",\n \"text\": \"and Millie\\\" include Avery, a raccoon friend who constantly tries to be \\\"cool,\\\" even ditching his \\\"uncool\\\" friends such as Ozy. Ironically, his friend Stephan the aardvark is the nerdiest character in the strip. Avery's younger brother, Timulty, constantly undermines his coolness. The two major antagonists are Felicia the sheep, a \\\"popular girl\\\" who teases Millie for being too individualistic, and Jeremy the jock rabbit who bullies Ozy. Other minor characters include Ms. Sorkowitz, Ozy and Millie's kangaroo teacher and Principal Beau Vine, the bull principal of the school who allows bullying believing that, \\\"Repeated exposure to unprovoked assault squelches\",\n \"title\": \"Ozy and Millie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2379976\",\n \"text\": \"Wizard's High Council. It is revealed that she in fact conspires against the Wizard's rule and prepares to overthrow him, using the Wizard's councilwomen as spies and aiming to use the secretly raised young witches for war. \\\"Emerald City\\\" also have another witch half based on the Witch of the South, named Mother South, that is a cardinal witch together with her daughters Glinda, West and East. Mother South gave birth to all of the witches in Oz, over a thousand years ago. Glinda appears in the cartoon series \\\"Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz\\\", voiced by Grey DeLisle. In\",\n \"title\": \"Glinda the Good Witch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6882372\",\n \"text\": \"historic ABC-TV production of \\\"The Recruiting Officer\\\" (1965), notable as the first play ever performed in the newly founded colony of New South Wales, in 1789. He gained his first starring role in TV as the host of the ABC version of the children's comedy series \\\"Crackerjack\\\" (1966–67), and was a featured cast member for the final season of the satirical sketch series \\\"The Mavis Bramston Show\\\" (1968). During 1964/65 Livermore starred as the Wicked Witch of the West in the \\\"Wizard of Oz\\\" at the Sydney Tivoli, and then played the lead role in \\\"The Knack\\\" for the Phillip\",\n \"title\": \"Reg Livermore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16940231\",\n \"text\": \"project and Margaret Hamilton was cast instead. Still, the similarities between the two films, including the portrayals on their respective witch characters, were such that \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" was at one point advertised as \\\"\\\"Snow White\\\" with live actors.\\\" The Queen inspired main antagonist characters in the otherwise unrelated titles, such as the stepmother queen in the Russian animated film \\\"The Wild Swans\\\" (1962), the Witch Queen in the Spanish film \\\"Tom Thumb and Little Red Riding Hood\\\" (1962), the goddess Venus in the anime version of \\\"Unico\\\", Queen Admira in the American film \\\"The Hugga Bunch\\\" (1985), and\",\n \"title\": \"Evil Queen (Disney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8730352\",\n \"text\": \"Opera Association of St. Louis production of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\", alongside Bob Keeshan as the Wizard of Oz, Natalie Delucia as Dorothy Gale, Lara Teeter as the Scarecrow, Ken Page as the Cowardly Lion, Johnny Sloman as the Tin Man and Marilyn Sokol as the Wicked Witch of the West. Larson was married to actor Rex Hays, who died on September 8, 2006 from cancer; the union produced two sons, Connor and Matthew. Lisby Larson Lisby Larson (born October 23, 1951, Washington, D.C.) is an American film, musical theatre, soap opera and television actress. She made multiple appearances on\",\n \"title\": \"Lisby Larson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3655734\",\n \"text\": \"is forced to flee the city on her broom, but she threatens to return. Oscar tells her he knows her wickedness isn't her doing and if she ever finds the goodness within her, she is welcome to return. However, she refuses and flies off to the West, vowing revenge. The Wicked Witch appears as the main antagonist of the second half of Season Three of \\\"Once Upon a Time\\\" played by Rebecca Mader. This version goes by the name of Zelena (which means \\\"green\\\" in some Slavic languages). Zelena is discovered to be the daughter of the Queen of Hearts/the\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"654685\",\n \"text\": \"kill the Wicked Witch of the West, who rules over Oz's Winkie Country. The Guardian warns them that no one has ever managed to defeat the witch. The Wicked Witch of the West sees the travelers approaching with her one telescopic eye. She sends a pack of wolves to tear them to pieces, but the Tin Woodman kills them with his axe. She sends wild crows to peck their eyes out, but the Scarecrow kills them by breaking their necks. She summons a swarm of black bees to sting them, but they are killed trying to sting the Tin Woodman\",\n \"title\": \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5837917\",\n \"text\": \"also find the magic dinner bell of Jinnicky the Red Jinn, which supplies Peter with needed provisions. The travelers adopt a third member for their party when they meet the doggerel-spouting Snif the Iffin (he's a griffin who has lost his \\\"gr-\\\" and is no longer able to growl). The three then encounter the unfortunate Baron Belfaygor of Bourne. He has been accidentally cursed with a rapidly growing beard that he must constantly cut away. Even worse, his fiancée, the princess Shirley Sunshine, has been kidnapped by the local villain, Mogodore the Mighty, the Baron of Baffleburg. Peter, Belfaygor, Snif,\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566357\",\n \"text\": \"as a fan favorite, Ursula has established herself as one of Disney's most iconic characters; she is widely regarded as one of the studio's \\\"classic\\\" villains. Author Corey Sandler described Ursula as a popular \\\"anti-favorite\\\" in his book \\\"Econoguide Disneyland Resort, Universal Studios Hollywood: And Other Major Southern California Attractions Including Disney's California Adventure\\\". The character's impact as a villainness has ultimately eclipsed those of her predecessors. According to Laura Rosenfeld of Tech Times, Ursula has had the most profound influence out of all animated characters in the Disney canon. The character is considered to be one of the greatest\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15020795\",\n \"text\": \"Wizard was created by Michael Crawford. \\\"Over the Rainbow\\\" runner-up Sophie Evans performed the role of Dorothy on Tuesday evenings and when Hope was ill or on holiday. Hannah Waddingham originated the role of the Wicked Witch of the West and was replaced in September 2011 by her understudy, Marianne Benedict. Hope and Crawford left the production on 5 February 2012. Evans replaced Hope in the role of Dorothy full-time in February 2012, and Russell Grant took over soon afterwards as The Wizard, for 14 weeks. Des O'Connor portrayed The Wizard from May 2012 until the production closed. The musical\",\n \"title\": \"The Wizard of Oz (2011 musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12634255\",\n \"text\": \"Wicked Witch of the South. She awakens after sleeping for a century; her Magical Musical Snuffbox informs her of all the events she has missed in the last hundred years. Armed with this knowledge, Singra sets out to brew a spell of revenge against Dorothy Gale, the main agent of unwelcome change. Grudgingly rescuing a water nymph along the way, she is granted her wish to become impervious to water so that she will not melt like her late cousin, the Wicked Witch of the West. Singra waylays the Scarecrow, and tricks the girl she thinks is Dorothy into drinking\",\n \"title\": \"The Wicked Witch of Oz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3604524\",\n \"text\": \"in the credits, which list him as \\\"Roquat\\\". The Nome King appears in \\\"Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz\\\" portrayed by JP Karliak. His plans to take over the Land of Oz and his fear of chickens remain in intact with the series. Nome King The Nome King is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum. He is introduced in Baum's third Oz book \\\"Ozma of Oz\\\" (1907). He also appears in many of the continuing sequel \\\"Oz\\\" novels also written by Baum. Although the character of the Wicked Witch of the West is the most notable\",\n \"title\": \"Nome King\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3101405\",\n \"text\": \"however, made a guest appearance on the show as a KAOS villain. He appeared in \\\"Thriller\\\" during its second season in 1961. The episode, number six, was entitled \\\"Masquerade\\\" and starred Elizabeth Montgomery. In 1968, Poston played the role of the Scarecrow, at The Municipal Opera Association of St. Louis, production of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". Lana Cantrell played Dorothy Gale, and Betty Low played the Sorceress of the North, also known as Glinda. Poston was a recurring guest star on \\\"The Bob Newhart Show\\\" in the 1970s. He later played the role of Franklin Delano Bickley on \\\"Mork &\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Poston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3655749\",\n \"text\": \"herself, Robyn, Mother Gothel and Nook (the wish realm version of Captain Hook). The Witch of the West appears as one of the main characters in the television series \\\"Emerald City\\\", portrayed by Ana Ularu. Here she is one of the last Cardinal Witches of Oz and the \\\"Mistress of the Western Fields, Vessel of Truth and Solace\\\", along with her sisters Glinda of the North and the Witch of the East. West seemingly obeys the Wizard of Oz's law against magic, owns a brothel in the Emerald City and is a poppy opium addict, deteriorating her magical skill. She\",\n \"title\": \"Wicked Witch of the West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1975930\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\\\" and \\\"Part 2\\\", in which he is portrayed as being a Death Eater even before Scrimgeour's death; there is no mention of the Imperius Curse being used to secure his support. In \\\"Part 2\\\", Thicknesse is killed by Voldemort. Dolores Jane Umbridge was the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, the Senior Undersecretary to the Minister of Magic, and the main antagonist in \\\"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\\\". She is a short, squat woman described as resembling a large pale toad, with \\\"short, curly, mouse-brown hair\\\". She speaks\",\n \"title\": \"Ministry of Magic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9081200\",\n \"text\": \"on Region 1 DVD in the US on October 2, 2007, with bonus features. This followed a two-year process by producer/head writer Bob Booker to clear the rights after finding the original footage of the show which had long been thought lost. The Paul Lynde Halloween Special The Paul Lynde Halloween Special is a Halloween-themed television special starring Paul Lynde broadcast October 29, 1976 on ABC. It featured guest stars Margaret Hamilton in her first reprisal of her role as the Wicked Witch of the West from \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". Also guest starring are Billie Hayes as Witchiepoo from\",\n \"title\": \"The Paul Lynde Halloween Special\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11795138\",\n \"text\": \"a seemingly normal alleyway in Mara's hometown), causing her to follow him in an attempt to get both him and her glove back. Unfortunately, after doing so, she could not find the way back home, and she and Toto were taken in by Selluriah. Toto has a habit of barking ferociously at any and all who annoy him, up to and including a dangerous “pig bear”, Tail, an assassin, Tick Tock, a flock of bats, and the Seven Dwarfs. \\\"Codename: Scarecrow (“Huhsuabee”).\\\" Abee is one of several clones created to be the Witch of the West's “secret weapon”. Unlike the\",\n \"title\": \"Dorothy of Oz (manhwa)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4210707\",\n \"text\": \"to have been created on Earth, which is why it is illegible to the people of Oz. However, being of mixed Ozian and Earthly blood, Elphaba possesses a natural ability to at least partially understand the contents of the book. Elphaba Elphaba Thropp is a fictional character in \\\"\\\" by Gregory Maguire, as well as in the Broadway and West End adaptations, \\\"Wicked\\\". In the original L. Frank Baum book \\\"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\\\", the Wicked Witch of the West is unnamed and little is explained about her life. Elphaba is modeled after the Witch portrayed by Margaret Hamilton\",\n \"title\": \"Elphaba\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7414765\",\n \"text\": \"are perhaps most familiar with his role of Marcelo Desnoyers, the well-intentioned but impractical French upper class father in Rex Ingram's 1921 film \\\"The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse\\\". His career in sound films was somewhat limited and he played in low-budget and action serial type films. He played the villainous Prime Minister Kruel in the 1925 film version of \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". Swickard was the brother of actor Charles Swickard, and the former husband of Broadway actress Margaret Campbell, who on June 27, 1939 was brutally murdered by her adult son from a previous marriage, Campbell McDonald. Nearly\",\n \"title\": \"Josef Swickard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9081194\",\n \"text\": \"The Paul Lynde Halloween Special The Paul Lynde Halloween Special is a Halloween-themed television special starring Paul Lynde broadcast October 29, 1976 on ABC. It featured guest stars Margaret Hamilton in her first reprisal of her role as the Wicked Witch of the West from \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". Also guest starring are Billie Hayes as Witchiepoo from \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\", Tim Conway, Roz Kelly, Florence Henderson, rock band Kiss, Billy Barty as Gallows the Butler, Betty White and, in an unbilled surprise appearance, Donny and Marie Osmond. The special aired only once. Lynde announces to the audience the show is\",\n \"title\": \"The Paul Lynde Halloween Special\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14226878\",\n \"text\": \"(2009) is an eight-issue comic book limited series adapting the L. Frank Baum novel of the same name. The series was written by Eric Shanower with art by Skottie Young and published by Marvel Comics. When Kansas farm girl Dorothy Gale and her pet dog Toto are swept away to the magical Land of Oz in a cyclone, she fatally flattens the Wicked Witch of the East, liberates a talking Scarecrow, meets a Tin Woodman, a Cowardly Lion and is hailed by everyone as a great sorceress! But all Dorothy really wants to know is: how does she get back\",\n \"title\": \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (comics)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"name of bad witch on wizard of oz"}}},{"rowIdx":192,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Five Du-Tones"],"string":"[\n \"The Five Du-Tones\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"7596785","text":"Shake a Tail Feather \"Shake a Tail Feather\" (Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, and Andre Williams) is a song originally recorded in 1963 by the Chicago-based group The Five Du-Tones. (This version was featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 film \"Hairspray\"). A 1967 version by James & Bobby Purify reached #25 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Shake a Tail Feather\" has been covered by many other artists over the years. Ray Charles covered and performed the song during his scenes in the 1980 film \"The Blues Brothers\" in a version that included calls for various 1960s dances, such as the","title":"Shake a Tail Feather"},{"id":"7596787","text":"their 1994 10\" vinyl release \"Audio Recording\". In 2012, one of the songwriters, Andre Williams included the song on his 2012 Alive album, \"Life\". In November 2013 The Overtones recorded the song for their album \"Saturday Night at the Movies\". Other artists who have recorded the song include Ike & Tina Turner with the Ikettes, The Ikettes alone, and imitated as re-created in the film \"What's Love Got to Do with It\", Mitch Ryder, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Tommy James and the Shondells, and The Romantics. Shake a Tail Feather \"Shake a Tail Feather\" (Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, and Andre","title":"Shake a Tail Feather"},{"id":"4000477","text":"Andre Williams Zephire Andre Williams (born November 1, 1936) is an American R&B musician who started his career in the 1950s at Fortune Records in Detroit. His most famous songs include the hits \"Jail Bait,\" \"Greasy Chicken,\" \"Bacon Fat\" (1957) and \"Cadillac Jack\" (1966). He is also the co-author of the R&B hit \"Shake a Tail Feather\". Born in Bessemer, Alabama, United States, Williams lived in a housing project with his mother until she died when he was six years of age. A sly and smart young boy, his \"aunties\" raised him until he was around 16. He then set","title":"Andre Williams"},{"id":"7596786","text":"Twist, the Monkey, The Fly, The Swim, The Frug and the Mashed Potato, The Boogaloo to be performed by a crowd gathered outside Ray's Music Exchange. The song was covered by The Cheetah Girls for the 2005 Walt Disney Pictures film, \"Chicken Little\". The Kingsmen included the song on their 1966 \"The Kingsmen Up And Away\" album. The Monkees performed the song in 1968 on the band's television special, \"33 Revolutions Per Monkee\". Hanson included the song in a medley with \"Gimme Some Lovin'\" on their 1998 release, \"Live from Albertane\". Japanese garage punk band Teengenerate recorded the song for","title":"Shake a Tail Feather"},{"id":"11678787","text":"and \"The Woodbine Twine\". The last Five Du-Tones single, a ballad called \"Mountain of Love\" was released in 1966; they disbanded in 1967. The group's lead singer, Andrew Butler, eventually moved to Los Angeles and joined a latter-day version of The Rivingtons. After their dissolution due to illness, Butler worked in various versions of other 1950s doo-wop groups such as Billy Richard's Coasters and The Robins. \"Shake a Tail Feather\" was covered by Ray Charles together with the Blues Brothers and featured in a prominent choreography scene in The Blues Brothers film (1980). It was also featured on the soundtrack","title":"The Five Du-Tones"},{"id":"11678785","text":"Leaner's One-derful Records. \"Please Change Your Mind\" failed to chart, as did \"Come Back Baby\". The group's third release in 1963 finally got them noticed: \"Shake a Tail Feather\" (co-written by Andre Williams and Otha Hayes) was played on R&B stations across the country, but it failed to make the sales and chart position the airplay justified. The track peaked at #28 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart, and #51 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The group continued to record fun dance tunes that helped bridge the gap between doo-wop and soul music. 1963's \"The Chicken Astronaut\" was an exemplary","title":"The Five Du-Tones"},{"id":"14293344","text":"Sweets and Other Stories Sweets and Other Stories is the 2009 debut novel by soul singer Andre Williams. It features an introduction by author Nick Tosches and an editor's note by Miriam Linna of Kicks Books. Since the 1950s Williams has been a singer, songwriter and producer. He recorded for Fortune Records and did work with Motown Records. He is best known for his sleazy R&B singles - \"Jail Bait\" and \"Bacon Fat.\" He also co-wrote The Five Du-Tones' 1963 hit \"Shake a Tail Feather\". Prior to starting this novel, during a bout of depression, Williams entered a 42-day program","title":"Sweets and Other Stories"},{"id":"18094196","text":"pair's recordings as James & Bobby Purify, including the hits \"I'm Your Puppet\" - written by Dan Penn and Spooner Oldham - and \"Shake A Tail Feather\", which was the first of Schroeder's productions to be recorded at Chips Moman's American Sound Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Schroeder also co-wrote several of the Purifys' recordings, and recorded two albums with the pair. He also recorded and produced soul singer Oscar Toney, Jr.. In 1968, he built his own studio in Pensacola, but failed to recruit the musicians to make it successful. After disagreements with James Purify, he closed down his record","title":"Papa Don Schroeder"},{"id":"2341292","text":"Sun Records (this recording was not released until the 1990s) and as a 1956 single for RCA Victor, although it was not a major hit. Both versions by Elvis mixed Haley's and Turner's lyrics with a faster-paced version of Haley's arrangement. Although the commercially released 1956 version used Turner's \"bed\" version of the opening verse, alternate takes released by RCA in the 1990s indicate Presley originally intended to begin the song with Haley's \"kitchen\" verse. Introduced by Cleveland disc jockey, Bill Randle, Presley, Scotty Moore, Bill Black, and D.J. Fontana performed the song in medley with the similar \"Flip, Flop","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"10692775","text":"as the title track for his 1992 album \"Boom Boom\" with Jimmie Vaughan. English rock band the Animals recorded \"Boom Boom\" for their 1964 UK debut album \"The Animals\". Their blues-rock rendition generally follows John Lee Hooker's original, although they add \"shake it baby\" as a response to the \"come on and shake\" refrain in the middle section, taken from Hooker's \"Shake It Baby\" (recorded during the 1962 American Folk Blues Festival tour in Europe, where it became a hit in 1963). The Animals' version was released as a single in North America in November 1964. It reached number 43","title":"Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)"},{"id":"5082868","text":"Peaches & Herb Peaches & Herb are an American vocalist duo. Herb Fame (born October 1, 1942) has remained a constant as \"Herb\" since the duo was created in 1966; seven different women have filled the role of \"Peaches\", most notably Francine \"Peaches\" Hurd Barker (April 28, 1947 – August 13, 2005), the original \"Peaches\" who lent her nickname to the duo, and Linda Greene, the third \"Peaches\" who appeared on the duo's biggest hits \"Shake Your Groove Thing\" (1978) and \"Reunited\" (1979). Herb Fame (born Herbert Feemster, October 1, 1942, in Anacostia, Washington, D.C.), sang in church and neighborhood","title":"Peaches & Herb"},{"id":"8683566","text":"biggest hit, they had several further successes on both the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and R&B chart in the US in the late 1960s, including a revival of \"Shake a Tail Feather\", originally by The Five Du-Tones, and \"Let Love Come Between Us\". Oliver's cover of the twosome's 1968 hit \"I Can Remember\" reached the top 25 of the Billboard Easy Listening Chart in the mid summer of 1970. The duo continued to record and tour together until 1971, when Dickey retired from the music business for health reasons and returned to Tallahassee, where he worked as a city maintenance supervisor","title":"James & Bobby Purify"},{"id":"2341293","text":"and Fly\" on the January 28, 1956 broadcast of the Dorsey Brothers Stage Show (Haley's \"kitchen\" opening verse was sung). Presley recorded the song with these same musicians. Bill Black and Scotty Moore had played with Elvis from his first sessions at Sun Studios. DJ joined the group late in 1954. These personnel performed and recorded with Elvis throughout 1955 and 1956. The song was released on September 8, 1956. Elvis sang lead vocal, and played rhythm guitar. Scotty Moore played lead guitar. Bill Black played stand-up bass. And D.J. Fontana provided percussion. Scotty, Bill and DJ also provide vocals","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"2341279","text":"Shake, Rattle and Roll \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" is a twelve bar blues-form song, written in 1954 by Jesse Stone under his songwriting pseudonym of Charles E. Calhoun. It was originally recorded by Big Joe Turner and most successfully by Bill Haley & His Comets. The song as sung by Big Joe Turner is ranked #127 on the \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In early 1954, Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records suggested to Jesse Stone that he write an up-tempo blues for Big Joe Turner, a blues shouter whose career had begun in","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"5792093","text":"Shake Ya Tailfeather \"Shake Ya Tailfeather\" is a song recorded by American rappers Nelly, P. Diddy and Murphy Lee. It was released in 2003 from the \"Bad Boys II Soundtrack\". It topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart, giving Nelly his third number one on the chart, P. Diddy's fourth, and Lee's first. The song was also included on Lee's debut album, \"Murphy's Law\". The song won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2004 Grammy Awards. US Promo Europe Promo Europe Single Europe Vinyl, 12\" The video (directed by Benny Boom) features","title":"Shake Ya Tailfeather"},{"id":"10503590","text":"Shake Your Groove Thing \"Shake Your Groove Thing\" is a song by disco duo Peaches & Herb. The single reached No. 5 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and No. 4 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Chart. It also reached No. 2 for four weeks on the \"Billboard\" Disco chart in 1978. The song spent 22 weeks on the American charts, and became a Gold record. The song was their first return to the charts in seven years. It was their first hit with the third \"Peaches\", Linda Greene. \"Shake Your Groove Thing\" has been featured prominently in many films such","title":"Shake Your Groove Thing"},{"id":"11697954","text":"Shake (Sam Cooke song) \"Shake\" is a song written and recorded by Sam Cooke. It was recorded at the last recording session Cooke had before his death in December 10, 1964. In the U.S., the song became a posthumous Top 10 hit for Cooke, peaking at number seven in February 1965. The song was also recorded by Eric Burdon and The Animals, Otis Redding, Ike and Tina Turner, Rod Stewart, and The Supremes on \"We Remember Sam Cooke\" (1965). Redding's version was elected to the \"500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll \" by the Rock and Roll Hall of","title":"Shake (Sam Cooke song)"},{"id":"5082873","text":"was recorded for MCA Records and produced by Van McCoy, but it generated only one charted hit, \"We're Still Together\". Peaches & Herb signed with MVP/Polydor and under the management of Paul J. Cohn, released \"2 Hot\", which went gold. The album's first single, \"Shake Your Groove Thing\", went gold and peaked at #5 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in March 1979. The follow-up single, viewed as the album's \"secret weapon\" by producer/songwriter Freddie Perren, was the triple platinum hit \"Reunited\". This song, evoking the 1960s Peaches & Herb hit \"United\" (originally recorded and made a hit by The Intruders),","title":"Peaches & Herb"},{"id":"2341297","text":"Sam Cooke, Snooks Eaglin, Willy DeVille, Johnny Horton, The Swinging Blue Jeans, Chubby Checker, Fats Domino, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry, NRBQ, Huey Lewis and the News, Doc Watson, Billy Swan and Buddy Holly. The song was also performed by the Ray Ellington Quartet in the episode \"1985\" (a parody of George Orwell's \"1984\") of the BBC radio comedy series, \"The Goon Show\". Jools Holland recorded a big band version for his 2008 album, \"The Collection\". Shake, Rattle and Roll \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" is a twelve bar blues-form song, written in 1954 by Jesse Stone under his songwriting pseudonym","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"10320411","text":"as the No. 3 song for 1987. It was a hit across the Atlantic Ocean, as well, peaking at number six in the UK Singles Chart (spending a total of 13 weeks on that chart from 22 November 1986). It was not intended as the original single to promote the album, as \"I Got the Feeling\" was scheduled to be the first single. It was postponed as the follow-up, peaking at #56. Shake You Down \"Shake You Down\" is a song by American R&B artist, writer and producer Gregory Abbott. It was released in September 1986 as the lead single","title":"Shake You Down"},{"id":"2015127","text":"Big Mama Thornton Willie Mae Thornton (December 11, 1926 – July 25, 1984) better known as Big Mama Thornton, was an American rhythm-and-blues singer and songwriter. She was the first to record Leiber and Stoller's \"Hound Dog\", in 1952, which became her biggest hit, staying seven weeks at number one on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart in 1953 and selling almost two million copies. Thornton's other recordings included the original version of \"Ball 'n' Chain\", which she wrote. Thornton's performances were characterized by her deep, powerful voice and strong sense of self. She was given her nickname, \"Big Mama,\" by Frank","title":"Big Mama Thornton"},{"id":"19244375","text":"by Detroit's Mitch Ryder, backed by \"Shake a Tail Feather\" on the B-side. Facing the prospect of the Vietnam draft after graduation, Jim Kohler joined the Air Force and Dave Hickey followed suit. The band continued with modified lineups for several more years, but with the constant grind of touring finally taking its toll, the band broke up in the early 1970s. Herb Gross started an advertising firm and has been active with it for many years. Jim Kohler became involved the printing business. The Invictas had a brief and temporary reunion in the 1980. In 2004, Herb Gross and","title":"The Invictas"},{"id":"2015148","text":"Source: Big Mama Thornton Willie Mae Thornton (December 11, 1926 – July 25, 1984) better known as Big Mama Thornton, was an American rhythm-and-blues singer and songwriter. She was the first to record Leiber and Stoller's \"Hound Dog\", in 1952, which became her biggest hit, staying seven weeks at number one on the \"Billboard\" R&B chart in 1953 and selling almost two million copies. Thornton's other recordings included the original version of \"Ball 'n' Chain\", which she wrote. Thornton's performances were characterized by her deep, powerful voice and strong sense of self. She was given her nickname, \"Big Mama,\" by","title":"Big Mama Thornton"},{"id":"5164741","text":"peaked at #9 on the pop charts. It is sometimes considered to be the first doo-wop or rock 'n' roll record to reach the top ten on the pop charts (as opposed to the R&B charts). This version was ranked #215 on \"Rolling Stone\"'s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and is the group's only song on the list. A more traditional version was made by a Canadian group, the Crew-Cuts (with the David Carroll Orchestra), for Mercury Records and was #1 on the \"Billboard\" charts for nine weeks during August and September 1954. The single first","title":"Sh-Boom"},{"id":"14022449","text":"Shake for the Sheik \"Shake for the Sheik\" is a song by English pop-rock band The Escape Club, from their 1988 album \"Wild Wild West\". Written by the band members and produced by Chris Kimsey, the song was released as the album's second single and reached number 28 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in January 1989. \"Shake for the Sheik\", the follow-up to the U.S. number one hit \"Wild, Wild West\", was released as a single in November 1988. The song entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart at number 81 in December. The song spent five weeks","title":"Shake for the Sheik"},{"id":"7406741","text":"Desdemona (John's Children song) \"Desdemona\" is a song by the English cult band John's Children. It was released in 1967 and failed to chart in Britain, possibly due to the fact it was banned by the BBC for the controversial lyric (\"lift up your skirt and fly\"). However, the song was a minor hit in Europe. The song was composed by Marc Bolan, who at the time was a member of John's Children. It was later covered by Radio Stars (featuring former John's Children singer Andy Ellison) (1978), Marsha Hunt (1969) and The Jam were known to have played the","title":"Desdemona (John's Children song)"},{"id":"2341281","text":"\"Roll The Bones\" by the Excelsior Quartette in 1922. Turner's version was recorded in New York on February 15, 1954. The shouting chorus on his version consisted of Jesse Stone, and record label executives Jerry Wexler and Ahmet Ertegün. The saxophone solo was by Sam \"The Man\" Taylor. Other players included McHouston \"Mickey\" Baker (\"Love is Strange\") on guitar and drummer Connie Kay (later from the Modern Jazz Quartet). Turner's recording was released in April 1954, reached #1 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart on June 12, did not move for three weeks, and peaked at #22, nearly at the","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"8252391","text":"Shake Your Love \"Shake Your Love\" (Atlantic 89187, Atlantic UK A9187) is the second single by American singer-songwriter-actress Debbie Gibson, and the lead off single for her album \"Out of the Blue\" (LP 81780). Originally recorded in the spring of 1987, the song is written by Gibson and produced by Fred Zarr and engineered by Don Feinberg for BiZarr Music, Inc., with Douglas Breitbart as executive producer. It was released in September 1987 and reached No. 4 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart in December that year. It was her breakthrough single in the UK, reaching No. 7","title":"Shake Your Love"},{"id":"4496459","text":"the documentaries \"Woodstock\" (1970) and \"Festival Express\" (2003). Sha Na Na also appeared in the 1978 film \"Grease\" (an adaptation of the 1971 Broadway musical of the same name) as a 1950s band called Johnny Casino and the Gamblers. Their tracks on the film and include two songs from the original 1971 musical: \"Those Magic Changes\" and \"Born to Hand Jive;\" as well as four songs from the early rock and roll era: versions of Elvis Presley's covers of \"Hound Dog\" (1956) and \"Blue Moon\" (1956), a cover of the Imperials' \"Tears on My Pillow\" (1958), and a cover of","title":"Sha Na Na"},{"id":"2341296","text":"top 10 hit single in the 1980s. Stone/Calhoun is also credited as the writer of \"Rattle My Bones\", a 1956 recording by The Jodimars (made up of former members of the Comets), that used a similar verse structure and a chorus that went, \"We're gonna rattle, gonna shake, gonna rattle, gonna shake\". Count Basie and Joe Williams recorded versions; the latter's was released in 1959. Other notable recordings of \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" include a version by Arthur Conley which was a hit in 1967, as well as cover versions of Turner's and Haley's arrangements by Buzz Clifford, The Beatles,","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"14022451","text":"do.\" Shake for the Sheik \"Shake for the Sheik\" is a song by English pop-rock band The Escape Club, from their 1988 album \"Wild Wild West\". Written by the band members and produced by Chris Kimsey, the song was released as the album's second single and reached number 28 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in January 1989. \"Shake for the Sheik\", the follow-up to the U.S. number one hit \"Wild, Wild West\", was released as a single in November 1988. The song entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 singles chart at number 81 in December. The song spent five","title":"Shake for the Sheik"},{"id":"2341280","text":"Kansas City before World War II. Stone played around with various phrases before coming up with \"shake, rattle and roll\". (Stone used his real name for ASCAP songs, while using the name \"Charles Calhoun\" for BMI-registered songs, such as \"Shake, Rattle and Roll,\" through Atlantic's house publishers, Progressive Music, Inc.-BMI) However, the phrase had been used in earlier songs. In 1910, vaudeville performer \"Baby\" Franklin Seals published \"You Got to Shake, Rattle and Roll\", a ragtime tune about gambling with dice, in New Orleans; in 1919, Al Bernard recorded a version of the song. The phrase is also heard in","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"11641863","text":"Shake Your Head \"Shake Your Head\" is a song by the band Was (Not Was). It was originally released in 1983 on the album \"Born to Laugh at Tornadoes\". In 1992, it was re-recorded and remixed by house music producer Steve \"Silk\" Hurley, and features actress Kim Basinger alongside a re-recorded Ozzy Osbourne on vocals. It appeared on the group's compilation album, \"Hello Dad... I'm in Jail\". The original version features Black Sabbath singer Ozzy Osbourne on lead vocals. A pre-fame Madonna had auditioned for the vocal but was not used on the final release. In 1992, it was re-recorded","title":"Shake Your Head"},{"id":"8837710","text":"and it sold widely over a long period\". The Rolling Stones recorded the song for their album \"Exile on Main St.\". It was Mick Jagger's idea to record it for the album. The Stones recorded this in London, but reworked it at Keith Richards' villa in the South of France, where the band was staying on their \"exile.\" It was recorded to sound like a '50s record. The song has been recorded by many artists, including Love Sculpture for their 1968 album \"Blues Helping\". Other renditions include those by the Legendary Shack Shakers on \"Cockadoodledon't\" (2003) and Joan Osborne on","title":"Shake Your Hips"},{"id":"10912694","text":"Goolies\", he released the song \"Chick-A-Boom\", originally written for the show. Monda put together a backup band of studio musicians, including Tom Hensley, who later became the musical director for Neil Diamond, and Butch Rillera, who later became a member of the group Redbone, and recorded a version of the song, retitled \"Chick-A-Boom (Don't Ya Jes' Love It)\". The tune, which was distributed by Sunflower Records, became a top ten hit in the United States, peaking on the Billboard Pop Singles chart at #9 in 1971, and #3 on Cashbox. Other charted records include \"Fox Huntin' on the Weekend\", \"Chantilly","title":"Daddy Dewdrop"},{"id":"18975631","text":"\"Get Like You Used to Be\" and \"World Turning\". Personnel (Mick Fleetwood version) Rattlesnake Shake \"Rattlesnake Shake\" is a song by British rock group Fleetwood Mac, written by guitarist Peter Green, which first appeared on the band's 1969 album \"Then Play On\". The track was considered the high point of its parent album, and was one of the band's crowd-favorites in the late 1960s. Although \"Oh Well\" was a hit in the UK, the song was not the group's first single released in the United States. Instead, Clifford Davis, who was Fleetwood Mac's manager at the time, selected \"Rattlesnake Shake\"","title":"Rattlesnake Shake"},{"id":"15455049","text":"Roll Vol. 2\" (1978), Jerry Lee Lewis (1999), and Ellis Hall for the \"Chicken Run\" soundtrack (2000). Flip, Flop and Fly \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" is a song recorded by Big Joe Turner in 1955. Called a \"prototypical rocker\", \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" has been recorded by a variety of artists, including early rock and roll performers such as Elvis Presley. \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" has an arrangement similar to Big Joe Turner's 1954 number one R&B chart hit \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\". Music critic Cub Koda suggests that \"leftover verses [from the 'Shake, Rattle and Roll' recording session] were","title":"Flip, Flop and Fly"},{"id":"7406742","text":"song live. Desdemona (John's Children song) \"Desdemona\" is a song by the English cult band John's Children. It was released in 1967 and failed to chart in Britain, possibly due to the fact it was banned by the BBC for the controversial lyric (\"lift up your skirt and fly\"). However, the song was a minor hit in Europe. The song was composed by Marc Bolan, who at the time was a member of John's Children. It was later covered by Radio Stars (featuring former John's Children singer Andy Ellison) (1978), Marsha Hunt (1969) and The Jam were known to have","title":"Desdemona (John's Children song)"},{"id":"4752030","text":"Blues music, as in \"[[Good Rockin' Tonight]]\" by [[Roy Brown (blues musician)|Roy Brown]]. In the 1950s, rock and roll musicians began producing direct covers of boogie woogie and R&B stars, for example \"[[Shake Rattle and Roll]]\" by Big Joe Turner (covered by [[Bill Haley and his Comets]] in 1954) and \"[[Hound Dog (song)|Hound Dog]]\" by [[Big Mama Thornton]] (covered by [[Elvis Presley]] in 1956), and their own original works like [[Chuck Berry]]'s \"[[Maybellene]]\" in 1955. The early 1940s saw the first major commercial success for Appalachian folk. Singers like [[Pete Seeger]] emerged, in groups like the [[Almanac Singers]] and [[The","title":"Music history of the United States"},{"id":"5023809","text":"released on the deluxe edition of the Michael Jackson's \"Immortal\" album. The song was sampled by reggae fusion artist Shaggy for his 2000 single \"Dance & Shout\". It was also sampled by rapper Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock on their song \"Get on the Dance Floor\". Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\" is a song recorded by The Jacksons for their 1978 album \"Destiny\", and released as a single in 1979. It peaked at No. 7 in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in May 1979. The most successful of the Jacksons' recordings","title":"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"},{"id":"8788821","text":"the song away from much of the jazz influenced midsection to more of a nightclub sound and concluded the tune with a short piano section. That version attained #5 in the UK, #10 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, and #1 on the US Easy Listening chart. In 1966, North Hollywood singer Shelby Flint released a version of the song. The West Coast folk-rock bands We Five and The Sandpipers, along with pop singer Johnny Rivers, recorded vocal versions of the song, and there were further instrumental recordings from Earl Klugh, George Benson, David Benoit, Chet Atkins, George Winston","title":"Cast Your Fate to the Wind"},{"id":"15455046","text":"Flip, Flop and Fly \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" is a song recorded by Big Joe Turner in 1955. Called a \"prototypical rocker\", \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" has been recorded by a variety of artists, including early rock and roll performers such as Elvis Presley. \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" has an arrangement similar to Big Joe Turner's 1954 number one R&B chart hit \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\". Music critic Cub Koda suggests that \"leftover verses [from the 'Shake, Rattle and Roll' recording session] were then recycled into Turner's follow-up hit, 'Flip, Flop and Fly. Both are up-tempo twelve-bar blues with a","title":"Flip, Flop and Fly"},{"id":"10320409","text":"Shake You Down \"Shake You Down\" is a song by American R&B artist, writer and producer Gregory Abbott. It was released in September 1986 as the lead single from his debut album. It became Abbott's biggest hit and was certified platinum by the RIAA. Abbott went on the chart with several other songs as well. The track is also featured in the 2007 film \"Are We Done Yet?\" Gregory Abbott wrote the song along with over thirty others before striking a record deal with CBS. He recorded a demo tape and chose the best three. According to \"Billboard\", the song","title":"Shake You Down"},{"id":"2341291","text":"his version she is directed to \"roll my breakfast cause I'm a hungry man\". In other words, she has spent the night with the singer in both versions. When Joe Turner performed the song in the 1955 film \"Rock 'n' Roll Revue\", he chose to sing the Bill Haley version of the opening verse. Both versions sold over one million copies, making \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" the first giant rock 'n' roll hit. Elvis Presley recorded the song twice in a studio setting: a demo recorded at radio station KDAV in Lubbock, Texas in January 1955 while under contract with","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"2341295","text":"of a medley with \"Flip, Flop and Fly\". Both Joe Turner (who co-wrote the song) and Bill Haley recorded this song in several versions, though Haley failed to score a hit with any of his recordings of it. Other songs inspired by \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" include \"Bark, Battle and Ball\" by The Platters (a direct answer song from the woman's point of view), and \"Bumpety Bump (Hop, Skip, and Jump)\" by Smiley Lewis. Others in the same family include \"Jump and Jive and Wail\" by Louis Prima and \"Rock This Town\" by the Stray Cats, a US and UK","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"9773426","text":"Raise Your Hand \"Raise Your Hand\" is a song written by Steve Cropper, Eddie Floyd, and Alvertis Isbell (Al Bell). It was recorded by Floyd and appeared on his 1967 debut album \"Knock on Wood\". It was released as a single that year, where it reached #16 on the Black Singles Chart and #79 on the Pop Singles Chart. The song was part of Janis Joplin's concert repertoire and was performed by her at the 1969 Woodstock Festival. Her rendition of the song later appeared on the 1993 compilation \"Janis\". It was also played by The J. Geils Band, and","title":"Raise Your Hand"},{"id":"6033158","text":"Pat and Mick Pat and Mick were a British vocal duo, consisting of popular radio personalities Pat Sharp and Mick Brown, both of whom are from London. They released a charity single, a cover version, each year from 1988 to 1993, achieving a top 10 hit with their 1989 single. The royalties from their record sales were donated to Capital FM's 'Help A London Child' charity. All their singles were produced by Stock Aitken & Waterman, except \"Shake Your Groove Thing\" and \"Hot Hot Hot\", both of which were produced by Stock & Waterman. With their last single released in","title":"Pat and Mick"},{"id":"2721220","text":"Without You (Badfinger song) \"Without You\" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album \"No Dice\". The power ballad has been recorded by over 180 artists, and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international best-sellers. Paul McCartney once described the ballad as \"the killer song of all time\". In 1972, writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. First recorded by the rock group Badfinger, the song was composed by","title":"Without You (Badfinger song)"},{"id":"2341289","text":"elder musician for a series of recordings in Mexico, although apparently Haley and Turner did not record a duet version of \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\". Haley acknowledged Turner's version in later years by incorporating more of the original lyrics into his live performances, including adding the verse with the lines \"I've been over the hill and I've been way down underneath\" which was omitted from Haley's original recording, when he recorded the song for Stuart Colman's BBC Radio program in October 1979. When he performed the song at the Bitter End club in New York City in 1969 for his","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"2341284","text":"of the song, recorded on June 7, 1954 (the same week Turner's version first topped the R&B charts), featured the following members of the Comets: Johnny Grande (piano), Billy Williamson (rhythm guitar), Marshall Lytle (bass), and Joey Ambrose (saxophone). It is known that Danny Cedrone, a session musician who frequently worked for Haley, played lead guitar, but there is controversy over who played drums. Music reference books indicate that it was Panama Francis, a noted jazz drummer who worked with Haley's producer, Milt Gabler, however in a letter written in the early 1980s, Gabler denied this and said the drummer","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"5164740","text":"Sh-Boom \"Sh-Boom\" (sometimes referred to as \"Life Could Be a Dream\") is an early doo-wop song. It was written by James Keyes, Claude Feaster, Carl Feaster, Floyd F. McRae, and James Edwards, members of the R&B vocal group the Chords and published in 1954. It was a U.S. top ten hit that year for both the Chords (who first recorded the song) and the Crew-Cuts. The song was first recorded on Atlantic Records' subsidiary label Cat Records by the Chords on March 15, 1954 and would be their only hit song. \"Sh-Boom\" reached #2 on the \"Billboard\" R&B charts and","title":"Sh-Boom"},{"id":"10503592","text":"season episode \"Hitchin' a Ride\" and on the series' soundtrack album, \"Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Mix Vol. 1 (Music from the Animated Television Series)\". The song is played also in Shrek 4, by Pied Piper Shake Your Groove Thing \"Shake Your Groove Thing\" is a song by disco duo Peaches & Herb. The single reached No. 5 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and No. 4 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Chart. It also reached No. 2 for four weeks on the \"Billboard\" Disco chart in 1978. The song spent 22 weeks on the American charts, and became a","title":"Shake Your Groove Thing"},{"id":"5023805","text":"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\" is a song recorded by The Jacksons for their 1978 album \"Destiny\", and released as a single in 1979. It peaked at No. 7 in the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in May 1979. The most successful of the Jacksons' recordings for Epic, \"Shake Your Body\" (originally demoed as \"Shake a Body\") was produced by the Jackson brothers, written by Randy and Michael, and featured Michael on lead vocals. The chorus \"let's dance/let's shout (shout)/shake your body down to the ground\" was inspired by an ad-lib from Marvin","title":"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)"},{"id":"700294","text":"LaVern Baker had a No. 4 R&B hit with \"Tweedlee Dee\", but a rival version by Georgia Gibbs went to No. 2 on the pop chart. Big Joe Turner's April 1954 release \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" was a No. 1 R&B hit, but it only reached No. 22 on the pop chart while Bill Haley & His Comets's version reached No. 7, selling over one million copies, become the bestselling song of the year for Decca. In July 1954, Wexler and Ertegun wrote a prescient article for \"Cash Box\" devoted to what they called \"cat music\"; the same month, Atlantic","title":"Atlantic Records"},{"id":"15455047","text":"strong backbeat. \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" reached number two on \"Billboard\" magazine's R&B chart in 1955, less than one year after \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\". Accompanying Turner on vocals are the song's writer Jesse Stone on piano, Al Sears on tenor sax, Connie Kay on drums, and unidentified trumpet, alto sax, baritone sax, guitar, and bass players. Turner subsequently recorded several live versions of the song. The song appeared on the 1957 album \"Rock & Roll\" (Atlantic: 8005). Elvis Presley performed \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" during his first television appearance on January 28, 1956. It was included with a medley","title":"Flip, Flop and Fly"},{"id":"4974781","text":"Doreen Chanter Doreen Chanter is a British singer best known as a member of the Chanter Sisters and for her work as a backing vocalist and session vocalist during the 1970s and 1980s. Chanter started as a member of a group called the Chanters in 1967 with her sister Irene Chanter and her five brothers, releasing four singles which failed to chart. In 1968, the Chanter sisters became a duo initially known as Birds of a Feather. The duo released four singles between 1967 and 1972 but none of them achieved chart success. Their first album was \"Birds of a","title":"Doreen Chanter"},{"id":"6981627","text":"1953 he wrote Ray Charles' hit \"Losing Hand\" (1953), and also wrote \"Money Honey\", which became the first hit record for The Drifters, topping the national R&B chart for 11 weeks. The following year, he arranged \"Sh-Boom\" by The Chords. On Ertegün's advice, Stone used the pseudonym of Charles E. Calhoun, a name appropriated from an unknowing local builder, on his BMI tunes to avoid conflict with his membership in the other music licensing society, ASCAP. His best-known composition as Calhoun was \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\". The song was first recorded by Big Joe Turner in 1954 for Atlantic and","title":"Jesse Stone"},{"id":"17161446","text":"I ever heard a song of mine being played over the air...wow!\" A commercially unsuccessful British cover version was released in 1963 by Jimmy Powell. The song was also recorded by American rock and roll group Sha Na Na in 1969, and by British group Showaddywaddy in 1979. Showaddywaddy's version reached no. 17 on the UK singles chart. This song was featured in the 1993 film \"Bronx Tale\". Remember Then \"Remember Then\" is a pop song written by Tony Powers and Beverly Ross, and first recorded in 1962 by doo-wop vocal group The Earls. Original copies of The Earls' version,","title":"Remember Then"},{"id":"6033160","text":"presented the Weekend Breakfast slot on Smooth Radio. Credits: Pat and Mick Pat and Mick were a British vocal duo, consisting of popular radio personalities Pat Sharp and Mick Brown, both of whom are from London. They released a charity single, a cover version, each year from 1988 to 1993, achieving a top 10 hit with their 1989 single. The royalties from their record sales were donated to Capital FM's 'Help A London Child' charity. All their singles were produced by Stock Aitken & Waterman, except \"Shake Your Groove Thing\" and \"Hot Hot Hot\", both of which were produced by","title":"Pat and Mick"},{"id":"6422305","text":"John's Children John's Children were a 1960s pop art/mod rock band from Leatherhead, England that briefly featured future T. Rex frontman Marc Bolan. John's Children were known for their outrageous live performances and were booted off a tour with The Who in Germany in 1967 when they upstaged the headliners. Their 1967 single \"Desdemona\", a Bolan composition, was banned by the BBC because of the controversial lyric, \"Lift up your skirt and fly.\" Their US record label delayed the release of their album, \"Orgasm\" for four years from its recording date due to objections from Daughters of the American Revolution.","title":"John's Children"},{"id":"15804651","text":"Tailspin (1934 song) Tailspin is a 1934 song written by Jimmy Dorsey and Frankie Trumbauer. The song was released by Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra featuring Frankie Trumbauer in 1934 on Victor and by The Dorsey Brothers Orchestra in 1935 as a Decca single. The Dorsey Brothers Orchestra recorded the song on February 6, 1935 in New York and released it as a 78 single in 1935 on Decca Records, 560B. The record was re-released in 1942 as Decca 4202B, Matrix # 39342. The song was published in 1934 by Robbins Music in New York. Frankie Trumbauer recorded the first","title":"Tailspin (1934 song)"},{"id":"8837708","text":"Shake Your Hips \"Shake Your Hips\" (sometimes known as \"Hip Shake\") is a song written by Louisiana bluesman Slim Harpo. He recorded it in February 1966 for producer J. D. Miller for a follow-up single to his hugely successful \"Baby Scratch My Back\". Miller's Excello Records released it as a single in June 1966 and in October, the song became the lead track for Slim Harpo's 1966 album \"Baby Scratch My Back\", which was a long-term release in Excello's catalogue. Slim Harpo biographer Martin Hawkins describes it as a \"dance-instruction song [with a] fast-paced, hypnotic shoeshine beat\". He notes contributions","title":"Shake Your Hips"},{"id":"5328788","text":"The Continental (song) \"The Continental\" is a song written by Con Conrad with lyrics by Herb Magidson, and was introduced by Ginger Rogers in the 1934 film, \"The Gay Divorcee\". \"The Continental\" was the first song to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Major record hits at the time of introduction included Jolly Coburn and Leo Reisman. In 1952 Harry James released a recording on the album \"Hollywood's Best\" (Columbia B-319 and CL-6224) with Rosemary Clooney on vocals. A later version by Maureen McGovern reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart in 1976. Steve Howe recorded it","title":"The Continental (song)"},{"id":"2721237","text":"the Ivor Novello Awards. Sources Without You (Badfinger song) \"Without You\" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album \"No Dice\". The power ballad has been recorded by over 180 artists, and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international best-sellers. Paul McCartney once described the ballad as \"the killer song of all time\". In 1972, writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. First recorded by the rock group Badfinger,","title":"Without You (Badfinger song)"},{"id":"2341294","text":"for the chorus, as can be seen clearly in the recordings of the broadcast, rather than the Jordanaires, who began working with Elvis after he left Sun for RCA, but months after the Dorsey Brothers performance. DJ is on record saying \"That's the first and last time he let us sing. I can't blame him for that.\" Shorty Long played piano on the RCA recording. Stone (as Calhoun) later co-wrote \"Flip, Flop and Fly\" which was musically similar to \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" and followed the same simple verse-chorus form. Presley performed \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" on television as part","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"9151192","text":"Gee (The Crows song) \"Gee\", released in June 1953 by The Crows, is a song which has been credited as the first rock and roll hit by a rock and roll group. It is a doo-wop song, written by William Davis and Viola Watkins, and recorded by the Crows on the independent label, Rama Records, at Beltone Studios in New York City in February 1953. It charted in April 1954, one year later. It took a year to get recognized on \"Your Hit Parade\". It landed No.2 on the rhythm and blues chart and No. 14 on the pop chart.","title":"Gee (The Crows song)"},{"id":"4584595","text":"Freddie Perren Frederick James \"Freddie\" Perren (May 15, 1943 – December 16, 2004) was an American songwriter, record producer, arranger, and orchestra conductor. He co-wrote and co-produced songs including \"Boogie Fever\" by the Sylvers, \"I Will Survive\" by Gloria Gaynor, and \"Shake Your Groove Thing\" by Peaches & Herb. Perren was born on May 15, 1943, in Englewood, New Jersey, and graduated from Englewood's Dwight Morrow High School with future songwriting partners Fonce and Larry Mizell in 1961. Perren attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. graduating in 1966. It was here he met future Capitol Records R&B A&R executive Larkin","title":"Freddie Perren"},{"id":"11259366","text":"Shake Ya Ass \"Shake Ya Ass\", also known by its clean title, \"Shake It Fast\", is the 1st single released from American rapper Mystikal's album, \"Let's Get Ready\". It also featured uncredited vocals from Pharrell. It was released July 18, 2000 and produced by The Neptunes. It was a huge success for Mystikal, peaking at #13 on the Billboard Hot 100, #3 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and #7 on the Hot Rap Singles. Both the song and music video (directed by Little X) received heavy airplay and it has arguably become Mystikal's most well-known song. \"Shake Ya Ass\" was","title":"Shake Ya Ass"},{"id":"2341282","text":"same time, on the Billboard pop chart (subsequently billed as the \"Billboard\" Hot 100). The song, in its original incarnation, is highly sexual. Perhaps its most salacious lyric, which was absent from the later Bill Haley rendition, is \"I've been holdin' it in, way down underneath / You make me roll my eyes, baby, make me grit my teeth\". [It may actually be \"Over the hill, way down underneath.] On the recording, Turner slurred the lyric \"holdin' it in\", since this line may have been considered too risqué for publication. The chorus used \"shake, rattle and roll\" to refer to","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"6915587","text":"conclusion of Haley's earlier hit, \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\". Bill Haley's recording of \"See You Later, Alligator\" popularized a catchphrase already in use at the time, and Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom was quoted as saying it. It would become Haley's third and final million-selling single, although it did not hit the top of the American charts. Haley and the Comets re-recorded the song several more times: in 1964 for Guest Star Records, a drastically rearranged version for Mexico's Orfeon Records in 1966, and once more in 1968 for Sweden's Sonet Records. It was also a staple of the","title":"See You Later, Alligator"},{"id":"909003","text":"Although the cover version of the song by Bill Haley & His Comets, with the risqué lyrics partially omitted, was a greater sales success, many listeners sought out Turner's version and were introduced thereby to rhythm and blues. Elvis Presley's version of \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" combined Turner's lyrics with Haley's arrangement, but was not a successful single. \"The Chicken and the Hawk\", \"Flip, Flop and Fly\", \"Hide and Seek\", \"Morning, Noon and Night\", and \"Well All Right\" were successful recordings from this period. He performed on the television program \"Showtime at the Apollo\" and in the movie \"Shake Rattle","title":"Big Joe Turner"},{"id":"7361823","text":"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\" is a song recorded and released in 1976 by KC and the Sunshine Band for the album \"Part 3\". The song became their third number-one hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, as well as their third number-one on the Hot Soul Singles chart. The song was met with a degree of controversy, since the lyrics were interpreted or likely speculated by many as having sexual connotations. However, according to KC, it had a lot more meaning and depth. During his performance he would witness the entire crowd having","title":"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty"},{"id":"3159767","text":"Alun Lewis, Richard Preddy & Gary Howe and Ian Davidson & Peter Vincent & Tony Jordan all wrote one episode each. The theme tune was Irving Berlin's \"What'll I Do?\". Initially the version recorded by actor William Atherton for the 1974 film \"The Great Gatsby\" was used; from the third series onwards is sung by Quirke and Robson. During the opening theme for series 1, Quirke and Robson were seen both dressed in a white shirt and a black skirt and they walked towards to screen through several spotlights. Once they reached the screen it faded to Quirke and Robson","title":"Birds of a Feather"},{"id":"14878977","text":"Shake Your Moneymaker (song) \"Shake Your Moneymaker\" or \"Shake Your Money Maker\" is a song recorded by Elmore James in 1961 that has become a blues standard. Inspired by earlier songs, it has been interpreted and recorded by several blues and other artists. \"Shake Your Moneymaker\" is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of the \"500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll\". In 1958, Chicago blues singer and harmonica player Shakey Jake Harris recorded \"Roll Your Moneymaker\" with a band including Magic Sam on guitar and Willie Dixon on bass. The song, a twelve-bar blues with","title":"Shake Your Moneymaker (song)"},{"id":"5901877","text":"Boom! Shake the Room \"Boom! Shake the Room\" is a song by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. It was released in July 1993 as the second single from their fifth studio album, \"Code Red\", released in 1993. The song peaked at number thirteen on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, and topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain and Australia. The song samples \"Funky Worm\", a song by the Ohio Players. On September 17, 1993, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song gold; it went on to sell 600,000 copies domestically. On July 2, 2010, Australian","title":"Boom! Shake the Room"},{"id":"3391185","text":"records were released that were neither cover versions of nor answers to Thornton's release, yet used a similar melody without any attribution to Leiber and Stoller. The first was Smiley Lewis's \"Play Girl\", credited to D. Bartholomew and released by the Imperial Records label (Imperial 45-5234) by the end of March 1953. Described as a \"stomping uptempo boogie rocker\", it began: \"You ain't nothin' but a Play Girl / Staying out all night long\". In April 1955, female impersonator Jesse \"Big 'Tiny'\" Kennedy recorded \"Country Boy\" accompanied by His Orchestra that was released by RCA's Groove Records (Groove 4G-0106) by","title":"Hound Dog (song)"},{"id":"7951648","text":"write the song.\" \"Mad Dog Cole\" is another original instrumental. The song had the working title of \"My Cat's Got Fleas\". \"Fly Me High\" is a cover of the 1967 song by The Moody Blues. \"If This World Were Mine\" is a cover of the 1967 duet by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell. \"Martha My Dear\" is a cover of the 1968 song by The Beatles. The band would later perform the song on the BBC children's show \"Monster Music Mash\" in 1969 when promoting the single \"Wild Winds Are Blowing\". \"Born to be Wild\" is another song originally by","title":"Beginnings (Ambrose Slade album)"},{"id":"2013444","text":"Bonnie Baker, Dorothy Collins, Beryl Davis, Gogo DeLys, Joan Edwards (1941–46), Georgia Gibbs, Dick Haymes, Snooky Lanson, Gisèle MacKenzie, Johnny Mercer, Andy Russell, Dinah Shore, Ginny Simms, Lawrence Tibbett, Martha Tilton, Eileen Wilson, Barry Wood, and occasional guest vocalists. The show featured two tobacco auctioneers, Lee Aubrey \"Speed\" Riggs of Goldsboro, North Carolina and F.E. Boone of Lexington, Kentucky. The radio series continued until January 16, 1953. The success of the show spawned a spin-off series, Your All-Time Hit Parade, sponsored by Lucky Strike and devoted to all-time favorites and standards mixed with some current hits. The program began on","title":"Your Hit Parade"},{"id":"10925407","text":"Metro Station (band) Metro Station was an American pop rock band that was formed in Los Angeles by singer Mason Musso and bassist/guitarist Trace Cyrus. In late 2006, the band signed a recording contract with Columbia Records and RED Ink Records. The band is best known for the top 10 \"Billboard\" hit single \"Shake It\" from the group's self-titled debut album. In 2010, tension between Cyrus and Musso caused the band to go on hiatus. In 2011, the band returned, however, it was announced that Cyrus was no longer a part of the group and Musso had purchased the rights","title":"Metro Station (band)"},{"id":"5116026","text":"Harlem Shuffle \"Harlem Shuffle\" is an R&B song written and originally recorded by the duo Bob & Earl in 1963. In 1986 it was covered by The Rolling Stones on their album \"Dirty Work\". The original single, co-arranged by Barry White and Gene Page, peaked at #44 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and #36 on the \"Cash Box\" chart. The record was a commercial failure when first released in the UK in 1963, but on reissue in 1969 peaked at #7. It was released on Marc Records, a subsidiary of Titan Records. In 2003, the original Bob & Earl","title":"Harlem Shuffle"},{"id":"3305226","text":"had a hit album in 1972 with \"All Together Now\", which contained the single \"Hold Your Head Up\". His Hammond B3 solo on that track is cited by Rick Wakeman as the greatest organ solo ever. The band also recorded the original version of the rock anthem \"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\", written by lead singer Russ Ballard, which was later covered by other artists including Petra and Kiss. Argent's first album included the song \"Liar\" (also composed by Ballard), which became a hit for Three Dog Night. In 1976, the band broke up. In 1978, Argent released","title":"Rod Argent"},{"id":"1536512","text":"Stardust (song) \"Stardust\" is a popular song composed in 1927 by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics added by Mitchell Parish in 1929. Carmichael recorded the song, originally titled \"Star Dust\", at the Gennett studio in Richmond, Indiana. The \"song about a song about love\", played in an idiosyncratic melody in medium tempo, became an American standard and is one of the most recorded songs of the 20th century with over 1,500 recordings. In 2004, Carmichael's 1927 recording of the song was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. According to","title":"Stardust (song)"},{"id":"13695059","text":"including a cover version of The Beatles' \"Hey Jude\". B. J. Thomas came full circle. The five-time Grammy Award winner made his name in the mid-1960s with easy listening hits like \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\" recorded at American Sound Studio The song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\", winning an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Further, David and Bacharach won Best Original Score. The version by B. J. Thomas was number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the United States in January 1970 for","title":"American Sound Studio"},{"id":"5895504","text":"My Sunny Boy\" would later become the b-side to the final Diana Ross-led Supremes single, \"Someday We'll Be Together\" (1969), and Ashford & Simpson's \"Keep an Eye\" would later be rerecorded by Gladys Knight & the Pips for their 1969 album Nitty Gritty, and by Ross for her first solo LP, \"Diana Ross.\" \"Can't Shake It Loose\" was co-authored by George Clinton for Pat Lewis, later occasionally of The Andantes, who recorded it for Golden World in 1966. Clinton would later remake the song with his band Funkadelic in 1971, but that version would not be released until 1992, when","title":"Love Child (The Supremes album)"},{"id":"5328789","text":"as a duet with Graham Preskett on \"The Steve Howe Album\" in 1979. The Continental (song) \"The Continental\" is a song written by Con Conrad with lyrics by Herb Magidson, and was introduced by Ginger Rogers in the 1934 film, \"The Gay Divorcee\". \"The Continental\" was the first song to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Major record hits at the time of introduction included Jolly Coburn and Leo Reisman. In 1952 Harry James released a recording on the album \"Hollywood's Best\" (Columbia B-319 and CL-6224) with Rosemary Clooney on vocals. A later version by Maureen McGovern reached","title":"The Continental (song)"},{"id":"418478","text":"as Tommy Jackson) as lead singer. The group released its first single, \"Long Pony Tail\", in 1962. In 1964 James renamed the band the Shondells because the name \"sounded good\" and in honor of singer Troy Shondell, famous for his 1961 release \"This Time.\" At this time, the band included Tommy James (vocals and guitar), Larry Coverdale (lead guitar), Larry Wright (bass), Craig Villeneuve (keyboards) and Jim Payne (drums). In February 1964 the band recorded the Jeff Barry–Ellie Greenwich song \"Hanky Panky\" (originally a B-side by the Raindrops). Released by Snap Records, a local label, James's version sold respectably in","title":"Tommy James and the Shondells"},{"id":"6119109","text":"in 1955 and entered the charts on September 6. It spent eighteen weeks on the chart and reached number two. In the 1950s, it was a common practice in the record industry for pop artists to re-record (or \"cover\") popular R&B songs. Well-known early examples include Big Joe Turner's \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\", which was re-recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets, and Fats Domino's \"Ain't That a Shame\", which was covered by Pat Boone. In some cases, cover versions far outsold the originals and prevented them from entering the pop chart or \"crossing over\". This was the case with","title":"I Hear You Knocking"},{"id":"2341285","text":"was Billy Gussak. Bill Haley's own stage drummer, Dick Richards, did not play on this record but may have provided backing vocals since he participated in the recording of the song's B-side, \"A.B.C. Boogie\". This was Cedrone's final recording session as he died only ten days later. Haley's version was released in August and reached #7 on the \"Billboard\" pop chart, spending a total of twenty-seven weeks in the Top 40. Gabler has explained that he would \"clean up\" lyrics because, \"I didn't want any censor with the radio station to bar the record from being played on the air.","title":"Shake, Rattle and Roll"},{"id":"5147084","text":"adapted from the album's liner notes. Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song) \"Shake It Off\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, taken from her tenth studio album, \"The Emancipation of Mimi\" (2005). It was written and produced by Carey along with Jermaine Dupri, Bryan-Michael Cox, and Johntá Austin. The song was initially solicited to radio on July 12, 2005, by Island and Mercury Records as the album's third single in the United States, while \"Get Your Number\" served as the album's third single elsewhere. Described by Dupri as \"ghetto,\" the track is a R&B song","title":"Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song)"},{"id":"9697249","text":"Da Doo Ron Ron \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" is a song written by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector. It first became a popular top five hit single for the American girl group The Crystals in 1963. American teen idol Shaun Cassidy covered the song in 1977 and his version hit number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart. There have also been many other cover versions of this song, including a version by the Raindrops, which featured Barry and Greenwich. The song is the first collaboration in songwriting by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector. The song","title":"Da Doo Ron Ron"},{"id":"7624394","text":"48 seconds. Also, Johnson's vocals can be heard more clearly in the remix. Vinyl releases of the album include the remix, while most CD releases include the original version. Shake Your Foundations \"Shake Your Foundations\" is a song and single by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, written by Angus and Malcolm Young and Brian Johnson. The single was released in February 1986, taken from their 1985 album \"Fly on the Wall\". The track was remixed by Harry Vanda and George Young, who worked with AC/DC on earlier albums, and released on \"Who Made Who\", the soundtrack to the Stephen King","title":"Shake Your Foundations"},{"id":"13423581","text":"Shakey Ground \"Shakey Ground\" is a 1975 R&B single by The Temptations. It was co-written by Funkadelic guitarist Eddie Hazel, who plays lead guitar on the song. Original Funkadelic bassist Billy \"Bass\" Nelson also plays on the song. The song is the last by the group to reach the number-one spot on the \"Billboard\" Hot Soul Singles chart: the song also crossed over to the pop chart, reaching number twenty-six on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The song was recorded by Phoebe Snow (for her 1976 album \"It Looks Like Snow\"), Van McCoy, Delbert McClinton, Etta James (on her 1989 album","title":"Shakey Ground"},{"id":"1956205","text":"located at 1750 Vine Street. The following year, Seger's \"Shakedown\", a somewhat uncharacteristic song off the 1987 film \"Beverly Hills Cop II\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s soundtrack, became his first and only #1 hit on the pop singles chart. The song had originally been intended for Seger's fellow Detroiter Glenn Frey, but when he lost his voice just prior to the recording session, Frey called in Seger to take his place. Seger changed the verses of the song but kept the chorus the same. The song earned Seger an Academy Award nomination as co-writer in the Best Original Song category the following year. Bob","title":"Bob Seger"},{"id":"6877861","text":"Catch the Wind \"Catch the Wind\" is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on 12 March 1965 through Pye Records (Pye 7N 15801) and a few months later in the United States through Hickory Records (Hickory 45-1309). The single was backed with \"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\" on both the United Kingdom and United States releases. The melody of the song was influenced by \"Chimes of Freedom\" by Bob Dylan. \"Catch the Wind\" was the first release by Donovan. It reached No.4 in the","title":"Catch the Wind"},{"id":"9151200","text":"1991. Gee (The Crows song) \"Gee\", released in June 1953 by The Crows, is a song which has been credited as the first rock and roll hit by a rock and roll group. It is a doo-wop song, written by William Davis and Viola Watkins, and recorded by the Crows on the independent label, Rama Records, at Beltone Studios in New York City in February 1953. It charted in April 1954, one year later. It took a year to get recognized on \"Your Hit Parade\". It landed No.2 on the rhythm and blues chart and No. 14 on the pop","title":"Gee (The Crows song)"},{"id":"6522055","text":"Cheek to Cheek \"Cheek to Cheek\" is a song written by Irving Berlin in 1935, for the Fred Astaire/Ginger Rogers movie \"Top Hat\" (1935). In the movie, Astaire sings the song to Rogers as they dance. The song was nominated for the Best Song Academy Award for 1936, which it lost to \"\"Lullaby of Broadway\"\". The song spent five weeks at #1 on Your Hit Parade and was named the #1 song of 1935. Astaire's 1935 recording with the Leo Reisman Orchestra was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2004, Astaire's version finished at No. 15","title":"Cheek to Cheek"},{"id":"5147048","text":"Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song) \"Shake It Off\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, taken from her tenth studio album, \"The Emancipation of Mimi\" (2005). It was written and produced by Carey along with Jermaine Dupri, Bryan-Michael Cox, and Johntá Austin. The song was initially solicited to radio on July 12, 2005, by Island and Mercury Records as the album's third single in the United States, while \"Get Your Number\" served as the album's third single elsewhere. Described by Dupri as \"ghetto,\" the track is a R&B song that makes use of pop and","title":"Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song)"},{"id":"13423582","text":"\"Seven Year Itch\") and many other singers. Renée Geyer included the song on her album, \"\" (1976). Fishbone recorded the song for their 2000 album \"\". Aerosmith announced in May 2012 that they are including the song on their upcoming album \"Music from Another Dimension!\", on which it ended up a Japan bonus track. Jam band, Max Creek has been performing the song since the 1980s and continues to do so today. Shakey Ground \"Shakey Ground\" is a 1975 R&B single by The Temptations. It was co-written by Funkadelic guitarist Eddie Hazel, who plays lead guitar on the song. Original","title":"Shakey Ground"},{"id":"1521977","text":"Erickson's \"We Sell Soul\"; the song is included as an unlisted bonus track on Erickson's 1995 \"All That May Do My Rhyme\" CD and was adapted as \"Don't Fall Down\" by the 13th Floor Elevators for their first album. The Spades' original version of \"You're Gonna Miss Me\", later a hit for 13th Floor Elevators, was featured on the compilation album \"The Best of Pebbles Volume 1\". Erickson co-founded the 13th Floor Elevators in late 1965. He and bandmate Tommy Hall were the main songwriters. Early in her career, singer Janis Joplin considered joining the Elevators, but Family Dog's Chet","title":"Roky Erickson"},{"id":"13186362","text":"film \"Human Traffic\". You're Gonna Get Yours \"You're Gonna Get Yours\" (sometimes subtitled \"My 98 Oldsmobile\") is a 1987 single by hip hop group Public Enemy from their debut album \"Yo! Bum Rush the Show\" (1987). Chuck D references the Oldsmobile 98 automobile in the song's lyrics. It peaked at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart. MARRS sampled the song on their 1987 song \"Pump Up the Volume\". Red Hot Chili Peppers have been known to use the song as an intro jam during live performances of their own song, \"Give It Away.\" This song was also featured in","title":"You're Gonna Get Yours"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"7596785\",\n \"text\": \"Shake a Tail Feather \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\" (Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, and Andre Williams) is a song originally recorded in 1963 by the Chicago-based group The Five Du-Tones. (This version was featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 film \\\"Hairspray\\\"). A 1967 version by James & Bobby Purify reached #25 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\" has been covered by many other artists over the years. Ray Charles covered and performed the song during his scenes in the 1980 film \\\"The Blues Brothers\\\" in a version that included calls for various 1960s dances, such as the\",\n \"title\": \"Shake a Tail Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7596787\",\n \"text\": \"their 1994 10\\\" vinyl release \\\"Audio Recording\\\". In 2012, one of the songwriters, Andre Williams included the song on his 2012 Alive album, \\\"Life\\\". In November 2013 The Overtones recorded the song for their album \\\"Saturday Night at the Movies\\\". Other artists who have recorded the song include Ike & Tina Turner with the Ikettes, The Ikettes alone, and imitated as re-created in the film \\\"What's Love Got to Do with It\\\", Mitch Ryder, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Tommy James and the Shondells, and The Romantics. Shake a Tail Feather \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\" (Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, and Andre\",\n \"title\": \"Shake a Tail Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4000477\",\n \"text\": \"Andre Williams Zephire Andre Williams (born November 1, 1936) is an American R&B musician who started his career in the 1950s at Fortune Records in Detroit. His most famous songs include the hits \\\"Jail Bait,\\\" \\\"Greasy Chicken,\\\" \\\"Bacon Fat\\\" (1957) and \\\"Cadillac Jack\\\" (1966). He is also the co-author of the R&B hit \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\". Born in Bessemer, Alabama, United States, Williams lived in a housing project with his mother until she died when he was six years of age. A sly and smart young boy, his \\\"aunties\\\" raised him until he was around 16. He then set\",\n \"title\": \"Andre Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7596786\",\n \"text\": \"Twist, the Monkey, The Fly, The Swim, The Frug and the Mashed Potato, The Boogaloo to be performed by a crowd gathered outside Ray's Music Exchange. The song was covered by The Cheetah Girls for the 2005 Walt Disney Pictures film, \\\"Chicken Little\\\". The Kingsmen included the song on their 1966 \\\"The Kingsmen Up And Away\\\" album. The Monkees performed the song in 1968 on the band's television special, \\\"33 Revolutions Per Monkee\\\". Hanson included the song in a medley with \\\"Gimme Some Lovin'\\\" on their 1998 release, \\\"Live from Albertane\\\". Japanese garage punk band Teengenerate recorded the song for\",\n \"title\": \"Shake a Tail Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11678787\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"The Woodbine Twine\\\". The last Five Du-Tones single, a ballad called \\\"Mountain of Love\\\" was released in 1966; they disbanded in 1967. The group's lead singer, Andrew Butler, eventually moved to Los Angeles and joined a latter-day version of The Rivingtons. After their dissolution due to illness, Butler worked in various versions of other 1950s doo-wop groups such as Billy Richard's Coasters and The Robins. \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\" was covered by Ray Charles together with the Blues Brothers and featured in a prominent choreography scene in The Blues Brothers film (1980). It was also featured on the soundtrack\",\n \"title\": \"The Five Du-Tones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11678785\",\n \"text\": \"Leaner's One-derful Records. \\\"Please Change Your Mind\\\" failed to chart, as did \\\"Come Back Baby\\\". The group's third release in 1963 finally got them noticed: \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\" (co-written by Andre Williams and Otha Hayes) was played on R&B stations across the country, but it failed to make the sales and chart position the airplay justified. The track peaked at #28 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart, and #51 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The group continued to record fun dance tunes that helped bridge the gap between doo-wop and soul music. 1963's \\\"The Chicken Astronaut\\\" was an exemplary\",\n \"title\": \"The Five Du-Tones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14293344\",\n \"text\": \"Sweets and Other Stories Sweets and Other Stories is the 2009 debut novel by soul singer Andre Williams. It features an introduction by author Nick Tosches and an editor's note by Miriam Linna of Kicks Books. Since the 1950s Williams has been a singer, songwriter and producer. He recorded for Fortune Records and did work with Motown Records. He is best known for his sleazy R&B singles - \\\"Jail Bait\\\" and \\\"Bacon Fat.\\\" He also co-wrote The Five Du-Tones' 1963 hit \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\". Prior to starting this novel, during a bout of depression, Williams entered a 42-day program\",\n \"title\": \"Sweets and Other Stories\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18094196\",\n \"text\": \"pair's recordings as James & Bobby Purify, including the hits \\\"I'm Your Puppet\\\" - written by Dan Penn and Spooner Oldham - and \\\"Shake A Tail Feather\\\", which was the first of Schroeder's productions to be recorded at Chips Moman's American Sound Studio in Memphis, Tennessee. Schroeder also co-wrote several of the Purifys' recordings, and recorded two albums with the pair. He also recorded and produced soul singer Oscar Toney, Jr.. In 1968, he built his own studio in Pensacola, but failed to recruit the musicians to make it successful. After disagreements with James Purify, he closed down his record\",\n \"title\": \"Papa Don Schroeder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341292\",\n \"text\": \"Sun Records (this recording was not released until the 1990s) and as a 1956 single for RCA Victor, although it was not a major hit. Both versions by Elvis mixed Haley's and Turner's lyrics with a faster-paced version of Haley's arrangement. Although the commercially released 1956 version used Turner's \\\"bed\\\" version of the opening verse, alternate takes released by RCA in the 1990s indicate Presley originally intended to begin the song with Haley's \\\"kitchen\\\" verse. Introduced by Cleveland disc jockey, Bill Randle, Presley, Scotty Moore, Bill Black, and D.J. Fontana performed the song in medley with the similar \\\"Flip, Flop\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10692775\",\n \"text\": \"as the title track for his 1992 album \\\"Boom Boom\\\" with Jimmie Vaughan. English rock band the Animals recorded \\\"Boom Boom\\\" for their 1964 UK debut album \\\"The Animals\\\". Their blues-rock rendition generally follows John Lee Hooker's original, although they add \\\"shake it baby\\\" as a response to the \\\"come on and shake\\\" refrain in the middle section, taken from Hooker's \\\"Shake It Baby\\\" (recorded during the 1962 American Folk Blues Festival tour in Europe, where it became a hit in 1963). The Animals' version was released as a single in North America in November 1964. It reached number 43\",\n \"title\": \"Boom Boom (John Lee Hooker song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5082868\",\n \"text\": \"Peaches & Herb Peaches & Herb are an American vocalist duo. Herb Fame (born October 1, 1942) has remained a constant as \\\"Herb\\\" since the duo was created in 1966; seven different women have filled the role of \\\"Peaches\\\", most notably Francine \\\"Peaches\\\" Hurd Barker (April 28, 1947 – August 13, 2005), the original \\\"Peaches\\\" who lent her nickname to the duo, and Linda Greene, the third \\\"Peaches\\\" who appeared on the duo's biggest hits \\\"Shake Your Groove Thing\\\" (1978) and \\\"Reunited\\\" (1979). Herb Fame (born Herbert Feemster, October 1, 1942, in Anacostia, Washington, D.C.), sang in church and neighborhood\",\n \"title\": \"Peaches & Herb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8683566\",\n \"text\": \"biggest hit, they had several further successes on both the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and R&B chart in the US in the late 1960s, including a revival of \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\", originally by The Five Du-Tones, and \\\"Let Love Come Between Us\\\". Oliver's cover of the twosome's 1968 hit \\\"I Can Remember\\\" reached the top 25 of the Billboard Easy Listening Chart in the mid summer of 1970. The duo continued to record and tour together until 1971, when Dickey retired from the music business for health reasons and returned to Tallahassee, where he worked as a city maintenance supervisor\",\n \"title\": \"James & Bobby Purify\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341293\",\n \"text\": \"and Fly\\\" on the January 28, 1956 broadcast of the Dorsey Brothers Stage Show (Haley's \\\"kitchen\\\" opening verse was sung). Presley recorded the song with these same musicians. Bill Black and Scotty Moore had played with Elvis from his first sessions at Sun Studios. DJ joined the group late in 1954. These personnel performed and recorded with Elvis throughout 1955 and 1956. The song was released on September 8, 1956. Elvis sang lead vocal, and played rhythm guitar. Scotty Moore played lead guitar. Bill Black played stand-up bass. And D.J. Fontana provided percussion. Scotty, Bill and DJ also provide vocals\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341279\",\n \"text\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" is a twelve bar blues-form song, written in 1954 by Jesse Stone under his songwriting pseudonym of Charles E. Calhoun. It was originally recorded by Big Joe Turner and most successfully by Bill Haley & His Comets. The song as sung by Big Joe Turner is ranked #127 on the \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In early 1954, Ahmet Ertegun of Atlantic Records suggested to Jesse Stone that he write an up-tempo blues for Big Joe Turner, a blues shouter whose career had begun in\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5792093\",\n \"text\": \"Shake Ya Tailfeather \\\"Shake Ya Tailfeather\\\" is a song recorded by American rappers Nelly, P. Diddy and Murphy Lee. It was released in 2003 from the \\\"Bad Boys II Soundtrack\\\". It topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart, giving Nelly his third number one on the chart, P. Diddy's fourth, and Lee's first. The song was also included on Lee's debut album, \\\"Murphy's Law\\\". The song won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2004 Grammy Awards. US Promo Europe Promo Europe Single Europe Vinyl, 12\\\" The video (directed by Benny Boom) features\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Ya Tailfeather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10503590\",\n \"text\": \"Shake Your Groove Thing \\\"Shake Your Groove Thing\\\" is a song by disco duo Peaches & Herb. The single reached No. 5 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and No. 4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B Chart. It also reached No. 2 for four weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Disco chart in 1978. The song spent 22 weeks on the American charts, and became a Gold record. The song was their first return to the charts in seven years. It was their first hit with the third \\\"Peaches\\\", Linda Greene. \\\"Shake Your Groove Thing\\\" has been featured prominently in many films such\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Groove Thing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11697954\",\n \"text\": \"Shake (Sam Cooke song) \\\"Shake\\\" is a song written and recorded by Sam Cooke. It was recorded at the last recording session Cooke had before his death in December 10, 1964. In the U.S., the song became a posthumous Top 10 hit for Cooke, peaking at number seven in February 1965. The song was also recorded by Eric Burdon and The Animals, Otis Redding, Ike and Tina Turner, Rod Stewart, and The Supremes on \\\"We Remember Sam Cooke\\\" (1965). Redding's version was elected to the \\\"500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll \\\" by the Rock and Roll Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Shake (Sam Cooke song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5082873\",\n \"text\": \"was recorded for MCA Records and produced by Van McCoy, but it generated only one charted hit, \\\"We're Still Together\\\". Peaches & Herb signed with MVP/Polydor and under the management of Paul J. Cohn, released \\\"2 Hot\\\", which went gold. The album's first single, \\\"Shake Your Groove Thing\\\", went gold and peaked at #5 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in March 1979. The follow-up single, viewed as the album's \\\"secret weapon\\\" by producer/songwriter Freddie Perren, was the triple platinum hit \\\"Reunited\\\". This song, evoking the 1960s Peaches & Herb hit \\\"United\\\" (originally recorded and made a hit by The Intruders),\",\n \"title\": \"Peaches & Herb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341297\",\n \"text\": \"Sam Cooke, Snooks Eaglin, Willy DeVille, Johnny Horton, The Swinging Blue Jeans, Chubby Checker, Fats Domino, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry, NRBQ, Huey Lewis and the News, Doc Watson, Billy Swan and Buddy Holly. The song was also performed by the Ray Ellington Quartet in the episode \\\"1985\\\" (a parody of George Orwell's \\\"1984\\\") of the BBC radio comedy series, \\\"The Goon Show\\\". Jools Holland recorded a big band version for his 2008 album, \\\"The Collection\\\". Shake, Rattle and Roll \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" is a twelve bar blues-form song, written in 1954 by Jesse Stone under his songwriting pseudonym\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10320411\",\n \"text\": \"as the No. 3 song for 1987. It was a hit across the Atlantic Ocean, as well, peaking at number six in the UK Singles Chart (spending a total of 13 weeks on that chart from 22 November 1986). It was not intended as the original single to promote the album, as \\\"I Got the Feeling\\\" was scheduled to be the first single. It was postponed as the follow-up, peaking at #56. Shake You Down \\\"Shake You Down\\\" is a song by American R&B artist, writer and producer Gregory Abbott. It was released in September 1986 as the lead single\",\n \"title\": \"Shake You Down\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2015127\",\n \"text\": \"Big Mama Thornton Willie Mae Thornton (December 11, 1926 – July 25, 1984) better known as Big Mama Thornton, was an American rhythm-and-blues singer and songwriter. She was the first to record Leiber and Stoller's \\\"Hound Dog\\\", in 1952, which became her biggest hit, staying seven weeks at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart in 1953 and selling almost two million copies. Thornton's other recordings included the original version of \\\"Ball 'n' Chain\\\", which she wrote. Thornton's performances were characterized by her deep, powerful voice and strong sense of self. She was given her nickname, \\\"Big Mama,\\\" by Frank\",\n \"title\": \"Big Mama Thornton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19244375\",\n \"text\": \"by Detroit's Mitch Ryder, backed by \\\"Shake a Tail Feather\\\" on the B-side. Facing the prospect of the Vietnam draft after graduation, Jim Kohler joined the Air Force and Dave Hickey followed suit. The band continued with modified lineups for several more years, but with the constant grind of touring finally taking its toll, the band broke up in the early 1970s. Herb Gross started an advertising firm and has been active with it for many years. Jim Kohler became involved the printing business. The Invictas had a brief and temporary reunion in the 1980. In 2004, Herb Gross and\",\n \"title\": \"The Invictas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2015148\",\n \"text\": \"Source: Big Mama Thornton Willie Mae Thornton (December 11, 1926 – July 25, 1984) better known as Big Mama Thornton, was an American rhythm-and-blues singer and songwriter. She was the first to record Leiber and Stoller's \\\"Hound Dog\\\", in 1952, which became her biggest hit, staying seven weeks at number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart in 1953 and selling almost two million copies. Thornton's other recordings included the original version of \\\"Ball 'n' Chain\\\", which she wrote. Thornton's performances were characterized by her deep, powerful voice and strong sense of self. She was given her nickname, \\\"Big Mama,\\\" by\",\n \"title\": \"Big Mama Thornton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5164741\",\n \"text\": \"peaked at #9 on the pop charts. It is sometimes considered to be the first doo-wop or rock 'n' roll record to reach the top ten on the pop charts (as opposed to the R&B charts). This version was ranked #215 on \\\"Rolling Stone\\\"'s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and is the group's only song on the list. A more traditional version was made by a Canadian group, the Crew-Cuts (with the David Carroll Orchestra), for Mercury Records and was #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" charts for nine weeks during August and September 1954. The single first\",\n \"title\": \"Sh-Boom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14022449\",\n \"text\": \"Shake for the Sheik \\\"Shake for the Sheik\\\" is a song by English pop-rock band The Escape Club, from their 1988 album \\\"Wild Wild West\\\". Written by the band members and produced by Chris Kimsey, the song was released as the album's second single and reached number 28 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in January 1989. \\\"Shake for the Sheik\\\", the follow-up to the U.S. number one hit \\\"Wild, Wild West\\\", was released as a single in November 1988. The song entered the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart at number 81 in December. The song spent five weeks\",\n \"title\": \"Shake for the Sheik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7406741\",\n \"text\": \"Desdemona (John's Children song) \\\"Desdemona\\\" is a song by the English cult band John's Children. It was released in 1967 and failed to chart in Britain, possibly due to the fact it was banned by the BBC for the controversial lyric (\\\"lift up your skirt and fly\\\"). However, the song was a minor hit in Europe. The song was composed by Marc Bolan, who at the time was a member of John's Children. It was later covered by Radio Stars (featuring former John's Children singer Andy Ellison) (1978), Marsha Hunt (1969) and The Jam were known to have played the\",\n \"title\": \"Desdemona (John's Children song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341281\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Roll The Bones\\\" by the Excelsior Quartette in 1922. Turner's version was recorded in New York on February 15, 1954. The shouting chorus on his version consisted of Jesse Stone, and record label executives Jerry Wexler and Ahmet Ertegün. The saxophone solo was by Sam \\\"The Man\\\" Taylor. Other players included McHouston \\\"Mickey\\\" Baker (\\\"Love is Strange\\\") on guitar and drummer Connie Kay (later from the Modern Jazz Quartet). Turner's recording was released in April 1954, reached #1 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B chart on June 12, did not move for three weeks, and peaked at #22, nearly at the\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8252391\",\n \"text\": \"Shake Your Love \\\"Shake Your Love\\\" (Atlantic 89187, Atlantic UK A9187) is the second single by American singer-songwriter-actress Debbie Gibson, and the lead off single for her album \\\"Out of the Blue\\\" (LP 81780). Originally recorded in the spring of 1987, the song is written by Gibson and produced by Fred Zarr and engineered by Don Feinberg for BiZarr Music, Inc., with Douglas Breitbart as executive producer. It was released in September 1987 and reached No. 4 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart in December that year. It was her breakthrough single in the UK, reaching No. 7\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Love\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4496459\",\n \"text\": \"the documentaries \\\"Woodstock\\\" (1970) and \\\"Festival Express\\\" (2003). Sha Na Na also appeared in the 1978 film \\\"Grease\\\" (an adaptation of the 1971 Broadway musical of the same name) as a 1950s band called Johnny Casino and the Gamblers. Their tracks on the film and include two songs from the original 1971 musical: \\\"Those Magic Changes\\\" and \\\"Born to Hand Jive;\\\" as well as four songs from the early rock and roll era: versions of Elvis Presley's covers of \\\"Hound Dog\\\" (1956) and \\\"Blue Moon\\\" (1956), a cover of the Imperials' \\\"Tears on My Pillow\\\" (1958), and a cover of\",\n \"title\": \"Sha Na Na\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341296\",\n \"text\": \"top 10 hit single in the 1980s. Stone/Calhoun is also credited as the writer of \\\"Rattle My Bones\\\", a 1956 recording by The Jodimars (made up of former members of the Comets), that used a similar verse structure and a chorus that went, \\\"We're gonna rattle, gonna shake, gonna rattle, gonna shake\\\". Count Basie and Joe Williams recorded versions; the latter's was released in 1959. Other notable recordings of \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" include a version by Arthur Conley which was a hit in 1967, as well as cover versions of Turner's and Haley's arrangements by Buzz Clifford, The Beatles,\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14022451\",\n \"text\": \"do.\\\" Shake for the Sheik \\\"Shake for the Sheik\\\" is a song by English pop-rock band The Escape Club, from their 1988 album \\\"Wild Wild West\\\". Written by the band members and produced by Chris Kimsey, the song was released as the album's second single and reached number 28 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in January 1989. \\\"Shake for the Sheik\\\", the follow-up to the U.S. number one hit \\\"Wild, Wild West\\\", was released as a single in November 1988. The song entered the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 singles chart at number 81 in December. The song spent five\",\n \"title\": \"Shake for the Sheik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341280\",\n \"text\": \"Kansas City before World War II. Stone played around with various phrases before coming up with \\\"shake, rattle and roll\\\". (Stone used his real name for ASCAP songs, while using the name \\\"Charles Calhoun\\\" for BMI-registered songs, such as \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll,\\\" through Atlantic's house publishers, Progressive Music, Inc.-BMI) However, the phrase had been used in earlier songs. In 1910, vaudeville performer \\\"Baby\\\" Franklin Seals published \\\"You Got to Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\", a ragtime tune about gambling with dice, in New Orleans; in 1919, Al Bernard recorded a version of the song. The phrase is also heard in\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11641863\",\n \"text\": \"Shake Your Head \\\"Shake Your Head\\\" is a song by the band Was (Not Was). It was originally released in 1983 on the album \\\"Born to Laugh at Tornadoes\\\". In 1992, it was re-recorded and remixed by house music producer Steve \\\"Silk\\\" Hurley, and features actress Kim Basinger alongside a re-recorded Ozzy Osbourne on vocals. It appeared on the group's compilation album, \\\"Hello Dad... I'm in Jail\\\". The original version features Black Sabbath singer Ozzy Osbourne on lead vocals. A pre-fame Madonna had auditioned for the vocal but was not used on the final release. In 1992, it was re-recorded\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Head\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8837710\",\n \"text\": \"and it sold widely over a long period\\\". The Rolling Stones recorded the song for their album \\\"Exile on Main St.\\\". It was Mick Jagger's idea to record it for the album. The Stones recorded this in London, but reworked it at Keith Richards' villa in the South of France, where the band was staying on their \\\"exile.\\\" It was recorded to sound like a '50s record. The song has been recorded by many artists, including Love Sculpture for their 1968 album \\\"Blues Helping\\\". Other renditions include those by the Legendary Shack Shakers on \\\"Cockadoodledon't\\\" (2003) and Joan Osborne on\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Hips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10912694\",\n \"text\": \"Goolies\\\", he released the song \\\"Chick-A-Boom\\\", originally written for the show. Monda put together a backup band of studio musicians, including Tom Hensley, who later became the musical director for Neil Diamond, and Butch Rillera, who later became a member of the group Redbone, and recorded a version of the song, retitled \\\"Chick-A-Boom (Don't Ya Jes' Love It)\\\". The tune, which was distributed by Sunflower Records, became a top ten hit in the United States, peaking on the Billboard Pop Singles chart at #9 in 1971, and #3 on Cashbox. Other charted records include \\\"Fox Huntin' on the Weekend\\\", \\\"Chantilly\",\n \"title\": \"Daddy Dewdrop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18975631\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Get Like You Used to Be\\\" and \\\"World Turning\\\". Personnel (Mick Fleetwood version) Rattlesnake Shake \\\"Rattlesnake Shake\\\" is a song by British rock group Fleetwood Mac, written by guitarist Peter Green, which first appeared on the band's 1969 album \\\"Then Play On\\\". The track was considered the high point of its parent album, and was one of the band's crowd-favorites in the late 1960s. Although \\\"Oh Well\\\" was a hit in the UK, the song was not the group's first single released in the United States. Instead, Clifford Davis, who was Fleetwood Mac's manager at the time, selected \\\"Rattlesnake Shake\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Rattlesnake Shake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15455049\",\n \"text\": \"Roll Vol. 2\\\" (1978), Jerry Lee Lewis (1999), and Ellis Hall for the \\\"Chicken Run\\\" soundtrack (2000). Flip, Flop and Fly \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" is a song recorded by Big Joe Turner in 1955. Called a \\\"prototypical rocker\\\", \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" has been recorded by a variety of artists, including early rock and roll performers such as Elvis Presley. \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" has an arrangement similar to Big Joe Turner's 1954 number one R&B chart hit \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\". Music critic Cub Koda suggests that \\\"leftover verses [from the 'Shake, Rattle and Roll' recording session] were\",\n \"title\": \"Flip, Flop and Fly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7406742\",\n \"text\": \"song live. Desdemona (John's Children song) \\\"Desdemona\\\" is a song by the English cult band John's Children. It was released in 1967 and failed to chart in Britain, possibly due to the fact it was banned by the BBC for the controversial lyric (\\\"lift up your skirt and fly\\\"). However, the song was a minor hit in Europe. The song was composed by Marc Bolan, who at the time was a member of John's Children. It was later covered by Radio Stars (featuring former John's Children singer Andy Ellison) (1978), Marsha Hunt (1969) and The Jam were known to have\",\n \"title\": \"Desdemona (John's Children song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4752030\",\n \"text\": \"Blues music, as in \\\"[[Good Rockin' Tonight]]\\\" by [[Roy Brown (blues musician)|Roy Brown]]. In the 1950s, rock and roll musicians began producing direct covers of boogie woogie and R&B stars, for example \\\"[[Shake Rattle and Roll]]\\\" by Big Joe Turner (covered by [[Bill Haley and his Comets]] in 1954) and \\\"[[Hound Dog (song)|Hound Dog]]\\\" by [[Big Mama Thornton]] (covered by [[Elvis Presley]] in 1956), and their own original works like [[Chuck Berry]]'s \\\"[[Maybellene]]\\\" in 1955. The early 1940s saw the first major commercial success for Appalachian folk. Singers like [[Pete Seeger]] emerged, in groups like the [[Almanac Singers]] and [[The\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5023809\",\n \"text\": \"released on the deluxe edition of the Michael Jackson's \\\"Immortal\\\" album. The song was sampled by reggae fusion artist Shaggy for his 2000 single \\\"Dance & Shout\\\". It was also sampled by rapper Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock on their song \\\"Get on the Dance Floor\\\". Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \\\"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\\\" is a song recorded by The Jacksons for their 1978 album \\\"Destiny\\\", and released as a single in 1979. It peaked at No. 7 in the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in May 1979. The most successful of the Jacksons' recordings\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8788821\",\n \"text\": \"the song away from much of the jazz influenced midsection to more of a nightclub sound and concluded the tune with a short piano section. That version attained #5 in the UK, #10 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, and #1 on the US Easy Listening chart. In 1966, North Hollywood singer Shelby Flint released a version of the song. The West Coast folk-rock bands We Five and The Sandpipers, along with pop singer Johnny Rivers, recorded vocal versions of the song, and there were further instrumental recordings from Earl Klugh, George Benson, David Benoit, Chet Atkins, George Winston\",\n \"title\": \"Cast Your Fate to the Wind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15455046\",\n \"text\": \"Flip, Flop and Fly \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" is a song recorded by Big Joe Turner in 1955. Called a \\\"prototypical rocker\\\", \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" has been recorded by a variety of artists, including early rock and roll performers such as Elvis Presley. \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" has an arrangement similar to Big Joe Turner's 1954 number one R&B chart hit \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\". Music critic Cub Koda suggests that \\\"leftover verses [from the 'Shake, Rattle and Roll' recording session] were then recycled into Turner's follow-up hit, 'Flip, Flop and Fly. Both are up-tempo twelve-bar blues with a\",\n \"title\": \"Flip, Flop and Fly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10320409\",\n \"text\": \"Shake You Down \\\"Shake You Down\\\" is a song by American R&B artist, writer and producer Gregory Abbott. It was released in September 1986 as the lead single from his debut album. It became Abbott's biggest hit and was certified platinum by the RIAA. Abbott went on the chart with several other songs as well. The track is also featured in the 2007 film \\\"Are We Done Yet?\\\" Gregory Abbott wrote the song along with over thirty others before striking a record deal with CBS. He recorded a demo tape and chose the best three. According to \\\"Billboard\\\", the song\",\n \"title\": \"Shake You Down\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341291\",\n \"text\": \"his version she is directed to \\\"roll my breakfast cause I'm a hungry man\\\". In other words, she has spent the night with the singer in both versions. When Joe Turner performed the song in the 1955 film \\\"Rock 'n' Roll Revue\\\", he chose to sing the Bill Haley version of the opening verse. Both versions sold over one million copies, making \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" the first giant rock 'n' roll hit. Elvis Presley recorded the song twice in a studio setting: a demo recorded at radio station KDAV in Lubbock, Texas in January 1955 while under contract with\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341295\",\n \"text\": \"of a medley with \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\". Both Joe Turner (who co-wrote the song) and Bill Haley recorded this song in several versions, though Haley failed to score a hit with any of his recordings of it. Other songs inspired by \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" include \\\"Bark, Battle and Ball\\\" by The Platters (a direct answer song from the woman's point of view), and \\\"Bumpety Bump (Hop, Skip, and Jump)\\\" by Smiley Lewis. Others in the same family include \\\"Jump and Jive and Wail\\\" by Louis Prima and \\\"Rock This Town\\\" by the Stray Cats, a US and UK\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9773426\",\n \"text\": \"Raise Your Hand \\\"Raise Your Hand\\\" is a song written by Steve Cropper, Eddie Floyd, and Alvertis Isbell (Al Bell). It was recorded by Floyd and appeared on his 1967 debut album \\\"Knock on Wood\\\". It was released as a single that year, where it reached #16 on the Black Singles Chart and #79 on the Pop Singles Chart. The song was part of Janis Joplin's concert repertoire and was performed by her at the 1969 Woodstock Festival. Her rendition of the song later appeared on the 1993 compilation \\\"Janis\\\". It was also played by The J. Geils Band, and\",\n \"title\": \"Raise Your Hand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6033158\",\n \"text\": \"Pat and Mick Pat and Mick were a British vocal duo, consisting of popular radio personalities Pat Sharp and Mick Brown, both of whom are from London. They released a charity single, a cover version, each year from 1988 to 1993, achieving a top 10 hit with their 1989 single. The royalties from their record sales were donated to Capital FM's 'Help A London Child' charity. All their singles were produced by Stock Aitken & Waterman, except \\\"Shake Your Groove Thing\\\" and \\\"Hot Hot Hot\\\", both of which were produced by Stock & Waterman. With their last single released in\",\n \"title\": \"Pat and Mick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2721220\",\n \"text\": \"Without You (Badfinger song) \\\"Without You\\\" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album \\\"No Dice\\\". The power ballad has been recorded by over 180 artists, and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international best-sellers. Paul McCartney once described the ballad as \\\"the killer song of all time\\\". In 1972, writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. First recorded by the rock group Badfinger, the song was composed by\",\n \"title\": \"Without You (Badfinger song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341289\",\n \"text\": \"elder musician for a series of recordings in Mexico, although apparently Haley and Turner did not record a duet version of \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\". Haley acknowledged Turner's version in later years by incorporating more of the original lyrics into his live performances, including adding the verse with the lines \\\"I've been over the hill and I've been way down underneath\\\" which was omitted from Haley's original recording, when he recorded the song for Stuart Colman's BBC Radio program in October 1979. When he performed the song at the Bitter End club in New York City in 1969 for his\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341284\",\n \"text\": \"of the song, recorded on June 7, 1954 (the same week Turner's version first topped the R&B charts), featured the following members of the Comets: Johnny Grande (piano), Billy Williamson (rhythm guitar), Marshall Lytle (bass), and Joey Ambrose (saxophone). It is known that Danny Cedrone, a session musician who frequently worked for Haley, played lead guitar, but there is controversy over who played drums. Music reference books indicate that it was Panama Francis, a noted jazz drummer who worked with Haley's producer, Milt Gabler, however in a letter written in the early 1980s, Gabler denied this and said the drummer\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5164740\",\n \"text\": \"Sh-Boom \\\"Sh-Boom\\\" (sometimes referred to as \\\"Life Could Be a Dream\\\") is an early doo-wop song. It was written by James Keyes, Claude Feaster, Carl Feaster, Floyd F. McRae, and James Edwards, members of the R&B vocal group the Chords and published in 1954. It was a U.S. top ten hit that year for both the Chords (who first recorded the song) and the Crew-Cuts. The song was first recorded on Atlantic Records' subsidiary label Cat Records by the Chords on March 15, 1954 and would be their only hit song. \\\"Sh-Boom\\\" reached #2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B charts and\",\n \"title\": \"Sh-Boom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10503592\",\n \"text\": \"season episode \\\"Hitchin' a Ride\\\" and on the series' soundtrack album, \\\"Marvel's Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Mix Vol. 1 (Music from the Animated Television Series)\\\". The song is played also in Shrek 4, by Pied Piper Shake Your Groove Thing \\\"Shake Your Groove Thing\\\" is a song by disco duo Peaches & Herb. The single reached No. 5 on the U.S. \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 and No. 4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" R&B Chart. It also reached No. 2 for four weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Disco chart in 1978. The song spent 22 weeks on the American charts, and became a\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Groove Thing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5023805\",\n \"text\": \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) \\\"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\\\" is a song recorded by The Jacksons for their 1978 album \\\"Destiny\\\", and released as a single in 1979. It peaked at No. 7 in the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in May 1979. The most successful of the Jacksons' recordings for Epic, \\\"Shake Your Body\\\" (originally demoed as \\\"Shake a Body\\\") was produced by the Jackson brothers, written by Randy and Michael, and featured Michael on lead vocals. The chorus \\\"let's dance/let's shout (shout)/shake your body down to the ground\\\" was inspired by an ad-lib from Marvin\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"700294\",\n \"text\": \"LaVern Baker had a No. 4 R&B hit with \\\"Tweedlee Dee\\\", but a rival version by Georgia Gibbs went to No. 2 on the pop chart. Big Joe Turner's April 1954 release \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" was a No. 1 R&B hit, but it only reached No. 22 on the pop chart while Bill Haley & His Comets's version reached No. 7, selling over one million copies, become the bestselling song of the year for Decca. In July 1954, Wexler and Ertegun wrote a prescient article for \\\"Cash Box\\\" devoted to what they called \\\"cat music\\\"; the same month, Atlantic\",\n \"title\": \"Atlantic Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15455047\",\n \"text\": \"strong backbeat. \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" reached number two on \\\"Billboard\\\" magazine's R&B chart in 1955, less than one year after \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\". Accompanying Turner on vocals are the song's writer Jesse Stone on piano, Al Sears on tenor sax, Connie Kay on drums, and unidentified trumpet, alto sax, baritone sax, guitar, and bass players. Turner subsequently recorded several live versions of the song. The song appeared on the 1957 album \\\"Rock & Roll\\\" (Atlantic: 8005). Elvis Presley performed \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" during his first television appearance on January 28, 1956. It was included with a medley\",\n \"title\": \"Flip, Flop and Fly\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4974781\",\n \"text\": \"Doreen Chanter Doreen Chanter is a British singer best known as a member of the Chanter Sisters and for her work as a backing vocalist and session vocalist during the 1970s and 1980s. Chanter started as a member of a group called the Chanters in 1967 with her sister Irene Chanter and her five brothers, releasing four singles which failed to chart. In 1968, the Chanter sisters became a duo initially known as Birds of a Feather. The duo released four singles between 1967 and 1972 but none of them achieved chart success. Their first album was \\\"Birds of a\",\n \"title\": \"Doreen Chanter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6981627\",\n \"text\": \"1953 he wrote Ray Charles' hit \\\"Losing Hand\\\" (1953), and also wrote \\\"Money Honey\\\", which became the first hit record for The Drifters, topping the national R&B chart for 11 weeks. The following year, he arranged \\\"Sh-Boom\\\" by The Chords. On Ertegün's advice, Stone used the pseudonym of Charles E. Calhoun, a name appropriated from an unknowing local builder, on his BMI tunes to avoid conflict with his membership in the other music licensing society, ASCAP. His best-known composition as Calhoun was \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\". The song was first recorded by Big Joe Turner in 1954 for Atlantic and\",\n \"title\": \"Jesse Stone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17161446\",\n \"text\": \"I ever heard a song of mine being played over the air...wow!\\\" A commercially unsuccessful British cover version was released in 1963 by Jimmy Powell. The song was also recorded by American rock and roll group Sha Na Na in 1969, and by British group Showaddywaddy in 1979. Showaddywaddy's version reached no. 17 on the UK singles chart. This song was featured in the 1993 film \\\"Bronx Tale\\\". Remember Then \\\"Remember Then\\\" is a pop song written by Tony Powers and Beverly Ross, and first recorded in 1962 by doo-wop vocal group The Earls. Original copies of The Earls' version,\",\n \"title\": \"Remember Then\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6033160\",\n \"text\": \"presented the Weekend Breakfast slot on Smooth Radio. Credits: Pat and Mick Pat and Mick were a British vocal duo, consisting of popular radio personalities Pat Sharp and Mick Brown, both of whom are from London. They released a charity single, a cover version, each year from 1988 to 1993, achieving a top 10 hit with their 1989 single. The royalties from their record sales were donated to Capital FM's 'Help A London Child' charity. All their singles were produced by Stock Aitken & Waterman, except \\\"Shake Your Groove Thing\\\" and \\\"Hot Hot Hot\\\", both of which were produced by\",\n \"title\": \"Pat and Mick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6422305\",\n \"text\": \"John's Children John's Children were a 1960s pop art/mod rock band from Leatherhead, England that briefly featured future T. Rex frontman Marc Bolan. John's Children were known for their outrageous live performances and were booted off a tour with The Who in Germany in 1967 when they upstaged the headliners. Their 1967 single \\\"Desdemona\\\", a Bolan composition, was banned by the BBC because of the controversial lyric, \\\"Lift up your skirt and fly.\\\" Their US record label delayed the release of their album, \\\"Orgasm\\\" for four years from its recording date due to objections from Daughters of the American Revolution.\",\n \"title\": \"John's Children\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15804651\",\n \"text\": \"Tailspin (1934 song) Tailspin is a 1934 song written by Jimmy Dorsey and Frankie Trumbauer. The song was released by Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra featuring Frankie Trumbauer in 1934 on Victor and by The Dorsey Brothers Orchestra in 1935 as a Decca single. The Dorsey Brothers Orchestra recorded the song on February 6, 1935 in New York and released it as a 78 single in 1935 on Decca Records, 560B. The record was re-released in 1942 as Decca 4202B, Matrix # 39342. The song was published in 1934 by Robbins Music in New York. Frankie Trumbauer recorded the first\",\n \"title\": \"Tailspin (1934 song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8837708\",\n \"text\": \"Shake Your Hips \\\"Shake Your Hips\\\" (sometimes known as \\\"Hip Shake\\\") is a song written by Louisiana bluesman Slim Harpo. He recorded it in February 1966 for producer J. D. Miller for a follow-up single to his hugely successful \\\"Baby Scratch My Back\\\". Miller's Excello Records released it as a single in June 1966 and in October, the song became the lead track for Slim Harpo's 1966 album \\\"Baby Scratch My Back\\\", which was a long-term release in Excello's catalogue. Slim Harpo biographer Martin Hawkins describes it as a \\\"dance-instruction song [with a] fast-paced, hypnotic shoeshine beat\\\". He notes contributions\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Hips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5328788\",\n \"text\": \"The Continental (song) \\\"The Continental\\\" is a song written by Con Conrad with lyrics by Herb Magidson, and was introduced by Ginger Rogers in the 1934 film, \\\"The Gay Divorcee\\\". \\\"The Continental\\\" was the first song to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Major record hits at the time of introduction included Jolly Coburn and Leo Reisman. In 1952 Harry James released a recording on the album \\\"Hollywood's Best\\\" (Columbia B-319 and CL-6224) with Rosemary Clooney on vocals. A later version by Maureen McGovern reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart in 1976. Steve Howe recorded it\",\n \"title\": \"The Continental (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2721237\",\n \"text\": \"the Ivor Novello Awards. Sources Without You (Badfinger song) \\\"Without You\\\" is a song written by Pete Ham and Tom Evans of British rock group Badfinger, and first released on their 1970 album \\\"No Dice\\\". The power ballad has been recorded by over 180 artists, and versions released as singles by Harry Nilsson (1971) and Mariah Carey (1994) became international best-sellers. Paul McCartney once described the ballad as \\\"the killer song of all time\\\". In 1972, writers Ham and Evans received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. First recorded by the rock group Badfinger,\",\n \"title\": \"Without You (Badfinger song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341294\",\n \"text\": \"for the chorus, as can be seen clearly in the recordings of the broadcast, rather than the Jordanaires, who began working with Elvis after he left Sun for RCA, but months after the Dorsey Brothers performance. DJ is on record saying \\\"That's the first and last time he let us sing. I can't blame him for that.\\\" Shorty Long played piano on the RCA recording. Stone (as Calhoun) later co-wrote \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\" which was musically similar to \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" and followed the same simple verse-chorus form. Presley performed \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" on television as part\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9151192\",\n \"text\": \"Gee (The Crows song) \\\"Gee\\\", released in June 1953 by The Crows, is a song which has been credited as the first rock and roll hit by a rock and roll group. It is a doo-wop song, written by William Davis and Viola Watkins, and recorded by the Crows on the independent label, Rama Records, at Beltone Studios in New York City in February 1953. It charted in April 1954, one year later. It took a year to get recognized on \\\"Your Hit Parade\\\". It landed No.2 on the rhythm and blues chart and No. 14 on the pop chart.\",\n \"title\": \"Gee (The Crows song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4584595\",\n \"text\": \"Freddie Perren Frederick James \\\"Freddie\\\" Perren (May 15, 1943 – December 16, 2004) was an American songwriter, record producer, arranger, and orchestra conductor. He co-wrote and co-produced songs including \\\"Boogie Fever\\\" by the Sylvers, \\\"I Will Survive\\\" by Gloria Gaynor, and \\\"Shake Your Groove Thing\\\" by Peaches & Herb. Perren was born on May 15, 1943, in Englewood, New Jersey, and graduated from Englewood's Dwight Morrow High School with future songwriting partners Fonce and Larry Mizell in 1961. Perren attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. graduating in 1966. It was here he met future Capitol Records R&B A&R executive Larkin\",\n \"title\": \"Freddie Perren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11259366\",\n \"text\": \"Shake Ya Ass \\\"Shake Ya Ass\\\", also known by its clean title, \\\"Shake It Fast\\\", is the 1st single released from American rapper Mystikal's album, \\\"Let's Get Ready\\\". It also featured uncredited vocals from Pharrell. It was released July 18, 2000 and produced by The Neptunes. It was a huge success for Mystikal, peaking at #13 on the Billboard Hot 100, #3 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and #7 on the Hot Rap Singles. Both the song and music video (directed by Little X) received heavy airplay and it has arguably become Mystikal's most well-known song. \\\"Shake Ya Ass\\\" was\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Ya Ass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341282\",\n \"text\": \"same time, on the Billboard pop chart (subsequently billed as the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100). The song, in its original incarnation, is highly sexual. Perhaps its most salacious lyric, which was absent from the later Bill Haley rendition, is \\\"I've been holdin' it in, way down underneath / You make me roll my eyes, baby, make me grit my teeth\\\". [It may actually be \\\"Over the hill, way down underneath.] On the recording, Turner slurred the lyric \\\"holdin' it in\\\", since this line may have been considered too risqué for publication. The chorus used \\\"shake, rattle and roll\\\" to refer to\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6915587\",\n \"text\": \"conclusion of Haley's earlier hit, \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\". Bill Haley's recording of \\\"See You Later, Alligator\\\" popularized a catchphrase already in use at the time, and Princess Margaret of the United Kingdom was quoted as saying it. It would become Haley's third and final million-selling single, although it did not hit the top of the American charts. Haley and the Comets re-recorded the song several more times: in 1964 for Guest Star Records, a drastically rearranged version for Mexico's Orfeon Records in 1966, and once more in 1968 for Sweden's Sonet Records. It was also a staple of the\",\n \"title\": \"See You Later, Alligator\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"909003\",\n \"text\": \"Although the cover version of the song by Bill Haley & His Comets, with the risqué lyrics partially omitted, was a greater sales success, many listeners sought out Turner's version and were introduced thereby to rhythm and blues. Elvis Presley's version of \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\" combined Turner's lyrics with Haley's arrangement, but was not a successful single. \\\"The Chicken and the Hawk\\\", \\\"Flip, Flop and Fly\\\", \\\"Hide and Seek\\\", \\\"Morning, Noon and Night\\\", and \\\"Well All Right\\\" were successful recordings from this period. He performed on the television program \\\"Showtime at the Apollo\\\" and in the movie \\\"Shake Rattle\",\n \"title\": \"Big Joe Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7361823\",\n \"text\": \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty \\\"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\\\" is a song recorded and released in 1976 by KC and the Sunshine Band for the album \\\"Part 3\\\". The song became their third number-one hit on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, as well as their third number-one on the Hot Soul Singles chart. The song was met with a degree of controversy, since the lyrics were interpreted or likely speculated by many as having sexual connotations. However, according to KC, it had a lot more meaning and depth. During his performance he would witness the entire crowd having\",\n \"title\": \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3159767\",\n \"text\": \"Alun Lewis, Richard Preddy & Gary Howe and Ian Davidson & Peter Vincent & Tony Jordan all wrote one episode each. The theme tune was Irving Berlin's \\\"What'll I Do?\\\". Initially the version recorded by actor William Atherton for the 1974 film \\\"The Great Gatsby\\\" was used; from the third series onwards is sung by Quirke and Robson. During the opening theme for series 1, Quirke and Robson were seen both dressed in a white shirt and a black skirt and they walked towards to screen through several spotlights. Once they reached the screen it faded to Quirke and Robson\",\n \"title\": \"Birds of a Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14878977\",\n \"text\": \"Shake Your Moneymaker (song) \\\"Shake Your Moneymaker\\\" or \\\"Shake Your Money Maker\\\" is a song recorded by Elmore James in 1961 that has become a blues standard. Inspired by earlier songs, it has been interpreted and recorded by several blues and other artists. \\\"Shake Your Moneymaker\\\" is included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of the \\\"500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll\\\". In 1958, Chicago blues singer and harmonica player Shakey Jake Harris recorded \\\"Roll Your Moneymaker\\\" with a band including Magic Sam on guitar and Willie Dixon on bass. The song, a twelve-bar blues with\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Moneymaker (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5901877\",\n \"text\": \"Boom! Shake the Room \\\"Boom! Shake the Room\\\" is a song by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. It was released in July 1993 as the second single from their fifth studio album, \\\"Code Red\\\", released in 1993. The song peaked at number thirteen on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, and topped the charts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Spain and Australia. The song samples \\\"Funky Worm\\\", a song by the Ohio Players. On September 17, 1993, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song gold; it went on to sell 600,000 copies domestically. On July 2, 2010, Australian\",\n \"title\": \"Boom! Shake the Room\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3391185\",\n \"text\": \"records were released that were neither cover versions of nor answers to Thornton's release, yet used a similar melody without any attribution to Leiber and Stoller. The first was Smiley Lewis's \\\"Play Girl\\\", credited to D. Bartholomew and released by the Imperial Records label (Imperial 45-5234) by the end of March 1953. Described as a \\\"stomping uptempo boogie rocker\\\", it began: \\\"You ain't nothin' but a Play Girl / Staying out all night long\\\". In April 1955, female impersonator Jesse \\\"Big 'Tiny'\\\" Kennedy recorded \\\"Country Boy\\\" accompanied by His Orchestra that was released by RCA's Groove Records (Groove 4G-0106) by\",\n \"title\": \"Hound Dog (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7951648\",\n \"text\": \"write the song.\\\" \\\"Mad Dog Cole\\\" is another original instrumental. The song had the working title of \\\"My Cat's Got Fleas\\\". \\\"Fly Me High\\\" is a cover of the 1967 song by The Moody Blues. \\\"If This World Were Mine\\\" is a cover of the 1967 duet by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell. \\\"Martha My Dear\\\" is a cover of the 1968 song by The Beatles. The band would later perform the song on the BBC children's show \\\"Monster Music Mash\\\" in 1969 when promoting the single \\\"Wild Winds Are Blowing\\\". \\\"Born to be Wild\\\" is another song originally by\",\n \"title\": \"Beginnings (Ambrose Slade album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2013444\",\n \"text\": \"Bonnie Baker, Dorothy Collins, Beryl Davis, Gogo DeLys, Joan Edwards (1941–46), Georgia Gibbs, Dick Haymes, Snooky Lanson, Gisèle MacKenzie, Johnny Mercer, Andy Russell, Dinah Shore, Ginny Simms, Lawrence Tibbett, Martha Tilton, Eileen Wilson, Barry Wood, and occasional guest vocalists. The show featured two tobacco auctioneers, Lee Aubrey \\\"Speed\\\" Riggs of Goldsboro, North Carolina and F.E. Boone of Lexington, Kentucky. The radio series continued until January 16, 1953. The success of the show spawned a spin-off series, Your All-Time Hit Parade, sponsored by Lucky Strike and devoted to all-time favorites and standards mixed with some current hits. The program began on\",\n \"title\": \"Your Hit Parade\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10925407\",\n \"text\": \"Metro Station (band) Metro Station was an American pop rock band that was formed in Los Angeles by singer Mason Musso and bassist/guitarist Trace Cyrus. In late 2006, the band signed a recording contract with Columbia Records and RED Ink Records. The band is best known for the top 10 \\\"Billboard\\\" hit single \\\"Shake It\\\" from the group's self-titled debut album. In 2010, tension between Cyrus and Musso caused the band to go on hiatus. In 2011, the band returned, however, it was announced that Cyrus was no longer a part of the group and Musso had purchased the rights\",\n \"title\": \"Metro Station (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5116026\",\n \"text\": \"Harlem Shuffle \\\"Harlem Shuffle\\\" is an R&B song written and originally recorded by the duo Bob & Earl in 1963. In 1986 it was covered by The Rolling Stones on their album \\\"Dirty Work\\\". The original single, co-arranged by Barry White and Gene Page, peaked at #44 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart and #36 on the \\\"Cash Box\\\" chart. The record was a commercial failure when first released in the UK in 1963, but on reissue in 1969 peaked at #7. It was released on Marc Records, a subsidiary of Titan Records. In 2003, the original Bob & Earl\",\n \"title\": \"Harlem Shuffle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3305226\",\n \"text\": \"had a hit album in 1972 with \\\"All Together Now\\\", which contained the single \\\"Hold Your Head Up\\\". His Hammond B3 solo on that track is cited by Rick Wakeman as the greatest organ solo ever. The band also recorded the original version of the rock anthem \\\"God Gave Rock and Roll to You\\\", written by lead singer Russ Ballard, which was later covered by other artists including Petra and Kiss. Argent's first album included the song \\\"Liar\\\" (also composed by Ballard), which became a hit for Three Dog Night. In 1976, the band broke up. In 1978, Argent released\",\n \"title\": \"Rod Argent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536512\",\n \"text\": \"Stardust (song) \\\"Stardust\\\" is a popular song composed in 1927 by Hoagy Carmichael with lyrics added by Mitchell Parish in 1929. Carmichael recorded the song, originally titled \\\"Star Dust\\\", at the Gennett studio in Richmond, Indiana. The \\\"song about a song about love\\\", played in an idiosyncratic melody in medium tempo, became an American standard and is one of the most recorded songs of the 20th century with over 1,500 recordings. In 2004, Carmichael's 1927 recording of the song was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. According to\",\n \"title\": \"Stardust (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13695059\",\n \"text\": \"including a cover version of The Beatles' \\\"Hey Jude\\\". B. J. Thomas came full circle. The five-time Grammy Award winner made his name in the mid-1960s with easy listening hits like \\\"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\\\" recorded at American Sound Studio The song written by Hal David and Burt Bacharach for the 1969 film \\\"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\\\", winning an Academy Award for Best Original Song. Further, David and Bacharach won Best Original Score. The version by B. J. Thomas was number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in the United States in January 1970 for\",\n \"title\": \"American Sound Studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5895504\",\n \"text\": \"My Sunny Boy\\\" would later become the b-side to the final Diana Ross-led Supremes single, \\\"Someday We'll Be Together\\\" (1969), and Ashford & Simpson's \\\"Keep an Eye\\\" would later be rerecorded by Gladys Knight & the Pips for their 1969 album Nitty Gritty, and by Ross for her first solo LP, \\\"Diana Ross.\\\" \\\"Can't Shake It Loose\\\" was co-authored by George Clinton for Pat Lewis, later occasionally of The Andantes, who recorded it for Golden World in 1966. Clinton would later remake the song with his band Funkadelic in 1971, but that version would not be released until 1992, when\",\n \"title\": \"Love Child (The Supremes album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5328789\",\n \"text\": \"as a duet with Graham Preskett on \\\"The Steve Howe Album\\\" in 1979. The Continental (song) \\\"The Continental\\\" is a song written by Con Conrad with lyrics by Herb Magidson, and was introduced by Ginger Rogers in the 1934 film, \\\"The Gay Divorcee\\\". \\\"The Continental\\\" was the first song to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Major record hits at the time of introduction included Jolly Coburn and Leo Reisman. In 1952 Harry James released a recording on the album \\\"Hollywood's Best\\\" (Columbia B-319 and CL-6224) with Rosemary Clooney on vocals. A later version by Maureen McGovern reached\",\n \"title\": \"The Continental (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"418478\",\n \"text\": \"as Tommy Jackson) as lead singer. The group released its first single, \\\"Long Pony Tail\\\", in 1962. In 1964 James renamed the band the Shondells because the name \\\"sounded good\\\" and in honor of singer Troy Shondell, famous for his 1961 release \\\"This Time.\\\" At this time, the band included Tommy James (vocals and guitar), Larry Coverdale (lead guitar), Larry Wright (bass), Craig Villeneuve (keyboards) and Jim Payne (drums). In February 1964 the band recorded the Jeff Barry–Ellie Greenwich song \\\"Hanky Panky\\\" (originally a B-side by the Raindrops). Released by Snap Records, a local label, James's version sold respectably in\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy James and the Shondells\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6119109\",\n \"text\": \"in 1955 and entered the charts on September 6. It spent eighteen weeks on the chart and reached number two. In the 1950s, it was a common practice in the record industry for pop artists to re-record (or \\\"cover\\\") popular R&B songs. Well-known early examples include Big Joe Turner's \\\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\\\", which was re-recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets, and Fats Domino's \\\"Ain't That a Shame\\\", which was covered by Pat Boone. In some cases, cover versions far outsold the originals and prevented them from entering the pop chart or \\\"crossing over\\\". This was the case with\",\n \"title\": \"I Hear You Knocking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2341285\",\n \"text\": \"was Billy Gussak. Bill Haley's own stage drummer, Dick Richards, did not play on this record but may have provided backing vocals since he participated in the recording of the song's B-side, \\\"A.B.C. Boogie\\\". This was Cedrone's final recording session as he died only ten days later. Haley's version was released in August and reached #7 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" pop chart, spending a total of twenty-seven weeks in the Top 40. Gabler has explained that he would \\\"clean up\\\" lyrics because, \\\"I didn't want any censor with the radio station to bar the record from being played on the air.\",\n \"title\": \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5147084\",\n \"text\": \"adapted from the album's liner notes. Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song) \\\"Shake It Off\\\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, taken from her tenth studio album, \\\"The Emancipation of Mimi\\\" (2005). It was written and produced by Carey along with Jermaine Dupri, Bryan-Michael Cox, and Johntá Austin. The song was initially solicited to radio on July 12, 2005, by Island and Mercury Records as the album's third single in the United States, while \\\"Get Your Number\\\" served as the album's third single elsewhere. Described by Dupri as \\\"ghetto,\\\" the track is a R&B song\",\n \"title\": \"Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9697249\",\n \"text\": \"Da Doo Ron Ron \\\"Da Doo Ron Ron\\\" is a song written by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector. It first became a popular top five hit single for the American girl group The Crystals in 1963. American teen idol Shaun Cassidy covered the song in 1977 and his version hit number one on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart. There have also been many other cover versions of this song, including a version by the Raindrops, which featured Barry and Greenwich. The song is the first collaboration in songwriting by Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector. The song\",\n \"title\": \"Da Doo Ron Ron\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7624394\",\n \"text\": \"48 seconds. Also, Johnson's vocals can be heard more clearly in the remix. Vinyl releases of the album include the remix, while most CD releases include the original version. Shake Your Foundations \\\"Shake Your Foundations\\\" is a song and single by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, written by Angus and Malcolm Young and Brian Johnson. The single was released in February 1986, taken from their 1985 album \\\"Fly on the Wall\\\". The track was remixed by Harry Vanda and George Young, who worked with AC/DC on earlier albums, and released on \\\"Who Made Who\\\", the soundtrack to the Stephen King\",\n \"title\": \"Shake Your Foundations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13423581\",\n \"text\": \"Shakey Ground \\\"Shakey Ground\\\" is a 1975 R&B single by The Temptations. It was co-written by Funkadelic guitarist Eddie Hazel, who plays lead guitar on the song. Original Funkadelic bassist Billy \\\"Bass\\\" Nelson also plays on the song. The song is the last by the group to reach the number-one spot on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Soul Singles chart: the song also crossed over to the pop chart, reaching number twenty-six on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The song was recorded by Phoebe Snow (for her 1976 album \\\"It Looks Like Snow\\\"), Van McCoy, Delbert McClinton, Etta James (on her 1989 album\",\n \"title\": \"Shakey Ground\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1956205\",\n \"text\": \"located at 1750 Vine Street. The following year, Seger's \\\"Shakedown\\\", a somewhat uncharacteristic song off the 1987 film \\\"Beverly Hills Cop II\\\"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s soundtrack, became his first and only #1 hit on the pop singles chart. The song had originally been intended for Seger's fellow Detroiter Glenn Frey, but when he lost his voice just prior to the recording session, Frey called in Seger to take his place. Seger changed the verses of the song but kept the chorus the same. The song earned Seger an Academy Award nomination as co-writer in the Best Original Song category the following year. Bob\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Seger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6877861\",\n \"text\": \"Catch the Wind \\\"Catch the Wind\\\" is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released as a single in the United Kingdom on 12 March 1965 through Pye Records (Pye 7N 15801) and a few months later in the United States through Hickory Records (Hickory 45-1309). The single was backed with \\\"Why Do You Treat Me Like You Do?\\\" on both the United Kingdom and United States releases. The melody of the song was influenced by \\\"Chimes of Freedom\\\" by Bob Dylan. \\\"Catch the Wind\\\" was the first release by Donovan. It reached No.4 in the\",\n \"title\": \"Catch the Wind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9151200\",\n \"text\": \"1991. Gee (The Crows song) \\\"Gee\\\", released in June 1953 by The Crows, is a song which has been credited as the first rock and roll hit by a rock and roll group. It is a doo-wop song, written by William Davis and Viola Watkins, and recorded by the Crows on the independent label, Rama Records, at Beltone Studios in New York City in February 1953. It charted in April 1954, one year later. It took a year to get recognized on \\\"Your Hit Parade\\\". It landed No.2 on the rhythm and blues chart and No. 14 on the pop\",\n \"title\": \"Gee (The Crows song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6522055\",\n \"text\": \"Cheek to Cheek \\\"Cheek to Cheek\\\" is a song written by Irving Berlin in 1935, for the Fred Astaire/Ginger Rogers movie \\\"Top Hat\\\" (1935). In the movie, Astaire sings the song to Rogers as they dance. The song was nominated for the Best Song Academy Award for 1936, which it lost to \\\"\\\"Lullaby of Broadway\\\"\\\". The song spent five weeks at #1 on Your Hit Parade and was named the #1 song of 1935. Astaire's 1935 recording with the Leo Reisman Orchestra was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2004, Astaire's version finished at No. 15\",\n \"title\": \"Cheek to Cheek\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5147048\",\n \"text\": \"Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song) \\\"Shake It Off\\\" is a song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, taken from her tenth studio album, \\\"The Emancipation of Mimi\\\" (2005). It was written and produced by Carey along with Jermaine Dupri, Bryan-Michael Cox, and Johntá Austin. The song was initially solicited to radio on July 12, 2005, by Island and Mercury Records as the album's third single in the United States, while \\\"Get Your Number\\\" served as the album's third single elsewhere. Described by Dupri as \\\"ghetto,\\\" the track is a R&B song that makes use of pop and\",\n \"title\": \"Shake It Off (Mariah Carey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13423582\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Seven Year Itch\\\") and many other singers. Renée Geyer included the song on her album, \\\"\\\" (1976). Fishbone recorded the song for their 2000 album \\\"\\\". Aerosmith announced in May 2012 that they are including the song on their upcoming album \\\"Music from Another Dimension!\\\", on which it ended up a Japan bonus track. Jam band, Max Creek has been performing the song since the 1980s and continues to do so today. Shakey Ground \\\"Shakey Ground\\\" is a 1975 R&B single by The Temptations. It was co-written by Funkadelic guitarist Eddie Hazel, who plays lead guitar on the song. Original\",\n \"title\": \"Shakey Ground\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1521977\",\n \"text\": \"Erickson's \\\"We Sell Soul\\\"; the song is included as an unlisted bonus track on Erickson's 1995 \\\"All That May Do My Rhyme\\\" CD and was adapted as \\\"Don't Fall Down\\\" by the 13th Floor Elevators for their first album. The Spades' original version of \\\"You're Gonna Miss Me\\\", later a hit for 13th Floor Elevators, was featured on the compilation album \\\"The Best of Pebbles Volume 1\\\". Erickson co-founded the 13th Floor Elevators in late 1965. He and bandmate Tommy Hall were the main songwriters. Early in her career, singer Janis Joplin considered joining the Elevators, but Family Dog's Chet\",\n \"title\": \"Roky Erickson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13186362\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"Human Traffic\\\". You're Gonna Get Yours \\\"You're Gonna Get Yours\\\" (sometimes subtitled \\\"My 98 Oldsmobile\\\") is a 1987 single by hip hop group Public Enemy from their debut album \\\"Yo! Bum Rush the Show\\\" (1987). Chuck D references the Oldsmobile 98 automobile in the song's lyrics. It peaked at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart. MARRS sampled the song on their 1987 song \\\"Pump Up the Volume\\\". Red Hot Chili Peppers have been known to use the song as an intro jam during live performances of their own song, \\\"Give It Away.\\\" This song was also featured in\",\n \"title\": \"You're Gonna Get Yours\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who sang the original shake your tail feather"}}},{"rowIdx":193,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["the New England Patriots"],"string":"[\n \"the New England Patriots\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"375992","text":"conference champions to determine the NFL's league champion. Currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 27 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six. The New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with ten. Charles Haley and Tom Brady both have five Super Bowl rings, which is the record for the most rings won by a single player. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called \"Super Bowl Sunday\". It","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"376005","text":"the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowl championships. Fourteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Eight teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win. The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win. The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans) have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the creation","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"284561","text":"the Green Bay Packers with thirteen (nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era, and four Super Bowl championships afterwards); the team with the most Super Bowl championships is the Pittsburgh Steelers with six. The current NFL champions are the Philadelphia Eagles, who defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, their first Super Bowl championship after winning three NFL titles before the Super Bowl era. On August 20, 1920, a meeting was held by representatives of the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio. This meeting","title":"National Football League"},{"id":"9002022","text":"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \"Blue Ribbon\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams","title":"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions"},{"id":"376024","text":"of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC. Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. In Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants won another title by defeating the New England Patriots. In Super Bowl XLVII the Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"376006","text":"of the Super Bowl, while the Jaguars (1995) and Texans (2002) are both recent NFL expansion teams. (Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville, however, have hosted a Super Bowl, leaving the Browns the only team to date who has neither played in nor whose city has hosted the game.) The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV. The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls (Known as the AFL-NFL World Championship Game for these first two contests), defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"286650","text":"Bowl LI, which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory, tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history, 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime. The Patriots became the first team to reach ten Super Bowls in the 2017–18 playoffs but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat, used only for the","title":"New England Patriots"},{"id":"8915769","text":"(three consecutive league championships) for only the second time in franchise history and the first time since they were named league champions following the 1929–31 seasons. To this day, no other NFL team has matched or surpassed this record. The Packers' back-to-back wins in the first two Super Bowls remains a Super Bowl record, and has since been tied seven times by six other franchises: the Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII following the 1972 and 1973 seasons, the Pittsburgh Steelers won Super Bowls IX and X following the 1974 and 1975 seasons as well as Super Bowls","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"id":"106436","text":"The Cowboys' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games (home and away) began in 2002. The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times, tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history, just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances. This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships, most in the NFC. The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances, tying them with their NFC rivals, the San Francisco 49ers, and the AFC's Patriots; all three are second to Pittsburgh's record six","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"16858043","text":"fifth, moving them into a three-way tie with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for second place on the all-time Super Bowl wins list, trailing only the Pittsburgh Steelers who have six victories. New England, after finishing the regular season with a league-best 14–2 record, advanced to their record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance, their second in three years, and their seventh under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. The Falcons entered the game after completing an 11–5 regular season record, and were trying to win their first Super Bowl title, having lost their","title":"Super Bowl LI"},{"id":"313758","text":"since . In the NFL's \"modern era\" (since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970) the Steelers have posted the best record in the league. The franchise has won the most regular season games, the most playoff games (33 playoff wins; the Dallas Cowboys are second with 32), won the most divisional titles (20), has played in the most conference championship games (15), hosted the most conference championship games (11), and is tied with the Dallas Cowboys, the Denver Broncos and the New England Patriots for the most Super Bowl appearances (8). The Steelers have the best winning percentage (including every expansion","title":"Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"19118262","text":"touchdown, winning Super Bowl LI for the Patriots, 34–28. With the victory, the Patriots won their fifth Super Bowl, tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers for the second most of all time. The win was also the fifth Super Bowl victory for Tom Brady and Bill Belichick, both setting records (Belichick surpassing Chuck Noll for most Super Bowl wins by a head coach, and Brady surpassing Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl wins by a quarterback). Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the fourth time, also setting a record. The following are","title":"2016 New England Patriots season"},{"id":"9869815","text":"49ers held on for a 38–28 victory after Dallas scored a late touchdown, qualifying them for their fifth Super Bowl, and the first to be played by two teams from California. The 49ers steamrolled the San Diego Chargers, becoming the first team to win a record five Super Bowls. With a record 6 touchdown passes, Steve Young was named the game's MVP. Their run of 5 Super Bowl wins in 14 seasons (1981–1994) solidified them as one of the all-time greatest NFL teams. The 49ers made the playoffs in 1995, 1996, and 1997, being eliminated each season by the Green","title":"History of the San Francisco 49ers"},{"id":"376004","text":"games in 1978, the season was started earlier. Prior to 1978, the season started as late as September 21. Now, since Labor Day is always the first Monday of September, September 13 is the latest possible date for the first full Sunday set of games (Since 2002, the regular season has started with the Kickoff Game on the first Thursday after Labor Day). The earliest possible season start date is September 7. The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls, the most of any team; the Dallas Cowboys, New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each, while","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"286695","text":"Super Bowl championship that they have won, and as it is the only Super Bowl the Saints have appeared in, they join the New York Jets and Tampa Bay Buccaneers as the only three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance. In 51 seasons (through 2017), the Saints' record was overall, 349–432–5 in the regular season and 9–11 in the playoffs. First the brainchild of local sports entrepreneur Dave Dixon, who later built the Louisiana Superdome and founded the USFL, the Saints were actually secretly born in a backroom deal brought about by U.S. Congressman Hale Boggs, U.S.","title":"New Orleans Saints"},{"id":"7346067","text":"wins and 19 losses. Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins: the New England Patriots (nine), Dallas Cowboys (eight), Pittsburgh Steelers (eight), Denver Broncos (eight), and the San Francisco 49ers (six); the Redskins’ five appearances are tied with the Oakland Raiders, Miami Dolphins, New York Giants, and Green Bay Packers. All of the Redskins’ league titles were attained during two ten-year spans. From 1936 to 1945, the Redskins went to the NFL Championship six times, winning two of them. The second period lasted between 1982 and 1991 where the Redskins appeared in the postseason seven","title":"History of the Washington Redskins"},{"id":"28987","text":"Bradshaw and Joe Greene, and ultimately winning four Super Bowls in the 1970s. Since the 1970 merger, the Steelers have the NFL's highest winning percentage, the most total victories, the most trips to either conference championship game, are tied for the second most trips to the Super Bowl (with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos, trailing only the New England Patriots), and have won an NFL-record six Super Bowl championships. Perhaps the greatest social legacy of the AFL was the domino effect of its policy of being more liberal than the entrenched NFL in offering opportunity for black players. While","title":"American Football League"},{"id":"9869750","text":"History of the San Francisco 49ers The San Francisco 49ers are the first major league professional sports franchise to be based in San Francisco, and one of the first professional sports teams based on the West Coast of the United States. The 49ers have won five NFL championships – all Super Bowls. They were the first team to win five Super Bowls (Super Bowls XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV, and XXIX). They are considered \"The Team of the Eighties\", winning four Super Bowls in the decade. Prior to the 80s, the 49ers had never won an NFL championship (They did not","title":"History of the San Francisco 49ers"},{"id":"284560","text":"professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. The Super Bowl is among the biggest club sporting events in the world and individual Super Bowl games account for many of the most watched television programs in American history, all occupying the Nielsen's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015. The NFL's executive officer is the commissioner, who has broad authority in governing the league. The players in the league belong to the National Football League Players Association. The team with the most NFL championships is","title":"National Football League"},{"id":"4956871","text":"the Lions are 89 years old (founded 1929 in Portsmouth, Ohio; moved to Detroit in 1934), and the Vikings are 57 years old (founded 1961). The division has a total of 11 Super Bowl appearances. The Packers have the most appearances in the Super Bowl with 5, the most recent happening at the conclusion of the 2010 season. The Bears and the Packers have the only Super Bowl wins of this division, a total of 5 (4 for the Packers and 1 for the Bears). Of the top 10 NFL teams with the highest winning percentage throughout its franchise history,","title":"NFC North"},{"id":"2219967","text":"three-peat include the Green Bay Packers (1968), Miami Dolphins (1974), Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: 1976, 1980), San Francisco 49ers (1990), Dallas Cowboys (1994), Denver Broncos (1999), and New England Patriots (2005). All of these teams failed to return to the title game in the third season (indicated in parentheses). The Buffalo Bills went to 4 consecutive Super Bowls from 1990–1993 which is a feat unmatched in NFL history, however they lost in every appearance. In the early years of the NFL, decades before the introduction of either the term \"three-peat\" or the Super Bowl, the Packers won three consecutive NFL titles","title":"Three-peat"},{"id":"395018","text":"to his first Super Bowl (Super Bowl XV in the 1980 season) to winning it for the first time. This is the second, and to date, most recent, Super Bowl in which neither team committed any turnovers. The only other Super Bowl to date with this distinction is Super Bowl XXV. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIV, Super Bowl XXXIV Play Finder StL, Super Bowl XXXIV Play Finder Ten, USA Today Super Bowl XXXIV Play by Play Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXIV, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016","title":"Super Bowl XXXIV"},{"id":"394682","text":"Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1993 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 30–13, winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, tying the Pittsburgh Steelers and the San Francisco 49ers for most Super Bowl wins. The game was played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks (two byes","title":"Super Bowl XXVIII"},{"id":"376023","text":"Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1. The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals. The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance. The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"284612","text":"the regular season. At the local level, NFL games were the highest-ranked shows in NFL markets 92% of the time. Super Bowls account for the 22 most-watched programs (based on total audience) in US history, including a record 167 million people that watched Super Bowl XLVIII, the conclusion to the 2013 season. In addition to radio networks run by each NFL team, select NFL games are broadcast nationally by Westwood One (known as Dial Global for the 2012 season). These games are broadcast on over 500 networks, giving all NFL markets access to each primetime game. The NFL's deal with","title":"National Football League"},{"id":"286642","text":"the record for most Super Bowls reached (eight) and won (five) by a head coach–quarterback tandem, and most Super Bowl appearances overall (ten). Currently, the team is tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five, after the Steelers, who have six. On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team's official name. The most popular choice – and the one that Sullivan selected – was","title":"New England Patriots"},{"id":"313740","text":"(16) and hosted more conference championship games (11) than any other NFL team. The Steelers have won 8 AFC championships, tied with the Denver Broncos, but behind the New England Patriots' record 10 AFC championships. The Steelers share the record for second most Super Bowl appearances with the Broncos, and Dallas Cowboys (8). The Steelers lost their most recent championship appearance, Super Bowl XLV, on February 6, 2011. The Steelers, whose history traces to a regional pro team that was established in the early 1920s, joined the NFL as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8, 1933, owned by Art Rooney","title":"Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"289049","text":"is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall","title":"New York Giants"},{"id":"284559","text":"advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl, which is usually held in the first Sunday in February, and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC. The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League (AFL) in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season; the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any","title":"National Football League"},{"id":"376007","text":"Raiders following the and seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback, Bart Starr, who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL championships in , , and , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years, and the only threepeat in NFL history (1965, 1966, and 1967). In Super Bowl III, the AFL's New York Jets defeated the eighteen-point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16–7. The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath, who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"8915770","text":"XIII and XIV following the 1978 and 1979 seasons and remain, to date, the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowl titles more than once, the San Francisco 49ers won Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV following the 1988 and 1989 seasons, the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII following the 1992 and 1993 seasons, the Denver Broncos won Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII following the 1997 and 1998 seasons, and most recently, the New England Patriots won Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX following the 2003 and 2004 seasons. After the franchise's victory in Super Bowl II, Vince Lombardi","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"id":"394107","text":"Super Bowl victories. With this start, Staubach became the first quarterback to start four Super Bowls. Bradshaw joined Fran Tarkenton, Bob Griese as well as Staubach as the only quarterbacks to start at least three Super Bowls. The only quarterbacks to start more Super Bowls than Staubach and Bradshaw are John Elway and Tom Brady, who guided the Broncos and Patriots to five and seven Super Bowls respectively. 49ers quarterback Joe Montana and Bills quarterback Jim Kelly later matched Staubach and Bradshaw by leading their teams to four Super Bowls. The point spread for the game opened at Pittsburgh -3.5","title":"Super Bowl XIII"},{"id":"376012","text":"seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period. The Steelers' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade. In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those in the 1990s. The NFC won 16 of","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"6728156","text":"the sum of the squares of team points scored and allowed. The 2011 edition of \"Football Outsiders Almanac\" states, \"From 1988 through 2004, 11 of 16 Super Bowls were won by the team that led the NFL in Pythagorean wins, while only seven were won by the team with the most actual victories. Super Bowl champions that led the league in Pythagorean wins but not actual wins include the 2004 Patriots, 2000 Ravens, 1999 Rams and 1997 Broncos.\" Although Football Outsiders Almanac acknowledges that the formula had been less-successful in picking Super Bowl participants from 2005-2008, it reasserted itself in","title":"Football Outsiders"},{"id":"6409672","text":"Super Bowl ring The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory. These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per","title":"Super Bowl ring"},{"id":"646825","text":"Dallas Stars (National Hockey League), FC Dallas (Major League Soccer), Dallas Wings (Women's National Basketball Association), and the Dallas Rattlers (Major League Lacrosse). The Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League play in nearby Arlington, Texas. Since joining the league as an expansion team in 1960, the Cowboys have enjoyed substantial success, advancing to eight Super Bowls and winning five; according to profootballreference.com, as of the end of the 2009 season, they were the \"winningest\" active NFL franchise (based on winning percentage; other teams have more wins). Noted as \"America's Team\", the Cowboys are financially the most valuable sports franchise","title":"Dallas"},{"id":"394625","text":"Super Bowl XXVII Super Bowl XXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1992 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 52–17, winning their third Super Bowl in team history, and their first one in fifteen years. This game is tied with Super Bowl XXXVII as the third-highest scoring Super Bowl ever with 69 combined points. The Bills became the first team to lose three consecutive Super Bowls, and just the","title":"Super Bowl XXVII"},{"id":"162700","text":"Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine pre–Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories. The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League (AFL) prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers' coach of the same name, who guided them to their first two Super Bowls. Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions,","title":"Green Bay Packers"},{"id":"286772","text":"Since 1968, the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times, and in the AFC Championship Game four times, most recently losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2010. However, the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl, making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance, along with the New Orleans Saints and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Apart from the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions, who have never reached the Super Bowl (although both won NFL championships prior to 1966), the Jets' drought is the longest among current NFL franchises. The team's training facility, Atlantic","title":"New York Jets"},{"id":"1996290","text":"from the winning team every year except 1971, when Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley won the award despite the Cowboys' loss in Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts. Harvey Martin and Randy White were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, the only time co-MVPs have been chosen. Including the Super Bowl XII co-MVPs, seven Cowboys players have won Super Bowl MVP awards, the most of any NFL team. Quarterbacks have earned the honor 29 times in 52 games. Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, or Super Bowl MVP, is presented annually to","title":"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award"},{"id":"394575","text":"Super Bowl XXVI Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the third team, after the Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowls VIII and IX) and the Denver Broncos (Super Bowls XXI and XXII) to lose back-to-back Super","title":"Super Bowl XXVI"},{"id":"8915816","text":"win, the Packers joined the Steelers, 49ers and Cowboys as the only NFL teams to win at least four Super Bowls. They would eventually be joined by the New York Giants, who won their fourth Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLVI) following the 2011 season, and the New England Patriots, who won their fourth Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLIX) following the 2014 season. Despite a lack of practices and training due to a lockout in the off-season, the Packers defeated New Orleans 42-34, hosting the first game of the 2011 season. After a touch-and-go battle with Carolina in Week 2, the","title":"History of the Green Bay Packers"},{"id":"6409678","text":"Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000. As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL). Super Bowl ring The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable","title":"Super Bowl ring"},{"id":"1938594","text":"for the 2015 NFL season. The years shown below refer to the season, not the date that the Super Bowl was actually played. The Pittsburgh Steelers (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 2005, 2008) are first with six Vince Lombardi Trophies. The Dallas Cowboys (1971, 1977, 1992, 1993, 1995), the San Francisco 49ers (1981, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1994), and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016) are tied for second with 5 each. The Green Bay Packers (1966, 1967, 1996, 2010) and the New York Giants (1986, 1990, 2007, 2011) are tied for fifth with four each. The Oakland Raiders","title":"Vince Lombardi Trophy"},{"id":"2199960","text":"Tom Brady Thomas \"Tom\" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by","title":"Tom Brady"},{"id":"393968","text":"Super Bowl X Super Bowl X was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1975 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl. They were the third team to win back-to-back Super Bowls. (The Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII, and the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowls I and II.) It was also the first Super Bowl in which both participating teams","title":"Super Bowl X"},{"id":"5012279","text":"telecast of Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, between the New York Giants and New England Patriots, was the second-highest rated Super Bowl telecast ever, with 97.5 million viewers watching the broadcast. It was also the second-most-watched program in television history, behind the series finale of \"M*A*S*H\" in 1983. With an average U.S. audience of 111 million viewers, Fox's February 6, 2011 telecast of Super Bowl XLV became the most-watched Super Bowl as well as the most-watched program of any kind in American television history, beating the previous record of 106.5 million viewers set the year prior for Super","title":"Fox NFL"},{"id":"376018","text":"Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13-year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win nine out of 12 Super Bowls. In the years between 1995 and 2016, five teams – the Steelers, New England Patriots, Broncos, Baltimore Ravens, and Indianapolis Colts – accounted for 20 of the 22 AFC Super Bowl appearances (including the last 14),","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"394886","text":"Bowl XII, the Oakland Raiders defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10 in Super Bowl XV, the Chicago Bears beat the New England Patriots 46–10 in Super Bowl XX, and the San Francisco 49ers beat the Denver Broncos 55–10 in Super Bowl XXIV. The Packers also became the first dark-colored team to win a Super Bowl indoors. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXI, Super Bowl XXXI Play Finder GB, Super Bowl XXXI Play Finder NE Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXI, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact","title":"Super Bowl XXXI"},{"id":"394834","text":"Super Bowl XXXI Super Bowl XXXI was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1996 season. The Packers defeated the Patriots by the score of 35–21, earning their third overall Super Bowl victory, and their first since Super Bowl II. The Packers also extended their league record for the most overall NFL championships to 12. It was also the last in a run of 13 straight Super Bowl victories by the NFC over","title":"Super Bowl XXXI"},{"id":"19807654","text":"In addition, they had the chance to tie the Pittsburgh Steelers for the record of most Super Bowl wins by a team in NFL history with 6. However, due to a late strip-sack of Brady by Brandon Graham and a failed Hail Mary pass, the Eagles defeated the Patriots in Super Bowl LII by 41–33, ending the Patriots chance at a sixth Super Bowl title and resulting in their first Super Bowl loss since 2011. The loss prevented the Patriots from repeating their three-in-four Super Bowl run that they managed from 2001–2004. Also with the loss, the Patriots tied the","title":"2017 New England Patriots season"},{"id":"376008","text":"the game, and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank, and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL's competitive equal. This was reinforced the following year when the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV. After the AFL–NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade. The Baltimore Colts, now a member of the AFC, would start the decade by defeating the Cowboys in Super Bowl V,","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"376056","text":"their dark-colored uniform in more recent years are the Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV and the Philadelphia Eagles against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, with teams in white winning 12 of the last 14 Super Bowls. The 49ers, as part of the league's 75th Anniversary celebration, used their 1955 throwback uniform in Super Bowl XXIX, which for that year was their regular home jersey. No team has yet worn a third jersey or Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl. Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls. A total of 26","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"1938595","text":"(1976, 1980, 1983), the Washington Redskins (1982, 1987, 1991) and the Denver Broncos (1997, 1998, 2015) are tied for seventh with three each. Although none of these teams have ever won three straight Super Bowls, two of them have won three Lombardi trophies in four years and one twice in three years: The Dallas Cowboys (1992, 1993, 1995) and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004) and (2014, 2016). The Pittsburgh Steelers won four Super Bowls in six years (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979). The trophy has been presented on a stage constructed on the field since Super Bowl XXX in","title":"Vince Lombardi Trophy"},{"id":"19118255","text":"surpassed Deion Branch for the record. Surprisingly, both of these records were made in the first drive of the Patriots. Next, wide receiver Chris Hogan set the single-game franchise receiving record in the postseason. He finished the game with a total of 180 yards along with 2 touchdowns. Finally, with the win, the Patriots set the record for most Super Bowls ever attended by a single franchise with 9. They surpassed the Pittsburgh Steelers, Dallas Cowboys, and Denver Broncos who are all tied at 8. This will be the 7th for the Brady-Belichick tandem. Both the Patriots and Falcons were","title":"2016 New England Patriots season"},{"id":"19807679","text":"ever to throw for over 500 yards and lose the Super Bowl. His personal Super Bowl record dropped to 5-3. His record against the NFC East in Super Bowls also dropped to 1-3. The Patriots however became the first team to appear in and play in 10 Super Bowls. But, despite the fact that they are still tied with the Cowboys and 49ers for 5 franchise wins, this loss tied them with the Broncos for most Super Bowls lost with 5. 2017 New England Patriots season The 2017 New England Patriots season was the franchise's 48th season in the National","title":"2017 New England Patriots season"},{"id":"20468682","text":"2018 New England Patriots season The 2018 season is the New England Patriots' 49th season in the National Football League, their 59th overall and their 19th under head coach Bill Belichick. The Patriots entered the season as two-time defending AFC champions, and will attempt to become only the third team in NFL history to appear in three consecutive Super Bowls (after the 1990–93 Buffalo Bills and the 1971–73 Miami Dolphins, who are also coincidentally AFC East teams). The Patriots' losses to the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 2 and the Detroit Lions in Week 3 marked the franchise's first back-to-back double-digit","title":"2018 New England Patriots season"},{"id":"9868175","text":"would lose their first playoff game, and the 2015 Panthers would lose Super Bowl 50. The Patriots were not able to join the 1984 49ers and 1985 Bears as Super Bowl champions, losing the Super Bowl and failing to go 19–0 and claim their fourth Super Bowl victory. They would have become just the fourth team to win at least four Super Bowls (joining the 49ers, Steelers, and Dallas Cowboys, each of whom had won five at the time). In Super Bowl XLII, the New York Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 in one of the biggest upsets in NFL history.","title":"2007 New England Patriots season"},{"id":"12917317","text":"the Steelers owning a 3–1 advantage. They are the only two teams in the AFC North to have won the Super Bowl, and possess a combined 8–2 record in the game, with the Ravens being 2–0 and the Steelers being 6–2. Both teams have won two Super Bowls since the rivalry began. In 1996, NFL football returned to Baltimore, 12 years after the original Baltimore Colts moved to Indianapolis. In a strange twist of fate, Art Modell, former owner of the Steelers' traditional rival, the Cleveland Browns, agreed to suspend the Browns franchise in return for taking his players and","title":"Ravens–Steelers rivalry"},{"id":"394727","text":"Super Bowl XXIX Super Bowl XXIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. This is the only Super Bowl in history to be played between two teams from the same state. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49–26, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowl championships. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the","title":"Super Bowl XXIX"},{"id":"1661129","text":"NFC in 1995. Parity is generally greater among NFC teams than AFC teams. The only NFC team that has never made a Super Bowl appearance is the Detroit Lions. Since the 2002 realignment, the only time that an NFC team has made back-to-back Super Bowl appearances are the Seattle Seahawks in 2013 and 2014. Between 2000 and 2016, the NFC has sent 12 different teams to the Super Bowl, whereas the AFC had sent only six: the Baltimore Ravens (2 times), the Denver Broncos (2 times), the Indianapolis Colts (2 times), the Oakland Raiders (1 time), the New England Patriots","title":"National Football Conference"},{"id":"3140543","text":"NFL in and every AFL championship game and record is included in NFL record books. The old NFL Championship Game became the NFC Championship Game, while the old AFL Championship Game became the AFC Championship Game. The NFL lists the old AFL/NFL championship games with \"new\" AFC/NFC championship games in its record books. The Green Bay Packers have won the most championships with 13 total (9 NFL championships pre-merger, four (4) Super Bowl championships). The Packers are also the only team to win three consecutive championships, having done so twice (1929–1931, 1965–1967). The Chicago Bears have won the second most","title":"History of the National Football League championship"},{"id":"289101","text":"State. On December 9, 2018, the Giants became the first team in NFL history to win 100 regular season games against an opponent. The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships: 1927, 1934, 1938, 1956, 1986, 1990, 2007 and 2011. The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era. New York's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams, trailing only the Green Bay Packers (13) and the Chicago Bears (9). Before the Super Bowl was instituted, the Giants won four officially recognized NFL championships. The Giants have won four Super","title":"New York Giants"},{"id":"19345037","text":"professional leagues in the world in terms of per-game attendance, and the most popular in the U.S. in terms of television ratings and merchandising. Its championship game, the Super Bowl, is the most watched annual event on U.S. television, with Super Bowl XLIX being the single most-watched program in U.S. television history. The NFL is the only one of the major leagues not to have a presence in Canada, where the Canadian Football League is the premier professional league in the sport. The National Hockey League is the only one of the major leagues to have been founded in Canada.","title":"Professional sports leagues in the United States"},{"id":"11856837","text":"there previously, but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowl II and III. MetLife Stadium in New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII, is the home stadium of two NFL teams: the New York Giants and the New York Jets. This list of examples is not exhaustive; no team has ever qualified for the Super Bowl played in their home stadium. Since 1993, few winning teams have followed up their","title":"Super Bowl curse"},{"id":"5732063","text":"Super Bowl XLV Super Bowl XLV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2010 season. The Packers defeated the Steelers by the score of 31–25. The game was played on February 6, 2011 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Dallas–Fort Worth area. Unlike most other Super Bowls, this game featured two title-abundant franchises: coming into the game, the Packers held the most NFL","title":"Super Bowl XLV"},{"id":"376063","text":"football and California Golden Bears football teams compete in the \"Big Game\", which has been played since 1892 (28 years before the formation of the NFL and 75 years before Super Bowl I). Additionally, the Mega Millions lottery game was known as \"The Big Game\" (then \"The Big Game Mega Millions\") from 1996 to 2002. Like the other major professional leagues in the United States, the winner of the Super Bowl is usually declared \"world champions\", a title that has been mocked by non-American journalists. Others feel the title is fitting, since it is the only professional league of its","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"394361","text":"according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary. Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Tom Kelleher became the first official to work five Super Bowls, a record which has been tied by several officials, but never surpassed. Super Bowl XIX Super Bowl XIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1984 season. The 49ers defeated the","title":"Super Bowl XIX"},{"id":"394487","text":"a team with a better regular season record going into the game (10–6 for the 49ers to 12–4 for the Bengals). The 49ers also became the first team, since the NFL went to a 16-game schedule in 1978, to win the Super Bowl after winning only 10 games during the regular season. Their six regular season losses were tied for the most ever by a Super Bowl champion, until the 9–7 New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI following the 2011 season. Additionally, the 49ers' 13 combined regular season and postseason wins are tied for the lowest ever for a","title":"Super Bowl XXIII"},{"id":"12304614","text":"became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle (after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL). In winning, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories. Brady was also named MVP for a third time, tying the record set by Joe Montana. The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year. This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a","title":"Super Bowl XLIX"},{"id":"375990","text":"Super Bowl The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL). The game is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15, 1967, following the 1966 regular season. The sole exception to this naming convention tradition occurred with Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7, 2016, following the 2015 regular season, and the following year, the","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"375991","text":"nomenclature returned to Roman numerals for Super Bowl LI, following the 2016 regular season. The most recent Super Bowl was Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, following the 2017 regular season. The game was created as a part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a \"conference\", and the game has since been played between the","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"460180","text":"and XXVI. They have been league runner-up six times, losing the 1936, 1940, 1943, and 1945 title games, and Super Bowls VII and XVIII. With 24 postseason appearances, the Redskins have an overall postseason record of Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos, behind the Pittsburgh Steelers (six), San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and New England Patriots (five each), and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants (four each). All of the Redskins' league titles were attained during two 10-year spans. From 1936 to 1945, the Redskins went to the NFL Championship","title":"Washington Redskins"},{"id":"376051","text":"league will vote upon it to determine if it is acceptable. The designated \"home team\" alternates between the NFC team in odd-numbered games and the AFC team in even-numbered games. This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl, when the Green Bay Packers were the designated home team. Regardless of being the home or away team of record, each team has their team logo and wordmark painted in one of the end zones. Designated away teams have won 30 of 51 Super Bowls to date (approximately 59 percent). Since Super Bowl XIII in January 1979, the home team is","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"5201076","text":"AFC West The AFC West is a division of the National Football League (NFL)'s American Football Conference (AFC), formerly known as the AFL West. The division comprises the Denver Broncos, Los Angeles Chargers, Kansas City Chiefs, and Oakland Raiders. The division has sent teams to the Super Bowl sixteen times beginning with Super Bowl I vs. Green Bay. Currently, as of the 2017 season, the Broncos and Raiders are tied with the most Super Bowl wins within the division with 3 each; Denver and Oakland have appeared in the Super Bowl 5 and 2 additional times respectively. The Chiefs are","title":"AFC West"},{"id":"393703","text":"Super Bowl II The second AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional football, known retrospectively as Super Bowl II, was played on January 14, 1968, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. The National Football League (NFL)'s defending champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League (AFL) champion Oakland Raiders by the score of 33–14. This game and Super Bowl III are the only two Super Bowl games to be played in back-to-back years in the same stadium. Coming into this game, like during the first Super Bowl, many sports writers and fans believed that any team in the NFL","title":"Super Bowl II"},{"id":"1996289","text":"recent Super Bowl MVP, from Super Bowl LII held on February 4, 2018, is Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Nick Foles, who passed for 373 yards and three touchdowns and scored a fourth touchdown as a receiver, becoming the first player to both throw and catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl. Tom Brady is the only player to have won four Super Bowl MVP awards; Joe Montana has won three and three others—Starr, Terry Bradshaw, and Eli Manning—have won the award twice. Starr and Bradshaw are the only ones to have won it in back-to-back years. The MVP has come","title":"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award"},{"id":"376041","text":"franchise outside of the Super Bowl. No team has ever played the Super Bowl in its home stadium. The closest any team has come was the 2017 Minnesota Vikings, who were within one win of playing Super Bowl LII in U.S. Bank Stadium, but lost the NFC Championship game to the Philadelphia Eagles. Two teams have played the Super Bowl in their home market: the San Francisco 49ers, who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium instead of Candlestick Park; and the Los Angeles Rams, who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl instead of the Los Angeles Memorial","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"12363126","text":"Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 during the 2011 NFL Season. The NFL championship game is called the Super Bowl, and is among the biggest events in club sports worldwide. It is played between the champions of the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC), and its winner is awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy. College football is the third-most popular sport in the","title":"American football"},{"id":"394178","text":"of four Super Bowl titles. Chuck Noll, the last link to Pittsburgh's dynasty, retired from coaching following the 1991 season. Only Bill Belichick matched (and later surpassed) Noll's four Vince Lombardi Trophies as a head coach. The Steelers' record of four Super Bowls in six seasons has yet to be matched. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XIV, Super Bowl XIV Play Finder Pit, Super Bowl XIV Play Finder LA Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XIV, according to the official NFL.com box score and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have","title":"Super Bowl XIV"},{"id":"258297","text":"losing to the Dallas Cowboys, 24–3. The following year, the Dolphins completed the NFL's only perfect season, culminating in a Super Bowl win, winning all 14 of their regular season games, and all three of their playoff games, including Super Bowl VII. The 1972 Dolphins were the third NFL team to accomplish a perfect regular season, and won Super Bowl VIII, becoming the first team to appear in three consecutive Super Bowls, and the second team (the first AFL/AFC team) to win back-to-back championships. Miami also appeared in Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XIX, losing both games. For most","title":"Miami Dolphins"},{"id":"313754","text":"Super Bowl, and he is only the second African-American coach to ever win the Super Bowl (Tony Dungy was the first). The 2010 season made Tomlin the only coach to reach the Super Bowl twice before the age of 40. Tomlin led the team to his second Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLV) on Feb. 6, 2011. However, the Steelers were defeated in their eighth Super Bowl appearance by the Green Bay Packers by the score of 31–25. The Steelers recorded their 400th victory in 2012 after defeating the Washington Redskins. Through the 2016 season, Tomlin's record is 111–63, including playoffs.","title":"Pittsburgh Steelers"},{"id":"394010","text":"regular season record before defeating the New England Patriots and the Pittsburgh Steelers in the playoffs. The Vikings were making their fourth Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11–2–1 regular season record and playoff victories over the Washington Redskins and the Los Angeles Rams. The Vikings became the first team to appear in four Super Bowls, a record they held until the Dallas Cowboys advanced to a Super Bowl for the fifth time in Super Bowl XIII. They had not won in their previous three attempts, losing Super Bowl IV to the Kansas City Chiefs in the final Super Bowl","title":"Super Bowl XI"},{"id":"19118159","text":"points. This would also be a record fifth Super Bowl victory for the Brady–Belichick quarterback-head coach combo. For Tom Brady, this would be his fifth. With the Super Bowl win, he broke his tie with hall of fame quarterbacks Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw who both have four wins each. Moreover, head coach Bill Belichick's fifth Super Bowl meant he surpassed Hall of Fame coach Chuck Noll (4) for most wins in the Super Bowl by a head coach. Two-time Pro Bowl linebacker and 2008 AP NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Jerod Mayo announced his retirement in February 2016.","title":"2016 New England Patriots season"},{"id":"3118212","text":"major league sports teams: the Buffalo Bills of the NFL and the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL. The Bills play their home football games at New Era Field, the largest sports stadium in all of New York State, located just south of the city of Buffalo in Orchard Park. The Bills are the only team to reach the Super Bowl in four consecutive seasons (1990–1993) in NFL history. The Buffalo Sabres also have a strong following in Western New York, and are consistently ranked among the highest-rated local TV hockey markets and the highest-rated markets for NBC/NBCSN regular season games.","title":"Western New York"},{"id":"11036406","text":"Carolina from cardiac arrest caused by an enlarged heart. On January 24, 2010, the New Orleans Saints defeated the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship Game in overtime by a score of 31–28. The win secured their berth in Super Bowl XLIV, the franchise's first ever Super Bowl. Later on February 7, the Saints defeated the Indianapolis Colts in the Super Bowl by a score of 31–17. Quarterback Drew Brees was named the MVP. The St. Louis Rams finish as the NFL’s tenth 1–15 or 0–16 team, giving them a record from to 2009 of six wins and forty-two losses.","title":"2009 NFL season"},{"id":"7167361","text":"a subsequent Super Bowl. Baltimore's victory made them the only current NFL franchise to have appeared in at least two Super Bowls without ever losing any of their appearances. Three cities presented bids for the game: The league then selected the New Orleans bid during the NFL's Spring Ownership Meetings in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on May 19, 2009. This was the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl, by far the most by an individual city and once again tying with the Miami area for the most Super Bowls hosted by a metropolitan area. It was the","title":"Super Bowl XLVII"},{"id":"106437","text":"Super Bowl championships. The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons (1966–85), in which they missed the playoffs only twice (1974 and 1984), an NFL record that remains unchallenged. In 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable sports team in the world, according to \"Forbes\". The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U.S. sports team. In 2018 they also became the first NFL franchise to be valued at $5 billion and making Forbes' list as","title":"Dallas Cowboys"},{"id":"4345278","text":"on three Super Bowl-winning teams: in 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), and 1995 (XXX). Haley and Tom Brady are the only players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowl rings. Haley was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2006, the College Football Hall of Fame in 2011, and the Texas Black Sports Hall of Fame in 2012. He was enshrined into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor on November 6, 2011. In 2015, he was inducted into the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame. One of 15 finalists for election to the Pro Football Hall of","title":"Charles Haley"},{"id":"6757204","text":"Carroll Rosenbloom Carroll Rosenbloom (March 5, 1907 – April 2, 1979) was an American businessman. He was the owner of two National Football League franchises; he was the first owner of the Baltimore Colts, and later switched teams, taking ownership of the Los Angeles Rams. During his stewardship of both franchises, Rosenbloom amassed the best ownership winning percentage in league history (.660), a total regular season record of 226 wins, 116 losses, and 8 ties, as well as 3 NFL championships (1958,1959,1968), and 1 Super Bowl (Super Bowl V). Rosenbloom has been described as the NFL's first modern owner and","title":"Carroll Rosenbloom"},{"id":"1996288","text":"XXXV, held in 2001, was the first Super Bowl with fan voting. The Super Bowl MVP has been awarded annually since the game's inception in 1967. Through 1989, the award was presented by \"SPORT\" magazine. Bart Starr was the MVP of the first two Super Bowls. Since 1990, the award has been presented by the NFL. At Super Bowl XXV, the league first awarded the Pete Rozelle Trophy, named after former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle, to the Super Bowl MVP. Ottis Anderson was the first to win the trophy. Most award winners have received cars from various sponsors. The most","title":"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award"},{"id":"10271201","text":"the Lions would \"not win for 50 years\". This story has been disputed as being a hoax, particularly because the quote was never published at the time. Still, for the next 50 years after the trade, the Lions accumulated the worst winning percentage of any team in the NFL. They are still one of only two franchises that have been in the NFL since 1970 that have not played in a Super Bowl (the other team is the Cleveland Browns, but because of the Browns' three-year franchise suspension after the 1995 season due to its controversial relocation to Baltimore, the","title":"Sports-related curses"},{"id":"4245794","text":"The ball got knocked loose and was rolling in his hand before it started forward. He has to have total control.\" It was the first and only Super Bowl in which Warner was involved not to be decided on the final play of the game. Roethlisberger's ensuing kneeldown secured the Steelers' sixth Super Bowl victory, surpassing the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers to set a new NFL record for most Super Bowl wins by a team. In Super Bowl XLIII, Arizona and Pittsburgh combined for the fewest rushing attempts (38) and the fewest rushing yards (91) in Super Bowl","title":"Super Bowl XLIII"},{"id":"9862396","text":"winning streak. Denver finished the regular season with a record of 13–3, tying them with the Seattle Seahawks for second best overall record in the league, behind the 14–2 Indianapolis Colts. Denver was seeded number two in the AFC behind the Colts. On January 14, 2006, the Broncos defeated the two-time defending champion New England Patriots, 27–13, in the – denying the Patriots from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships. The last team with an opportunity of winning three consecutive Super Bowls before the Patriots were the Broncos themselves. The Broncos' playoff run","title":"History of the Denver Broncos"},{"id":"17473814","text":"Super Bowl LII Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after","title":"Super Bowl LII"},{"id":"394928","text":"Rice and Stallworth. Denver was the first team with a previous 0–2 Super Bowl record to win (their record had been 0–4). The Broncos' victory snapped the NFC's 13-game winning streak in the Super Bowl, becoming the first AFC team to win the NFL championship since the Los Angeles Raiders defeated the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII. Denver also became the first team to score on four 1-yard touchdown runs in a Super Bowl. The Packers became the third defending Super Bowl champion to lose the Super Bowl, joining the Dallas Cowboys (won Super Bowl XII, lost Super Bowl","title":"Super Bowl XXXII"},{"id":"11790262","text":"Neal Dahlen Neal Dahlen is a retired American football administrator, who worked for San Francisco 49ers (1979–1996), and the Denver Broncos (1996–2003), and was General Manager of the Broncos from 1999 to January 2002. Dahlen has the distinction of being tied (with Bill Belichick) for the most Super Bowl rings in history, at seven. He earned five with the 49ers, and two during his time at the Broncos. Dahlen attended Capuchino High School in San Bruno, California. He then played quarterback at San Jose State University, where he graduated from in 1963 (and earned a master's in 1964). He then","title":"Neal Dahlen"},{"id":"376001","text":"other in the Super Bowl. The winning team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named after the coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two Super Bowl games and three of the five preceding NFL championships in 1961, 1962, and 1965. Following Lombardi's death in September 1970, the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The first trophy awarded under the new name was presented to the Baltimore Colts following their win in Super Bowl V in Miami. The Super Bowl is currently played on the first Sunday in February. This is due to the current NFL schedule","title":"Super Bowl"},{"id":"6796938","text":"1st round draft picks to the Oakland Raiders in exchange for disgruntled defensive end/linebacker Khalil Mack. History of the Chicago Bears The Chicago Bears American football franchise is a charter member of the National Football League (NFL) and have played in all of the league's 99 seasons. The Bears have captured nine NFL championships – eight NFL championships and one Super Bowl – second most all time behind the Green Bay Packers. The franchise has also recorded more victories than any other franchise with 739, retired the most uniform numbers with fourteen, and have the most members in the Pro","title":"History of the Chicago Bears"},{"id":"394316","text":"by the Green Bay Packers in 1998 (won Super Bowl XXXI, lost Super Bowl XXXII), the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX), and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XVIII, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder LA, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder Was Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet","title":"Super Bowl XVIII"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"375992\",\n \"text\": \"conference champions to determine the NFL's league champion. Currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 27 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six. The New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with ten. Charles Haley and Tom Brady both have five Super Bowl rings, which is the record for the most rings won by a single player. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called \\\"Super Bowl Sunday\\\". It\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376005\",\n \"text\": \"the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowl championships. Fourteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Eight teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win. The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win. The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans) have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the creation\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284561\",\n \"text\": \"the Green Bay Packers with thirteen (nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era, and four Super Bowl championships afterwards); the team with the most Super Bowl championships is the Pittsburgh Steelers with six. The current NFL champions are the Philadelphia Eagles, who defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, their first Super Bowl championship after winning three NFL titles before the Super Bowl era. On August 20, 1920, a meeting was held by representatives of the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio. This meeting\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9002022\",\n \"text\": \"York Giants), Ray Lewis (2000 and 2012 Baltimore Ravens), Peyton Manning (2006 Indianapolis Colts and 2015 Denver Broncos), and LeGarrette Blount (2016 New England Patriots and 2017 Philadelphia Eagles). Ernie Accorsi and Rich Dalrymple are the only non-players or coaches to be interviewed for the series—both were team administrators. Of the \\\"Blue Ribbon\\\" top 20 teams, the San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys are represented most often as a franchise with three championship teams each. The Green Bay Packers, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders are each represented twice. According to Steve Sabol, president of NFL Films, only 20 teams\",\n \"title\": \"America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376024\",\n \"text\": \"of the nine Super Bowl winners hailed from the NFC, the other four from the AFC. Following up the Saints' win in Super Bowl XLIV, the 2010 season brought the Green Bay Packers their fourth Super Bowl (XLV) victory and record thirteenth NFL championship overall with the defeat of the Pittsburgh Steelers in February 2011. In Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants won another title by defeating the New England Patriots. In Super Bowl XLVII the Baltimore Ravens snapped the NFC's three-game winning streak in a 34–31 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. Super Bowl XLVIII, played at New\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376006\",\n \"text\": \"of the Super Bowl, while the Jaguars (1995) and Texans (2002) are both recent NFL expansion teams. (Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville, however, have hosted a Super Bowl, leaving the Browns the only team to date who has neither played in nor whose city has hosted the game.) The Minnesota Vikings won the last NFL Championship before the merger but lost to the AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl IV. The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls (Known as the AFL-NFL World Championship Game for these first two contests), defeating the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"286650\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl LI, which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory, tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history, 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime. The Patriots became the first team to reach ten Super Bowls in the 2017–18 playoffs but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat, used only for the\",\n \"title\": \"New England Patriots\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8915769\",\n \"text\": \"(three consecutive league championships) for only the second time in franchise history and the first time since they were named league champions following the 1929–31 seasons. To this day, no other NFL team has matched or surpassed this record. The Packers' back-to-back wins in the first two Super Bowls remains a Super Bowl record, and has since been tied seven times by six other franchises: the Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII following the 1972 and 1973 seasons, the Pittsburgh Steelers won Super Bowls IX and X following the 1974 and 1975 seasons as well as Super Bowls\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106436\",\n \"text\": \"The Cowboys' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games (home and away) began in 2002. The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times, tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history, just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances. This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships, most in the NFC. The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances, tying them with their NFC rivals, the San Francisco 49ers, and the AFC's Patriots; all three are second to Pittsburgh's record six\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16858043\",\n \"text\": \"fifth, moving them into a three-way tie with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for second place on the all-time Super Bowl wins list, trailing only the Pittsburgh Steelers who have six victories. New England, after finishing the regular season with a league-best 14–2 record, advanced to their record-setting ninth Super Bowl appearance, their second in three years, and their seventh under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. The Falcons entered the game after completing an 11–5 regular season record, and were trying to win their first Super Bowl title, having lost their\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313758\",\n \"text\": \"since . In the NFL's \\\"modern era\\\" (since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970) the Steelers have posted the best record in the league. The franchise has won the most regular season games, the most playoff games (33 playoff wins; the Dallas Cowboys are second with 32), won the most divisional titles (20), has played in the most conference championship games (15), hosted the most conference championship games (11), and is tied with the Dallas Cowboys, the Denver Broncos and the New England Patriots for the most Super Bowl appearances (8). The Steelers have the best winning percentage (including every expansion\",\n \"title\": \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19118262\",\n \"text\": \"touchdown, winning Super Bowl LI for the Patriots, 34–28. With the victory, the Patriots won their fifth Super Bowl, tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers for the second most of all time. The win was also the fifth Super Bowl victory for Tom Brady and Bill Belichick, both setting records (Belichick surpassing Chuck Noll for most Super Bowl wins by a head coach, and Brady surpassing Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl wins by a quarterback). Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the fourth time, also setting a record. The following are\",\n \"title\": \"2016 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869815\",\n \"text\": \"49ers held on for a 38–28 victory after Dallas scored a late touchdown, qualifying them for their fifth Super Bowl, and the first to be played by two teams from California. The 49ers steamrolled the San Diego Chargers, becoming the first team to win a record five Super Bowls. With a record 6 touchdown passes, Steve Young was named the game's MVP. Their run of 5 Super Bowl wins in 14 seasons (1981–1994) solidified them as one of the all-time greatest NFL teams. The 49ers made the playoffs in 1995, 1996, and 1997, being eliminated each season by the Green\",\n \"title\": \"History of the San Francisco 49ers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376004\",\n \"text\": \"games in 1978, the season was started earlier. Prior to 1978, the season started as late as September 21. Now, since Labor Day is always the first Monday of September, September 13 is the latest possible date for the first full Sunday set of games (Since 2002, the regular season has started with the Kickoff Game on the first Thursday after Labor Day). The earliest possible season start date is September 7. The Pittsburgh Steelers have won six Super Bowls, the most of any team; the Dallas Cowboys, New England Patriots and San Francisco 49ers have five victories each, while\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"286695\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl championship that they have won, and as it is the only Super Bowl the Saints have appeared in, they join the New York Jets and Tampa Bay Buccaneers as the only three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance. In 51 seasons (through 2017), the Saints' record was overall, 349–432–5 in the regular season and 9–11 in the playoffs. First the brainchild of local sports entrepreneur Dave Dixon, who later built the Louisiana Superdome and founded the USFL, the Saints were actually secretly born in a backroom deal brought about by U.S. Congressman Hale Boggs, U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"New Orleans Saints\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7346067\",\n \"text\": \"wins and 19 losses. Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins: the New England Patriots (nine), Dallas Cowboys (eight), Pittsburgh Steelers (eight), Denver Broncos (eight), and the San Francisco 49ers (six); the Redskins’ five appearances are tied with the Oakland Raiders, Miami Dolphins, New York Giants, and Green Bay Packers. All of the Redskins’ league titles were attained during two ten-year spans. From 1936 to 1945, the Redskins went to the NFL Championship six times, winning two of them. The second period lasted between 1982 and 1991 where the Redskins appeared in the postseason seven\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Washington Redskins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"28987\",\n \"text\": \"Bradshaw and Joe Greene, and ultimately winning four Super Bowls in the 1970s. Since the 1970 merger, the Steelers have the NFL's highest winning percentage, the most total victories, the most trips to either conference championship game, are tied for the second most trips to the Super Bowl (with the Dallas Cowboys and Denver Broncos, trailing only the New England Patriots), and have won an NFL-record six Super Bowl championships. Perhaps the greatest social legacy of the AFL was the domino effect of its policy of being more liberal than the entrenched NFL in offering opportunity for black players. While\",\n \"title\": \"American Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9869750\",\n \"text\": \"History of the San Francisco 49ers The San Francisco 49ers are the first major league professional sports franchise to be based in San Francisco, and one of the first professional sports teams based on the West Coast of the United States. The 49ers have won five NFL championships – all Super Bowls. They were the first team to win five Super Bowls (Super Bowls XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV, and XXIX). They are considered \\\"The Team of the Eighties\\\", winning four Super Bowls in the decade. Prior to the 80s, the 49ers had never won an NFL championship (They did not\",\n \"title\": \"History of the San Francisco 49ers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284560\",\n \"text\": \"professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States. The Super Bowl is among the biggest club sporting events in the world and individual Super Bowl games account for many of the most watched television programs in American history, all occupying the Nielsen's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015. The NFL's executive officer is the commissioner, who has broad authority in governing the league. The players in the league belong to the National Football League Players Association. The team with the most NFL championships is\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4956871\",\n \"text\": \"the Lions are 89 years old (founded 1929 in Portsmouth, Ohio; moved to Detroit in 1934), and the Vikings are 57 years old (founded 1961). The division has a total of 11 Super Bowl appearances. The Packers have the most appearances in the Super Bowl with 5, the most recent happening at the conclusion of the 2010 season. The Bears and the Packers have the only Super Bowl wins of this division, a total of 5 (4 for the Packers and 1 for the Bears). Of the top 10 NFL teams with the highest winning percentage throughout its franchise history,\",\n \"title\": \"NFC North\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219967\",\n \"text\": \"three-peat include the Green Bay Packers (1968), Miami Dolphins (1974), Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: 1976, 1980), San Francisco 49ers (1990), Dallas Cowboys (1994), Denver Broncos (1999), and New England Patriots (2005). All of these teams failed to return to the title game in the third season (indicated in parentheses). The Buffalo Bills went to 4 consecutive Super Bowls from 1990–1993 which is a feat unmatched in NFL history, however they lost in every appearance. In the early years of the NFL, decades before the introduction of either the term \\\"three-peat\\\" or the Super Bowl, the Packers won three consecutive NFL titles\",\n \"title\": \"Three-peat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"395018\",\n \"text\": \"to his first Super Bowl (Super Bowl XV in the 1980 season) to winning it for the first time. This is the second, and to date, most recent, Super Bowl in which neither team committed any turnovers. The only other Super Bowl to date with this distinction is Super Bowl XXV. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIV, Super Bowl XXXIV Play Finder StL, Super Bowl XXXIV Play Finder Ten, USA Today Super Bowl XXXIV Play by Play Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXIV, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394682\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1993 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 30–13, winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, tying the Pittsburgh Steelers and the San Francisco 49ers for most Super Bowl wins. The game was played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks (two byes\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376023\",\n \"text\": \"Patriots' 2007 record at 18–1. The following season, the Steelers logged their record sixth Super Bowl title (XLIII) in a 27–23, final-minute victory against the Arizona Cardinals. The 2009 season saw the New Orleans Saints defeat the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV by a score of 31–17 to take home their first Championship. With this victory, the Saints joined the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New York Jets as the only teams to have won in their sole Super Bowl appearance. The 2010s have seen parity between the two conferences, but not within them. Since the start of 2010, five\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284612\",\n \"text\": \"the regular season. At the local level, NFL games were the highest-ranked shows in NFL markets 92% of the time. Super Bowls account for the 22 most-watched programs (based on total audience) in US history, including a record 167 million people that watched Super Bowl XLVIII, the conclusion to the 2013 season. In addition to radio networks run by each NFL team, select NFL games are broadcast nationally by Westwood One (known as Dial Global for the 2012 season). These games are broadcast on over 500 networks, giving all NFL markets access to each primetime game. The NFL's deal with\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"286642\",\n \"text\": \"the record for most Super Bowls reached (eight) and won (five) by a head coach–quarterback tandem, and most Super Bowl appearances overall (ten). Currently, the team is tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five, after the Steelers, who have six. On November 16, 1959, Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League (AFL). The following winter, locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team's official name. The most popular choice – and the one that Sullivan selected – was\",\n \"title\": \"New England Patriots\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313740\",\n \"text\": \"(16) and hosted more conference championship games (11) than any other NFL team. The Steelers have won 8 AFC championships, tied with the Denver Broncos, but behind the New England Patriots' record 10 AFC championships. The Steelers share the record for second most Super Bowl appearances with the Broncos, and Dallas Cowboys (8). The Steelers lost their most recent championship appearance, Super Bowl XLV, on February 6, 2011. The Steelers, whose history traces to a regional pro team that was established in the early 1920s, joined the NFL as the Pittsburgh Pirates on July 8, 1933, owned by Art Rooney\",\n \"title\": \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"289049\",\n \"text\": \"is the only one of that group still existing, as well as the league's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States. The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles: four in the pre–Super Bowl era (1927, 1934, 1938, 1956) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl (XXI (1986), XXV (1990), XLII (2007), and XLVI (2011)), along with more championship appearances than any other team, with 19 overall appearances. Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers (13) and Chicago Bears (9). Throughout their history, the Giants have featured 28 Hall\",\n \"title\": \"New York Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"284559\",\n \"text\": \"advance to the playoffs, a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl, which is usually held in the first Sunday in February, and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC. The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season. The NFL agreed to merge with the American Football League (AFL) in 1966, and the first Super Bowl was held at the end of that season; the merger was completed in 1970. Today, the NFL has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any\",\n \"title\": \"National Football League\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376007\",\n \"text\": \"Raiders following the and seasons, respectively. The Packers were led by quarterback, Bart Starr, who was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) for both games. These two championships, coupled with the Packers' NFL championships in , , and , amount to the most successful stretch in NFL History; five championships in seven years, and the only threepeat in NFL history (1965, 1966, and 1967). In Super Bowl III, the AFL's New York Jets defeated the eighteen-point favorite Baltimore Colts of the NFL, 16–7. The Jets were led by quarterback Joe Namath, who had famously guaranteed a Jets win prior to\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8915770\",\n \"text\": \"XIII and XIV following the 1978 and 1979 seasons and remain, to date, the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowl titles more than once, the San Francisco 49ers won Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV following the 1988 and 1989 seasons, the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII following the 1992 and 1993 seasons, the Denver Broncos won Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII following the 1997 and 1998 seasons, and most recently, the New England Patriots won Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX following the 2003 and 2004 seasons. After the franchise's victory in Super Bowl II, Vince Lombardi\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394107\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl victories. With this start, Staubach became the first quarterback to start four Super Bowls. Bradshaw joined Fran Tarkenton, Bob Griese as well as Staubach as the only quarterbacks to start at least three Super Bowls. The only quarterbacks to start more Super Bowls than Staubach and Bradshaw are John Elway and Tom Brady, who guided the Broncos and Patriots to five and seven Super Bowls respectively. 49ers quarterback Joe Montana and Bills quarterback Jim Kelly later matched Staubach and Bradshaw by leading their teams to four Super Bowls. The point spread for the game opened at Pittsburgh -3.5\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376012\",\n \"text\": \"seasons. Nine players and three coaches and administrators on the team have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Pittsburgh still remains the only team to win back-to-back Super Bowls twice and four Super Bowls in a six-year period. The Steelers' dynasty was interrupted only by the Oakland Raiders' Super Bowl XI win and the Cowboys winning their second Super Bowl of the decade. In the 1980s and 1990s, the tables turned for the AFC, as the NFC dominated the Super Bowls of the new decade and most of those in the 1990s. The NFC won 16 of\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6728156\",\n \"text\": \"the sum of the squares of team points scored and allowed. The 2011 edition of \\\"Football Outsiders Almanac\\\" states, \\\"From 1988 through 2004, 11 of 16 Super Bowls were won by the team that led the NFL in Pythagorean wins, while only seven were won by the team with the most actual victories. Super Bowl champions that led the league in Pythagorean wins but not actual wins include the 2004 Patriots, 2000 Ravens, 1999 Rams and 1997 Broncos.\\\" Although Football Outsiders Almanac acknowledges that the formula had been less-successful in picking Super Bowl participants from 2005-2008, it reasserted itself in\",\n \"title\": \"Football Outsiders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6409672\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl ring The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory. These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl ring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"646825\",\n \"text\": \"Dallas Stars (National Hockey League), FC Dallas (Major League Soccer), Dallas Wings (Women's National Basketball Association), and the Dallas Rattlers (Major League Lacrosse). The Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League play in nearby Arlington, Texas. Since joining the league as an expansion team in 1960, the Cowboys have enjoyed substantial success, advancing to eight Super Bowls and winning five; according to profootballreference.com, as of the end of the 2009 season, they were the \\\"winningest\\\" active NFL franchise (based on winning percentage; other teams have more wins). Noted as \\\"America's Team\\\", the Cowboys are financially the most valuable sports franchise\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394625\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXVII Super Bowl XXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1992 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 52–17, winning their third Super Bowl in team history, and their first one in fifteen years. This game is tied with Super Bowl XXXVII as the third-highest scoring Super Bowl ever with 69 combined points. The Bills became the first team to lose three consecutive Super Bowls, and just the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"162700\",\n \"text\": \"Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine pre–Super Bowl NFL titles and four Super Bowl victories. The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League (AFL) prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers' coach of the same name, who guided them to their first two Super Bowls. Their two subsequent Super Bowl wins came in 1996 and 2010. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions,\",\n \"title\": \"Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"286772\",\n \"text\": \"Since 1968, the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times, and in the AFC Championship Game four times, most recently losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2010. However, the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl, making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance, along with the New Orleans Saints and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Apart from the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions, who have never reached the Super Bowl (although both won NFL championships prior to 1966), the Jets' drought is the longest among current NFL franchises. The team's training facility, Atlantic\",\n \"title\": \"New York Jets\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1996290\",\n \"text\": \"from the winning team every year except 1971, when Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley won the award despite the Cowboys' loss in Super Bowl V to the Baltimore Colts. Harvey Martin and Randy White were named co-MVPs of Super Bowl XII, the only time co-MVPs have been chosen. Including the Super Bowl XII co-MVPs, seven Cowboys players have won Super Bowl MVP awards, the most of any NFL team. Quarterbacks have earned the honor 29 times in 52 games. Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award, or Super Bowl MVP, is presented annually to\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394575\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXVI Super Bowl XXVI was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1991 season. The Redskins defeated the Bills by a score of 37–24, becoming the fourth team after the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Oakland Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers to win three Super Bowls. The Bills became the third team, after the Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowls VIII and IX) and the Denver Broncos (Super Bowls XXI and XXII) to lose back-to-back Super\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXVI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8915816\",\n \"text\": \"win, the Packers joined the Steelers, 49ers and Cowboys as the only NFL teams to win at least four Super Bowls. They would eventually be joined by the New York Giants, who won their fourth Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLVI) following the 2011 season, and the New England Patriots, who won their fourth Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLIX) following the 2014 season. Despite a lack of practices and training due to a lockout in the off-season, the Packers defeated New Orleans 42-34, hosting the first game of the 2011 season. After a touch-and-go battle with Carolina in Week 2, the\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Green Bay Packers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6409678\",\n \"text\": \"Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000. As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL). Super Bowl ring The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league's annual championship game, the Super Bowl. Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team (ownership) itself, the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl ring\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1938594\",\n \"text\": \"for the 2015 NFL season. The years shown below refer to the season, not the date that the Super Bowl was actually played. The Pittsburgh Steelers (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 2005, 2008) are first with six Vince Lombardi Trophies. The Dallas Cowboys (1971, 1977, 1992, 1993, 1995), the San Francisco 49ers (1981, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1994), and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, 2016) are tied for second with 5 each. The Green Bay Packers (1966, 1967, 1996, 2010) and the New York Giants (1986, 1990, 2007, 2011) are tied for fifth with four each. The Oakland Raiders\",\n \"title\": \"Vince Lombardi Trophy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199960\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Brady Thomas \\\"Tom\\\" Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowls (along with defensive player Charles Haley), and he is the only player to have won them all with a single franchise. Because of his numerous accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Brady\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393968\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl X Super Bowl X was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1975 season. The Steelers defeated the Cowboys by the score of 21–17 to win their second consecutive Super Bowl. They were the third team to win back-to-back Super Bowls. (The Miami Dolphins won Super Bowls VII and VIII, and the Green Bay Packers won Super Bowls I and II.) It was also the first Super Bowl in which both participating teams\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5012279\",\n \"text\": \"telecast of Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008, between the New York Giants and New England Patriots, was the second-highest rated Super Bowl telecast ever, with 97.5 million viewers watching the broadcast. It was also the second-most-watched program in television history, behind the series finale of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" in 1983. With an average U.S. audience of 111 million viewers, Fox's February 6, 2011 telecast of Super Bowl XLV became the most-watched Super Bowl as well as the most-watched program of any kind in American television history, beating the previous record of 106.5 million viewers set the year prior for Super\",\n \"title\": \"Fox NFL\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376018\",\n \"text\": \"Denver Broncos to an upset victory over the defending champion Packers, snapping the NFC's 13-year winning streak. The following year, the Broncos defeated the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII, Elway's fifth Super Bowl appearance, his second NFL championship, and his final NFL game. The back-to-back victories heralded a change in momentum in which AFC teams would win nine out of 12 Super Bowls. In the years between 1995 and 2016, five teams – the Steelers, New England Patriots, Broncos, Baltimore Ravens, and Indianapolis Colts – accounted for 20 of the 22 AFC Super Bowl appearances (including the last 14),\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394886\",\n \"text\": \"Bowl XII, the Oakland Raiders defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 27–10 in Super Bowl XV, the Chicago Bears beat the New England Patriots 46–10 in Super Bowl XX, and the San Francisco 49ers beat the Denver Broncos 55–10 in Super Bowl XXIV. The Packers also became the first dark-colored team to win a Super Bowl indoors. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXI, Super Bowl XXXI Play Finder GB, Super Bowl XXXI Play Finder NE Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XXXI, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394834\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXXI Super Bowl XXXI was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1996 season. The Packers defeated the Patriots by the score of 35–21, earning their third overall Super Bowl victory, and their first since Super Bowl II. The Packers also extended their league record for the most overall NFL championships to 12. It was also the last in a run of 13 straight Super Bowl victories by the NFC over\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19807654\",\n \"text\": \"In addition, they had the chance to tie the Pittsburgh Steelers for the record of most Super Bowl wins by a team in NFL history with 6. However, due to a late strip-sack of Brady by Brandon Graham and a failed Hail Mary pass, the Eagles defeated the Patriots in Super Bowl LII by 41–33, ending the Patriots chance at a sixth Super Bowl title and resulting in their first Super Bowl loss since 2011. The loss prevented the Patriots from repeating their three-in-four Super Bowl run that they managed from 2001–2004. Also with the loss, the Patriots tied the\",\n \"title\": \"2017 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376008\",\n \"text\": \"the game, and former Colts head coach Weeb Ewbank, and their victory proved that the AFL was the NFL's competitive equal. This was reinforced the following year when the AFL's Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL's Minnesota Vikings 23–7 in Super Bowl IV. After the AFL–NFL merger was completed in 1970, three franchises – the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Dolphins, and Pittsburgh Steelers – would go on to dominate the 1970s, winning a combined eight Super Bowls in the decade. The Baltimore Colts, now a member of the AFC, would start the decade by defeating the Cowboys in Super Bowl V,\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376056\",\n \"text\": \"their dark-colored uniform in more recent years are the Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV and the Philadelphia Eagles against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, with teams in white winning 12 of the last 14 Super Bowls. The 49ers, as part of the league's 75th Anniversary celebration, used their 1955 throwback uniform in Super Bowl XXIX, which for that year was their regular home jersey. No team has yet worn a third jersey or Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl. Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls. A total of 26\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1938595\",\n \"text\": \"(1976, 1980, 1983), the Washington Redskins (1982, 1987, 1991) and the Denver Broncos (1997, 1998, 2015) are tied for seventh with three each. Although none of these teams have ever won three straight Super Bowls, two of them have won three Lombardi trophies in four years and one twice in three years: The Dallas Cowboys (1992, 1993, 1995) and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004) and (2014, 2016). The Pittsburgh Steelers won four Super Bowls in six years (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979). The trophy has been presented on a stage constructed on the field since Super Bowl XXX in\",\n \"title\": \"Vince Lombardi Trophy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19118255\",\n \"text\": \"surpassed Deion Branch for the record. Surprisingly, both of these records were made in the first drive of the Patriots. Next, wide receiver Chris Hogan set the single-game franchise receiving record in the postseason. He finished the game with a total of 180 yards along with 2 touchdowns. Finally, with the win, the Patriots set the record for most Super Bowls ever attended by a single franchise with 9. They surpassed the Pittsburgh Steelers, Dallas Cowboys, and Denver Broncos who are all tied at 8. This will be the 7th for the Brady-Belichick tandem. Both the Patriots and Falcons were\",\n \"title\": \"2016 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19807679\",\n \"text\": \"ever to throw for over 500 yards and lose the Super Bowl. His personal Super Bowl record dropped to 5-3. His record against the NFC East in Super Bowls also dropped to 1-3. The Patriots however became the first team to appear in and play in 10 Super Bowls. But, despite the fact that they are still tied with the Cowboys and 49ers for 5 franchise wins, this loss tied them with the Broncos for most Super Bowls lost with 5. 2017 New England Patriots season The 2017 New England Patriots season was the franchise's 48th season in the National\",\n \"title\": \"2017 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20468682\",\n \"text\": \"2018 New England Patriots season The 2018 season is the New England Patriots' 49th season in the National Football League, their 59th overall and their 19th under head coach Bill Belichick. The Patriots entered the season as two-time defending AFC champions, and will attempt to become only the third team in NFL history to appear in three consecutive Super Bowls (after the 1990–93 Buffalo Bills and the 1971–73 Miami Dolphins, who are also coincidentally AFC East teams). The Patriots' losses to the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 2 and the Detroit Lions in Week 3 marked the franchise's first back-to-back double-digit\",\n \"title\": \"2018 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9868175\",\n \"text\": \"would lose their first playoff game, and the 2015 Panthers would lose Super Bowl 50. The Patriots were not able to join the 1984 49ers and 1985 Bears as Super Bowl champions, losing the Super Bowl and failing to go 19–0 and claim their fourth Super Bowl victory. They would have become just the fourth team to win at least four Super Bowls (joining the 49ers, Steelers, and Dallas Cowboys, each of whom had won five at the time). In Super Bowl XLII, the New York Giants defeated the Patriots 17–14 in one of the biggest upsets in NFL history.\",\n \"title\": \"2007 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12917317\",\n \"text\": \"the Steelers owning a 3–1 advantage. They are the only two teams in the AFC North to have won the Super Bowl, and possess a combined 8–2 record in the game, with the Ravens being 2–0 and the Steelers being 6–2. Both teams have won two Super Bowls since the rivalry began. In 1996, NFL football returned to Baltimore, 12 years after the original Baltimore Colts moved to Indianapolis. In a strange twist of fate, Art Modell, former owner of the Steelers' traditional rival, the Cleveland Browns, agreed to suspend the Browns franchise in return for taking his players and\",\n \"title\": \"Ravens–Steelers rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394727\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XXIX Super Bowl XXIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion San Diego Chargers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1994 season. This is the only Super Bowl in history to be played between two teams from the same state. The 49ers defeated the Chargers by the score of 49–26, becoming the first team to win five Super Bowl championships. The game was played on January 29, 1995 at Joe Robbie Stadium in Miami, Florida (now part of the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1661129\",\n \"text\": \"NFC in 1995. Parity is generally greater among NFC teams than AFC teams. The only NFC team that has never made a Super Bowl appearance is the Detroit Lions. Since the 2002 realignment, the only time that an NFC team has made back-to-back Super Bowl appearances are the Seattle Seahawks in 2013 and 2014. Between 2000 and 2016, the NFC has sent 12 different teams to the Super Bowl, whereas the AFC had sent only six: the Baltimore Ravens (2 times), the Denver Broncos (2 times), the Indianapolis Colts (2 times), the Oakland Raiders (1 time), the New England Patriots\",\n \"title\": \"National Football Conference\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3140543\",\n \"text\": \"NFL in and every AFL championship game and record is included in NFL record books. The old NFL Championship Game became the NFC Championship Game, while the old AFL Championship Game became the AFC Championship Game. The NFL lists the old AFL/NFL championship games with \\\"new\\\" AFC/NFC championship games in its record books. The Green Bay Packers have won the most championships with 13 total (9 NFL championships pre-merger, four (4) Super Bowl championships). The Packers are also the only team to win three consecutive championships, having done so twice (1929–1931, 1965–1967). The Chicago Bears have won the second most\",\n \"title\": \"History of the National Football League championship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"289101\",\n \"text\": \"State. On December 9, 2018, the Giants became the first team in NFL history to win 100 regular season games against an opponent. The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships: 1927, 1934, 1938, 1956, 1986, 1990, 2007 and 2011. The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era. New York's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams, trailing only the Green Bay Packers (13) and the Chicago Bears (9). Before the Super Bowl was instituted, the Giants won four officially recognized NFL championships. The Giants have won four Super\",\n \"title\": \"New York Giants\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19345037\",\n \"text\": \"professional leagues in the world in terms of per-game attendance, and the most popular in the U.S. in terms of television ratings and merchandising. Its championship game, the Super Bowl, is the most watched annual event on U.S. television, with Super Bowl XLIX being the single most-watched program in U.S. television history. The NFL is the only one of the major leagues not to have a presence in Canada, where the Canadian Football League is the premier professional league in the sport. The National Hockey League is the only one of the major leagues to have been founded in Canada.\",\n \"title\": \"Professional sports leagues in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11856837\",\n \"text\": \"there previously, but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowl II and III. MetLife Stadium in New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII, is the home stadium of two NFL teams: the New York Giants and the New York Jets. This list of examples is not exhaustive; no team has ever qualified for the Super Bowl played in their home stadium. Since 1993, few winning teams have followed up their\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl curse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5732063\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl XLV Super Bowl XLV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2010 season. The Packers defeated the Steelers by the score of 31–25. The game was played on February 6, 2011 at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Dallas–Fort Worth area. Unlike most other Super Bowls, this game featured two title-abundant franchises: coming into the game, the Packers held the most NFL\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376063\",\n \"text\": \"football and California Golden Bears football teams compete in the \\\"Big Game\\\", which has been played since 1892 (28 years before the formation of the NFL and 75 years before Super Bowl I). Additionally, the Mega Millions lottery game was known as \\\"The Big Game\\\" (then \\\"The Big Game Mega Millions\\\") from 1996 to 2002. Like the other major professional leagues in the United States, the winner of the Super Bowl is usually declared \\\"world champions\\\", a title that has been mocked by non-American journalists. Others feel the title is fitting, since it is the only professional league of its\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394361\",\n \"text\": \"according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the Pro-Football-Reference.com game summary. Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis). Source: Tom Kelleher became the first official to work five Super Bowls, a record which has been tied by several officials, but never surpassed. Super Bowl XIX Super Bowl XIX was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Miami Dolphins and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1984 season. The 49ers defeated the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394487\",\n \"text\": \"a team with a better regular season record going into the game (10–6 for the 49ers to 12–4 for the Bengals). The 49ers also became the first team, since the NFL went to a 16-game schedule in 1978, to win the Super Bowl after winning only 10 games during the regular season. Their six regular season losses were tied for the most ever by a Super Bowl champion, until the 9–7 New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI following the 2011 season. Additionally, the 49ers' 13 combined regular season and postseason wins are tied for the lowest ever for a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12304614\",\n \"text\": \"became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle (after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL). In winning, Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories. Brady was also named MVP for a third time, tying the record set by Joe Montana. The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year. This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIX\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"375990\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League (NFL). The game is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to identify each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15, 1967, following the 1966 regular season. The sole exception to this naming convention tradition occurred with Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7, 2016, following the 2015 regular season, and the following year, the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"375991\",\n \"text\": \"nomenclature returned to Roman numerals for Super Bowl LI, following the 2016 regular season. The most recent Super Bowl was Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, following the 2017 regular season. The game was created as a part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a \\\"conference\\\", and the game has since been played between the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"460180\",\n \"text\": \"and XXVI. They have been league runner-up six times, losing the 1936, 1940, 1943, and 1945 title games, and Super Bowls VII and XVIII. With 24 postseason appearances, the Redskins have an overall postseason record of Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos, behind the Pittsburgh Steelers (six), San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and New England Patriots (five each), and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants (four each). All of the Redskins' league titles were attained during two 10-year spans. From 1936 to 1945, the Redskins went to the NFL Championship\",\n \"title\": \"Washington Redskins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376051\",\n \"text\": \"league will vote upon it to determine if it is acceptable. The designated \\\"home team\\\" alternates between the NFC team in odd-numbered games and the AFC team in even-numbered games. This alternation was initiated with the first Super Bowl, when the Green Bay Packers were the designated home team. Regardless of being the home or away team of record, each team has their team logo and wordmark painted in one of the end zones. Designated away teams have won 30 of 51 Super Bowls to date (approximately 59 percent). Since Super Bowl XIII in January 1979, the home team is\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5201076\",\n \"text\": \"AFC West The AFC West is a division of the National Football League (NFL)'s American Football Conference (AFC), formerly known as the AFL West. The division comprises the Denver Broncos, Los Angeles Chargers, Kansas City Chiefs, and Oakland Raiders. The division has sent teams to the Super Bowl sixteen times beginning with Super Bowl I vs. Green Bay. Currently, as of the 2017 season, the Broncos and Raiders are tied with the most Super Bowl wins within the division with 3 each; Denver and Oakland have appeared in the Super Bowl 5 and 2 additional times respectively. The Chiefs are\",\n \"title\": \"AFC West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"393703\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl II The second AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional football, known retrospectively as Super Bowl II, was played on January 14, 1968, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. The National Football League (NFL)'s defending champion Green Bay Packers defeated the American Football League (AFL) champion Oakland Raiders by the score of 33–14. This game and Super Bowl III are the only two Super Bowl games to be played in back-to-back years in the same stadium. Coming into this game, like during the first Super Bowl, many sports writers and fans believed that any team in the NFL\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1996289\",\n \"text\": \"recent Super Bowl MVP, from Super Bowl LII held on February 4, 2018, is Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Nick Foles, who passed for 373 yards and three touchdowns and scored a fourth touchdown as a receiver, becoming the first player to both throw and catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl. Tom Brady is the only player to have won four Super Bowl MVP awards; Joe Montana has won three and three others—Starr, Terry Bradshaw, and Eli Manning—have won the award twice. Starr and Bradshaw are the only ones to have won it in back-to-back years. The MVP has come\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376041\",\n \"text\": \"franchise outside of the Super Bowl. No team has ever played the Super Bowl in its home stadium. The closest any team has come was the 2017 Minnesota Vikings, who were within one win of playing Super Bowl LII in U.S. Bank Stadium, but lost the NFC Championship game to the Philadelphia Eagles. Two teams have played the Super Bowl in their home market: the San Francisco 49ers, who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium instead of Candlestick Park; and the Los Angeles Rams, who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl instead of the Los Angeles Memorial\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12363126\",\n \"text\": \"Football League was founded in 1920 and has since become the largest and most popular sport in the United States. The NFL has the highest average attendance of any sporting league in the world, with an average attendance of 66,960 during the 2011 NFL Season. The NFL championship game is called the Super Bowl, and is among the biggest events in club sports worldwide. It is played between the champions of the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC), and its winner is awarded the Vince Lombardi Trophy. College football is the third-most popular sport in the\",\n \"title\": \"American football\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394178\",\n \"text\": \"of four Super Bowl titles. Chuck Noll, the last link to Pittsburgh's dynasty, retired from coaching following the 1991 season. Only Bill Belichick matched (and later surpassed) Noll's four Vince Lombardi Trophies as a head coach. The Steelers' record of four Super Bowls in six seasons has yet to be matched. Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XIV, Super Bowl XIV Play Finder Pit, Super Bowl XIV Play Finder LA Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XIV, according to the official NFL.com box score and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XIV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"258297\",\n \"text\": \"losing to the Dallas Cowboys, 24–3. The following year, the Dolphins completed the NFL's only perfect season, culminating in a Super Bowl win, winning all 14 of their regular season games, and all three of their playoff games, including Super Bowl VII. The 1972 Dolphins were the third NFL team to accomplish a perfect regular season, and won Super Bowl VIII, becoming the first team to appear in three consecutive Super Bowls, and the second team (the first AFL/AFC team) to win back-to-back championships. Miami also appeared in Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XIX, losing both games. For most\",\n \"title\": \"Miami Dolphins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313754\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl, and he is only the second African-American coach to ever win the Super Bowl (Tony Dungy was the first). The 2010 season made Tomlin the only coach to reach the Super Bowl twice before the age of 40. Tomlin led the team to his second Super Bowl (Super Bowl XLV) on Feb. 6, 2011. However, the Steelers were defeated in their eighth Super Bowl appearance by the Green Bay Packers by the score of 31–25. The Steelers recorded their 400th victory in 2012 after defeating the Washington Redskins. Through the 2016 season, Tomlin's record is 111–63, including playoffs.\",\n \"title\": \"Pittsburgh Steelers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394010\",\n \"text\": \"regular season record before defeating the New England Patriots and the Pittsburgh Steelers in the playoffs. The Vikings were making their fourth Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11–2–1 regular season record and playoff victories over the Washington Redskins and the Los Angeles Rams. The Vikings became the first team to appear in four Super Bowls, a record they held until the Dallas Cowboys advanced to a Super Bowl for the fifth time in Super Bowl XIII. They had not won in their previous three attempts, losing Super Bowl IV to the Kansas City Chiefs in the final Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19118159\",\n \"text\": \"points. This would also be a record fifth Super Bowl victory for the Brady–Belichick quarterback-head coach combo. For Tom Brady, this would be his fifth. With the Super Bowl win, he broke his tie with hall of fame quarterbacks Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw who both have four wins each. Moreover, head coach Bill Belichick's fifth Super Bowl meant he surpassed Hall of Fame coach Chuck Noll (4) for most wins in the Super Bowl by a head coach. Two-time Pro Bowl linebacker and 2008 AP NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Jerod Mayo announced his retirement in February 2016.\",\n \"title\": \"2016 New England Patriots season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3118212\",\n \"text\": \"major league sports teams: the Buffalo Bills of the NFL and the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL. The Bills play their home football games at New Era Field, the largest sports stadium in all of New York State, located just south of the city of Buffalo in Orchard Park. The Bills are the only team to reach the Super Bowl in four consecutive seasons (1990–1993) in NFL history. The Buffalo Sabres also have a strong following in Western New York, and are consistently ranked among the highest-rated local TV hockey markets and the highest-rated markets for NBC/NBCSN regular season games.\",\n \"title\": \"Western New York\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11036406\",\n \"text\": \"Carolina from cardiac arrest caused by an enlarged heart. On January 24, 2010, the New Orleans Saints defeated the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship Game in overtime by a score of 31–28. The win secured their berth in Super Bowl XLIV, the franchise's first ever Super Bowl. Later on February 7, the Saints defeated the Indianapolis Colts in the Super Bowl by a score of 31–17. Quarterback Drew Brees was named the MVP. The St. Louis Rams finish as the NFL’s tenth 1–15 or 0–16 team, giving them a record from to 2009 of six wins and forty-two losses.\",\n \"title\": \"2009 NFL season\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7167361\",\n \"text\": \"a subsequent Super Bowl. Baltimore's victory made them the only current NFL franchise to have appeared in at least two Super Bowls without ever losing any of their appearances. Three cities presented bids for the game: The league then selected the New Orleans bid during the NFL's Spring Ownership Meetings in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on May 19, 2009. This was the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl, by far the most by an individual city and once again tying with the Miami area for the most Super Bowls hosted by a metropolitan area. It was the\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLVII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"106437\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl championships. The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons (1966–85), in which they missed the playoffs only twice (1974 and 1984), an NFL record that remains unchallenged. In 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable sports team in the world, according to \\\"Forbes\\\". The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U.S. sports team. In 2018 they also became the first NFL franchise to be valued at $5 billion and making Forbes' list as\",\n \"title\": \"Dallas Cowboys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4345278\",\n \"text\": \"on three Super Bowl-winning teams: in 1992 (XXVII), 1993 (XXVIII), and 1995 (XXX). Haley and Tom Brady are the only players in NFL history to have won five Super Bowl rings. Haley was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame in 2006, the College Football Hall of Fame in 2011, and the Texas Black Sports Hall of Fame in 2012. He was enshrined into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor on November 6, 2011. In 2015, he was inducted into the San Francisco 49ers Hall of Fame. One of 15 finalists for election to the Pro Football Hall of\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Haley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6757204\",\n \"text\": \"Carroll Rosenbloom Carroll Rosenbloom (March 5, 1907 – April 2, 1979) was an American businessman. He was the owner of two National Football League franchises; he was the first owner of the Baltimore Colts, and later switched teams, taking ownership of the Los Angeles Rams. During his stewardship of both franchises, Rosenbloom amassed the best ownership winning percentage in league history (.660), a total regular season record of 226 wins, 116 losses, and 8 ties, as well as 3 NFL championships (1958,1959,1968), and 1 Super Bowl (Super Bowl V). Rosenbloom has been described as the NFL's first modern owner and\",\n \"title\": \"Carroll Rosenbloom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1996288\",\n \"text\": \"XXXV, held in 2001, was the first Super Bowl with fan voting. The Super Bowl MVP has been awarded annually since the game's inception in 1967. Through 1989, the award was presented by \\\"SPORT\\\" magazine. Bart Starr was the MVP of the first two Super Bowls. Since 1990, the award has been presented by the NFL. At Super Bowl XXV, the league first awarded the Pete Rozelle Trophy, named after former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle, to the Super Bowl MVP. Ottis Anderson was the first to win the trophy. Most award winners have received cars from various sponsors. The most\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10271201\",\n \"text\": \"the Lions would \\\"not win for 50 years\\\". This story has been disputed as being a hoax, particularly because the quote was never published at the time. Still, for the next 50 years after the trade, the Lions accumulated the worst winning percentage of any team in the NFL. They are still one of only two franchises that have been in the NFL since 1970 that have not played in a Super Bowl (the other team is the Cleveland Browns, but because of the Browns' three-year franchise suspension after the 1995 season due to its controversial relocation to Baltimore, the\",\n \"title\": \"Sports-related curses\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4245794\",\n \"text\": \"The ball got knocked loose and was rolling in his hand before it started forward. He has to have total control.\\\" It was the first and only Super Bowl in which Warner was involved not to be decided on the final play of the game. Roethlisberger's ensuing kneeldown secured the Steelers' sixth Super Bowl victory, surpassing the Dallas Cowboys and San Francisco 49ers to set a new NFL record for most Super Bowl wins by a team. In Super Bowl XLIII, Arizona and Pittsburgh combined for the fewest rushing attempts (38) and the fewest rushing yards (91) in Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XLIII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9862396\",\n \"text\": \"winning streak. Denver finished the regular season with a record of 13–3, tying them with the Seattle Seahawks for second best overall record in the league, behind the 14–2 Indianapolis Colts. Denver was seeded number two in the AFC behind the Colts. On January 14, 2006, the Broncos defeated the two-time defending champion New England Patriots, 27–13, in the – denying the Patriots from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships. The last team with an opportunity of winning three consecutive Super Bowls before the Patriots were the Broncos themselves. The Broncos' playoff run\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Denver Broncos\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17473814\",\n \"text\": \"Super Bowl LII Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl LII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394928\",\n \"text\": \"Rice and Stallworth. Denver was the first team with a previous 0–2 Super Bowl record to win (their record had been 0–4). The Broncos' victory snapped the NFC's 13-game winning streak in the Super Bowl, becoming the first AFC team to win the NFL championship since the Los Angeles Raiders defeated the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII. Denver also became the first team to score on four 1-yard touchdown runs in a Super Bowl. The Packers became the third defending Super Bowl champion to lose the Super Bowl, joining the Dallas Cowboys (won Super Bowl XII, lost Super Bowl\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XXXII\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11790262\",\n \"text\": \"Neal Dahlen Neal Dahlen is a retired American football administrator, who worked for San Francisco 49ers (1979–1996), and the Denver Broncos (1996–2003), and was General Manager of the Broncos from 1999 to January 2002. Dahlen has the distinction of being tied (with Bill Belichick) for the most Super Bowl rings in history, at seven. He earned five with the 49ers, and two during his time at the Broncos. Dahlen attended Capuchino High School in San Bruno, California. He then played quarterback at San Jose State University, where he graduated from in 1963 (and earned a master's in 1964). He then\",\n \"title\": \"Neal Dahlen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"376001\",\n \"text\": \"other in the Super Bowl. The winning team receives the Vince Lombardi Trophy, named after the coach of the Green Bay Packers, who won the first two Super Bowl games and three of the five preceding NFL championships in 1961, 1962, and 1965. Following Lombardi's death in September 1970, the trophy was named the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The first trophy awarded under the new name was presented to the Baltimore Colts following their win in Super Bowl V in Miami. The Super Bowl is currently played on the first Sunday in February. This is due to the current NFL schedule\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6796938\",\n \"text\": \"1st round draft picks to the Oakland Raiders in exchange for disgruntled defensive end/linebacker Khalil Mack. History of the Chicago Bears The Chicago Bears American football franchise is a charter member of the National Football League (NFL) and have played in all of the league's 99 seasons. The Bears have captured nine NFL championships – eight NFL championships and one Super Bowl – second most all time behind the Green Bay Packers. The franchise has also recorded more victories than any other franchise with 739, retired the most uniform numbers with fourteen, and have the most members in the Pro\",\n \"title\": \"History of the Chicago Bears\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"394316\",\n \"text\": \"by the Green Bay Packers in 1998 (won Super Bowl XXXI, lost Super Bowl XXXII), the Seattle Seahawks in 2015 (won Super Bowl XLVIII, lost Super Bowl XLIX), and the New England Patriots in 2018 (won Super Bowl LI, lost Super Bowl LII). Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XVIII, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder LA, Super Bowl XVIII Play Finder Was Completions/attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted The following records were set in Super Bowl XVIII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore, the 2016 NFL Record & Fact Book and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. <br>Some records have to meet\",\n \"title\": \"Super Bowl XVIII\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what team has the most super bowls in the nfl"}}},{"rowIdx":194,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bill Nighy"],"string":"[\n \"Bill Nighy\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"6603908","text":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) Davy Jones is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film \"\" and returns in the third film \"\". He is the captain of the \"Flying Dutchman\" (based on the ghost ship of the same name). The computer-generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by \"Entertainment Weekly\" as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history, behind King Kong in 2007. The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"6603909","text":"Visual Effects for \"Dead Man's Chest\". The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones' Locker. Before officially casting Bill Nighy, producers also met with Jim Broadbent, Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role. Like the entire crew of the \"Flying Dutchman\"'s (except \"Bootstrap Bill\"), Davy Jones's physical appearance is completely computer-generated. Nighy's performance was recorded using motion capture during actual filming on the set, with Nighy wearing several markers in both a grey suit and his face, rather than in a studio during post-production. Nighy also wore make-up around his eyes, since the original plan was","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"2628814","text":"Bill Nighy William Francis Nighy (; born 12 December 1949) is an English actor. He worked in theatre and television before his first cinema role in 1981, and made his name in television with \"The Men's Room\" in 1991, in which he played the womaniser Professor Mark Carleton. Nighy became widely known for his performance as Billy Mack in \"Love Actually\". Other notable roles in cinema include his portrayal of Davy Jones in \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, as well as Viktor in the \"Underworld\" film series. He is also known for his roles in the films \"Lawless Heart\",","title":"Bill Nighy"},{"id":"6603910","text":"to use his real eyes, if necessary to get the proper lighting, in the digital character; he also wore make-up on his lips and around his mouth, to assist in the motion capture of his character's Scottish accent. Briefly during the third film, Jones appears as a human for a single scene, played by Nighy in costume. Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup or a latex mask due to the computer-generated character's photorealism. Davy Jones' physique was designed by the films' producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features. Jones'","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"6603931","text":"the \"At World's End\" set, which has more greenish tentacles. He was made as a Lego minifigure in November 2011, with 4184 Black Pearl. A children's and adult Halloween costumes were released for Halloween 2007. Davy Jones was released as a PEZ dispenser, along with Jack Sparrow and Will Turner. Hot Toys also announced plans to make a 1:6 version of Davy Jones which became available Q2 2008, and is widely regarded as more detailed than those produced by NECA. Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) Davy Jones is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series,","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"3785528","text":"was dubbed \"Bouillabaisse\" on set. Captain Davy Jones had originally been designed with chin growths, before the designers made the move to full-blown tentacles; the skin of the character incorporates the texture of a coffee-stained Styrofoam cup among other elements. To portray Jones on set, Bill Nighy wore a motion capture tracksuit that meant the animators at Industrial Light & Magic did not have to reshoot the scene in the studio without him or on the motion capture stage. Nighy wore make-up around his eyes and mouth to splice into the computer-generated shots, but the images of his eyes and","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"6603916","text":"his physical appearance merging with various aquatic fauna. Sailors everywhere would fear him to the death, for Davy Jones had turned fierce and cruel, with an insatiable taste for all things brutal. Jones recruits dying sailors by promising them a reprieve from death in exchange for 100 years of service aboard the \"Dutchman\". He comes to command the Kraken, a feared mythological sea monster. In the about Jack Sparrow's earlier adventures, Davy Jones shows interest in the Sword of Cortes, also sought by Jack. He is a minor character, but appears in the seventh book as Jack and his crew","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"6603926","text":"Davy Jones is really alive. In the films, Jones possesses a locket that plays a distinct melody, and he is known to play the same melody on his pipe organ. This melody is also his character's theme, and can be heard throughout the film's score. It comes in two variations: The soundtrack version and the film version. The melody of the soundtrack version is heard only in \"\". The film version is played in both films multiple times, and is heard last during the climax of the film. Because Jones and Calypso own matching locket lockets, Tia Dalma's theme is","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"2628828","text":"as one of the 50 best-dressed over 50s by \"The Guardian\" in March 2013 and one of \"GQ's\" 50 best-dressed British men in 2015. Bill Nighy William Francis Nighy (; born 12 December 1949) is an English actor. He worked in theatre and television before his first cinema role in 1981, and made his name in television with \"The Men's Room\" in 1991, in which he played the womaniser Professor Mark Carleton. Nighy became widely known for his performance as Billy Mack in \"Love Actually\". Other notable roles in cinema include his portrayal of Davy Jones in \"Pirates of the","title":"Bill Nighy"},{"id":"13787956","text":"a cameo, reprising his role as Captain Teague from \"At World's End\"; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder. Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles, as they wanted to be involved in different films. They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could. On August 1, 2009, Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones, who died in the saying the possibility to resurrect the character, but at the end, his inclusion","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"},{"id":"5364635","text":"show was funny in a \"straight down the line way\". \"Still Game\" has attracted interest from known screen legends, such as Sean Connery (who even requested a role in the show). Actor Bill Nighy is also reported to be a fan, calling upon the distinct Glaswegian accent for his role as Davy Jones in \"Pirates of the Caribbean\". The show has won awards in both the 2004 and 2005 \"BAFTA Scotland\" awards and was named as the winner in the Best Broadcast category at the 2004 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards. In 2006, \"Still Game\" was once again nominated for","title":"Still Game"},{"id":"6603912","text":"It is revealed in the bonus features of the Special Edition DVD that the face's color was partly inspired by a coffee-stained styrofoam cup which was then scanned into ILM's computers to be used as the skin. He speaks with a clearly distinguishable, albeit thick, Scottish accent that's slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose, and presumably, a nasal cavity and/or sinuses. Originally, director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch, as he is the captain of the \"Dutch-man\". Nighy however responded, \"I don't do Dutch. So I decided on Scottish.\" Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"17842074","text":"a trace of wet barnacles on the floor amid a puddle of seawater. Additionally, Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end in a non-speaking role as Elizabeth Swann, Will's wife and Henry's mother. Adam Brown, Danny Kirrane, and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack's crew, and in the prison scene, Paul McCartney briefly appears as Jack's paternal uncle, Uncle Jack. Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence. A silhouette of Davy Jones, one of the series' former villains, is seen in the post-credits scene, but actor Bill Nighy had stated that he was not","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"6603917","text":"encounter the \"Flying Dutchman\". Jones also appears in the about Jack's first years as a captain. He helps the Brethren Court to identify the traitor among them, who turns out to be Borya Palachnik, the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea. Before the events of the first film, Davy Jones approaches Sparrow with a deal: Jones will raise the \"Black Pearl\" back from Davy Jones' Locker, allowing Sparrow to be captain for 13 years if Sparrow agrees to serve on the \"Dutchman\" for 100 years. This event, referenced in the films, also appears in the book series. Davy Jones first","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"1987076","text":"referred to these \"softening\" touches as \"Boy Scouts of the Caribbean\". To coincide with the release of the 2011 film \"\", a projection of Captain Blackbeard from the film (portrayed by original actor Ian McShane) temporarily replaced the 2006 projection of Davy Jones in the Disneyland and Magic Kingdom version of the attraction beginning on May 20, 2011. On April 26, 2017, the Disneyland attraction closed during the afternoon in order to temporarily remove the first Jack Sparrow animatronic hiding behind the dresses, with Johnny Depp taking its place, interacting with guests as they passed by. This was part of","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)"},{"id":"9453855","text":"the first film, and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device. They settled on introducing Davy Jones, the \"Flying Dutchman\" and the Kraken, a mythology mentioned twice in the first film. They introduced the historical East India Trading Company (also mentioned in the first film), which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates. Filming for the sequels began on February 28, 2005, with \"\" finishing on March 1, 2006, and \"\" on January 10, 2007. The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer-generated Walt","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"3785511","text":"Chest. Sparrow discovers his debt to Davy Jones (Bill Nighy) is due. Two sequels to \"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl\" were conceived in 2004, with Elliott and Rossio developing a story arc that would span both films. Filming took place from February to September 2005 in Palos Verdes, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, and The Bahamas, as well as on sets constructed at Walt Disney Studios. It was shot back-to-back with the third film of the series, \"\". \"Dead Man's Chest\" was released in the United States on July 7, 2006, and received mixed","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"3785535","text":"on 37 critics, indicating \"mixed to average reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A–\" on an A+ to F scale. Michael Booth of the Denver Post gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it \"two hours and 20 minutes of escapism that once again makes the movies safe for guilt-free fun.\" Drew McWeeny compared the film to \"The Empire Strikes Back\", and also acclaimed its darkness in its depiction of the crew of the \"Flying Dutchman\" and its cliffhanger. The completely computer-generated Davy Jones turned out to be so realistic that some","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"3030432","text":"with Elizabeth, but a post-credits sequence reveals that the Trident's destruction has also resurrected Davy Jones, who now seeks revenge against him, Jack and Elizabeth. Will Turner appears in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" world, Port Royal, of \"Kingdom Hearts II\". In the Japanese version of \"Kingdom Hearts II\" as well as in the movies he's voiced by Daisuke Hirakawa, who was also the Japanese voice for Legolas, another famous character portrayed by Bloom. Crispin Freeman provided the voice of Will for the U.S. version of the game since Orlando Bloom was unavailable due to the filming of \"Dead Man's","title":"Will Turner"},{"id":"3346788","text":"the subsequent chapters. Boen returned to the role for the final two chapters, in which LeChuck is restored to his undead form; Boen has since recorded Harrington's lines for the first chapter for the DVD release of the game. Gilbert has drawn parallels between LeChuck and the character of Davy Jones in the later \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, implying that LeChuck may have served as an inspiration for the character's attitude, tone and design. Regarding Jones' appearance, Gilbert wrote that \"if I'd thought of the squid tentacles for a beard, I would have done that\". Though intelligent, LeChuck","title":"LeChuck"},{"id":"6603927","text":"similar to that of Davy Jones, albeit in a different arrangement. The theme is also heard briefly after Jones' appearance in \"\". Davy Jones possesses a large number of supernatural abilities. Jones is capable of teleportation on board the \"Flying Dutchman\" and the \"Black Pearl\", and he can pass through solid objects. Jones is immortal, capable of surviving injuries that would be fatal to mortals. However, he is not impervious to pain, as demonstrated when Jack was able to cut off some of his facial tentacles during their battle. Jones can also track any soul that is owed to him","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"2680982","text":"contains the lines: \"I saw you swim / Sink to your grave / Down to Davy Jones' locker / Under the waves...\" In the cartoon \"The Haunted Ship\", from the Aesop's Fables series produced by the Van Beuren animation studios, Davy Jones is depicted as a living skeleton wearing a pirate's bicorn. The concept of Davy Jones was conflated with the legend of the \"Flying Dutchman\" in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, in which Davy Jones's locker is portrayed as a purgatory place of punishment for those who crossed Davy Jones. Jones is portrayed as a captain assigned","title":"Davy Jones' Locker"},{"id":"4852562","text":"was a box office hit, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2007 with over $960 million. It was nominated at the 80th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which it lost to \"La Vie en Rose\" and \"The Golden Compass\", respectively. A sequel, \"\", the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley, was released on May 20, 2011. In order to control the oceans, Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy in Port Royal by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End"},{"id":"3785520","text":"and crew. Writer Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio decided not to make the sequels new adventures featuring the same characters, as with the \"Indiana Jones\" and \"James Bond\" series, but to retroactively turn \"The Curse of the Black Pearl\" into the first of a trilogy. They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann's embrace at the end of the first film, and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device. They settled on introducing Davy Jones, the \"Flying Dutchman\" and the Kraken. They also introduced the historical East India Trading","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"8271642","text":"Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean) The Flying Dutchman, or simply referred to as the Dutchman, is a fictional ship in Disney's \"Pirates of the Caribbean\". The ship made its first appearance in \"\" under the command of the fictional captain, Davy Jones. The story and attributes of the ship were inspired by the actual \"Flying Dutchman\" of nautical lore. As explained in the movie, the character of Davy Jones was given the \"Flying Dutchman\" by Calypso, his lover, to ferry souls lost at sea to the afterlife. When she neglected to meet him after his first ten years of","title":"Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"17842123","text":"beginning of the final adventure, implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise, and that a sixth film could be released. The post-credits scene of \"Dead Men\" shows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, and Davy Jones. In September 2017, producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another \"Pirates\" sequel is still possible if \"Dead Men Tell No Tales\" does well in its home release. In October 2017, the sixth film was confirmed and Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return. Shortly after, it was announced that Rønning is being eyed to return to direct the sequel. As","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"17842124","text":"of August 2018, the sixth film is still in development. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (released in some countries as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film, the fifth installment in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series and the sequel to \"\" (2011). The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Joshamee","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"6603911","text":"most striking feature is his cephalopod-like head, with octopus-like appendages giving the illusion of a thick beard. A prominent sac bulges from under his barnacle-encrusted tricorne. In addition to his \"bearded\" face, he breathes through a siphon located on the left side of his face. Jones has a crustacean-style claw for his left arm, a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand, and the right leg of a crab (resembling a pegleg). Some commentators compare Davy Jones' physique to the creature Cthulhu created by H. P. Lovecraft, but the designers have not verified this claim.","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"9453838","text":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series) Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney's theme park ride of the same name. Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski (1–3), Rob Marshall (4) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio (1–4); other writers include Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1) and Jeff Nathanson (5). The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp), Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley). Characters such as Hector","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"4852560","text":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski, the third in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series and the sequel to \"\" (2006). The plot follows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, Hector Barbossa, and the crew of the \"Black Pearl\" rescuing Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker, and then preparing to fight the East India Trading Company, led by Cutler Beckett, who controls Davy Jones and plans to extinguish piracy forever. It is the last film in the series to be","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End"},{"id":"9453863","text":"worldwide (behind \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\" and \"\") and the fifth in North America. The first three sequels broke box office records upon release, of which the most notable are the opening-weekend record in North America (\"Dead Man's Chest\"), the Memorial-Day weekend record in North America (\"At World's End\") and the opening-weekend record outside North America (\"On Stranger Tides\"). The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent, and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised. The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"6603930","text":"also made an appearance as a smaller figure with crew members Angler, Wheelback and Penrod. Jones was issued as a plush toy as part of Sega's \"Dead Man's Chest\" plush assortment. Jones was also part of a 3 figure pack as a 3.75 inch figure with Hector Barbossa and a limited edition gold Jack Sparrow for \"At World's End\". Davy Jones and his ship, the \"Flying Dutchman\", were produced as a Mega Blocks set for the movies \"Dead Man's Chest\" and \"\". Although his minifigure counterpart in the \"Dead Man's Chest\" set has more bluish tentacles then his counterpart in","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"6603918","text":"appears in the second film, \"\", in which he attempts to collect on his bargain with Jack Sparrow: Davy Jones raised the \"Black Pearl\" from the sea for Sparrow. In exchange for being captain for 13 years, Sparrow promised Jones his soul. Sparrow argues that he was only captain for two years before Hector Barbossa committed mutiny. Jones rejects this explanation, explaining that despite the mutiny, Jack still gave himself the title \"Captain\". Sparrow then attempts to escape the deal by providing Will Turner as a substitute for himself. Jack strikes a new deal with Jones; Jack will be spared","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"17842064","text":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (released in some countries as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film, the fifth installment in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series and the sequel to \"\" (2011). The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa, respectively, and are joined in the","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"1987078","text":"scene in March 2018 and Disneyland's version received it in June 2018 after a scheduled refurbishment. In addition to the inclusion of Jack Sparrow, the Disneyland Paris attraction included an animatronic of Captain Barbossa and images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard when it reopened on July 24. In June 2017, Disney added back the talking skull to Magic Kingdom version. In June 2018 the Disneyland version of the attraction reopened after a refurb which saw the replacement of the Davy Jones mist waterfall with a new scene of a skeleton who transforms into a live pirate as the boat passes","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)"},{"id":"6603921","text":"film \"\", Jones is under the control of Cutler Beckett and the East India Trading Company. Beckett possesses the heart, and threatens to have soldiers shoot it if Jones disobeys. Beckett orders Jones to sink pirate ships, but is infuriated when Jones leaves no survivors; Beckett wants prisoners to interrogate about the Brethren Court. Beckett orders Jones to kill the Kraken. Later, he orders Jones attack the Pirate Lord Sao Feng; Jones subsequently kills Sao and captures Elizabeth Swann, who had been named captain by Sao Feng upon his death. When Admiral James Norrington dies on board the \"Dutchman\" helping","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"17842065","text":"cast by Javier Bardem, Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario. The filmmakers cited the series' first installment, \"\" (2003), as inspiration for the script and tone of the film. Pre-production for the film started shortly before \"On Stranger Tides\" was released in early 2011, with Terry Rossio writing the initial script. In early 2013, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script for the film, with Depp being involved in Nathanson's writing process. Initially planned for a 2015 release, the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017, after 6 years of development hell, due to script and budget","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"3785539","text":"$423,315,812 in the North America and $642,863,913 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $1,066,179,725. Worldwide, it ranks as the 24th highest-grossing film, the 12th highest-grossing film distributed by Disney, the highest-grossing film of 2006, the third highest-grossing film of the 2000s, the highest-grossing film in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" series, the highest-grossing film to star Johnny Depp and the third highest-grossing second installment in a franchise (behind \"\" and \"Incredibles 2\"). It was the third film in history to reach the $1 billion mark worldwide, and it reached the mark in record time (63 days), a record","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"6603913","text":"\"Still Game\" influenced his choice of accent, stating: \"I had to find an accent no one else had. Although Alex Norton is Scottish, mine was slightly different. We wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative...I have seen \"Still Game\" and I am a fan. The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area.\" Davy Jones, a human and a great sailor, fell in love with Calypso, a sea goddess. She entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world. Calypso gave him the \"Flying Dutchman\" to accomplish","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"4852583","text":"too similar to other cinematic trilogies such as \"Star Wars\", but praised the production values. Brian Lowry felt that \"unlike last year's bloated sequel, it at least possesses some semblance of a destination, making it slightly more coherent - if no less numbing during the protracted finale.\" \"Total Film\" praised the performances but complained that the twists and exposition made it hard to care for the characters. Edward Douglas liked the film but had issues with its pacing, while Blake Wright criticized the Davy Jones' Locker and Calypso segments. James Berardinelli found it the weakest of the trilogy as \"the","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End"},{"id":"9453860","text":"was at work on a second attempt based on a well-received outline. While Disney originally announced a release on July 7, 2017, \"Dead Men Tell No Tales\" was released on May 26, 2017. A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of \"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\". Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister, confirmed on October 2, 2014, that filming was expected to start in February 2015, stating that filming will take","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"3785512","text":"reviews, with praise for its special effects, action sequences, Hans Zimmer's musical score, humor, and performances, particularly those of Depp and Nighy, but criticism for its convoluted plot and running time. The film set several records in its first three days, with an opening weekend of $136 million in the United States, and it was, at the time, the fastest film ever to gross over $1 billion in the worldwide box office, and became the highest-grossing film of 2006. It currently ranks as the 26th highest-grossing film of all time worldwide and held the record as the highest-grossing film released","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"1987079","text":"by, in addition to the return of the original 1967 tunnel dialogue. In 2003, Disney released \"\", a feature film inspired by the attraction starring Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow in an Oscar-nominated performance. It has been followed by four sequels: \"\" (2006), \"\" (2007), \"\" (2011), and \"\" (2017), with the second installment winning an Oscar for Best Special Effects in 2007. The series has grossed over US$3.7 billion worldwide. These films included numerous allusions to the ride, most notably the attack on the fort, the famous jail scene, the namesake song, and a few lines from the","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)"},{"id":"6603925","text":"maelstrom. In the post-credits scene of the fifth film \"\", Will (no longer bound to the \"Flying Dutchman\" after the destruction of the Trident of Poseidon) and Elizabeth are sleeping in their bed together, when their room is entered by the silhouette of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones. Just as Jones raises his clawed arm to strike at the couple, Will awakens and the room is empty. Assuming Jones's appearance to be a nightmare, Will goes back to sleep, oblivious to the presence of barnacles on the floor amid a small puddle of seawater, revealing it was no dream and","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"9453856","text":"Disney Pictures logo. Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel \"On Stranger Tides\" during production of \"Dead Man's Chest\" and \"At World's End\" and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film. As Gore Verbinski was unavailable, Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film. Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand-alone film, with a story that would support new characters, and incorporate elements from the novel, such as Blackbeard, the Fountain of Youth and mermaids—the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films. Depp, Rush, Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"9453842","text":"him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, the \"Black Pearl\", along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold. Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film. Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man's Chest—and inside, the heart of villainous Davy Jones—which would give Beckett control of the seas. However, Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones, who made Jack captain of the \"Black Pearl\" for 13 years","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"9453857","text":"roles, and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica, Blackbeard's daughter and Jack Sparrow's love interest. A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain. After the costly production of two simultaneous films, Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment, giving a lower budget, which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects. It was also filmed in 3D, with cameras similar to the ones used in \"Avatar\". Filming for \"\" began June 14, 2010 and ended on November 19, 2010. It was released in","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"6603915","text":"and in despair and guilt for what he had done, he carved out his own heart from his chest and placed it in the \"Dead Man's Chest\". The Chest was sealed and placed within a larger wooden chest, along with Jones' numerous love letters to Calypso and all other items having to do with her, except his matching musical locket. The chest was then buried on Isla Cruces. Jones kept the chest's key with him at all times. With Calypso gone, Jones abandoned his duties and returned to the Seven Seas. As a result of this, Jones gradually became monstrous,","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"17842103","text":"Salazar's Revenge\", a decision that the directors were not informed about. It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24, and in the United States, Canada, and China on May 26. It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama-like ScreenX format, which played in two locations in the U.S.—CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas—both in Los Angeles, California. Additionally, it played in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey and Indonesia. The film also played in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide. The film","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"13787994","text":"Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017. Production began in late February 2015 in Australia. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series and the sequel to \"\" (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"},{"id":"12060781","text":"\"The Force Unleashed\"\" and comparing it to how people see Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" movies. Blackman noted that Witwer brought new ideas and a sense of humanity to Starkiller. Sam Witwer has said that Starkiller would be a character he wouldn't mind revisiting. During the concept stages of \"Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II\", the developers considered replacing the character with either a new Force wielder or a previously named \"Star Wars\" character; however, they decided to keep Starkiller as the player character as they were fond of and attached to him. Also,","title":"Starkiller"},{"id":"9453843","text":"in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones' ship, the \"Flying Dutchman\". Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and, with the help of the \"Flying Dutchman\", he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever. To stand against the East India Trading Co., Will, Elizabeth, Barbossa, and the crew of the \"Black Pearl\" set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker. As one of the Nine Pirate Lords, Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett's forces. Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"9453839","text":"Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush) and Joshamee Gibbs (Kevin McNally) follow Jack, Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films. The fourth film features Blackbeard (Ian McShane) and Angelica (Penélope Cruz), while the fifth film features Armando Salazar (Javier Bardem), Henry Turner (Brenton Thwaites) and Carina Smyth (Kaya Scodelario). The films take place in a fictionalized historical setting; a world ruled by the British Empire, the East India Trading Company (based on the real East India Company) and the Spanish Empire, with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers. The film series started in 2003 with \"\", which received positive reviews","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"3785510","text":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the second installment of the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series and the sequel to \"\" (2003). It was directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. In the film, the wedding of Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) is interrupted by Lord Cutler Beckett (Tom Hollander), who wants Turner to acquire the compass of Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) in a bid to find the Dead Man's","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"9453862","text":"with \"Dead Man's Chest\" and \"On Stranger Tides\", since followed by other film franchises. \"The Curse of the Black Pearl\" was the third-highest-grossing 2003 film in North America (behind \"\" and \"Finding Nemo\") and fourth worldwide (behind \"The Return of the King\", \"Finding Nemo\" and \"The Matrix Reloaded\"). \"Dead Man's Chest\" was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide, and \"At World's End\" led the worldwide grosses in 2007, though being only fourth in North America (behind \"Spider-Man 3\", \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\" and \"Shrek the Third\"). \"On Stranger Tides\" was the third-highest-grossing film of 2011","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"2628823","text":"won him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Mini-series or TV Film in January 2007. Also in 2006, Nighy made his Broadway debut at the Music Box Theatre alongside Julianne Moore in \"The Vertical Hour\", directed by Sam Mendes. In 2006, Nighy played the principal villain, Davy Jones, in \"\", although his face was entirely obscured by computer-generated makeup; he voiced the character with a Scots accent. He reprised the role in the 2007 sequel, \"\", in which his real face was briefly revealed in one scene. He also provided the narration for the Animal Planet series","title":"Bill Nighy"},{"id":"19333732","text":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure is a magnetic powered dark ride at Shanghai Disneyland. Based on the eponymous film series, the attraction features a different storyline from previous \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" attractions. The ride opened along with the rest of the park on June 16, 2016. Walt Disney Imagineering designed the attraction and Industrial Light & Magic created the computer-generated visual effects. The ride includes Jack Sparrow and Davy Jones. It features new technology not used in previous Pirates rides. Guests start at the Royal Navy’s","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure"},{"id":"3785544","text":"June–August 2006 for the PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the second installment of the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series and the sequel to \"\" (2003). It was directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. In the film, the wedding of Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) is interrupted by Lord Cutler Beckett (Tom Hollander), who wants Turner to acquire the compass of Captain","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"6603923","text":"his original human form. Jones tells her that his heart will always belong to her. Calypso, unaware that Jones betrayed her to the first Brethren Court, says that after her release, she will fully give her love to him. Jones participates in a parley in which the EITC trades Turner for Sparrow. After Calypso is freed, Will reveals that Jones betrayed her. She escapes, refusing to aid either the pirates or Jones. Her fury creates a monstrous maelstrom. The \"Dutchman\" and the \"Pearl\" enter it and battle. During the battle Jones kills Mercer and retrieves the key to the Chest.","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"6603929","text":"hand could, and his crab claw hand possesses enough strength to bend or sever sword blades. He also demonstrates more general superhuman strength when he throws Jack off the crossbeam using only one arm. Davy Jones was part of Series One of the \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\" action figure set produced by NECA. Although the initial run of figures had a sticker on the box that proclaimed that the figure came with the Dead Man's Chest and Jones' heart, both props (as well as the key) were released with the Bootstrap Bill figure in Series Two. Jones","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"13787936","text":"third highest-grossing film of 2011, and it stands as the 28th-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide when not adjusting for inflation. Critical reviews were mixed, with the film receiving criticism over its writing, directing, excessiveness and lack of originality; positive mentions were given on the acting, action sequences, music, visuals and the running time for being much shorter than the previous two films. A fifth film, titled \"\", was released in 2017. After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate, Joshamee Gibbs, in London, Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II. The king wants Jack to guide","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"},{"id":"2136605","text":"of the Black Pearl\" include Best Make-up/Hair at the 57th British Academy Film Awards, Saturn Award for Best Costumes, Golden Reel Award for Sound Editing, two VES Awards for Visual Effects, and the People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture. The film spun off four sequels, with the latest sequel released in 2017. The first two were back-to-back sequels in 2006 and 2007, \"\" and \"\", respectively. The third sequel, \"\", was released in 2011. The fourth sequel, \"\", was slated to begin production in October 2014 for a summer 2016 release, but was eventually delayed to May 2017. It","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl"},{"id":"17842066","text":"issues. Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015, after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives, and ended in July 2015. \"Dead Men Tell No Tales\" was released in conventional, 3D, and IMAX formats on May 26, 2017. The film received mixed reviews and grossed $794 million worldwide against an estimated budget between $230–320 million. \"Dead Men Tell No Tales\" is the second-lowest grossing installment of the series. Twelve-year-old Henry Turner boards the \"Flying Dutchman\" and informs his father, Will Turner, that the curse which binds Will to the \"Dutchman\" and only permits him to step","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"3785519","text":"for Jack, allowing him back into the navy as well as allowing Beckett to gain control of Davy Jones and the seas. The \"Pearl\"s crew take shelter with Tia Dalma, where they all agree to rescue Jack. Tia Dalma introduces the captain who will guide them: the resurrected Hector Barbossa. In a post-credits scene, the cannibalistic tribe now worships the prison dog in replacement of Jack. Following the success of \"\" (2003), the cast and crew signed on for two more sequels to be shot back-to-back, a practical decision on Disney's part to allow more time with the same cast","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"17842087","text":"Adam Brown, Delroy Atkinson, and Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming. As filming begun, two actors from the previous films were confirmed to return, Martin Klebba as Marty and Stephen Graham as Scrum. Director Joachim Rønning's two children appear in the film as extras. Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague, but was unavailable, leading Depp to invite Paul McCartney into appearing as Jack Sparrow's uncle (also named Jack). Other actors had expressed interest in reprising their roles from the previous films, such as Tia Dalma portrayer Naomie Harris, and Greg Ellis,","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"6603922","text":"Elizabeth escape, Jones claims Norrington's sword (originally crafted by Will Turner). Jones then attempts mutiny against the EITC. However, Mercer successfully defends the Chest, forcing Jones to continue under Beckett's service. Beckett later summons Jones to his ship, the \"Endeavour\". Jones confronts Will Turner and divulges his past with Calypso, while learning of Jack Sparrow's escape from the Locker. The three men then arrive at Shipwreck Cove. Jones confronts Calypso, locked in the brig of the \"Black Pearl\". The two former lovers discuss Calypso's betrayal and Jones's curse. Calypso temporarily lifts his curse, allowing him to be seen briefly in","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"2175225","text":"the Seven Seas. He can be treacherous and survives mostly by using wit and negotiation rather than by force, opting to flee most dangerous situations and to fight only when necessary. Sparrow is introduced seeking to regain his ship, the \"Black Pearl\", from his mutinous first mate, Hector Barbossa. Later he attempts to escape his blood debt to the legendary Davy Jones while fighting the East India Trading Company. The \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" series was inspired by the Disney theme park ride of the same name, and when the ride was revamped in 2006, the character of Captain Jack","title":"Jack Sparrow"},{"id":"9453858","text":"the United States on May 20, 2011. With a budget of $378.5 million, \"On Stranger Tides\" holds the record for most expensive film ever made. On January 14, 2011, it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment, without his co-writer Ted Elliott. On January 11, 2013, Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film. On May 29, 2013, it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct. On August 22, 2013, the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be \"\", alluding","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"3785513","text":"by the Walt Disney Studios for nearly four years until it was surpassed by \"Toy Story 3\" (2010). The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, and won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. Its sequel, \"At World's End\", was released the following year. The wedding of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann is halted when Lord Cutler Beckett, chairman of the East India Trading Company, arrives with arrest warrants for them, and also for Commodore James Norrington, who allowed Captain Jack Sparrow to escape. Norrington has resigned and disappeared after losing the Navy's","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"3785541","text":"haul. Thus, in North America, it is the seventeenth-highest-grossing film, although, adjusted for inflation, the film ranks forty-eight. It is also the highest-grossing 2006 film, the highest-grossing \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film, and the seventh-highest-grossing Disney film. The film sold an estimated 64,628,400 tickets in the US. Outside North America, it is the twenty-first-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing \"Pirates\" film, the eighth-highest-grossing Disney film and the highest-grossing film of 2006. It set opening-weekend records in Russia and the CIS, Ukraine, Finland, Malaysia, Singapore, Greece and Italy. It was on top of the box office outside North America for 9 consecutive weekends","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"9453854","text":"was made, the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back-to-back, a practical decision on Disney's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew. Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast, they weren't free to invent totally different situations and characters, as with the \"Indiana Jones\" and \"James Bond\" series, and so had to retroactively turn \"The Curse of the Black Pearl\" into the first of a trilogy. They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann's embrace at the end of","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"13787960","text":"role of King George II, as Depp was a fan of Griffiths' work on \"Withnail and I\". Sam Claflin, a recent drama school graduate with television experience, was chosen to play the missionary Philip, and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast. Spanish news website \"El Pais\" reported that the film had four Spanish actors: Cruz, Bergès-Frisbey, Óscar Jaenada, and Juan Carlos Vellido. Jaenada was picked for both his work in \"The Losers\" and a recommendation by Cruz. Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts—no implants. As Bruckheimer explained to \"EW\", \"I don't think they had","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"},{"id":"6603924","text":"Sparrow and Jones fight for control of the chest in the rigging of the \"Dutchman\". Jack acquires both the Chest and the key while Jones battles Will and Elizabeth. Jones quickly overpowers Elizabeth, and is subsequently impaled through the back by Will. Jones, unharmed, holds Will at sword-point. Jack threatens to stab the heart, and Jones cruelly stabs Will. Remembering Will as his son, Bootstrap Bill briefly fights and overpowers Jones, but is quickly defeated. Jones attempts to kill Bootstrap, but Jack helps Will stab the heart. Jones then calls out for Calypso, before tumbling to his death in the","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"13787933","text":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series and the sequel to \"\" (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot loosely from the novel \"On Stranger Tides\" by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined by","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"},{"id":"2724688","text":"Kidman, Sophia Loren and Penélope Cruz, who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Marshall then went on to direct \"\", the fourth chapter of Disney's \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series starring Johnny Depp, Ian McShane, Penélope Cruz and Geoffrey Rush, which opened on May 20, 2011. Marshall directed Disney's film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's \"Into the Woods\" (2014) and produced the film under his Lucamar Productions banner. Marshall directed the sequel to the 1964 film \"Mary Poppins\" titled: \"Mary Poppins Returns\", reuniting two \"Into the Woods\" actresses: Emily Blunt as the title character and Meryl","title":"Rob Marshall"},{"id":"5675183","text":"Tom Hollander Thomas Anthony Hollander (; born 25 August 1967) is an English actor. He began his career in theatre, winning the Ian Charleson Award in 1992 for his performance as Witwoud in \"The Way of the World\" at the Lyric Hammersmith Theatre. He is known for his roles in films such as \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" and \"In the Loop\" and drama films such as \"Enigma\", \"Pride & Prejudice\", \"Gosford Park\", and \"Hanna\". He played the lead role in the sitcom \"Rev.\", which won the British Academy Television Award for best sitcom in 2011. He also played the lead","title":"Tom Hollander"},{"id":"6406442","text":"audience reaction towards the character, and his respect for Davenport, he made him a prominent character in the sequel. Davenport's casting came in part from his father, Nigel, being a major character in the 1960s pirate film \"A High Wind in Jamaica\", which both Bruckheimer and director Gore Verbinski enjoyed. In \"\", Norrington has a smaller role despite setting the film's plot in motion. Early scripts and a deleted scene had him stopping Governor Swann from stabbing the heart of Davy Jones and also had him forming a friendship with Davy Jones. In \"At World's End\" Norrington is killed by","title":"James Norrington"},{"id":"9669332","text":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (video game) Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a video game based on the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" films \"\" and \"\", published by Buena Vista Games for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, PSP, Nintendo DS and the Wii. Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End follows the events of Pirates of the Caribbean movies \"\" and \"\" with some additional missions and characters. In game location include locales such as the \"Black Pearl\", the \"Flying Dutchman\", Tortuga, Davy Jones Locker, Shipwreck Cove, Port Royal and a","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (video game)"},{"id":"4852576","text":"Elizabeth and Will, Davy Jones, and Cutler Beckett. He composed this film and The Simpsons Movie at the same time. He also co-wrote the song \"Hoist the Colours\" with Zimmer. The world premiere of \"At World's End\" was held on May 19, 2007 at Disneyland, home of the ride that inspired the film and where the first two films in the trilogy debuted. Disneyland offered the general public a chance to attend the premiere through the sale of tickets, priced at $1,500 per ticket, with proceeds going to the Make-a-Wish Foundation charity. Just a few weeks before the film's release,","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End"},{"id":"3785542","text":"and 10 in total. It was the highest-grossing film of 2006 in Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden and Thailand. At the 79th Academy Awards, visual effects supervisors John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson, and Allen Hall won an Oscar for Best Visual Effects, which was also the first time since 1994's \"Forrest Gump\" that Industrial Light & Magic had received that particular Academy Award. The film was also nominated for Best Art Direction, Sound Editing, and Sound Mixing. The film also won a BAFTA and Satellite award for Best Visual Effects, and six awards from","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"9453840","text":"from critics and grossed US$654 million worldwide. After the first film's success, Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works. The franchise's second film, subtitled \"\", was released three years later in 2006; the sequel proved successful, breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere. \"Dead Man's Chest\" ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. The third film in the series, subtitled \"\", followed in 2007 earning $960 million, and Disney released a fourth film, subtitled \"\", in 2011 in conventional 2D, Digital","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"2397689","text":"far as to have its own in-house motion capture studio built into its headquarters. Namco's 1995 arcade game \"Soul Edge\" used passive optical system markers for motion capture. Movies use motion capture for CG effects, in some cases replacing traditional cel animation, and for completely computer-generated creatures, such as Gollum, The Mummy, King Kong, Davy Jones from \"Pirates of the Caribbean\", the Na'vi from the film \"Avatar\", and Clu from \"\". The Great Goblin, the three Stone-trolls, many of the orcs and goblins in the 2012 film \"\", and Smaug were created using motion capture. ‘’’’ (1999) was the first","title":"Motion capture"},{"id":"2136574","text":"film released under the Walt Disney Pictures banner to be rated PG-13 by the MPAA. The film's world premiere was held at Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California on June 28, 2003. Despite low expectations, the film was a huge box office success, grossing over $654 million worldwide; making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2003. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with many considering it to be the best entry in the series; the film was praised for the performances (particularly from Depp), action sequences, score, and visuals, but was criticized for its writing and length. The film has","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl"},{"id":"7477433","text":"David Bailie David Bailie (born 4 December 1937) is an English actor, known for his performances on stage, television and film. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for both the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he was an associate artist. On TV he played \"Dask\" in the 1977 \"Doctor Who\" serial \"The Robots of Death\", and also appeared in \"Blake's 7\". On film, he played the mute pirate Cotton in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" series. Bailie is also a professional photographer, specialising in portrait photography. He has a studio in West Kensington, London. Bailie was","title":"David Bailie"},{"id":"4852564","text":"to give Jack to Feng in return for the \"Pearl\", which he will use to rescue his father Bootstrap Bill Turner from the \"Flying Dutchman\". The crew travels to the Locker and rescues Jack. The crew encounters many dead souls, including Elizabeth's father Governor Swann, who was executed by Beckett. Tia Dalma reveals that the Goddess Calypso charged Davy Jones with the job to guide the souls of those who died at sea to the next world. Once every ten years he could come ashore to be with the woman he loved. But he corrupted his purpose and was cursed","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End"},{"id":"4852573","text":"spa culture, with fungi growing throughout the set. Continuing this natural feel, the floorboards of Sao Feng's bathhouse had to be cut by hand, and real humidity was created by the combination of gallons of water and the lighting equipment on the set. Filming resumed on August 3, 2006 at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah for 70 days off the California coast, as all the shooting required in the Caribbean had been conducted in 2005. Davy Jones' Locker was shot at Utah, and it was shot in a monochromatic way to represent its different feeling from the usual colorful","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End"},{"id":"17842089","text":"to court us like they really wanted us.\" Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg originally stated that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans, and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana. However, a spokesman for Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia, after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives, originally intended for the remake of \"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\"; thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations. According to Australian film industry sources, on","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales"},{"id":"13787974","text":"\"Pirates of the Caribbean\" ride that inspired the film series. Many of the film's stars were in attendance. Two other early screenings followed, one in Moscow on May 11, and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14. The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20, with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18, in Australia on May 19, and in North America on May 20. The film was released on a then-record 402 IMAX screens, 257 screens in North America, and 139 in other territories. The total number of theaters was 4,155 in","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"},{"id":"6603928","text":"using the black spot, with which any member of his crew can mark a victim. Jones has also the power to control and call forth the Kraken, a sea monster which can destroy ships upon command. In a physical confrontation, Jones' physiology also gives him various advantages; his facial tentacles allow him to manipulate objects while leaving his hands free, such that he is able to restrain Mercer's arms with his hands while smothering him with his tentacles. His tentacle finger allows him to exert a much stronger grip and control his sword more quickly and precisely than a normal","title":"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"4852561","text":"directed by Verbinski. It was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006, the former simultaneously with \"Dead Man's Chest\". With an estimated production budget of $300 million, \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\" was the most expensive film ever made at the time of its release, even after adjusting for inflation. Walt Disney Pictures released the film in the United States on May 25, 2007. Critical reviews were mixed; the film was praised for its performances, musical score, action scenes, humor, and special effects, but was criticized for its plot and running time. Despite this, \"At World's End\"","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End"},{"id":"4852588","text":"3\"), \"Pirates 3\" grossed the least both during its opening weekend and in total earnings. However, this was mainly attributed to the fact that it was released third, after the other two films, so there was already too much competition. It is also the second-highest-grossing film in the \"Pirates\" series. It is the eighteenth-highest-grossing film, the sixth-largest film distributed by Disney, and the second-highest-grossing \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film. During its opening weekend, it grossed an estimated $216.0 million, which stands as the sixth biggest opening outside North America. It set opening-weekend records in South Korea with $16.7 million (surpassed","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End"},{"id":"7225122","text":"and the presence of the Black Pearl, the game otherwise has few connections to the \"\" film, which was released around the same time as the game. The PC version of this game is one of the first video games with multi-threaded code that is optimized for the Intel's Hyper-Threading technology. Actress Keira Knightley, who played Elizabeth Swann in the film series, voiced the narrator (only two simple cutscenes at the beginning and at the end) in the game. After a fierce storm, Captain Nathaniel Hawk arrives on the island of Oxbay. His first mate Malcolm Hatcher is retiring, and","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (video game)"},{"id":"9453853","text":"by her audition. Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann, but the role went to Jonathan Pryce, whom Depp idolized. Shooting for \"The Curse of the Black Pearl\" began on October 9, 2002 and wrapped by March 7, 2003. Before its release, many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop, as the pirate genre had not been successful for years, the film was based on a theme-park ride, and Depp rarely made a big film. However, \"The Curse of the Black Pearl\" became both a critical and commercial success. After seeing how well the first film","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)"},{"id":"3785529","text":"mouth were not used. Nighy only wore a prosthetic once, with blue-colored tentacles for when Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) steals the key to the Dead Man's Chest from under his \"beard\" as he sleeps. To create the CG version of the character, the model was closely based on a full-body scan of Nighy, with Jones reflecting his high cheekbones. Animators studied every frame of Nighy's performance: the actor himself had blessed them by making his performance more quirky than expected, providing endless fun for them. His performance also meant new controls had to be stored. Finally, Jones' tentacles are mostly","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"2136606","text":"was directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg. Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski and the first film in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series. Produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer, the film is based on Walt Disney's \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" attraction at Disney theme parks. The story follows pirate Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) and blacksmith Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) as they rescue the kidnapped Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) from the","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl"},{"id":"13787981","text":"film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1-billion-mark. It set a record for the fastest Disney-distributed film to reach the milestone (first surpassed by \"Marvel's The Avengers\") and it is the fifth-fastest film overall to achieve this. During its Thursday-midnight showings, \"On Stranger Tides\" earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters, and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day. It earned $90.2 million on its opening weekend, topping the weekend box office, but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors (\"At World's End\" – $114.7 million and \"Dead Man's Chest\" – $135.6 million) and the directly preceding Johnny","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides"},{"id":"1377955","text":"and the Warner Bros. cartoon character Pepe Le Pew, with both serving as the inspiration for the manner of the character. This combination of influences originally raised concerns with Disney corporate executives, who feared that Depp was \"drunk and gay\", with Michael Eisner fearing that he was \"ruining the movie\". In the third installment of the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" series, \"\", Richards played Captain Edward Teague, later reprising the role in \"\", the fourth film in the series (2011). In 2012, Richards joined the 11th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. In a 2015","title":"Keith Richards"},{"id":"3785540","text":"that has since been surpassed by many films, of which the first was \"Avatar\" (in January 2010). In North America, the film broke many records including the largest opening- and single-day gross ($55.8 million), the biggest opening-weekend gross ($135.6 million), the least time to reach $100, $200 and $300 million and the highest ten-day gross. However, most of them were broken by \"Spider-Man 3\" in May 2007 and \"The Dark Knight\" in July 2008. The film was in first place at the box office for three consecutive weekends. It closed in theaters on December 7, 2006, with a $423.3 million","title":"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest"},{"id":"8271643","text":"duty, he was both heartbroken and enraged. He abandoned his duties and chose to wander the seas, doing as he pleased. This violation of his duty placed a curse on Jones and his crew, slowly transforming them into monsters. Apparently, the \"Dutchman\" is also believed to be nautical lore in the \"Pirates\" universe, as character James Norrington mockingly remarks, \"[Davy Jones]...captain of the \"Flying Dutchman?\".\" The fictional \"Dutchman\" is also known as a fearful ship to those who are superstitious, and able to destroy any vessel (using the Kraken). In \"\", the \"Dutchman\" makes its first appearance when it rises","title":"Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean)"},{"id":"8659147","text":"of monstrous proportions, controlled by Davy Jones, often to destroy ships that threaten him. Various pronunciations are made of the name: Kevin McNally (Joshamee Gibbs) pronounced it as , so that pronunciation was adopted on the set. In \"Dead Man's Chest\" and \"At World's End\", Jack later refers to the Kraken as \"beastie\". The Kraken was difficult to animate as it had no real-life reference, until animation director Hal Hickel instructed the crew to watch \"King Kong vs. Godzilla\" which had a real octopus crawling over miniatures. During the filming of the attacks, Keira Knightley (Elizabeth Swann) divulged that \"the","title":"Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"6603908\",\n \"text\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) Davy Jones is a fictional character in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film \\\"\\\" and returns in the third film \\\"\\\". He is the captain of the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" (based on the ghost ship of the same name). The computer-generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history, behind King Kong in 2007. The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603909\",\n \"text\": \"Visual Effects for \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\". The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones' Locker. Before officially casting Bill Nighy, producers also met with Jim Broadbent, Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role. Like the entire crew of the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\"'s (except \\\"Bootstrap Bill\\\"), Davy Jones's physical appearance is completely computer-generated. Nighy's performance was recorded using motion capture during actual filming on the set, with Nighy wearing several markers in both a grey suit and his face, rather than in a studio during post-production. Nighy also wore make-up around his eyes, since the original plan was\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2628814\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Nighy William Francis Nighy (; born 12 December 1949) is an English actor. He worked in theatre and television before his first cinema role in 1981, and made his name in television with \\\"The Men's Room\\\" in 1991, in which he played the womaniser Professor Mark Carleton. Nighy became widely known for his performance as Billy Mack in \\\"Love Actually\\\". Other notable roles in cinema include his portrayal of Davy Jones in \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series, as well as Viktor in the \\\"Underworld\\\" film series. He is also known for his roles in the films \\\"Lawless Heart\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Nighy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603910\",\n \"text\": \"to use his real eyes, if necessary to get the proper lighting, in the digital character; he also wore make-up on his lips and around his mouth, to assist in the motion capture of his character's Scottish accent. Briefly during the third film, Jones appears as a human for a single scene, played by Nighy in costume. Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup or a latex mask due to the computer-generated character's photorealism. Davy Jones' physique was designed by the films' producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features. Jones'\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603931\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"At World's End\\\" set, which has more greenish tentacles. He was made as a Lego minifigure in November 2011, with 4184 Black Pearl. A children's and adult Halloween costumes were released for Halloween 2007. Davy Jones was released as a PEZ dispenser, along with Jack Sparrow and Will Turner. Hot Toys also announced plans to make a 1:6 version of Davy Jones which became available Q2 2008, and is widely regarded as more detailed than those produced by NECA. Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) Davy Jones is a fictional character in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series,\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785528\",\n \"text\": \"was dubbed \\\"Bouillabaisse\\\" on set. Captain Davy Jones had originally been designed with chin growths, before the designers made the move to full-blown tentacles; the skin of the character incorporates the texture of a coffee-stained Styrofoam cup among other elements. To portray Jones on set, Bill Nighy wore a motion capture tracksuit that meant the animators at Industrial Light & Magic did not have to reshoot the scene in the studio without him or on the motion capture stage. Nighy wore make-up around his eyes and mouth to splice into the computer-generated shots, but the images of his eyes and\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603916\",\n \"text\": \"his physical appearance merging with various aquatic fauna. Sailors everywhere would fear him to the death, for Davy Jones had turned fierce and cruel, with an insatiable taste for all things brutal. Jones recruits dying sailors by promising them a reprieve from death in exchange for 100 years of service aboard the \\\"Dutchman\\\". He comes to command the Kraken, a feared mythological sea monster. In the about Jack Sparrow's earlier adventures, Davy Jones shows interest in the Sword of Cortes, also sought by Jack. He is a minor character, but appears in the seventh book as Jack and his crew\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603926\",\n \"text\": \"Davy Jones is really alive. In the films, Jones possesses a locket that plays a distinct melody, and he is known to play the same melody on his pipe organ. This melody is also his character's theme, and can be heard throughout the film's score. It comes in two variations: The soundtrack version and the film version. The melody of the soundtrack version is heard only in \\\"\\\". The film version is played in both films multiple times, and is heard last during the climax of the film. Because Jones and Calypso own matching locket lockets, Tia Dalma's theme is\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2628828\",\n \"text\": \"as one of the 50 best-dressed over 50s by \\\"The Guardian\\\" in March 2013 and one of \\\"GQ's\\\" 50 best-dressed British men in 2015. Bill Nighy William Francis Nighy (; born 12 December 1949) is an English actor. He worked in theatre and television before his first cinema role in 1981, and made his name in television with \\\"The Men's Room\\\" in 1991, in which he played the womaniser Professor Mark Carleton. Nighy became widely known for his performance as Billy Mack in \\\"Love Actually\\\". Other notable roles in cinema include his portrayal of Davy Jones in \\\"Pirates of the\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Nighy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13787956\",\n \"text\": \"a cameo, reprising his role as Captain Teague from \\\"At World's End\\\"; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder. Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles, as they wanted to be involved in different films. They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could. On August 1, 2009, Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones, who died in the saying the possibility to resurrect the character, but at the end, his inclusion\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5364635\",\n \"text\": \"show was funny in a \\\"straight down the line way\\\". \\\"Still Game\\\" has attracted interest from known screen legends, such as Sean Connery (who even requested a role in the show). Actor Bill Nighy is also reported to be a fan, calling upon the distinct Glaswegian accent for his role as Davy Jones in \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\". The show has won awards in both the 2004 and 2005 \\\"BAFTA Scotland\\\" awards and was named as the winner in the Best Broadcast category at the 2004 Glenfiddich Spirit of Scotland Awards. In 2006, \\\"Still Game\\\" was once again nominated for\",\n \"title\": \"Still Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603912\",\n \"text\": \"It is revealed in the bonus features of the Special Edition DVD that the face's color was partly inspired by a coffee-stained styrofoam cup which was then scanned into ILM's computers to be used as the skin. He speaks with a clearly distinguishable, albeit thick, Scottish accent that's slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose, and presumably, a nasal cavity and/or sinuses. Originally, director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch, as he is the captain of the \\\"Dutch-man\\\". Nighy however responded, \\\"I don't do Dutch. So I decided on Scottish.\\\" Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842074\",\n \"text\": \"a trace of wet barnacles on the floor amid a puddle of seawater. Additionally, Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end in a non-speaking role as Elizabeth Swann, Will's wife and Henry's mother. Adam Brown, Danny Kirrane, and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack's crew, and in the prison scene, Paul McCartney briefly appears as Jack's paternal uncle, Uncle Jack. Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence. A silhouette of Davy Jones, one of the series' former villains, is seen in the post-credits scene, but actor Bill Nighy had stated that he was not\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603917\",\n \"text\": \"encounter the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\". Jones also appears in the about Jack's first years as a captain. He helps the Brethren Court to identify the traitor among them, who turns out to be Borya Palachnik, the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea. Before the events of the first film, Davy Jones approaches Sparrow with a deal: Jones will raise the \\\"Black Pearl\\\" back from Davy Jones' Locker, allowing Sparrow to be captain for 13 years if Sparrow agrees to serve on the \\\"Dutchman\\\" for 100 years. This event, referenced in the films, also appears in the book series. Davy Jones first\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1987076\",\n \"text\": \"referred to these \\\"softening\\\" touches as \\\"Boy Scouts of the Caribbean\\\". To coincide with the release of the 2011 film \\\"\\\", a projection of Captain Blackbeard from the film (portrayed by original actor Ian McShane) temporarily replaced the 2006 projection of Davy Jones in the Disneyland and Magic Kingdom version of the attraction beginning on May 20, 2011. On April 26, 2017, the Disneyland attraction closed during the afternoon in order to temporarily remove the first Jack Sparrow animatronic hiding behind the dresses, with Johnny Depp taking its place, interacting with guests as they passed by. This was part of\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453855\",\n \"text\": \"the first film, and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device. They settled on introducing Davy Jones, the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" and the Kraken, a mythology mentioned twice in the first film. They introduced the historical East India Trading Company (also mentioned in the first film), which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates. Filming for the sequels began on February 28, 2005, with \\\"\\\" finishing on March 1, 2006, and \\\"\\\" on January 10, 2007. The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer-generated Walt\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785511\",\n \"text\": \"Chest. Sparrow discovers his debt to Davy Jones (Bill Nighy) is due. Two sequels to \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl\\\" were conceived in 2004, with Elliott and Rossio developing a story arc that would span both films. Filming took place from February to September 2005 in Palos Verdes, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, and The Bahamas, as well as on sets constructed at Walt Disney Studios. It was shot back-to-back with the third film of the series, \\\"\\\". \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" was released in the United States on July 7, 2006, and received mixed\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785535\",\n \"text\": \"on 37 critics, indicating \\\"mixed to average reviews\\\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \\\"A–\\\" on an A+ to F scale. Michael Booth of the Denver Post gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, calling it \\\"two hours and 20 minutes of escapism that once again makes the movies safe for guilt-free fun.\\\" Drew McWeeny compared the film to \\\"The Empire Strikes Back\\\", and also acclaimed its darkness in its depiction of the crew of the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" and its cliffhanger. The completely computer-generated Davy Jones turned out to be so realistic that some\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3030432\",\n \"text\": \"with Elizabeth, but a post-credits sequence reveals that the Trident's destruction has also resurrected Davy Jones, who now seeks revenge against him, Jack and Elizabeth. Will Turner appears in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" world, Port Royal, of \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\". In the Japanese version of \\\"Kingdom Hearts II\\\" as well as in the movies he's voiced by Daisuke Hirakawa, who was also the Japanese voice for Legolas, another famous character portrayed by Bloom. Crispin Freeman provided the voice of Will for the U.S. version of the game since Orlando Bloom was unavailable due to the filming of \\\"Dead Man's\",\n \"title\": \"Will Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3346788\",\n \"text\": \"the subsequent chapters. Boen returned to the role for the final two chapters, in which LeChuck is restored to his undead form; Boen has since recorded Harrington's lines for the first chapter for the DVD release of the game. Gilbert has drawn parallels between LeChuck and the character of Davy Jones in the later \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series, implying that LeChuck may have served as an inspiration for the character's attitude, tone and design. Regarding Jones' appearance, Gilbert wrote that \\\"if I'd thought of the squid tentacles for a beard, I would have done that\\\". Though intelligent, LeChuck\",\n \"title\": \"LeChuck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603927\",\n \"text\": \"similar to that of Davy Jones, albeit in a different arrangement. The theme is also heard briefly after Jones' appearance in \\\"\\\". Davy Jones possesses a large number of supernatural abilities. Jones is capable of teleportation on board the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" and the \\\"Black Pearl\\\", and he can pass through solid objects. Jones is immortal, capable of surviving injuries that would be fatal to mortals. However, he is not impervious to pain, as demonstrated when Jack was able to cut off some of his facial tentacles during their battle. Jones can also track any soul that is owed to him\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2680982\",\n \"text\": \"contains the lines: \\\"I saw you swim / Sink to your grave / Down to Davy Jones' locker / Under the waves...\\\" In the cartoon \\\"The Haunted Ship\\\", from the Aesop's Fables series produced by the Van Beuren animation studios, Davy Jones is depicted as a living skeleton wearing a pirate's bicorn. The concept of Davy Jones was conflated with the legend of the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series, in which Davy Jones's locker is portrayed as a purgatory place of punishment for those who crossed Davy Jones. Jones is portrayed as a captain assigned\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones' Locker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4852562\",\n \"text\": \"was a box office hit, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2007 with over $960 million. It was nominated at the 80th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which it lost to \\\"La Vie en Rose\\\" and \\\"The Golden Compass\\\", respectively. A sequel, \\\"\\\", the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley, was released on May 20, 2011. In order to control the oceans, Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy in Port Royal by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785520\",\n \"text\": \"and crew. Writer Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio decided not to make the sequels new adventures featuring the same characters, as with the \\\"Indiana Jones\\\" and \\\"James Bond\\\" series, but to retroactively turn \\\"The Curse of the Black Pearl\\\" into the first of a trilogy. They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann's embrace at the end of the first film, and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device. They settled on introducing Davy Jones, the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" and the Kraken. They also introduced the historical East India Trading\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8271642\",\n \"text\": \"Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean) The Flying Dutchman, or simply referred to as the Dutchman, is a fictional ship in Disney's \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\". The ship made its first appearance in \\\"\\\" under the command of the fictional captain, Davy Jones. The story and attributes of the ship were inspired by the actual \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" of nautical lore. As explained in the movie, the character of Davy Jones was given the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" by Calypso, his lover, to ferry souls lost at sea to the afterlife. When she neglected to meet him after his first ten years of\",\n \"title\": \"Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842123\",\n \"text\": \"beginning of the final adventure, implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise, and that a sixth film could be released. The post-credits scene of \\\"Dead Men\\\" shows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, and Davy Jones. In September 2017, producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another \\\"Pirates\\\" sequel is still possible if \\\"Dead Men Tell No Tales\\\" does well in its home release. In October 2017, the sixth film was confirmed and Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return. Shortly after, it was announced that Rønning is being eyed to return to direct the sequel. As\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842124\",\n \"text\": \"of August 2018, the sixth film is still in development. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (released in some countries as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film, the fifth installment in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series and the sequel to \\\"\\\" (2011). The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Joshamee\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603911\",\n \"text\": \"most striking feature is his cephalopod-like head, with octopus-like appendages giving the illusion of a thick beard. A prominent sac bulges from under his barnacle-encrusted tricorne. In addition to his \\\"bearded\\\" face, he breathes through a siphon located on the left side of his face. Jones has a crustacean-style claw for his left arm, a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand, and the right leg of a crab (resembling a pegleg). Some commentators compare Davy Jones' physique to the creature Cthulhu created by H. P. Lovecraft, but the designers have not verified this claim.\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453838\",\n \"text\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series) Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney's theme park ride of the same name. Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski (1–3), Rob Marshall (4) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio (1–4); other writers include Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1) and Jeff Nathanson (5). The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp), Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley). Characters such as Hector\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4852560\",\n \"text\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski, the third in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series and the sequel to \\\"\\\" (2006). The plot follows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, Hector Barbossa, and the crew of the \\\"Black Pearl\\\" rescuing Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker, and then preparing to fight the East India Trading Company, led by Cutler Beckett, who controls Davy Jones and plans to extinguish piracy forever. It is the last film in the series to be\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453863\",\n \"text\": \"worldwide (behind \\\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\\\" and \\\"\\\") and the fifth in North America. The first three sequels broke box office records upon release, of which the most notable are the opening-weekend record in North America (\\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\"), the Memorial-Day weekend record in North America (\\\"At World's End\\\") and the opening-weekend record outside North America (\\\"On Stranger Tides\\\"). The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent, and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised. The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603930\",\n \"text\": \"also made an appearance as a smaller figure with crew members Angler, Wheelback and Penrod. Jones was issued as a plush toy as part of Sega's \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" plush assortment. Jones was also part of a 3 figure pack as a 3.75 inch figure with Hector Barbossa and a limited edition gold Jack Sparrow for \\\"At World's End\\\". Davy Jones and his ship, the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\", were produced as a Mega Blocks set for the movies \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" and \\\"\\\". Although his minifigure counterpart in the \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" set has more bluish tentacles then his counterpart in\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603918\",\n \"text\": \"appears in the second film, \\\"\\\", in which he attempts to collect on his bargain with Jack Sparrow: Davy Jones raised the \\\"Black Pearl\\\" from the sea for Sparrow. In exchange for being captain for 13 years, Sparrow promised Jones his soul. Sparrow argues that he was only captain for two years before Hector Barbossa committed mutiny. Jones rejects this explanation, explaining that despite the mutiny, Jack still gave himself the title \\\"Captain\\\". Sparrow then attempts to escape the deal by providing Will Turner as a substitute for himself. Jack strikes a new deal with Jones; Jack will be spared\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842064\",\n \"text\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (released in some countries as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film, the fifth installment in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series and the sequel to \\\"\\\" (2011). The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa, respectively, and are joined in the\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1987078\",\n \"text\": \"scene in March 2018 and Disneyland's version received it in June 2018 after a scheduled refurbishment. In addition to the inclusion of Jack Sparrow, the Disneyland Paris attraction included an animatronic of Captain Barbossa and images of Davy Jones and Blackbeard when it reopened on July 24. In June 2017, Disney added back the talking skull to Magic Kingdom version. In June 2018 the Disneyland version of the attraction reopened after a refurb which saw the replacement of the Davy Jones mist waterfall with a new scene of a skeleton who transforms into a live pirate as the boat passes\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603921\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"\\\", Jones is under the control of Cutler Beckett and the East India Trading Company. Beckett possesses the heart, and threatens to have soldiers shoot it if Jones disobeys. Beckett orders Jones to sink pirate ships, but is infuriated when Jones leaves no survivors; Beckett wants prisoners to interrogate about the Brethren Court. Beckett orders Jones to kill the Kraken. Later, he orders Jones attack the Pirate Lord Sao Feng; Jones subsequently kills Sao and captures Elizabeth Swann, who had been named captain by Sao Feng upon his death. When Admiral James Norrington dies on board the \\\"Dutchman\\\" helping\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842065\",\n \"text\": \"cast by Javier Bardem, Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario. The filmmakers cited the series' first installment, \\\"\\\" (2003), as inspiration for the script and tone of the film. Pre-production for the film started shortly before \\\"On Stranger Tides\\\" was released in early 2011, with Terry Rossio writing the initial script. In early 2013, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script for the film, with Depp being involved in Nathanson's writing process. Initially planned for a 2015 release, the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017, after 6 years of development hell, due to script and budget\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785539\",\n \"text\": \"$423,315,812 in the North America and $642,863,913 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $1,066,179,725. Worldwide, it ranks as the 24th highest-grossing film, the 12th highest-grossing film distributed by Disney, the highest-grossing film of 2006, the third highest-grossing film of the 2000s, the highest-grossing film in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" series, the highest-grossing film to star Johnny Depp and the third highest-grossing second installment in a franchise (behind \\\"\\\" and \\\"Incredibles 2\\\"). It was the third film in history to reach the $1 billion mark worldwide, and it reached the mark in record time (63 days), a record\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603913\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Still Game\\\" influenced his choice of accent, stating: \\\"I had to find an accent no one else had. Although Alex Norton is Scottish, mine was slightly different. We wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative...I have seen \\\"Still Game\\\" and I am a fan. The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area.\\\" Davy Jones, a human and a great sailor, fell in love with Calypso, a sea goddess. She entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world. Calypso gave him the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" to accomplish\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4852583\",\n \"text\": \"too similar to other cinematic trilogies such as \\\"Star Wars\\\", but praised the production values. Brian Lowry felt that \\\"unlike last year's bloated sequel, it at least possesses some semblance of a destination, making it slightly more coherent - if no less numbing during the protracted finale.\\\" \\\"Total Film\\\" praised the performances but complained that the twists and exposition made it hard to care for the characters. Edward Douglas liked the film but had issues with its pacing, while Blake Wright criticized the Davy Jones' Locker and Calypso segments. James Berardinelli found it the weakest of the trilogy as \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453860\",\n \"text\": \"was at work on a second attempt based on a well-received outline. While Disney originally announced a release on July 7, 2017, \\\"Dead Men Tell No Tales\\\" was released on May 26, 2017. A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of \\\"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\\\". Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister, confirmed on October 2, 2014, that filming was expected to start in February 2015, stating that filming will take\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785512\",\n \"text\": \"reviews, with praise for its special effects, action sequences, Hans Zimmer's musical score, humor, and performances, particularly those of Depp and Nighy, but criticism for its convoluted plot and running time. The film set several records in its first three days, with an opening weekend of $136 million in the United States, and it was, at the time, the fastest film ever to gross over $1 billion in the worldwide box office, and became the highest-grossing film of 2006. It currently ranks as the 26th highest-grossing film of all time worldwide and held the record as the highest-grossing film released\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1987079\",\n \"text\": \"by, in addition to the return of the original 1967 tunnel dialogue. In 2003, Disney released \\\"\\\", a feature film inspired by the attraction starring Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow in an Oscar-nominated performance. It has been followed by four sequels: \\\"\\\" (2006), \\\"\\\" (2007), \\\"\\\" (2011), and \\\"\\\" (2017), with the second installment winning an Oscar for Best Special Effects in 2007. The series has grossed over US$3.7 billion worldwide. These films included numerous allusions to the ride, most notably the attack on the fort, the famous jail scene, the namesake song, and a few lines from the\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603925\",\n \"text\": \"maelstrom. In the post-credits scene of the fifth film \\\"\\\", Will (no longer bound to the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" after the destruction of the Trident of Poseidon) and Elizabeth are sleeping in their bed together, when their room is entered by the silhouette of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones. Just as Jones raises his clawed arm to strike at the couple, Will awakens and the room is empty. Assuming Jones's appearance to be a nightmare, Will goes back to sleep, oblivious to the presence of barnacles on the floor amid a small puddle of seawater, revealing it was no dream and\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453856\",\n \"text\": \"Disney Pictures logo. Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel \\\"On Stranger Tides\\\" during production of \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" and \\\"At World's End\\\" and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film. As Gore Verbinski was unavailable, Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film. Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand-alone film, with a story that would support new characters, and incorporate elements from the novel, such as Blackbeard, the Fountain of Youth and mermaids—the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films. Depp, Rush, Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453842\",\n \"text\": \"him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, the \\\"Black Pearl\\\", along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold. Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film. Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man's Chest—and inside, the heart of villainous Davy Jones—which would give Beckett control of the seas. However, Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones, who made Jack captain of the \\\"Black Pearl\\\" for 13 years\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453857\",\n \"text\": \"roles, and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica, Blackbeard's daughter and Jack Sparrow's love interest. A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain. After the costly production of two simultaneous films, Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment, giving a lower budget, which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects. It was also filmed in 3D, with cameras similar to the ones used in \\\"Avatar\\\". Filming for \\\"\\\" began June 14, 2010 and ended on November 19, 2010. It was released in\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603915\",\n \"text\": \"and in despair and guilt for what he had done, he carved out his own heart from his chest and placed it in the \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\". The Chest was sealed and placed within a larger wooden chest, along with Jones' numerous love letters to Calypso and all other items having to do with her, except his matching musical locket. The chest was then buried on Isla Cruces. Jones kept the chest's key with him at all times. With Calypso gone, Jones abandoned his duties and returned to the Seven Seas. As a result of this, Jones gradually became monstrous,\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842103\",\n \"text\": \"Salazar's Revenge\\\", a decision that the directors were not informed about. It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24, and in the United States, Canada, and China on May 26. It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama-like ScreenX format, which played in two locations in the U.S.—CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas—both in Los Angeles, California. Additionally, it played in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey and Indonesia. The film also played in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide. The film\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13787994\",\n \"text\": \"Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017. Production began in late February 2015 in Australia. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series and the sequel to \\\"\\\" (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12060781\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Force Unleashed\\\"\\\" and comparing it to how people see Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" movies. Blackman noted that Witwer brought new ideas and a sense of humanity to Starkiller. Sam Witwer has said that Starkiller would be a character he wouldn't mind revisiting. During the concept stages of \\\"Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II\\\", the developers considered replacing the character with either a new Force wielder or a previously named \\\"Star Wars\\\" character; however, they decided to keep Starkiller as the player character as they were fond of and attached to him. Also,\",\n \"title\": \"Starkiller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453843\",\n \"text\": \"in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones' ship, the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\". Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and, with the help of the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\", he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever. To stand against the East India Trading Co., Will, Elizabeth, Barbossa, and the crew of the \\\"Black Pearl\\\" set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker. As one of the Nine Pirate Lords, Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett's forces. Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453839\",\n \"text\": \"Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush) and Joshamee Gibbs (Kevin McNally) follow Jack, Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films. The fourth film features Blackbeard (Ian McShane) and Angelica (Penélope Cruz), while the fifth film features Armando Salazar (Javier Bardem), Henry Turner (Brenton Thwaites) and Carina Smyth (Kaya Scodelario). The films take place in a fictionalized historical setting; a world ruled by the British Empire, the East India Trading Company (based on the real East India Company) and the Spanish Empire, with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers. The film series started in 2003 with \\\"\\\", which received positive reviews\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785510\",\n \"text\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the second installment of the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series and the sequel to \\\"\\\" (2003). It was directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. In the film, the wedding of Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) is interrupted by Lord Cutler Beckett (Tom Hollander), who wants Turner to acquire the compass of Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) in a bid to find the Dead Man's\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453862\",\n \"text\": \"with \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" and \\\"On Stranger Tides\\\", since followed by other film franchises. \\\"The Curse of the Black Pearl\\\" was the third-highest-grossing 2003 film in North America (behind \\\"\\\" and \\\"Finding Nemo\\\") and fourth worldwide (behind \\\"The Return of the King\\\", \\\"Finding Nemo\\\" and \\\"The Matrix Reloaded\\\"). \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide, and \\\"At World's End\\\" led the worldwide grosses in 2007, though being only fourth in North America (behind \\\"Spider-Man 3\\\", \\\"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\\\" and \\\"Shrek the Third\\\"). \\\"On Stranger Tides\\\" was the third-highest-grossing film of 2011\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2628823\",\n \"text\": \"won him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Mini-series or TV Film in January 2007. Also in 2006, Nighy made his Broadway debut at the Music Box Theatre alongside Julianne Moore in \\\"The Vertical Hour\\\", directed by Sam Mendes. In 2006, Nighy played the principal villain, Davy Jones, in \\\"\\\", although his face was entirely obscured by computer-generated makeup; he voiced the character with a Scots accent. He reprised the role in the 2007 sequel, \\\"\\\", in which his real face was briefly revealed in one scene. He also provided the narration for the Animal Planet series\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Nighy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19333732\",\n \"text\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure is a magnetic powered dark ride at Shanghai Disneyland. Based on the eponymous film series, the attraction features a different storyline from previous \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" attractions. The ride opened along with the rest of the park on June 16, 2016. Walt Disney Imagineering designed the attraction and Industrial Light & Magic created the computer-generated visual effects. The ride includes Jack Sparrow and Davy Jones. It features new technology not used in previous Pirates rides. Guests start at the Royal Navy’s\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785544\",\n \"text\": \"June–August 2006 for the PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the second installment of the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series and the sequel to \\\"\\\" (2003). It was directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. In the film, the wedding of Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) is interrupted by Lord Cutler Beckett (Tom Hollander), who wants Turner to acquire the compass of Captain\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603923\",\n \"text\": \"his original human form. Jones tells her that his heart will always belong to her. Calypso, unaware that Jones betrayed her to the first Brethren Court, says that after her release, she will fully give her love to him. Jones participates in a parley in which the EITC trades Turner for Sparrow. After Calypso is freed, Will reveals that Jones betrayed her. She escapes, refusing to aid either the pirates or Jones. Her fury creates a monstrous maelstrom. The \\\"Dutchman\\\" and the \\\"Pearl\\\" enter it and battle. During the battle Jones kills Mercer and retrieves the key to the Chest.\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603929\",\n \"text\": \"hand could, and his crab claw hand possesses enough strength to bend or sever sword blades. He also demonstrates more general superhuman strength when he throws Jack off the crossbeam using only one arm. Davy Jones was part of Series One of the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\\\" action figure set produced by NECA. Although the initial run of figures had a sticker on the box that proclaimed that the figure came with the Dead Man's Chest and Jones' heart, both props (as well as the key) were released with the Bootstrap Bill figure in Series Two. Jones\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13787936\",\n \"text\": \"third highest-grossing film of 2011, and it stands as the 28th-highest-grossing film of all time worldwide when not adjusting for inflation. Critical reviews were mixed, with the film receiving criticism over its writing, directing, excessiveness and lack of originality; positive mentions were given on the acting, action sequences, music, visuals and the running time for being much shorter than the previous two films. A fifth film, titled \\\"\\\", was released in 2017. After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate, Joshamee Gibbs, in London, Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II. The king wants Jack to guide\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2136605\",\n \"text\": \"of the Black Pearl\\\" include Best Make-up/Hair at the 57th British Academy Film Awards, Saturn Award for Best Costumes, Golden Reel Award for Sound Editing, two VES Awards for Visual Effects, and the People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture. The film spun off four sequels, with the latest sequel released in 2017. The first two were back-to-back sequels in 2006 and 2007, \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", respectively. The third sequel, \\\"\\\", was released in 2011. The fourth sequel, \\\"\\\", was slated to begin production in October 2014 for a summer 2016 release, but was eventually delayed to May 2017. It\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842066\",\n \"text\": \"issues. Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015, after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives, and ended in July 2015. \\\"Dead Men Tell No Tales\\\" was released in conventional, 3D, and IMAX formats on May 26, 2017. The film received mixed reviews and grossed $794 million worldwide against an estimated budget between $230–320 million. \\\"Dead Men Tell No Tales\\\" is the second-lowest grossing installment of the series. Twelve-year-old Henry Turner boards the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\" and informs his father, Will Turner, that the curse which binds Will to the \\\"Dutchman\\\" and only permits him to step\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785519\",\n \"text\": \"for Jack, allowing him back into the navy as well as allowing Beckett to gain control of Davy Jones and the seas. The \\\"Pearl\\\"s crew take shelter with Tia Dalma, where they all agree to rescue Jack. Tia Dalma introduces the captain who will guide them: the resurrected Hector Barbossa. In a post-credits scene, the cannibalistic tribe now worships the prison dog in replacement of Jack. Following the success of \\\"\\\" (2003), the cast and crew signed on for two more sequels to be shot back-to-back, a practical decision on Disney's part to allow more time with the same cast\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842087\",\n \"text\": \"Adam Brown, Delroy Atkinson, and Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming. As filming begun, two actors from the previous films were confirmed to return, Martin Klebba as Marty and Stephen Graham as Scrum. Director Joachim Rønning's two children appear in the film as extras. Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague, but was unavailable, leading Depp to invite Paul McCartney into appearing as Jack Sparrow's uncle (also named Jack). Other actors had expressed interest in reprising their roles from the previous films, such as Tia Dalma portrayer Naomie Harris, and Greg Ellis,\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603922\",\n \"text\": \"Elizabeth escape, Jones claims Norrington's sword (originally crafted by Will Turner). Jones then attempts mutiny against the EITC. However, Mercer successfully defends the Chest, forcing Jones to continue under Beckett's service. Beckett later summons Jones to his ship, the \\\"Endeavour\\\". Jones confronts Will Turner and divulges his past with Calypso, while learning of Jack Sparrow's escape from the Locker. The three men then arrive at Shipwreck Cove. Jones confronts Calypso, locked in the brig of the \\\"Black Pearl\\\". The two former lovers discuss Calypso's betrayal and Jones's curse. Calypso temporarily lifts his curse, allowing him to be seen briefly in\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2175225\",\n \"text\": \"the Seven Seas. He can be treacherous and survives mostly by using wit and negotiation rather than by force, opting to flee most dangerous situations and to fight only when necessary. Sparrow is introduced seeking to regain his ship, the \\\"Black Pearl\\\", from his mutinous first mate, Hector Barbossa. Later he attempts to escape his blood debt to the legendary Davy Jones while fighting the East India Trading Company. The \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" series was inspired by the Disney theme park ride of the same name, and when the ride was revamped in 2006, the character of Captain Jack\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Sparrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453858\",\n \"text\": \"the United States on May 20, 2011. With a budget of $378.5 million, \\\"On Stranger Tides\\\" holds the record for most expensive film ever made. On January 14, 2011, it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment, without his co-writer Ted Elliott. On January 11, 2013, Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film. On May 29, 2013, it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct. On August 22, 2013, the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be \\\"\\\", alluding\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785513\",\n \"text\": \"by the Walt Disney Studios for nearly four years until it was surpassed by \\\"Toy Story 3\\\" (2010). The film received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, and won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. Its sequel, \\\"At World's End\\\", was released the following year. The wedding of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann is halted when Lord Cutler Beckett, chairman of the East India Trading Company, arrives with arrest warrants for them, and also for Commodore James Norrington, who allowed Captain Jack Sparrow to escape. Norrington has resigned and disappeared after losing the Navy's\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785541\",\n \"text\": \"haul. Thus, in North America, it is the seventeenth-highest-grossing film, although, adjusted for inflation, the film ranks forty-eight. It is also the highest-grossing 2006 film, the highest-grossing \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film, and the seventh-highest-grossing Disney film. The film sold an estimated 64,628,400 tickets in the US. Outside North America, it is the twenty-first-highest-grossing film, the third-highest-grossing \\\"Pirates\\\" film, the eighth-highest-grossing Disney film and the highest-grossing film of 2006. It set opening-weekend records in Russia and the CIS, Ukraine, Finland, Malaysia, Singapore, Greece and Italy. It was on top of the box office outside North America for 9 consecutive weekends\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453854\",\n \"text\": \"was made, the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back-to-back, a practical decision on Disney's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew. Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast, they weren't free to invent totally different situations and characters, as with the \\\"Indiana Jones\\\" and \\\"James Bond\\\" series, and so had to retroactively turn \\\"The Curse of the Black Pearl\\\" into the first of a trilogy. They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann's embrace at the end of\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13787960\",\n \"text\": \"role of King George II, as Depp was a fan of Griffiths' work on \\\"Withnail and I\\\". Sam Claflin, a recent drama school graduate with television experience, was chosen to play the missionary Philip, and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast. Spanish news website \\\"El Pais\\\" reported that the film had four Spanish actors: Cruz, Bergès-Frisbey, Óscar Jaenada, and Juan Carlos Vellido. Jaenada was picked for both his work in \\\"The Losers\\\" and a recommendation by Cruz. Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts—no implants. As Bruckheimer explained to \\\"EW\\\", \\\"I don't think they had\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603924\",\n \"text\": \"Sparrow and Jones fight for control of the chest in the rigging of the \\\"Dutchman\\\". Jack acquires both the Chest and the key while Jones battles Will and Elizabeth. Jones quickly overpowers Elizabeth, and is subsequently impaled through the back by Will. Jones, unharmed, holds Will at sword-point. Jack threatens to stab the heart, and Jones cruelly stabs Will. Remembering Will as his son, Bootstrap Bill briefly fights and overpowers Jones, but is quickly defeated. Jones attempts to kill Bootstrap, but Jack helps Will stab the heart. Jones then calls out for Calypso, before tumbling to his death in the\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13787933\",\n \"text\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series and the sequel to \\\"\\\" (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot loosely from the novel \\\"On Stranger Tides\\\" by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined by\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2724688\",\n \"text\": \"Kidman, Sophia Loren and Penélope Cruz, who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Marshall then went on to direct \\\"\\\", the fourth chapter of Disney's \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series starring Johnny Depp, Ian McShane, Penélope Cruz and Geoffrey Rush, which opened on May 20, 2011. Marshall directed Disney's film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's \\\"Into the Woods\\\" (2014) and produced the film under his Lucamar Productions banner. Marshall directed the sequel to the 1964 film \\\"Mary Poppins\\\" titled: \\\"Mary Poppins Returns\\\", reuniting two \\\"Into the Woods\\\" actresses: Emily Blunt as the title character and Meryl\",\n \"title\": \"Rob Marshall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5675183\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Hollander Thomas Anthony Hollander (; born 25 August 1967) is an English actor. He began his career in theatre, winning the Ian Charleson Award in 1992 for his performance as Witwoud in \\\"The Way of the World\\\" at the Lyric Hammersmith Theatre. He is known for his roles in films such as \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" and \\\"In the Loop\\\" and drama films such as \\\"Enigma\\\", \\\"Pride & Prejudice\\\", \\\"Gosford Park\\\", and \\\"Hanna\\\". He played the lead role in the sitcom \\\"Rev.\\\", which won the British Academy Television Award for best sitcom in 2011. He also played the lead\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Hollander\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6406442\",\n \"text\": \"audience reaction towards the character, and his respect for Davenport, he made him a prominent character in the sequel. Davenport's casting came in part from his father, Nigel, being a major character in the 1960s pirate film \\\"A High Wind in Jamaica\\\", which both Bruckheimer and director Gore Verbinski enjoyed. In \\\"\\\", Norrington has a smaller role despite setting the film's plot in motion. Early scripts and a deleted scene had him stopping Governor Swann from stabbing the heart of Davy Jones and also had him forming a friendship with Davy Jones. In \\\"At World's End\\\" Norrington is killed by\",\n \"title\": \"James Norrington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9669332\",\n \"text\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (video game) Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End is a video game based on the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" films \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\", published by Buena Vista Games for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, PSP, Nintendo DS and the Wii. Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End follows the events of Pirates of the Caribbean movies \\\"\\\" and \\\"\\\" with some additional missions and characters. In game location include locales such as the \\\"Black Pearl\\\", the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\", Tortuga, Davy Jones Locker, Shipwreck Cove, Port Royal and a\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4852576\",\n \"text\": \"Elizabeth and Will, Davy Jones, and Cutler Beckett. He composed this film and The Simpsons Movie at the same time. He also co-wrote the song \\\"Hoist the Colours\\\" with Zimmer. The world premiere of \\\"At World's End\\\" was held on May 19, 2007 at Disneyland, home of the ride that inspired the film and where the first two films in the trilogy debuted. Disneyland offered the general public a chance to attend the premiere through the sale of tickets, priced at $1,500 per ticket, with proceeds going to the Make-a-Wish Foundation charity. Just a few weeks before the film's release,\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785542\",\n \"text\": \"and 10 in total. It was the highest-grossing film of 2006 in Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden and Thailand. At the 79th Academy Awards, visual effects supervisors John Knoll, Hal Hickel, Charles Gibson, and Allen Hall won an Oscar for Best Visual Effects, which was also the first time since 1994's \\\"Forrest Gump\\\" that Industrial Light & Magic had received that particular Academy Award. The film was also nominated for Best Art Direction, Sound Editing, and Sound Mixing. The film also won a BAFTA and Satellite award for Best Visual Effects, and six awards from\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453840\",\n \"text\": \"from critics and grossed US$654 million worldwide. After the first film's success, Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works. The franchise's second film, subtitled \\\"\\\", was released three years later in 2006; the sequel proved successful, breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere. \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. The third film in the series, subtitled \\\"\\\", followed in 2007 earning $960 million, and Disney released a fourth film, subtitled \\\"\\\", in 2011 in conventional 2D, Digital\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2397689\",\n \"text\": \"far as to have its own in-house motion capture studio built into its headquarters. Namco's 1995 arcade game \\\"Soul Edge\\\" used passive optical system markers for motion capture. Movies use motion capture for CG effects, in some cases replacing traditional cel animation, and for completely computer-generated creatures, such as Gollum, The Mummy, King Kong, Davy Jones from \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\", the Na'vi from the film \\\"Avatar\\\", and Clu from \\\"\\\". The Great Goblin, the three Stone-trolls, many of the orcs and goblins in the 2012 film \\\"\\\", and Smaug were created using motion capture. ‘’’’ (1999) was the first\",\n \"title\": \"Motion capture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2136574\",\n \"text\": \"film released under the Walt Disney Pictures banner to be rated PG-13 by the MPAA. The film's world premiere was held at Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California on June 28, 2003. Despite low expectations, the film was a huge box office success, grossing over $654 million worldwide; making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2003. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with many considering it to be the best entry in the series; the film was praised for the performances (particularly from Depp), action sequences, score, and visuals, but was criticized for its writing and length. The film has\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7477433\",\n \"text\": \"David Bailie David Bailie (born 4 December 1937) is an English actor, known for his performances on stage, television and film. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for both the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he was an associate artist. On TV he played \\\"Dask\\\" in the 1977 \\\"Doctor Who\\\" serial \\\"The Robots of Death\\\", and also appeared in \\\"Blake's 7\\\". On film, he played the mute pirate Cotton in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" series. Bailie is also a professional photographer, specialising in portrait photography. He has a studio in West Kensington, London. Bailie was\",\n \"title\": \"David Bailie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4852564\",\n \"text\": \"to give Jack to Feng in return for the \\\"Pearl\\\", which he will use to rescue his father Bootstrap Bill Turner from the \\\"Flying Dutchman\\\". The crew travels to the Locker and rescues Jack. The crew encounters many dead souls, including Elizabeth's father Governor Swann, who was executed by Beckett. Tia Dalma reveals that the Goddess Calypso charged Davy Jones with the job to guide the souls of those who died at sea to the next world. Once every ten years he could come ashore to be with the woman he loved. But he corrupted his purpose and was cursed\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4852573\",\n \"text\": \"spa culture, with fungi growing throughout the set. Continuing this natural feel, the floorboards of Sao Feng's bathhouse had to be cut by hand, and real humidity was created by the combination of gallons of water and the lighting equipment on the set. Filming resumed on August 3, 2006 at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah for 70 days off the California coast, as all the shooting required in the Caribbean had been conducted in 2005. Davy Jones' Locker was shot at Utah, and it was shot in a monochromatic way to represent its different feeling from the usual colorful\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17842089\",\n \"text\": \"to court us like they really wanted us.\\\" Directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg originally stated that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans, and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana. However, a spokesman for Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia, after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives, originally intended for the remake of \\\"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\\\"; thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations. According to Australian film industry sources, on\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13787974\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" ride that inspired the film series. Many of the film's stars were in attendance. Two other early screenings followed, one in Moscow on May 11, and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14. The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20, with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18, in Australia on May 19, and in North America on May 20. The film was released on a then-record 402 IMAX screens, 257 screens in North America, and 139 in other territories. The total number of theaters was 4,155 in\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6603928\",\n \"text\": \"using the black spot, with which any member of his crew can mark a victim. Jones has also the power to control and call forth the Kraken, a sea monster which can destroy ships upon command. In a physical confrontation, Jones' physiology also gives him various advantages; his facial tentacles allow him to manipulate objects while leaving his hands free, such that he is able to restrain Mercer's arms with his hands while smothering him with his tentacles. His tentacle finger allows him to exert a much stronger grip and control his sword more quickly and precisely than a normal\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4852561\",\n \"text\": \"directed by Verbinski. It was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006, the former simultaneously with \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\". With an estimated production budget of $300 million, \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\\\" was the most expensive film ever made at the time of its release, even after adjusting for inflation. Walt Disney Pictures released the film in the United States on May 25, 2007. Critical reviews were mixed; the film was praised for its performances, musical score, action scenes, humor, and special effects, but was criticized for its plot and running time. Despite this, \\\"At World's End\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4852588\",\n \"text\": \"3\\\"), \\\"Pirates 3\\\" grossed the least both during its opening weekend and in total earnings. However, this was mainly attributed to the fact that it was released third, after the other two films, so there was already too much competition. It is also the second-highest-grossing film in the \\\"Pirates\\\" series. It is the eighteenth-highest-grossing film, the sixth-largest film distributed by Disney, and the second-highest-grossing \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film. During its opening weekend, it grossed an estimated $216.0 million, which stands as the sixth biggest opening outside North America. It set opening-weekend records in South Korea with $16.7 million (surpassed\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7225122\",\n \"text\": \"and the presence of the Black Pearl, the game otherwise has few connections to the \\\"\\\" film, which was released around the same time as the game. The PC version of this game is one of the first video games with multi-threaded code that is optimized for the Intel's Hyper-Threading technology. Actress Keira Knightley, who played Elizabeth Swann in the film series, voiced the narrator (only two simple cutscenes at the beginning and at the end) in the game. After a fierce storm, Captain Nathaniel Hawk arrives on the island of Oxbay. His first mate Malcolm Hatcher is retiring, and\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (video game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9453853\",\n \"text\": \"by her audition. Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann, but the role went to Jonathan Pryce, whom Depp idolized. Shooting for \\\"The Curse of the Black Pearl\\\" began on October 9, 2002 and wrapped by March 7, 2003. Before its release, many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop, as the pirate genre had not been successful for years, the film was based on a theme-park ride, and Depp rarely made a big film. However, \\\"The Curse of the Black Pearl\\\" became both a critical and commercial success. After seeing how well the first film\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785529\",\n \"text\": \"mouth were not used. Nighy only wore a prosthetic once, with blue-colored tentacles for when Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) steals the key to the Dead Man's Chest from under his \\\"beard\\\" as he sleeps. To create the CG version of the character, the model was closely based on a full-body scan of Nighy, with Jones reflecting his high cheekbones. Animators studied every frame of Nighy's performance: the actor himself had blessed them by making his performance more quirky than expected, providing endless fun for them. His performance also meant new controls had to be stored. Finally, Jones' tentacles are mostly\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2136606\",\n \"text\": \"was directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg. Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is a 2003 American fantasy swashbuckler film directed by Gore Verbinski and the first film in the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" film series. Produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer, the film is based on Walt Disney's \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" attraction at Disney theme parks. The story follows pirate Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) and blacksmith Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) as they rescue the kidnapped Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley) from the\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13787981\",\n \"text\": \"film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1-billion-mark. It set a record for the fastest Disney-distributed film to reach the milestone (first surpassed by \\\"Marvel's The Avengers\\\") and it is the fifth-fastest film overall to achieve this. During its Thursday-midnight showings, \\\"On Stranger Tides\\\" earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters, and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day. It earned $90.2 million on its opening weekend, topping the weekend box office, but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors (\\\"At World's End\\\" – $114.7 million and \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" – $135.6 million) and the directly preceding Johnny\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1377955\",\n \"text\": \"and the Warner Bros. cartoon character Pepe Le Pew, with both serving as the inspiration for the manner of the character. This combination of influences originally raised concerns with Disney corporate executives, who feared that Depp was \\\"drunk and gay\\\", with Michael Eisner fearing that he was \\\"ruining the movie\\\". In the third installment of the \\\"Pirates of the Caribbean\\\" series, \\\"\\\", Richards played Captain Edward Teague, later reprising the role in \\\"\\\", the fourth film in the series (2011). In 2012, Richards joined the 11th annual Independent Music Awards judging panel to assist independent musicians' careers. In a 2015\",\n \"title\": \"Keith Richards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3785540\",\n \"text\": \"that has since been surpassed by many films, of which the first was \\\"Avatar\\\" (in January 2010). In North America, the film broke many records including the largest opening- and single-day gross ($55.8 million), the biggest opening-weekend gross ($135.6 million), the least time to reach $100, $200 and $300 million and the highest ten-day gross. However, most of them were broken by \\\"Spider-Man 3\\\" in May 2007 and \\\"The Dark Knight\\\" in July 2008. The film was in first place at the box office for three consecutive weekends. It closed in theaters on December 7, 2006, with a $423.3 million\",\n \"title\": \"Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8271643\",\n \"text\": \"duty, he was both heartbroken and enraged. He abandoned his duties and chose to wander the seas, doing as he pleased. This violation of his duty placed a curse on Jones and his crew, slowly transforming them into monsters. Apparently, the \\\"Dutchman\\\" is also believed to be nautical lore in the \\\"Pirates\\\" universe, as character James Norrington mockingly remarks, \\\"[Davy Jones]...captain of the \\\"Flying Dutchman?\\\".\\\" The fictional \\\"Dutchman\\\" is also known as a fearful ship to those who are superstitious, and able to destroy any vessel (using the Kraken). In \\\"\\\", the \\\"Dutchman\\\" makes its first appearance when it rises\",\n \"title\": \"Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8659147\",\n \"text\": \"of monstrous proportions, controlled by Davy Jones, often to destroy ships that threaten him. Various pronunciations are made of the name: Kevin McNally (Joshamee Gibbs) pronounced it as , so that pronunciation was adopted on the set. In \\\"Dead Man's Chest\\\" and \\\"At World's End\\\", Jack later refers to the Kraken as \\\"beastie\\\". The Kraken was difficult to animate as it had no real-life reference, until animation director Hal Hickel instructed the crew to watch \\\"King Kong vs. Godzilla\\\" which had a real octopus crawling over miniatures. During the filming of the attacks, Keira Knightley (Elizabeth Swann) divulged that \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays davy jones in pirates of the caribbean"}}},{"rowIdx":195,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Rosaline"],"string":"[\n \"Rosaline\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"9850223","text":"Romeo × Juliet On the floating island of Neo Verona, Leontes Montague and his men lead a bloody coup and murder all the members of ruling House Capulet. Only Lord Capulet's young daughter, Juliet, is able to escape. Fourteen years later, Leontes rules the land with an iron fist and crushes anyone who opposes him. Juliet, now sixteen, fights against House Montague's oppression as the masked vigilante \"The Red Whirlwind\". While attending the Rose Ball hosted by the Montagues with a friend, Juliet meets Romeo, Prince Montague's son, and both of them fall deeply in love at first sight. Romeo","title":"Romeo × Juliet"},{"id":"10189363","text":"Rosaline Rosaline () is an unseen character and niece of Lord Capulet in William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Romeo and Juliet\" (1597). Although silent, her role is important. Romeo is at first deeply in love with Rosaline and expresses his dismay at her not loving him back. Romeo first spots Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a gathering hosted by the Capulet family. Scholars generally compare Romeo's short-lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet. The poetry Shakespeare writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet. Scholars believe Romeo's early experience with Rosaline prepares","title":"Rosaline"},{"id":"10830902","text":"of the Shrew\". Rosaline is an unseen character and niece of Capulet. Although silent, her role is important: her lover, Romeo, first spots her cousin Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a Capulet gathering. Before Juliet, Romeo was deeply intrigued with another woman that didn't return his feelings. Scholars generally compare Romeo's short-lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet. Rosaline means \"fair rose\". The poetry he writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet. Scholars believe his early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet. Later performances of","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"10565147","text":"Juliet, was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub, and was cast for her \"pale sweet skin and honey-blonde hair\". She failed to rise to the demands of the role, and would marry shortly after the shoot, never returning to screen acting. Other parts were played by inexperienced actors, also: Mercutio was played by an architect, Montague by a gondolier from Venice, and the Prince by a novelist. Critics responded to the film as a piece of cinema (its visuals were especially admired in Italy, where it was filmed) but not as a performance","title":"Romeo and Juliet on screen"},{"id":"10189364","text":"him for his relationship with Juliet. Later performances of \"Romeo and Juliet\" have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline's relationship, as filmmakers have experimented with making Rosaline a more visible character. Before Romeo meets Juliet, he loves Rosaline, Capulet's niece and Juliet's cousin. He describes her as wonderfully beautiful: \"The all-seeing sun / ne'er saw her match since first the world begun.\" Rosaline, however, chooses to remain chaste; Romeo says: \"She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow / Do I live dead that live to tell it now.\" This is the source of his depression, and he","title":"Rosaline"},{"id":"349399","text":"by Da Porto in 1524. He had Romeo walk frequently by her house, \"sometimes climbing to her chamber window\", and wrote, \"It happened one night, as love ordained, when the moon shone unusually bright, that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony, the young lady ... opened the window, and looking out saw him\". After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other. A few decades later, Bandello greatly expanded this scene, diverging from the familiar one: Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder,","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"10830888","text":"her son Romeo and is very happy when Benvolio tells her that Romeo was not involved in the brawl that happened between the Capulets and Montagues. However, Romeo doesn't feel very close to her as he is unable to seek advice from her. As with Capulet's wife, calling her \"Lady Montague\" is a later invention not supported by the earliest texts. In the beginning of the play, Romeo pines for an unrequited love, Rosaline. To cheer him up, his cousin and friend Benvolio and Mercutio take him to the Capulets' celebration in disguise, where he meets and falls in love","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"349343","text":"Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with \"Hamlet\", is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. \"Romeo and Juliet\" belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as \"The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet\" by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"10080211","text":"by several actors, including: Romeo Romeo Montague is the protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy, \"The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet\". The son of Lord Montague and his wife, Lady Montague, he secretly loves and marries Juliet, a member of the rival House of Capulet, through a priest named Friar Laurence. Forced into exile after slaying Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, in a duel, Romeo commits suicide upon hearing falsely of Juliet's death. The character's origins can be traced as far back as Pyramus, who appears in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", but the first modern incarnation of Romeo is Mariotto in the 33rd of Masuccio","title":"Romeo"},{"id":"10080207","text":"Romeo Romeo Montague is the protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy, \"The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet\". The son of Lord Montague and his wife, Lady Montague, he secretly loves and marries Juliet, a member of the rival House of Capulet, through a priest named Friar Laurence. Forced into exile after slaying Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, in a duel, Romeo commits suicide upon hearing falsely of Juliet's death. The character's origins can be traced as far back as Pyramus, who appears in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", but the first modern incarnation of Romeo is Mariotto in the 33rd of Masuccio Salernitano's \"Il Novellino\" (1476).","title":"Romeo"},{"id":"5132524","text":"Juliet Juliet Capulet is the female protagonist in William Shakespeare's romantic tragedy \"Romeo and Juliet\". Juliet is the only daughter of the patriarch of the House of Capulet. She falls in love with Romeo, a member of the House of Montague (with which the Capulets have a blood feud). The story has a long history that precedes Shakespeare himself. One aspect of the story which now seems problematic is Juliet's age. As the story occurs, Juliet is approaching her fourteenth birthday. She was born on \"Lammas Eve at night\" (1 August), so Juliet's birthday is 31 July (1.3.19). Her birthday","title":"Juliet"},{"id":"6303951","text":"being held so that Juliet can meet Count Paris, who asked Lord Capulet for her hand (). In Verona, Romeo and his friends, Benvolio and Mercutio, hang about the streets (Les rois du monde, La folie). Romeo is afraid of... he doesn't really know, but he's afraid (J'ai peur). In the hope of distracting him, Benvolio and Mercutio, persuade him to accompany them, in disguise, to a ball being held at the house of the Capulets (Le bal). At his first sight of Juliet, the daughter of the Capulets, Romeo instantly falls in love with her, without knowing who she","title":"Roméo et Juliette (musical)"},{"id":"349348","text":"Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline. However, Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet. Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet's father, who does not wish to shed blood in his house. After the ball, in what is now called the \"balcony scene\", Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family's hatred of the Montagues. Romeo makes himself","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"349404","text":"Betterton Mercutio, and Betterton's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet: she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally. Another version closely followed Davenant's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke's Company. This was a tragicomedy by James Howard, in which the two lovers survive. Thomas Otway's \"The History and Fall of Caius Marius\", one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare, debuted in 1680. The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome; Romeo is Marius, Juliet is Lavinia, the feud is between patricians and plebeians; Juliet/Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo/Marius","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"10189365","text":"makes his friends unhappy; Mercutio comments: \"That same pale, hard-hearted wench, that Rosaline, torments him so that he will sure run mad.\" Benvolio urges Romeo to sneak into a Capulet gathering where, he claims, Rosaline will look like \"a crow\" alongside the other beautiful women. Romeo agrees, but doubts Benvolio's assessment. After Romeo sees Juliet his feelings suddenly change: \"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight / For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night.\" Because their relationship is sudden and secret, Romeo's friends and Friar Laurence continue to speak of his affection for Rosaline throughout much","title":"Rosaline"},{"id":"9959205","text":"already an experienced screen actor, who would shortly take over roles intended for the late James Dean in \"Walk on the Wild Side\" and \"Summer and Smoke\". By contrast, Susan Shentall, as Juliet, was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub, and was cast for her \"pale sweet skin and honey-blonde hair.\" She surpassed the demands of the role, but married shortly after the shoot, and never returned to the screen. Other parts were played by inexperienced actors, also: Mercutio was played by an architect, Montague by a gondolier from Venice, and the Prince","title":"Romeo and Juliet (1954 film)"},{"id":"349429","text":"film is now lost. The play was first heard on film in \"The Hollywood Revue of 1929\", in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer. Shearer and Leslie Howard, with a combined age over 75, played the teenage lovers in George Cukor's MGM 1936 film version. Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically. Cinemagoers considered the film too \"arty\", staying away as they had from Warner's \"A Midsummer Night Dream\" a year before: leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade. Renato Castellani won the \"Grand Prix\" at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"16304207","text":"persuades him to forget Rosaline but Romeo rebuffs him. Later that night, there is a party held by Lord Capulet. Romeo sneaks in with Benvolio and Mercutio hoping to meet Rosaline. Instead, Romeo sees Juliet who is Lord Capulet's daughter and falls in love with her. Juliet feels the same and they share a dance. They go together to a quiet place and share a passionate kiss. Juliet's Nurse interrupts and when Romeo talks to the nurse, he discovers that Juliet is a Capulet. After the party ends, Romeo sneaks into Juliet's garden secretly where he witnesses Juliet expressing her","title":"Romeo & Juliet (2013 film)"},{"id":"8526659","text":"set is Glasgow, as one of the characters, Rhona, is from Glasgow, and away from home. Macdonald's daughter Keira Knightley appeared in the Heatham House Youth Centre's NT Connections production, which made the regional finals. It continues to be performed by youth groups around the world. The play centres on Rosaline, Juliet's cousin and Romeo's ex-flame. Ironically, Rosaline had been in love with Romeo, but was playing \"hard to get\". Tortured by the loss of her love, Rosaline has become a sullen, venomous woman. She actively seeks to be elected the 'Princess of Cats' and run the Capulet family. Meanwhile,","title":"After Juliet"},{"id":"10830878","text":"later addition; it is an echo of Juliet's form of address in 3.5.65: \"my lady mother\". In the first texts the stage direction and speech headings can be \"mother\", \"wife\", or even \"old lady\", but nowhere \"Lady Capulet\". Juliet Capulet, the female protagonist, is the only daughter of Capulet, the patriarch of the Capulet family. As a child she was cared for by a Nurse, who is now her confidante. Juliet dies at the end of the play, and the sacred lovers are reunited on the same deathbed. Both their families realise what they had done by trying to separate","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"10565136","text":"by including a nude wedding-night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen. Nino Rota's Love Theme from the film, with the original lyrics (which had been drawn from several Shakespeare plays) replaced to become the song \"A Time For Us\", became a modest international chart hit. Australian director Baz Luhrmann's 1996 \"Romeo + Juliet\" and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the \"MTV Generation\": a young audience of similar age to the story's characters. Far darker than Zeffirelli's version, the film is set in the \"crass, violent and superficial society\" of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove. The visual conventions of the","title":"Romeo and Juliet on screen"},{"id":"349405","text":"dies. Otway's version was a hit, and was acted for the next seventy years. His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring, and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years: Theophilus Cibber's adaptation of 1744, and David Garrick's of 1748 both used variations on it. These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time. For example, Garrick's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet, to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love-at-first-sight theme. In 1750, a \"Battle of the Romeos\" began, with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne (Mrs. Theophilus Cibber) at","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"349347","text":"and Capulet servants who, like their masters, are sworn enemies. Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death. Later, Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet, but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball. Lady Capulet and Juliet's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris's courtship. Meanwhile, Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo, Montague's son, about Romeo's recent depression. Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline, one of Capulet's nieces.","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"16304206","text":"dialogue as written by Shakespeare. This has led to several critics denouncing the film's advertising as misleading and losing the essence of the play. The film grossed $3 million. During the late Middle Ages in Verona, two wealthy families, the Montagues and Capulets, have been feuding for centuries. One day at the market place, the feuding families start a brawl which infuriates the Prince and he threatens that if the peace of Verona is disturbed again, he shall take their lives. Meanwhile, Romeo, a young Montague, reveals that he is in love with Lord Capulet's niece, Rosaline. Romeo's cousin, Benvolio","title":"Romeo & Juliet (2013 film)"},{"id":"10189374","text":"this as a re-enactment of his failed relationship with his mother. Rosaline's absence is symbolic of his mother's absence and lack of affection for him. Romeo's love for Juliet is similarly hopeless, for she is a Capulet and Romeo pursues his relationship with her; the difference being that Juliet reciprocates. This does not seem likely seeing as his mother died of grief after his banishment, indicating that she probably loved him deeply. Rosaline has been portrayed in various ways over the centuries. Theophilus Cibber's 1748 version of \"Romeo and Juliet\" replaced references to Rosaline with references to Juliet. This, according","title":"Rosaline"},{"id":"3465782","text":"facetious or even coarse, much to his friends' annoyance. Moreover, he is moody and given to sudden outbursts of temper, one of which sets a key plot development in motion. One of Romeo's closest friends, Mercutio, entreats Romeo to forget about his unrequited love for a girl named Rosaline and come with him to a masquerade ball at Lord Capulet's estate, through use of his Queen Mab speech. There, Mercutio and his friends become the life of the party, but Romeo steals away to Juliet, Capulet's daughter, with whom he has fallen in love, and he falls out of love","title":"Mercutio"},{"id":"12051224","text":"fine\" at the end. In accordance with operatic tradition at that time, Gotter gave his version of \"Romeo and Juliet\" a happy ending. The opera was first performed on September 25, 1776 at the in the Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, Germany. The UK première was given in 2007 by Bampton Classical Opera, in English. Deep rivalry and animosity exists between the Montagues and the Capulets, two noble families of Verona. Romeo Montague sneaks into the Capulet's palace to attend their masked ball in disguise. He meets Julie Capulet and the two fall in love. They decide to get married in the","title":"Romeo und Julie"},{"id":"349353","text":"of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.\" \"Romeo and Juliet\" borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity. One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe, from Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", which contains parallels to Shakespeare's story: the lovers' parents despise each other, and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead. The \"Ephesiaca\" of Xenophon of Ephesus, written in the 3rd century, also contains several similarities to the play, including the separation of the lovers, and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep. One of the earliest references to the names \"Montague\" and \"Capulet\"","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"349350","text":"Benvolio argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio. The Prince, now having lost a kinsman in the warring families' feud, exiles Romeo from Verona, under penalty of death if he ever returns. Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet's chamber, where they consummate their marriage. Capulet, misinterpreting Juliet's grief, agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris's \"joyful bride\". When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed, her mother rejects her. Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help, and he offers her a potion","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"1638988","text":"mansion. The effects of the drug and the party overwhelm Romeo, who goes to the restroom. While admiring an aquarium, he sees Juliet on the other side, and the two instantly fall in love. Tybalt spots Romeo and vows to kill him for invading his family's home, but Fulgencio stops him. Romeo and Juliet sneak into an elevator and kiss. The nurse spots them when the doors open and drags Juliet away, telling her that Romeo is a Montague. At the same time, Romeo realizes that Juliet is a Capulet. Mercutio removes Romeo from the party, but he sneaks back","title":"Romeo + Juliet"},{"id":"349357","text":"\"Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti\", written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice. Da Porto drew on \"Pyramus and Thisbe\", Boccacio's \"Decameron\", and Salernitano's \"Mariotto e Ganozza\", but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical: present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511, at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine, following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri, Da Porta fell in love with Lucina, the daughter of the house, but relationships of their mentors prevented advances. The next morning, the Savorgnans led an attack on the city, and","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"10830889","text":"with the Capulets' only daughter, Juliet. Later that night, he and Juliet meet secretly and pledge to marry, despite their families' long-standing feud. They marry the following day, but their union is soon thrown into chaos by their families; Juliet's cousin Tybalt duels and kills Romeo's friend Mercutio, throwing Romeo into such a rage that he kills Tybalt, and the Prince of Verona subsequently banishes him. Meanwhile, Juliet's father plans to marry her off to Paris, a local aristocrat, within the next few days, threatening to turn her out on the streets if she doesn't follow through. Desperate, Juliet begs","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"1638992","text":"it would be in her best interest to marry Paris. To get out of this, Juliet runs away and seeks out Father Laurence, imploring him to help her and threatening to commit suicide. Father Laurence proposes she fake her own death and be put in the Capulet vault to awaken 24 hours later. Romeo will be told of the plot, sneak into the vault, and once reunited the two can escape to Mantua. He gives her a potion which mimics death. After saying goodnight to her mother, Juliet drinks the potion and slips into a coma. She is found in","title":"Romeo + Juliet"},{"id":"964568","text":"warns both families that any future violence between them will result in harsh consequences. That night, two teenagers of the two families — Romeo and Juliet — meet at a Capulet masked ball and become deeply infatuated. Later, Romeo stumbles into the secluded garden under Juliet's bedroom balcony and the two exchange impassioned pledges. They are secretly married the next day by Romeo's confessor and father figure, Friar Laurence, with the assistance of Juliet's nursemaid. That afternoon, Juliet's first cousin Tybalt, enraged that Romeo had attended his family's ball, insults him and challenges him to a brawl. Romeo regards Tybalt","title":"Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)"},{"id":"406376","text":"of Mycenae. Paris, under the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission, went to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy. Before Helen could look up to see him enter the palace, she was shot with an arrow from Eros, otherwise known as Cupid, and fell in love with Paris when she saw him, as promised by Aphrodite. Menelaus had left for Crete to bury his uncle, Crateus. According to one account, Hera, still jealous over the judgement of Paris, sent a storm. The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt, where the gods replaced Helen with","title":"Trojan War"},{"id":"10830867","text":"the marriage. Then, while at Laurence's cell at the church, Paris tries to woo her by repeatedly saying that she is \"his\" wife and that they are to be married on Thursday. He kisses her and then leaves the cell, prompting Juliet to angrily threaten to kill herself with a knife. His final appearance in the play is in the cemetery where Juliet is \"laid to rest\" in the Capulet family tomb. Believing her to be dead, Count Paris has come to mourn her death in solitude and privacy and sends his manservant away. He professes his love to Juliet,","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"1638994","text":"poison; the two thus see each other and share a final kiss before he dies. A distraught Juliet picks up Romeo's gun and shoots herself in the head, dying instantly. The two lovers are soon discovered in each other's arms. Prince condemns both families, whose feuding led to such tragedy, while coroners quickly transport the two bodies to the morgue. Natalie Portman had been cast as Juliet but, during rehearsals, it was felt that the footage looked as though DiCaprio was \"molesting\" her. Baz Luhrmann has also stated that Portman was too young at the time, and made DiCaprio look","title":"Romeo + Juliet"},{"id":"349358","text":"many members of the Strumieri were murdered. When years later, half-paralyzed from a battle-wound, he wrote \"Giulietta e Romeo\" in Montorso Vicentino (from where he could see the \"castles\" of Verona), he dedicated the \"novella\" to \"bellisima e leggiadra madonna\" Lucina Savorgnan. Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it, in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala (anglicized as Prince Escalus). Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form, including the names of the lovers, the rival families of Montecchi and","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"10827130","text":"Nurse (Romeo and Juliet) The Nurse is a major character in William Shakespeare's classic drama \"Romeo and Juliet\". She is the personal servant, guardian (and former wet nurse) of Juliet Capulet, and has been since Juliet was born. She had a daughter named Susan who died in infancy, and then became wetnurse to Juliet. As the primary person to like, she is therefore Juliet's foremost confidante. She is very important to Juliet and Juliet's life. She is one of the few people, along with Friar Laurence, to be made aware of the blossoming romance between Romeo and Juliet. Her personal","title":"Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)"},{"id":"10080210","text":"affection due to an ancient family quarrel, and later kills himself due to mistakenly believing her to have been dead. Although it is unlikely that Shakespeare directly borrowed from Ovid while writing \"Romeo and Juliet\", the story was likely an influence on the Italian writers whom the playwright was greatly indebted to. The two sources which Shakespeare most likely consulted are Brooke's translation of de Porta and William Painter's \"The goodly historye of the true, and constant Love between Romeo and Juliet\". \"Romeo and Juliet\" has been adapted into film several times, and the part of Romeo has been played","title":"Romeo"},{"id":"349407","text":"Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo, respectively, and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Cushman adhered to Shakespeare's version, beginning a string of eighty-four performances. Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many. \"The Times\" wrote: \"For a long time Romeo has been a convention. Miss Cushman's Romeo is a creative, a living, breathing, animated, ardent human being.\" Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that \"no-one would ever have imagined she was a woman\". Cushman's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"17066996","text":"passionate about photography. Hates the superficial world of her parents and she dreams to meet the man of her life. After encouragement of her father, Vittorio, she enters a superficial relationship with the Polo. Her father, taking advantage of the situation, seeks a marriage between them to serve his own interests. Romeo is about 17 years old. He's cute and clever. He loves music and literature and has many spiritual concerns. Extremely romantic, he knows how to speak beautifully. He goes out with Barbara and believes he is in love with her, but realizes that Julieta is the great love","title":"Romeo y Julieta (TV series)"},{"id":"10830881","text":"Romeo's banishment. The Nurse is a major character in the play, and like the Friar she is a neutral character. There has been speculation about her name, as Capulet refers to as \"Angelica\", but the line can be addressed to either the nurse or Lady Capulet. She is the personal servant (and former nurse) of Juliet's. As the primary person who raised Juliet, she is Juliet's confidante and effectively more of a mother to the girl than Lady Capulet. She was also the one who breastfed Juliet as a child. Peter is the personal servant of the Nurse's. He appears","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"1638987","text":"chaos in the city. The Chief of Police, Captain Prince, reprimands the families, warning them that if such behavior continues, their lives \"shall pay the forfeit of the peace\". Benvolio meets Romeo on a beach. While playing a game of pool they learn of a party being held by the Capulets that evening which they decide to gate-crash. Romeo agrees to come after discovering that Rosaline, with whom he is in love, is attending. Later, the Montague boys meet their friend, Mercutio, who has tickets to the party. Romeo takes ecstasy Mercutio gave him and they proceed to the Capulet","title":"Romeo + Juliet"},{"id":"349352","text":"Romeo to be a vandal, Paris confronts him and, in the ensuing battle, Romeo kills Paris. Still believing Juliet to be dead, he drinks the poison. Juliet then awakens and, discovering that Romeo is dead, stabs herself with his dagger and joins him in death. The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead. Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two \"star-cross'd lovers\". The families are reconciled by their children's deaths and agree to end their violent feud. The play ends with the Prince's elegy for the lovers: \"For never was a story","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"2181020","text":"as they had from Warner's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" a year before and leading Hollywood to abandon the Bard for over a decade. The film nevertheless received four Oscar nominations and for many years was considered one of the great MGM classics. In his annual Movie and Video Guide, Leonard Maltin gives both this film version and the popular 1968 Franco Zeffirelli version (with Olivia Hussey and Leonard Whiting) an equal rating of three-and-a-half stars. More recently, scholar Stephen Orgel describes Cukor's film as \"largely miscast ... with a preposterously mature pair of lovers in Leslie Howard and Norma Shearer,","title":"Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)"},{"id":"1638989","text":"to the mansion, hiding under Juliet's balcony. Juliet emerges into the courtyard and proclaims her love for Romeo before he sneaks up behind her. Juliet warns him that he is risking his life, but Romeo tells her he doesn't care whether he is caught. Knowing her nurse is looking for her, Juliet tells him that, if he sends word by the following day, they will be betrothed. The next day, Romeo visits Father Laurence, telling him he wants to marry Juliet. He agrees to marry the pair in hopes that their marriage will end the violence between the families. Romeo","title":"Romeo + Juliet"},{"id":"12051225","text":"hopes that it will bring the family feud to an end. Friar Laurence, the Capulet family chaplain, marries them in secret. Soon after the wedding a street brawl results in the murder of Romeo’s friend Mercutio. Angry, Romeo attacks and kills his murderer, Tybalt Capulet who is Julie’s cousin. Romeo is banished to Mantua by the Duke of Verona. Julie is impatiently awaiting for Romeo to meet her in her rooms. She is fearful that he may have already left for exile without seeing her. Julie's friend, Laura, waits with her trying to provide comfort. Julie worries about the motives","title":"Romeo und Julie"},{"id":"349388","text":"the main characters. For example, when the play begins, Romeo is in love with Rosaline, who has refused all of his advances. Romeo's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet. This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet's love and marriage. Paris' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo. The formal language she uses around Paris, as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse, show that her feelings clearly lie with","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"10080209","text":"most important characters of the play, and has a consistent presence throughout it. His role as an idealistic lover has led the word \"Romeo\" to become a synonym for a passionate male lover in various languages. Although often treated as such, it is not clear that \"Montague\" is a surname in the modern sense. The earliest tale bearing a resemblance to Shakespeare's \"Romeo and Juliet\" is Xenophon of Ephesus' \"Ephesiaca\", whose hero is a Habrocomes. The character of Romeo is also similar to that of Pyramus in Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\", a youth who is unable to meet the object of his","title":"Romeo"},{"id":"10830866","text":"wife and the mother of his children. Capulet demurs, citing his daughter's young age as a reason and telling him to wait until she is more mature. (Paris disagrees, however.) Nevertheless, Capulet invites Paris to attend a family ball being held that evening and grants permission to woo and attract Juliet. Later in the play, however, Juliet refuses to become Paris' \"joyful bride\" after her cousin Tybalt dies by her new husband Romeo's hand, proclaiming that she now wants nothing to do with Paris. Her parents threaten to disown (or cut ties with) her if she will not agree to","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"9928197","text":"groups that, should there be any more disturbance, the seal who caused it shall be exiled to Shark Island, a fin shaped rock where his henchman, Sharky, a shark lives. Romeo (Daniel Tripett), Montague's only son, is depressed, wishing to fall in love with someone. His humorous friend, Mercutio (Chip Albers), urges him and another of his friends, Benvolio (Sam Gold), to go to a Capulet party later that evening. They attend the party, covered in white sand to look like Capulets, and Romeo falls in love with Juliet at first sight. Juliet, however, was promised by her father to","title":"Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss"},{"id":"5132525","text":"is \"a fortnight hence\", putting the action of the play in mid-July (1.3.17). Her father states that she \"hath not seen the change of fourteen years\" (1.2.9). In many cultures and time periods, women did and do marry and bear children at an early age. \"Romeo and Juliet\" is a play about Italian families. Lady Capulet had given birth to her first child by the time she had reached Juliet's age: \"By my count, I was your mother much upon these years that you are now a maid.\" (1.3.74–75). Even Capulet tries to encourage Paris to wait a little longer","title":"Juliet"},{"id":"349380","text":"that surround them. For instance, when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon, she protests \"O swear not by the moon, th'inconstant moon, / That monthly changes in her circled orb, / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable.\" From the very beginning, the lovers are designated as \"star-cross'd\" referring to an astrologic belief associated with time. Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity, and as time passed, stars would move along their course in the sky, also charting the course of human lives below. Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars' movements","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"1638991","text":"who treats his injuries and says that, after some time passes, he will help Romeo and Juliet return to the city and reconcile with their family and friends. The nurse arrives and tells Romeo that Juliet is waiting for him. When Romeo climbs over Juliet's balcony, she kisses him and they consummate their marriage. Meanwhile, Fulgencio decides Juliet will marry Dave Paris, the governor's son. The next morning, Romeo narrowly escapes the Capulet mansion as Gloria tells Juliet that the family has promised she will marry Paris. She refuses, and Fulgencio threatens to disown her. Her mother and nurse insist","title":"Romeo + Juliet"},{"id":"349431","text":"Zeffirelli has been particularly praised, for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out-of-control. The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding-night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen. Baz Luhrmann's 1996 \"Romeo + Juliet\" and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the \"MTV Generation\": a young audience of similar age to the story's characters. Far darker than Zeffirelli's version, the film is set in the \"crass, violent and superficial society\" of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove. Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet. The play has been widely adapted for TV and film. In 1960,","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"17982801","text":"to find a suitable girl for Karthik and finds Nisha (Poonam Bajwa) for him. Aishwarya soon gets disturbed with the rich lifestyle given by Arjun. In a temple, Karthik tells her that his engagement with Nisha is going to happen the night before Valentine's Day. At the same time, Arjun and Aishwarya plan to go to London. On the night Aishwarya is supposed to leave, she realises that she does not want to live this kind of robotic life with Arjun and tells him she loves Karthik. She goes to the place where Karthik and Nisha are going to get","title":"Romeo Juliet (2015 film)"},{"id":"349385","text":"one of Shakespeare's \"most pleasing\" plays. In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century, criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play. Actor and playwright David Garrick's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline: Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless. Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end. Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste. With the advent of","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"349359","text":"Capuleti, and the location in Verona. He named the friar Laurence (\"frate Lorenzo\") and introduced the characters Mercutio (\"Marcuccio Guertio\"), Tybalt (\"Tebaldo Cappelleti\"), Count Paris (\"conti (Paride) di \"), the faithful servant, and Giulietta's nurse. Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story: the feuding families, Romeo -left by his mistress- meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house, the love scenes (including the balcony scene), the periods of despair, Romeo killing Giulietta's cousin (Tebaldo), and the families' reconciliation after the lovers' suicides. In da Porto's version, Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger. In","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"12631687","text":"Joanna Dunham Joanna Elizabeth Dunham (6 May 1936 – 25 November 2014) was an English actress, best noted for her work on stage and television. She also appeared in several major films. Dunham was born in Luton, Bedfordshire. In 1956 she attended RADA, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, the same year as Susannah York and Brian Epstein, who later became the manager of the Beatles. She first gained notice for playing Juliet in the 1962 Old Vic production of \"Romeo and Juliet\", under the direction of Franco Zeffirelli, which was performed in a five-month, 13-city U.S. tour. Her first","title":"Joanna Dunham"},{"id":"10565151","text":"There were two rival car and robot companies, which racer Robio falls in love with Robiette of the rival company. At the end the two young lovers get smooshed together by both their fathers driving into each other, and after that they two rivals give up the fight, and Astro remarks that now Robio and Robiette will be together forever. The success of the 1957 stage musical \"West Side Story\" was instrumental in making Shakespeare a presence in modern popular and youth culture. The book was written by Arthur Laurents, with music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and","title":"Romeo and Juliet on screen"},{"id":"10565138","text":"to swoon uncritically at his beauty, the movie's weakest link.\" Juliet, the sixteen-year-old Claire Danes, was praised for portraying a poise and wisdom beyond her years, and as the first screen Juliet whose speech sounded spontaneous. Miriam Margolyes played the nurse for laughs as a plump Hispanic, forever crying \"Hooliet! Hooliet!\" Pete Postlethwaite, with his Celtic Cross tattoo, captures the \"charming ambiguity\" of the Friar. Paul Sorvino and Diane Venora play the Capulets as a boozy gangland patriarch and a miserable southern belle, unhappily married and frequently abusive to each other. A framing device portrays the events of the play","title":"Romeo and Juliet on screen"},{"id":"5692052","text":"scene 4, Romeo and Juliet enter the masked ball, sulking at each other. Romeo thinks that Tybalt is Constance and puts his hand on Tybalt's bottom. Constance enters, and Romeo tells her that he loves her. Tybalt sees Romeo kiss Constance and sends Juliet to interrupt them. Romeo introduces Constance to Juliet, and Juliet falls in love with her. Juliet dances with Constance while Romeo and Tybalt watch suspiciously. Tybalt resolves to kill Constance. Romeo decides to dress as a woman so that Constance will desire him, and he cuts in to dance with her. Juliet sees them and determines","title":"Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet)"},{"id":"964570","text":"from Juliet. Friar Laurence eventually convinces Romeo that he is very lucky and that he should be more thankful for what he has. Romeo then secretly spends his wedding night together with Juliet and the couple consummate their marriage before Romeo flees. Juliet's father and mother, unaware of their daughter's secret marriage, have arranged for Juliet to marry wealthy Count Paris. Juliet pleads with her parents to postpone the marriage, but they refuse and threaten to disown her. Juliet seeks out Friar Laurence for help, hoping to escape her arranged marriage to Paris and remain faithful to Romeo. At Friar","title":"Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)"},{"id":"349430","text":"film of \"Romeo and Juliet\". His Romeo, Laurence Harvey, was already an experienced screen actor. By contrast, Susan Shentall, as Juliet, was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her \"pale sweet skin and honey-blonde hair\". Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 \"Romeo and Juliet\" as being \"full of beautiful young people, and the camera and the lush technicolour, make the most of their sexual energy and good looks\". Zeffirelli's teenage leads, Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey, had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity.","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"4471566","text":"that tragic genius, which belongs to her equally, with the highest capacity for comedy. [Vaccai's] \"Romeo e Giulietta\" is an admirable opera for Giulietta; in which Romeo is not forgotten. The libretto follows the story of Shakespeare's play. \"Overture prologue\": A short chorus sets the scene of the rival families in Verona. \"A masked ball in the Capulets’ palace\" Tybalt talks to Pâris about Juliette, who appears with her father. Roméo, Mercutio, Benvolio and their friends enter, disguised, and Mercutio sings a ballad about Queen Mab, after which Juliette sings a joyful waltz song. The first meeting between Roméo and","title":"Roméo et Juliette"},{"id":"7821788","text":"The instrumentation remains simple during the verses and moves to a full-on rock arrangement in the chorus sections. The song itself, written by Knopfler, was inspired by his failed romance with Holly Vincent, lead singer of the short-lived band Holly and The Italians. The song speaks of a Romeo who is still very much in love with his Juliet, but she now treats him like \"just another one of [her] deals\". Knopfler has both stated and implied that he believes Vincent was using him to boost her career. The song's line \"Now you just say, oh Romeo, yeah, you know","title":"Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)"},{"id":"10189372","text":"again in 1597 to create the final copy, the change in Romeo's language for Rosaline and Juliet may mirror Shakespeare's increased skill as a playwright: the younger Shakespeare describing Rosaline, and the more experienced describing Juliet. In this view, a careful look at the play reveals that Romeo's love for Rosaline is not as petty as usually imagined. Critics also note the ways in which Romeo's relationship with Rosaline prepares him for meeting Juliet. Before meeting Rosaline, Romeo despises all Capulets, but afterwards looks upon them more favourably. He experiences the dual feelings of hate and love in the one","title":"Rosaline"},{"id":"5371243","text":"Theatre Royal, Liverpool, as Juliet to Young's Romeo. On 9 March 1805, she and Charles married at St. Ann's Church, Liverpool. They contracted for a twelve-month on the stage at Manchester. The next year, after giving birth to her son, Julian Charles Young, she fell victim to puerperal fever, dying on 17 July 1806 at the age of 21. Young gave custody of his son Julian to the care of the daughter of one Captain Forbes of the Royal Navy. \"Although he survived her fifty years he never married again, and her memory remained green and beautiful to him through","title":"Charles Mayne Young"},{"id":"10565124","text":"film includes two songs drawn from other plays by Shakespeare: \"Come Away Death\" from \"Twelfth Night\" and \"Honour, Riches, Marriage, Blessing\" from \"The Tempest\". Thalberg had only one choice for director: George Cukor, who was known as \"the women's director\". Thalberg's vision was that the performance of Norma Shearer, his wife, would dominate the picture. Scholar Stephen Orgel describes Cukor's film as \"largely miscast ... with a preposterously mature pair of lovers in Leslie Howard and Norma Shearer, and an elderly John Barrymore as a stagey Mercutio decades out of date.\" Barrymore was in his late fifties, and played Mercutio","title":"Romeo and Juliet on screen"},{"id":"4471568","text":"sings to attract the occupants into the street. Gregoire and Stephano skirmish as men from each family appear. The duel is first between Tybalt and Mercutio, who falls dead, and then between Roméo, determined to avenge his comrade, and Tybalt. Tybalt is killed by Roméo, who is banished by the Duke. \"Juliet's room at dawn\" Roméo and Juliette are together and, after a long duet, Roméo departs for exile. Juliette's father comes to remind her of Tybalt's dying wish for Juliette to marry Count Pâris. The friar gives Juliette a draught which will cause her to sleep, so as to","title":"Roméo et Juliette"},{"id":"16304212","text":"dead. Their funeral is held together and the Capulets and Montagues finally reconcile, ending their feud. Ed Westwick was the first actor to read the script. In April 2011, Hailee Steinfeld was said to be in talks for the lead role as Juliet in this adaptation. Owing to Steinfeld's young age, there was some concern she would be asked to appear nude in the film. Director Carlo Carlei explained, \"there was a lovemaking scene that included nudity for the married Romeo and Juliet. This script was written with a 20-year-old actress in mind. As soon as Hailee Steinfeld was cast,","title":"Romeo & Juliet (2013 film)"},{"id":"12051227","text":"Laura to wake Julie up and then leave. He is suspicious that Julie's emotional behavior may not be over her cousin's death but Romeo's departure and is fearful that the two may be in love. Capulet informs his daughter that he has arranged her to marry Count Paris. Julie is dismayed and refuses to marry Paris outright. Enraged, Capulet threatens to disown her. Laura returns and warns her of a plot hatched by Camilla which could result in her incarceration and forced marriage. Friar Laurence arrives and suggests a solution to Julie’s dilemma: a sleeping draught will make her appear","title":"Romeo und Julie"},{"id":"9535991","text":"Hot 100 due to rules in place at the time). It also made appearances on six other \"Billboard\" charts. In Australasia, the single topped the chart in New Zealand and climbed to number 11 in Australia. In both countries, the single was certified Gold. The song was featured in the film \"Romeo + Juliet\" just two months after the release of the single, as well as in the 1999 film \"Cruel Intentions\" and the 2007 comedy \"Decameron Pie.\" Nina Persson wrote the lyrics to the song at an airport while waiting for a plane. She said that, at the time,","title":"Lovefool"},{"id":"13539522","text":"named Romeo he would still be handsome and be Juliet's love. This states that if he were not Romeo, then he would not be a Montague and she would be able to get married with no problem at all. In Act II, Scene II of the play, the line is said by Juliet in reference to Romeo's house: Montague. The line implies that his name means nothing and they should be together. Juliet: O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I'll no","title":"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"},{"id":"13834093","text":"school. Romeo becomes friends with Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) after they end up in detention together. Indi leaves Romeo some cryptic clues for a special night she has planned for him, but he believes Indi is going to end their relationship. Ruby Buckton tells Romeo that she likes him and they have sex. Romeo is shocked when he learns that Indi was not going to break up with him. He tells Ruby that he and Indi are still together and that nothing will ever happen between them. Ruby tells Indi that she and Romeo had sex, devastating both Indi and","title":"Romeo Smith"},{"id":"4457304","text":"and massage therapist, before returning to adult entertainment in the mid-1990s. Judith Carr was born and grew up in Burbank, California, the daughter of a jazz trumpet player and an aspiring nurse. She was afflicted with both childhood arthritis and Crohn's disease and spent a sizable portion of her youth in the hospital or on bedrest. Graduating from Burbank High School in 1956 (where she was a straight-A student), she briefly attended Long Beach State College as an art major before relocating to Hayama, Japan, in 1961, with her then lover, a Navy sailor. A brief marriage to him did","title":"Juliet Anderson"},{"id":"13834090","text":"(Sonia Todd) persuades Romeo to go back to school. It is later revealed that Romeo's family broke down when his mother killed his abusive stepfather to protect him and his sister took the blame. His sister, Mink, arrives in town and a few months later, his alcoholic mother, Jill (Josephine Mitchell), arrives too. Romeo and Mink part on good terms, but he and Jill do not. He dates Annie Campbell for a while until she chooses to return to Japan. Romeo then starts dating Indigo Walker and they enjoy spending time with each other. Romeo is put to work in","title":"Romeo Smith"},{"id":"13834100","text":"tells Romeo that she is in debt and thinking of dropping out of university, he lends her Ruby's money. When Romeo learns that Ruby has warned Indi off, he confronts her about her manipulation. When Romeo goes to break up with Ruby, she tells him she is pregnant. Romeo does not take the news well, but vows to stick by Ruby and the baby. However, Ruby later confesses she made the pregnancy up and Romeo breaks up with her, confessing that he still loves Indi. Ruby tampers with the breaks to Indi's car, which results in Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier)","title":"Romeo Smith"},{"id":"7821789","text":"I used to have a scene with him,\" refers to an interview with Vincent, where she says \"What happened was that I had a scene with Mark Knopfler and it got to the point where he couldn't handle it and we split up.\" The song has become a classic love song with a wide range of artists covering the track. Indigo Girls covered the track in a solo rendition by Amy Ray on the duo's album \"Rites of Passage\". The song was also covered by Australian musician Lisa Mitchell for Australian radio station Triple J for the Like a Version","title":"Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)"},{"id":"10830877","text":"by wishing death upon him. In Act 3, Scene 5, she becomes very angry with Juliet for refusing to marry Paris and coldly rejects her, saying: \"Talk not to me, for I'll not speak a word; do as thou wilt, for I am done with thee\". By the final act, she is nearly overcome by the tragic events of the play, this is where the grief-stricken mother comes out. We know Juliet's mother bore her first child by the time she was 14, Juliet's age, and her husband is many years older than she. Calling her \"Lady Capulet\" is a","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"8882791","text":"the survivors, but quickly turned on Ben, the Others, later becoming close to Jack and the remaining survivors of the crash. After Jack and five others are rescued, she forms a relationship with James \"Sawyer\" Ford. The anti-heroine of the third season, Mitchell describes Juliet as being the bridge between Benjamin Linus and the other characters, as well as a \"little salt in the oyster of Jack and Kate.\" The character was conceived by the writers as the next possible love interest for Jack. Although, with the progression of the story, the direction of the character changed. Despite being described","title":"Juliet Burke"},{"id":"1638983","text":"Romeo + Juliet William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (often shortened to Romeo + Juliet) is a 1996 American romantic crime film directed, co-produced, and co-written by Baz Luhrmann, co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli, and co-written by Craig Pearce. It is an adaptation and modernization of William Shakespeare's tragedy \"Romeo and Juliet\". The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet, who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her, despite being members of feuding families. Brian Dennehy, John Leguizamo, Pete Postlethwaite, Paul Sorvino, and Diane Venora star in supporting roles.","title":"Romeo + Juliet"},{"id":"7352665","text":"Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies Dame Gwen Lucy Ffrangcon-Davies, (25 January 1891 – 27 January 1992) was a British actress and centenarian. She was born in London of a Welsh family; the name \"Ffrangcon\" originates from a valley in Snowdonia. Her parents were opera baritone David Ffrangcon-Davies (né David Thomas Davies) and Annie Francis Rayner. She made her stage debut in 1911, as a singer as well as an actress, and received encouragement in her career from Ellen Terry. In 1924, she played Juliet opposite John Gielgud as Romeo, and Gielgud was grateful to her for the rest of his life for the","title":"Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies"},{"id":"10189375","text":"to critics, took out the \"love at first sight\" moment at the Capulet feast. In the 1750s, actor and theatre director David Garrick also eliminated references to Rosaline from his performances, as many saw Romeo's quick replacement of her as immoral. However, in Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 film version of \"Romeo and Juliet\", Romeo sees Rosaline (played by Paola Tedesco) first at the Capulet feast and then Juliet, of whom he becomes immediately enamoured. This scene suggests that love is short and superficial. Rosaline also appears in Renato Castellani's 1954 film version. In a brief non-Shakespearean scene, Rosaline (Dagmar Josipovitch) gives","title":"Rosaline"},{"id":"8882793","text":"father loved each other, they were not meant to be together. This statement seemed to affect Juliet's later outlook on relationships. Before coming to the island, she was a doctor and medical researcher, living in Miami near her sister Rachel (Robin Weigert). Now going by her married name of Juliet Burke, she was working for her ex-husband, Edmund Burke, (Željko Ivanek) as a fertility scientist at Miami Central University. Edmund bullied an acquiescent Juliet and flaunted his sexual conquests, but despite her docile nature, Juliet was performing unauthorized experiments on her sister. Rachel's reproductive system had been ravaged by chemotherapy,","title":"Juliet Burke"},{"id":"1738322","text":"Holidays\" and 1996's \"I Love You, I Love You Not\" and \"To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday\". Her first leading role on the big screen came in 1996, when she portrayed Juliet in the film \"Romeo + Juliet\", inspiring director Baz Luhrmann to call her, at age 16, \"the Meryl Streep of her generation.\" Later that year, it was reported that she turned down the female lead role in \"Titanic\". In 1997, Danes played abused wife Kelly Riker in \"The Rainmaker\", directed by Francis Ford Coppola, as well as Jenny in Oliver Stone's noir \"U Turn\". In 1998, she played","title":"Claire Danes"},{"id":"10830874","text":"she has to be \"ruled\" by her father and to accept the proposal. When she refuses to become Paris' \"joyful bride\", saying that she can \"never be proud of what she hates\", Capulet becomes furious; threatens to make her a street urchin; calls her a \"hilding\" , \"unworthy\", \"young baggage\", a \"disobedient wretch\", a \"green-sickness carrion\", and \"tallow-face\"; and says God's giving Juliet to them was a \"curse\" and he now realizes he and his wife had one child too many when Juliet was born (in the earlier poem \"The Tragic History of Romeus and Juliet\"). In addition to threatening","title":"Characters in Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"9850224","text":"is a kind, caring, selfless and humble man who is opposed to his father's cruelty and tyranny, and shares many ideals with Juliet. Unfortunately for them, Capulet loyalists are planning a rebellion to overthrow House Montague, while Leontes is obsessed with destroying the threat of the House of Capulet permanently. As these starcrossed lovers face many challenges and adventures together, which will strengthen and deepen their true unwavering romantic love even further, an ancient secret hidden deep within Neo Verona is slowly revealed. \"Romeo × Juliet\" was broadcast in Japan on Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting from April 4, 2007 to September 26,","title":"Romeo × Juliet"},{"id":"349377","text":"a surrounding darkness. Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun, brighter than a torch, a jewel sparkling in the night, and a bright angel among dark clouds. Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb, he says her \"beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light.\" Juliet describes Romeo as \"day in night\" and \"Whiter than snow upon a raven's back.\" This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols—contrasting love and hate, youth and age in a metaphoric way. Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony. For example, Romeo and Juliet's love is","title":"Romeo and Juliet"},{"id":"4926211","text":"in the United States, such as the Holocaust-themed drama \"Playing for Time\" (1980). She guest-hosted an episode of \"The Muppet Show\" during its third season in 1978. She made her Broadway debut in the 2001 revival of \"Design for Living\", which also starred Jennifer Ehle, Alan Cumming and Dominic West. In 2009, she appeared in the film \"I Am Love\". In August 2016 she appeared in a production of \"Romeo and Juliet\" in London, as Lady Capulet. In the early 1970s, Berenson was the companion of the French banking heir Baron David René de Rothschild, the younger son of Baron","title":"Marisa Berenson"},{"id":"10189376","text":"Romeo a mask at Capulet's celebration, and urges him to leave disguised before harm comes to him. Other filmmakers keep Rosaline off-camera in stricter accordance with Shakespeare's script. Rosaline also appears in the 2013 film adaptation of Romeo & Juliet. Robert Nathan's 1966 romantic comedy, \"Juliet in Mantua\", presents Rosaline as a fully developed character. In this sequel, in which Romeo and Juliet did \"not\" die, the pair live ten years later in exile in Mantua. After they are forgiven and return to Verona, they learn that Rosaline is now married to County Paris, and both couples must confront their","title":"Rosaline"},{"id":"16118","text":"Apollo a son named Anius. Not wanting to have the child, she entrusted the infant to Apollo and left. Apollo raised and educated the child on his own. Ourea, a daughter of Poseidon, fell in love with Apollo when he and Poseidon were serving the Trojan king Laomedon. They both united on the day the walls of Troy were built. She bore to Apollo a son, whom Apollo named Ileus, after the city of his birth, Ilion (Troy). Ileus was very dear to Apollo. Thero, daughter of Phylas, a maiden as beautiful as the moonbeams, was loved by the radiant","title":"Apollo"},{"id":"4365203","text":"\"kuchka\" for \"Romeo\" that Balakirev was asked to play it every time they met. Eventually, he learned to play the piece from memory as a result of fulfilling their requests. The Overture's love theme has been influentially used in many television series and movies such as \"Columbo\", \"The Jazz Singer\" (1927), \"Wayne's World\", \"Animaniacs\", \"Taz-Mania\", \"Tiny Toon Adventures\", \"Scrubs\", \"Seeing Double\", \"South Park\", \"Clueless\", \"A Christmas Story\", \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", \"Moonraker\", \"SpongeBob SquarePants\", \"Pushing Daisies\", \"Sesame Street\", \"El Chavo\", \"The Three Musketeers\", \"The Ren & Stimpy Show\", among others. Different variations of the overture's love theme were also","title":"Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)"},{"id":"4902623","text":"the Professional Children's School, and then spent time at both The High School of Music & Art and the High School of Performing Arts. She also did some modelling. At age 14, Strasberg appeared on off-Broadway in \"Maya\" in 1953, which ran seven performances. Her TV debut was in \"Catch a Falling Star,\" an episode of \"Goodyear Playhouse\" directed by Delbert Mann the same year. She was in \"Romeo and Juliet\" for \"Kraft Theatre\" (1954), playing Juliet, and episodes of \"General Electric Theater\" and \"Omnibus\". She had a regular role in a short lived sitcom, \"The Marriage\", playing the daughter","title":"Susan Strasberg"},{"id":"5132526","text":"before even thinking of marrying his daughter, feeling that she is still too young; \"She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride\". However, in the English poem the story is based on (\"Romeus and Juliet\" by Arthur Brooke) Juliet is approaching her sixteenth birthday and Romeo is the same age whereas in the Bandello novella she is nearly eighteen with Romeo about twenty. The common English people of that age were very rarely in their teens when they married and even","title":"Juliet"},{"id":"4201705","text":"in the final scene \"Enter Lord Montague and others\", and he is sometimes doubled with Balthasar). Part of Benvolio's role is encouraging Romeo to go to the party, where he falls in love with Juliet. A mock-Victorian revisionist version of \"Romeo and Juliet\"'s final scene (with a happy ending, Romeo, Juliet, Mercutio and Paris restored to life, and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris's love, Benvolia, in disguise) forms part of the 1980 stage-play \"The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby\". He also attempts to romance Rosaline in Sharman Macdonald's \"After Juliet\". Benvolio Benvolio is a fictional character in Shakespeare's","title":"Benvolio"},{"id":"10189371","text":"their meeting would be unlikely. Rosaline thus acts as the impetus to bring the \"star-cross'd lovers\" to their deaths—she is crucial in shaping their fate (a common theme of the play). Ironically, she remains oblivious of her role. Literary critics often compare Romeo's love for Rosaline with his feelings for Juliet. Some see Romeo's supposed love for Rosaline as childish as compared with his true love for Juliet. Others argue that the apparent difference in Romeo's feelings shows Shakespeare's improving skill. Since Shakespeare is thought to have written early drafts of the play in 1591, and then picked them up","title":"Rosaline"},{"id":"8067621","text":"terms of Pietro's will, a vineyard and other property in the marchese of Veneto, which she gave to the nuns of San Zaccaria. Her two sons were Doge Pietro IV Candiano (930 - 976) and Domenigo Candiano, Bishop of Torcello. Her daughter Elena Candiano and her future husband Gerardo Guoro were the original persons upon whom the English dramatist William Shakespeare based his story \"Romeo and Juliet\". Arcielda Candiano Arcielda Candiano (fl. 927 - 959) was a Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Pietro III Candiano (r. 942 - 959). Her name is sometimes given as Richielda. She","title":"Arcielda Candiano"},{"id":"8698290","text":"foster parents' real child, Anzelmo, she is an extremely kind person. Angeletta is also great in drawing and writing journals. It was proven through her sketchbook and diary. She is suffering from a serious heart illness for a long time. Romeo and Angeletta became very close friends. Angeletta was nicknamed by Romeo as his \"Angel.\" Romeo and the rest of the Black Brothers helped the \"Angel\" to get accepted by her grandmother. They successfully convinced the \"Ice Queen\" that Angeletta is not after the Montovani estate. Countess Montovani then took custody of her granddaughter. She brought Angeletta to Paris to","title":"Romeo's Blue Skies"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9850223\",\n \"text\": \"Romeo × Juliet On the floating island of Neo Verona, Leontes Montague and his men lead a bloody coup and murder all the members of ruling House Capulet. Only Lord Capulet's young daughter, Juliet, is able to escape. Fourteen years later, Leontes rules the land with an iron fist and crushes anyone who opposes him. Juliet, now sixteen, fights against House Montague's oppression as the masked vigilante \\\"The Red Whirlwind\\\". While attending the Rose Ball hosted by the Montagues with a friend, Juliet meets Romeo, Prince Montague's son, and both of them fall deeply in love at first sight. Romeo\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo × Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10189363\",\n \"text\": \"Rosaline Rosaline () is an unseen character and niece of Lord Capulet in William Shakespeare's tragedy \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" (1597). Although silent, her role is important. Romeo is at first deeply in love with Rosaline and expresses his dismay at her not loving him back. Romeo first spots Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a gathering hosted by the Capulet family. Scholars generally compare Romeo's short-lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet. The poetry Shakespeare writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet. Scholars believe Romeo's early experience with Rosaline prepares\",\n \"title\": \"Rosaline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830902\",\n \"text\": \"of the Shrew\\\". Rosaline is an unseen character and niece of Capulet. Although silent, her role is important: her lover, Romeo, first spots her cousin Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a Capulet gathering. Before Juliet, Romeo was deeply intrigued with another woman that didn't return his feelings. Scholars generally compare Romeo's short-lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet. Rosaline means \\\"fair rose\\\". The poetry he writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet. Scholars believe his early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet. Later performances of\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10565147\",\n \"text\": \"Juliet, was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub, and was cast for her \\\"pale sweet skin and honey-blonde hair\\\". She failed to rise to the demands of the role, and would marry shortly after the shoot, never returning to screen acting. Other parts were played by inexperienced actors, also: Mercutio was played by an architect, Montague by a gondolier from Venice, and the Prince by a novelist. Critics responded to the film as a piece of cinema (its visuals were especially admired in Italy, where it was filmed) but not as a performance\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet on screen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10189364\",\n \"text\": \"him for his relationship with Juliet. Later performances of \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline's relationship, as filmmakers have experimented with making Rosaline a more visible character. Before Romeo meets Juliet, he loves Rosaline, Capulet's niece and Juliet's cousin. He describes her as wonderfully beautiful: \\\"The all-seeing sun / ne'er saw her match since first the world begun.\\\" Rosaline, however, chooses to remain chaste; Romeo says: \\\"She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow / Do I live dead that live to tell it now.\\\" This is the source of his depression, and he\",\n \"title\": \"Rosaline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349399\",\n \"text\": \"by Da Porto in 1524. He had Romeo walk frequently by her house, \\\"sometimes climbing to her chamber window\\\", and wrote, \\\"It happened one night, as love ordained, when the moon shone unusually bright, that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony, the young lady ... opened the window, and looking out saw him\\\". After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other. A few decades later, Bandello greatly expanded this scene, diverging from the familiar one: Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder,\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830888\",\n \"text\": \"her son Romeo and is very happy when Benvolio tells her that Romeo was not involved in the brawl that happened between the Capulets and Montagues. However, Romeo doesn't feel very close to her as he is unable to seek advice from her. As with Capulet's wife, calling her \\\"Lady Montague\\\" is a later invention not supported by the earliest texts. In the beginning of the play, Romeo pines for an unrequited love, Rosaline. To cheer him up, his cousin and friend Benvolio and Mercutio take him to the Capulets' celebration in disguise, where he meets and falls in love\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349343\",\n \"text\": \"Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with \\\"Hamlet\\\", is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as \\\"The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet\\\" by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10080211\",\n \"text\": \"by several actors, including: Romeo Romeo Montague is the protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy, \\\"The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet\\\". The son of Lord Montague and his wife, Lady Montague, he secretly loves and marries Juliet, a member of the rival House of Capulet, through a priest named Friar Laurence. Forced into exile after slaying Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, in a duel, Romeo commits suicide upon hearing falsely of Juliet's death. The character's origins can be traced as far back as Pyramus, who appears in Ovid's \\\"Metamorphoses\\\", but the first modern incarnation of Romeo is Mariotto in the 33rd of Masuccio\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10080207\",\n \"text\": \"Romeo Romeo Montague is the protagonist of William Shakespeare's tragedy, \\\"The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet\\\". The son of Lord Montague and his wife, Lady Montague, he secretly loves and marries Juliet, a member of the rival House of Capulet, through a priest named Friar Laurence. Forced into exile after slaying Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, in a duel, Romeo commits suicide upon hearing falsely of Juliet's death. The character's origins can be traced as far back as Pyramus, who appears in Ovid's \\\"Metamorphoses\\\", but the first modern incarnation of Romeo is Mariotto in the 33rd of Masuccio Salernitano's \\\"Il Novellino\\\" (1476).\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5132524\",\n \"text\": \"Juliet Juliet Capulet is the female protagonist in William Shakespeare's romantic tragedy \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". Juliet is the only daughter of the patriarch of the House of Capulet. She falls in love with Romeo, a member of the House of Montague (with which the Capulets have a blood feud). The story has a long history that precedes Shakespeare himself. One aspect of the story which now seems problematic is Juliet's age. As the story occurs, Juliet is approaching her fourteenth birthday. She was born on \\\"Lammas Eve at night\\\" (1 August), so Juliet's birthday is 31 July (1.3.19). Her birthday\",\n \"title\": \"Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6303951\",\n \"text\": \"being held so that Juliet can meet Count Paris, who asked Lord Capulet for her hand (). In Verona, Romeo and his friends, Benvolio and Mercutio, hang about the streets (Les rois du monde, La folie). Romeo is afraid of... he doesn't really know, but he's afraid (J'ai peur). In the hope of distracting him, Benvolio and Mercutio, persuade him to accompany them, in disguise, to a ball being held at the house of the Capulets (Le bal). At his first sight of Juliet, the daughter of the Capulets, Romeo instantly falls in love with her, without knowing who she\",\n \"title\": \"Roméo et Juliette (musical)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349348\",\n \"text\": \"Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline. However, Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet. Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet's father, who does not wish to shed blood in his house. After the ball, in what is now called the \\\"balcony scene\\\", Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family's hatred of the Montagues. Romeo makes himself\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349404\",\n \"text\": \"Betterton Mercutio, and Betterton's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet: she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally. Another version closely followed Davenant's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke's Company. This was a tragicomedy by James Howard, in which the two lovers survive. Thomas Otway's \\\"The History and Fall of Caius Marius\\\", one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare, debuted in 1680. The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome; Romeo is Marius, Juliet is Lavinia, the feud is between patricians and plebeians; Juliet/Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo/Marius\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10189365\",\n \"text\": \"makes his friends unhappy; Mercutio comments: \\\"That same pale, hard-hearted wench, that Rosaline, torments him so that he will sure run mad.\\\" Benvolio urges Romeo to sneak into a Capulet gathering where, he claims, Rosaline will look like \\\"a crow\\\" alongside the other beautiful women. Romeo agrees, but doubts Benvolio's assessment. After Romeo sees Juliet his feelings suddenly change: \\\"Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight / For I ne'er saw true beauty till this night.\\\" Because their relationship is sudden and secret, Romeo's friends and Friar Laurence continue to speak of his affection for Rosaline throughout much\",\n \"title\": \"Rosaline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9959205\",\n \"text\": \"already an experienced screen actor, who would shortly take over roles intended for the late James Dean in \\\"Walk on the Wild Side\\\" and \\\"Summer and Smoke\\\". By contrast, Susan Shentall, as Juliet, was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub, and was cast for her \\\"pale sweet skin and honey-blonde hair.\\\" She surpassed the demands of the role, but married shortly after the shoot, and never returned to the screen. Other parts were played by inexperienced actors, also: Mercutio was played by an architect, Montague by a gondolier from Venice, and the Prince\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet (1954 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349429\",\n \"text\": \"film is now lost. The play was first heard on film in \\\"The Hollywood Revue of 1929\\\", in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer. Shearer and Leslie Howard, with a combined age over 75, played the teenage lovers in George Cukor's MGM 1936 film version. Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically. Cinemagoers considered the film too \\\"arty\\\", staying away as they had from Warner's \\\"A Midsummer Night Dream\\\" a year before: leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade. Renato Castellani won the \\\"Grand Prix\\\" at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16304207\",\n \"text\": \"persuades him to forget Rosaline but Romeo rebuffs him. Later that night, there is a party held by Lord Capulet. Romeo sneaks in with Benvolio and Mercutio hoping to meet Rosaline. Instead, Romeo sees Juliet who is Lord Capulet's daughter and falls in love with her. Juliet feels the same and they share a dance. They go together to a quiet place and share a passionate kiss. Juliet's Nurse interrupts and when Romeo talks to the nurse, he discovers that Juliet is a Capulet. After the party ends, Romeo sneaks into Juliet's garden secretly where he witnesses Juliet expressing her\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo & Juliet (2013 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8526659\",\n \"text\": \"set is Glasgow, as one of the characters, Rhona, is from Glasgow, and away from home. Macdonald's daughter Keira Knightley appeared in the Heatham House Youth Centre's NT Connections production, which made the regional finals. It continues to be performed by youth groups around the world. The play centres on Rosaline, Juliet's cousin and Romeo's ex-flame. Ironically, Rosaline had been in love with Romeo, but was playing \\\"hard to get\\\". Tortured by the loss of her love, Rosaline has become a sullen, venomous woman. She actively seeks to be elected the 'Princess of Cats' and run the Capulet family. Meanwhile,\",\n \"title\": \"After Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830878\",\n \"text\": \"later addition; it is an echo of Juliet's form of address in 3.5.65: \\\"my lady mother\\\". In the first texts the stage direction and speech headings can be \\\"mother\\\", \\\"wife\\\", or even \\\"old lady\\\", but nowhere \\\"Lady Capulet\\\". Juliet Capulet, the female protagonist, is the only daughter of Capulet, the patriarch of the Capulet family. As a child she was cared for by a Nurse, who is now her confidante. Juliet dies at the end of the play, and the sacred lovers are reunited on the same deathbed. Both their families realise what they had done by trying to separate\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10565136\",\n \"text\": \"by including a nude wedding-night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen. Nino Rota's Love Theme from the film, with the original lyrics (which had been drawn from several Shakespeare plays) replaced to become the song \\\"A Time For Us\\\", became a modest international chart hit. Australian director Baz Luhrmann's 1996 \\\"Romeo + Juliet\\\" and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the \\\"MTV Generation\\\": a young audience of similar age to the story's characters. Far darker than Zeffirelli's version, the film is set in the \\\"crass, violent and superficial society\\\" of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove. The visual conventions of the\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet on screen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349405\",\n \"text\": \"dies. Otway's version was a hit, and was acted for the next seventy years. His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring, and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years: Theophilus Cibber's adaptation of 1744, and David Garrick's of 1748 both used variations on it. These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time. For example, Garrick's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet, to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love-at-first-sight theme. In 1750, a \\\"Battle of the Romeos\\\" began, with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne (Mrs. Theophilus Cibber) at\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349347\",\n \"text\": \"and Capulet servants who, like their masters, are sworn enemies. Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death. Later, Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet, but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball. Lady Capulet and Juliet's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris's courtship. Meanwhile, Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo, Montague's son, about Romeo's recent depression. Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline, one of Capulet's nieces.\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16304206\",\n \"text\": \"dialogue as written by Shakespeare. This has led to several critics denouncing the film's advertising as misleading and losing the essence of the play. The film grossed $3 million. During the late Middle Ages in Verona, two wealthy families, the Montagues and Capulets, have been feuding for centuries. One day at the market place, the feuding families start a brawl which infuriates the Prince and he threatens that if the peace of Verona is disturbed again, he shall take their lives. Meanwhile, Romeo, a young Montague, reveals that he is in love with Lord Capulet's niece, Rosaline. Romeo's cousin, Benvolio\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo & Juliet (2013 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10189374\",\n \"text\": \"this as a re-enactment of his failed relationship with his mother. Rosaline's absence is symbolic of his mother's absence and lack of affection for him. Romeo's love for Juliet is similarly hopeless, for she is a Capulet and Romeo pursues his relationship with her; the difference being that Juliet reciprocates. This does not seem likely seeing as his mother died of grief after his banishment, indicating that she probably loved him deeply. Rosaline has been portrayed in various ways over the centuries. Theophilus Cibber's 1748 version of \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" replaced references to Rosaline with references to Juliet. This, according\",\n \"title\": \"Rosaline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3465782\",\n \"text\": \"facetious or even coarse, much to his friends' annoyance. Moreover, he is moody and given to sudden outbursts of temper, one of which sets a key plot development in motion. One of Romeo's closest friends, Mercutio, entreats Romeo to forget about his unrequited love for a girl named Rosaline and come with him to a masquerade ball at Lord Capulet's estate, through use of his Queen Mab speech. There, Mercutio and his friends become the life of the party, but Romeo steals away to Juliet, Capulet's daughter, with whom he has fallen in love, and he falls out of love\",\n \"title\": \"Mercutio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12051224\",\n \"text\": \"fine\\\" at the end. In accordance with operatic tradition at that time, Gotter gave his version of \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" a happy ending. The opera was first performed on September 25, 1776 at the in the Schloss Friedenstein, Gotha, Germany. The UK première was given in 2007 by Bampton Classical Opera, in English. Deep rivalry and animosity exists between the Montagues and the Capulets, two noble families of Verona. Romeo Montague sneaks into the Capulet's palace to attend their masked ball in disguise. He meets Julie Capulet and the two fall in love. They decide to get married in the\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo und Julie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349353\",\n \"text\": \"of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.\\\" \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity. One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe, from Ovid's \\\"Metamorphoses\\\", which contains parallels to Shakespeare's story: the lovers' parents despise each other, and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead. The \\\"Ephesiaca\\\" of Xenophon of Ephesus, written in the 3rd century, also contains several similarities to the play, including the separation of the lovers, and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep. One of the earliest references to the names \\\"Montague\\\" and \\\"Capulet\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349350\",\n \"text\": \"Benvolio argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio. The Prince, now having lost a kinsman in the warring families' feud, exiles Romeo from Verona, under penalty of death if he ever returns. Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet's chamber, where they consummate their marriage. Capulet, misinterpreting Juliet's grief, agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris's \\\"joyful bride\\\". When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed, her mother rejects her. Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help, and he offers her a potion\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638988\",\n \"text\": \"mansion. The effects of the drug and the party overwhelm Romeo, who goes to the restroom. While admiring an aquarium, he sees Juliet on the other side, and the two instantly fall in love. Tybalt spots Romeo and vows to kill him for invading his family's home, but Fulgencio stops him. Romeo and Juliet sneak into an elevator and kiss. The nurse spots them when the doors open and drags Juliet away, telling her that Romeo is a Montague. At the same time, Romeo realizes that Juliet is a Capulet. Mercutio removes Romeo from the party, but he sneaks back\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo + Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349357\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti\\\", written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice. Da Porto drew on \\\"Pyramus and Thisbe\\\", Boccacio's \\\"Decameron\\\", and Salernitano's \\\"Mariotto e Ganozza\\\", but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical: present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511, at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine, following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri, Da Porta fell in love with Lucina, the daughter of the house, but relationships of their mentors prevented advances. The next morning, the Savorgnans led an attack on the city, and\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830889\",\n \"text\": \"with the Capulets' only daughter, Juliet. Later that night, he and Juliet meet secretly and pledge to marry, despite their families' long-standing feud. They marry the following day, but their union is soon thrown into chaos by their families; Juliet's cousin Tybalt duels and kills Romeo's friend Mercutio, throwing Romeo into such a rage that he kills Tybalt, and the Prince of Verona subsequently banishes him. Meanwhile, Juliet's father plans to marry her off to Paris, a local aristocrat, within the next few days, threatening to turn her out on the streets if she doesn't follow through. Desperate, Juliet begs\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638992\",\n \"text\": \"it would be in her best interest to marry Paris. To get out of this, Juliet runs away and seeks out Father Laurence, imploring him to help her and threatening to commit suicide. Father Laurence proposes she fake her own death and be put in the Capulet vault to awaken 24 hours later. Romeo will be told of the plot, sneak into the vault, and once reunited the two can escape to Mantua. He gives her a potion which mimics death. After saying goodnight to her mother, Juliet drinks the potion and slips into a coma. She is found in\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo + Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"964568\",\n \"text\": \"warns both families that any future violence between them will result in harsh consequences. That night, two teenagers of the two families — Romeo and Juliet — meet at a Capulet masked ball and become deeply infatuated. Later, Romeo stumbles into the secluded garden under Juliet's bedroom balcony and the two exchange impassioned pledges. They are secretly married the next day by Romeo's confessor and father figure, Friar Laurence, with the assistance of Juliet's nursemaid. That afternoon, Juliet's first cousin Tybalt, enraged that Romeo had attended his family's ball, insults him and challenges him to a brawl. Romeo regards Tybalt\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"406376\",\n \"text\": \"of Mycenae. Paris, under the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission, went to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy. Before Helen could look up to see him enter the palace, she was shot with an arrow from Eros, otherwise known as Cupid, and fell in love with Paris when she saw him, as promised by Aphrodite. Menelaus had left for Crete to bury his uncle, Crateus. According to one account, Hera, still jealous over the judgement of Paris, sent a storm. The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt, where the gods replaced Helen with\",\n \"title\": \"Trojan War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830867\",\n \"text\": \"the marriage. Then, while at Laurence's cell at the church, Paris tries to woo her by repeatedly saying that she is \\\"his\\\" wife and that they are to be married on Thursday. He kisses her and then leaves the cell, prompting Juliet to angrily threaten to kill herself with a knife. His final appearance in the play is in the cemetery where Juliet is \\\"laid to rest\\\" in the Capulet family tomb. Believing her to be dead, Count Paris has come to mourn her death in solitude and privacy and sends his manservant away. He professes his love to Juliet,\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638994\",\n \"text\": \"poison; the two thus see each other and share a final kiss before he dies. A distraught Juliet picks up Romeo's gun and shoots herself in the head, dying instantly. The two lovers are soon discovered in each other's arms. Prince condemns both families, whose feuding led to such tragedy, while coroners quickly transport the two bodies to the morgue. Natalie Portman had been cast as Juliet but, during rehearsals, it was felt that the footage looked as though DiCaprio was \\\"molesting\\\" her. Baz Luhrmann has also stated that Portman was too young at the time, and made DiCaprio look\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo + Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349358\",\n \"text\": \"many members of the Strumieri were murdered. When years later, half-paralyzed from a battle-wound, he wrote \\\"Giulietta e Romeo\\\" in Montorso Vicentino (from where he could see the \\\"castles\\\" of Verona), he dedicated the \\\"novella\\\" to \\\"bellisima e leggiadra madonna\\\" Lucina Savorgnan. Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it, in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala (anglicized as Prince Escalus). Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form, including the names of the lovers, the rival families of Montecchi and\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10827130\",\n \"text\": \"Nurse (Romeo and Juliet) The Nurse is a major character in William Shakespeare's classic drama \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". She is the personal servant, guardian (and former wet nurse) of Juliet Capulet, and has been since Juliet was born. She had a daughter named Susan who died in infancy, and then became wetnurse to Juliet. As the primary person to like, she is therefore Juliet's foremost confidante. She is very important to Juliet and Juliet's life. She is one of the few people, along with Friar Laurence, to be made aware of the blossoming romance between Romeo and Juliet. Her personal\",\n \"title\": \"Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10080210\",\n \"text\": \"affection due to an ancient family quarrel, and later kills himself due to mistakenly believing her to have been dead. Although it is unlikely that Shakespeare directly borrowed from Ovid while writing \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\", the story was likely an influence on the Italian writers whom the playwright was greatly indebted to. The two sources which Shakespeare most likely consulted are Brooke's translation of de Porta and William Painter's \\\"The goodly historye of the true, and constant Love between Romeo and Juliet\\\". \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" has been adapted into film several times, and the part of Romeo has been played\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349407\",\n \"text\": \"Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo, respectively, and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler's Wells Theatre. Cushman adhered to Shakespeare's version, beginning a string of eighty-four performances. Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many. \\\"The Times\\\" wrote: \\\"For a long time Romeo has been a convention. Miss Cushman's Romeo is a creative, a living, breathing, animated, ardent human being.\\\" Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that \\\"no-one would ever have imagined she was a woman\\\". Cushman's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17066996\",\n \"text\": \"passionate about photography. Hates the superficial world of her parents and she dreams to meet the man of her life. After encouragement of her father, Vittorio, she enters a superficial relationship with the Polo. Her father, taking advantage of the situation, seeks a marriage between them to serve his own interests. Romeo is about 17 years old. He's cute and clever. He loves music and literature and has many spiritual concerns. Extremely romantic, he knows how to speak beautifully. He goes out with Barbara and believes he is in love with her, but realizes that Julieta is the great love\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo y Julieta (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830881\",\n \"text\": \"Romeo's banishment. The Nurse is a major character in the play, and like the Friar she is a neutral character. There has been speculation about her name, as Capulet refers to as \\\"Angelica\\\", but the line can be addressed to either the nurse or Lady Capulet. She is the personal servant (and former nurse) of Juliet's. As the primary person who raised Juliet, she is Juliet's confidante and effectively more of a mother to the girl than Lady Capulet. She was also the one who breastfed Juliet as a child. Peter is the personal servant of the Nurse's. He appears\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638987\",\n \"text\": \"chaos in the city. The Chief of Police, Captain Prince, reprimands the families, warning them that if such behavior continues, their lives \\\"shall pay the forfeit of the peace\\\". Benvolio meets Romeo on a beach. While playing a game of pool they learn of a party being held by the Capulets that evening which they decide to gate-crash. Romeo agrees to come after discovering that Rosaline, with whom he is in love, is attending. Later, the Montague boys meet their friend, Mercutio, who has tickets to the party. Romeo takes ecstasy Mercutio gave him and they proceed to the Capulet\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo + Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349352\",\n \"text\": \"Romeo to be a vandal, Paris confronts him and, in the ensuing battle, Romeo kills Paris. Still believing Juliet to be dead, he drinks the poison. Juliet then awakens and, discovering that Romeo is dead, stabs herself with his dagger and joins him in death. The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead. Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two \\\"star-cross'd lovers\\\". The families are reconciled by their children's deaths and agree to end their violent feud. The play ends with the Prince's elegy for the lovers: \\\"For never was a story\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2181020\",\n \"text\": \"as they had from Warner's \\\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\\\" a year before and leading Hollywood to abandon the Bard for over a decade. The film nevertheless received four Oscar nominations and for many years was considered one of the great MGM classics. In his annual Movie and Video Guide, Leonard Maltin gives both this film version and the popular 1968 Franco Zeffirelli version (with Olivia Hussey and Leonard Whiting) an equal rating of three-and-a-half stars. More recently, scholar Stephen Orgel describes Cukor's film as \\\"largely miscast ... with a preposterously mature pair of lovers in Leslie Howard and Norma Shearer,\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet (1936 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638989\",\n \"text\": \"to the mansion, hiding under Juliet's balcony. Juliet emerges into the courtyard and proclaims her love for Romeo before he sneaks up behind her. Juliet warns him that he is risking his life, but Romeo tells her he doesn't care whether he is caught. Knowing her nurse is looking for her, Juliet tells him that, if he sends word by the following day, they will be betrothed. The next day, Romeo visits Father Laurence, telling him he wants to marry Juliet. He agrees to marry the pair in hopes that their marriage will end the violence between the families. Romeo\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo + Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12051225\",\n \"text\": \"hopes that it will bring the family feud to an end. Friar Laurence, the Capulet family chaplain, marries them in secret. Soon after the wedding a street brawl results in the murder of Romeo’s friend Mercutio. Angry, Romeo attacks and kills his murderer, Tybalt Capulet who is Julie’s cousin. Romeo is banished to Mantua by the Duke of Verona. Julie is impatiently awaiting for Romeo to meet her in her rooms. She is fearful that he may have already left for exile without seeing her. Julie's friend, Laura, waits with her trying to provide comfort. Julie worries about the motives\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo und Julie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349388\",\n \"text\": \"the main characters. For example, when the play begins, Romeo is in love with Rosaline, who has refused all of his advances. Romeo's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet. This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet's love and marriage. Paris' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo. The formal language she uses around Paris, as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse, show that her feelings clearly lie with\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10080209\",\n \"text\": \"most important characters of the play, and has a consistent presence throughout it. His role as an idealistic lover has led the word \\\"Romeo\\\" to become a synonym for a passionate male lover in various languages. Although often treated as such, it is not clear that \\\"Montague\\\" is a surname in the modern sense. The earliest tale bearing a resemblance to Shakespeare's \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" is Xenophon of Ephesus' \\\"Ephesiaca\\\", whose hero is a Habrocomes. The character of Romeo is also similar to that of Pyramus in Ovid's \\\"Metamorphoses\\\", a youth who is unable to meet the object of his\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830866\",\n \"text\": \"wife and the mother of his children. Capulet demurs, citing his daughter's young age as a reason and telling him to wait until she is more mature. (Paris disagrees, however.) Nevertheless, Capulet invites Paris to attend a family ball being held that evening and grants permission to woo and attract Juliet. Later in the play, however, Juliet refuses to become Paris' \\\"joyful bride\\\" after her cousin Tybalt dies by her new husband Romeo's hand, proclaiming that she now wants nothing to do with Paris. Her parents threaten to disown (or cut ties with) her if she will not agree to\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9928197\",\n \"text\": \"groups that, should there be any more disturbance, the seal who caused it shall be exiled to Shark Island, a fin shaped rock where his henchman, Sharky, a shark lives. Romeo (Daniel Tripett), Montague's only son, is depressed, wishing to fall in love with someone. His humorous friend, Mercutio (Chip Albers), urges him and another of his friends, Benvolio (Sam Gold), to go to a Capulet party later that evening. They attend the party, covered in white sand to look like Capulets, and Romeo falls in love with Juliet at first sight. Juliet, however, was promised by her father to\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5132525\",\n \"text\": \"is \\\"a fortnight hence\\\", putting the action of the play in mid-July (1.3.17). Her father states that she \\\"hath not seen the change of fourteen years\\\" (1.2.9). In many cultures and time periods, women did and do marry and bear children at an early age. \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" is a play about Italian families. Lady Capulet had given birth to her first child by the time she had reached Juliet's age: \\\"By my count, I was your mother much upon these years that you are now a maid.\\\" (1.3.74–75). Even Capulet tries to encourage Paris to wait a little longer\",\n \"title\": \"Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349380\",\n \"text\": \"that surround them. For instance, when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon, she protests \\\"O swear not by the moon, th'inconstant moon, / That monthly changes in her circled orb, / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable.\\\" From the very beginning, the lovers are designated as \\\"star-cross'd\\\" referring to an astrologic belief associated with time. Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity, and as time passed, stars would move along their course in the sky, also charting the course of human lives below. Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars' movements\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638991\",\n \"text\": \"who treats his injuries and says that, after some time passes, he will help Romeo and Juliet return to the city and reconcile with their family and friends. The nurse arrives and tells Romeo that Juliet is waiting for him. When Romeo climbs over Juliet's balcony, she kisses him and they consummate their marriage. Meanwhile, Fulgencio decides Juliet will marry Dave Paris, the governor's son. The next morning, Romeo narrowly escapes the Capulet mansion as Gloria tells Juliet that the family has promised she will marry Paris. She refuses, and Fulgencio threatens to disown her. Her mother and nurse insist\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo + Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349431\",\n \"text\": \"Zeffirelli has been particularly praised, for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out-of-control. The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding-night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen. Baz Luhrmann's 1996 \\\"Romeo + Juliet\\\" and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the \\\"MTV Generation\\\": a young audience of similar age to the story's characters. Far darker than Zeffirelli's version, the film is set in the \\\"crass, violent and superficial society\\\" of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove. Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet. The play has been widely adapted for TV and film. In 1960,\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17982801\",\n \"text\": \"to find a suitable girl for Karthik and finds Nisha (Poonam Bajwa) for him. Aishwarya soon gets disturbed with the rich lifestyle given by Arjun. In a temple, Karthik tells her that his engagement with Nisha is going to happen the night before Valentine's Day. At the same time, Arjun and Aishwarya plan to go to London. On the night Aishwarya is supposed to leave, she realises that she does not want to live this kind of robotic life with Arjun and tells him she loves Karthik. She goes to the place where Karthik and Nisha are going to get\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo Juliet (2015 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349385\",\n \"text\": \"one of Shakespeare's \\\"most pleasing\\\" plays. In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century, criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play. Actor and playwright David Garrick's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline: Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless. Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end. Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste. With the advent of\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349359\",\n \"text\": \"Capuleti, and the location in Verona. He named the friar Laurence (\\\"frate Lorenzo\\\") and introduced the characters Mercutio (\\\"Marcuccio Guertio\\\"), Tybalt (\\\"Tebaldo Cappelleti\\\"), Count Paris (\\\"conti (Paride) di \\\"), the faithful servant, and Giulietta's nurse. Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story: the feuding families, Romeo -left by his mistress- meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house, the love scenes (including the balcony scene), the periods of despair, Romeo killing Giulietta's cousin (Tebaldo), and the families' reconciliation after the lovers' suicides. In da Porto's version, Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger. In\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12631687\",\n \"text\": \"Joanna Dunham Joanna Elizabeth Dunham (6 May 1936 – 25 November 2014) was an English actress, best noted for her work on stage and television. She also appeared in several major films. Dunham was born in Luton, Bedfordshire. In 1956 she attended RADA, the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, the same year as Susannah York and Brian Epstein, who later became the manager of the Beatles. She first gained notice for playing Juliet in the 1962 Old Vic production of \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\", under the direction of Franco Zeffirelli, which was performed in a five-month, 13-city U.S. tour. Her first\",\n \"title\": \"Joanna Dunham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10565151\",\n \"text\": \"There were two rival car and robot companies, which racer Robio falls in love with Robiette of the rival company. At the end the two young lovers get smooshed together by both their fathers driving into each other, and after that they two rivals give up the fight, and Astro remarks that now Robio and Robiette will be together forever. The success of the 1957 stage musical \\\"West Side Story\\\" was instrumental in making Shakespeare a presence in modern popular and youth culture. The book was written by Arthur Laurents, with music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet on screen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10565138\",\n \"text\": \"to swoon uncritically at his beauty, the movie's weakest link.\\\" Juliet, the sixteen-year-old Claire Danes, was praised for portraying a poise and wisdom beyond her years, and as the first screen Juliet whose speech sounded spontaneous. Miriam Margolyes played the nurse for laughs as a plump Hispanic, forever crying \\\"Hooliet! Hooliet!\\\" Pete Postlethwaite, with his Celtic Cross tattoo, captures the \\\"charming ambiguity\\\" of the Friar. Paul Sorvino and Diane Venora play the Capulets as a boozy gangland patriarch and a miserable southern belle, unhappily married and frequently abusive to each other. A framing device portrays the events of the play\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet on screen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5692052\",\n \"text\": \"scene 4, Romeo and Juliet enter the masked ball, sulking at each other. Romeo thinks that Tybalt is Constance and puts his hand on Tybalt's bottom. Constance enters, and Romeo tells her that he loves her. Tybalt sees Romeo kiss Constance and sends Juliet to interrupt them. Romeo introduces Constance to Juliet, and Juliet falls in love with her. Juliet dances with Constance while Romeo and Tybalt watch suspiciously. Tybalt resolves to kill Constance. Romeo decides to dress as a woman so that Constance will desire him, and he cuts in to dance with her. Juliet sees them and determines\",\n \"title\": \"Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"964570\",\n \"text\": \"from Juliet. Friar Laurence eventually convinces Romeo that he is very lucky and that he should be more thankful for what he has. Romeo then secretly spends his wedding night together with Juliet and the couple consummate their marriage before Romeo flees. Juliet's father and mother, unaware of their daughter's secret marriage, have arranged for Juliet to marry wealthy Count Paris. Juliet pleads with her parents to postpone the marriage, but they refuse and threaten to disown her. Juliet seeks out Friar Laurence for help, hoping to escape her arranged marriage to Paris and remain faithful to Romeo. At Friar\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349430\",\n \"text\": \"film of \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". His Romeo, Laurence Harvey, was already an experienced screen actor. By contrast, Susan Shentall, as Juliet, was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her \\\"pale sweet skin and honey-blonde hair\\\". Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" as being \\\"full of beautiful young people, and the camera and the lush technicolour, make the most of their sexual energy and good looks\\\". Zeffirelli's teenage leads, Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey, had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity.\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4471566\",\n \"text\": \"that tragic genius, which belongs to her equally, with the highest capacity for comedy. [Vaccai's] \\\"Romeo e Giulietta\\\" is an admirable opera for Giulietta; in which Romeo is not forgotten. The libretto follows the story of Shakespeare's play. \\\"Overture prologue\\\": A short chorus sets the scene of the rival families in Verona. \\\"A masked ball in the Capulets’ palace\\\" Tybalt talks to Pâris about Juliette, who appears with her father. Roméo, Mercutio, Benvolio and their friends enter, disguised, and Mercutio sings a ballad about Queen Mab, after which Juliette sings a joyful waltz song. The first meeting between Roméo and\",\n \"title\": \"Roméo et Juliette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7821788\",\n \"text\": \"The instrumentation remains simple during the verses and moves to a full-on rock arrangement in the chorus sections. The song itself, written by Knopfler, was inspired by his failed romance with Holly Vincent, lead singer of the short-lived band Holly and The Italians. The song speaks of a Romeo who is still very much in love with his Juliet, but she now treats him like \\\"just another one of [her] deals\\\". Knopfler has both stated and implied that he believes Vincent was using him to boost her career. The song's line \\\"Now you just say, oh Romeo, yeah, you know\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10189372\",\n \"text\": \"again in 1597 to create the final copy, the change in Romeo's language for Rosaline and Juliet may mirror Shakespeare's increased skill as a playwright: the younger Shakespeare describing Rosaline, and the more experienced describing Juliet. In this view, a careful look at the play reveals that Romeo's love for Rosaline is not as petty as usually imagined. Critics also note the ways in which Romeo's relationship with Rosaline prepares him for meeting Juliet. Before meeting Rosaline, Romeo despises all Capulets, but afterwards looks upon them more favourably. He experiences the dual feelings of hate and love in the one\",\n \"title\": \"Rosaline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5371243\",\n \"text\": \"Theatre Royal, Liverpool, as Juliet to Young's Romeo. On 9 March 1805, she and Charles married at St. Ann's Church, Liverpool. They contracted for a twelve-month on the stage at Manchester. The next year, after giving birth to her son, Julian Charles Young, she fell victim to puerperal fever, dying on 17 July 1806 at the age of 21. Young gave custody of his son Julian to the care of the daughter of one Captain Forbes of the Royal Navy. \\\"Although he survived her fifty years he never married again, and her memory remained green and beautiful to him through\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Mayne Young\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10565124\",\n \"text\": \"film includes two songs drawn from other plays by Shakespeare: \\\"Come Away Death\\\" from \\\"Twelfth Night\\\" and \\\"Honour, Riches, Marriage, Blessing\\\" from \\\"The Tempest\\\". Thalberg had only one choice for director: George Cukor, who was known as \\\"the women's director\\\". Thalberg's vision was that the performance of Norma Shearer, his wife, would dominate the picture. Scholar Stephen Orgel describes Cukor's film as \\\"largely miscast ... with a preposterously mature pair of lovers in Leslie Howard and Norma Shearer, and an elderly John Barrymore as a stagey Mercutio decades out of date.\\\" Barrymore was in his late fifties, and played Mercutio\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet on screen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4471568\",\n \"text\": \"sings to attract the occupants into the street. Gregoire and Stephano skirmish as men from each family appear. The duel is first between Tybalt and Mercutio, who falls dead, and then between Roméo, determined to avenge his comrade, and Tybalt. Tybalt is killed by Roméo, who is banished by the Duke. \\\"Juliet's room at dawn\\\" Roméo and Juliette are together and, after a long duet, Roméo departs for exile. Juliette's father comes to remind her of Tybalt's dying wish for Juliette to marry Count Pâris. The friar gives Juliette a draught which will cause her to sleep, so as to\",\n \"title\": \"Roméo et Juliette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16304212\",\n \"text\": \"dead. Their funeral is held together and the Capulets and Montagues finally reconcile, ending their feud. Ed Westwick was the first actor to read the script. In April 2011, Hailee Steinfeld was said to be in talks for the lead role as Juliet in this adaptation. Owing to Steinfeld's young age, there was some concern she would be asked to appear nude in the film. Director Carlo Carlei explained, \\\"there was a lovemaking scene that included nudity for the married Romeo and Juliet. This script was written with a 20-year-old actress in mind. As soon as Hailee Steinfeld was cast,\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo & Juliet (2013 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12051227\",\n \"text\": \"Laura to wake Julie up and then leave. He is suspicious that Julie's emotional behavior may not be over her cousin's death but Romeo's departure and is fearful that the two may be in love. Capulet informs his daughter that he has arranged her to marry Count Paris. Julie is dismayed and refuses to marry Paris outright. Enraged, Capulet threatens to disown her. Laura returns and warns her of a plot hatched by Camilla which could result in her incarceration and forced marriage. Friar Laurence arrives and suggests a solution to Julie’s dilemma: a sleeping draught will make her appear\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo und Julie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9535991\",\n \"text\": \"Hot 100 due to rules in place at the time). It also made appearances on six other \\\"Billboard\\\" charts. In Australasia, the single topped the chart in New Zealand and climbed to number 11 in Australia. In both countries, the single was certified Gold. The song was featured in the film \\\"Romeo + Juliet\\\" just two months after the release of the single, as well as in the 1999 film \\\"Cruel Intentions\\\" and the 2007 comedy \\\"Decameron Pie.\\\" Nina Persson wrote the lyrics to the song at an airport while waiting for a plane. She said that, at the time,\",\n \"title\": \"Lovefool\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13539522\",\n \"text\": \"named Romeo he would still be handsome and be Juliet's love. This states that if he were not Romeo, then he would not be a Montague and she would be able to get married with no problem at all. In Act II, Scene II of the play, the line is said by Juliet in reference to Romeo's house: Montague. The line implies that his name means nothing and they should be together. Juliet: O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo? Deny thy father and refuse thy name; Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, And I'll no\",\n \"title\": \"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834093\",\n \"text\": \"school. Romeo becomes friends with Casey Braxton (Lincoln Younes) after they end up in detention together. Indi leaves Romeo some cryptic clues for a special night she has planned for him, but he believes Indi is going to end their relationship. Ruby Buckton tells Romeo that she likes him and they have sex. Romeo is shocked when he learns that Indi was not going to break up with him. He tells Ruby that he and Indi are still together and that nothing will ever happen between them. Ruby tells Indi that she and Romeo had sex, devastating both Indi and\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4457304\",\n \"text\": \"and massage therapist, before returning to adult entertainment in the mid-1990s. Judith Carr was born and grew up in Burbank, California, the daughter of a jazz trumpet player and an aspiring nurse. She was afflicted with both childhood arthritis and Crohn's disease and spent a sizable portion of her youth in the hospital or on bedrest. Graduating from Burbank High School in 1956 (where she was a straight-A student), she briefly attended Long Beach State College as an art major before relocating to Hayama, Japan, in 1961, with her then lover, a Navy sailor. A brief marriage to him did\",\n \"title\": \"Juliet Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834090\",\n \"text\": \"(Sonia Todd) persuades Romeo to go back to school. It is later revealed that Romeo's family broke down when his mother killed his abusive stepfather to protect him and his sister took the blame. His sister, Mink, arrives in town and a few months later, his alcoholic mother, Jill (Josephine Mitchell), arrives too. Romeo and Mink part on good terms, but he and Jill do not. He dates Annie Campbell for a while until she chooses to return to Japan. Romeo then starts dating Indigo Walker and they enjoy spending time with each other. Romeo is put to work in\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13834100\",\n \"text\": \"tells Romeo that she is in debt and thinking of dropping out of university, he lends her Ruby's money. When Romeo learns that Ruby has warned Indi off, he confronts her about her manipulation. When Romeo goes to break up with Ruby, she tells him she is pregnant. Romeo does not take the news well, but vows to stick by Ruby and the baby. However, Ruby later confesses she made the pregnancy up and Romeo breaks up with her, confessing that he still loves Indi. Ruby tampers with the breaks to Indi's car, which results in Dexter Walker (Charles Cottier)\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7821789\",\n \"text\": \"I used to have a scene with him,\\\" refers to an interview with Vincent, where she says \\\"What happened was that I had a scene with Mark Knopfler and it got to the point where he couldn't handle it and we split up.\\\" The song has become a classic love song with a wide range of artists covering the track. Indigo Girls covered the track in a solo rendition by Amy Ray on the duo's album \\\"Rites of Passage\\\". The song was also covered by Australian musician Lisa Mitchell for Australian radio station Triple J for the Like a Version\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet (Dire Straits song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830877\",\n \"text\": \"by wishing death upon him. In Act 3, Scene 5, she becomes very angry with Juliet for refusing to marry Paris and coldly rejects her, saying: \\\"Talk not to me, for I'll not speak a word; do as thou wilt, for I am done with thee\\\". By the final act, she is nearly overcome by the tragic events of the play, this is where the grief-stricken mother comes out. We know Juliet's mother bore her first child by the time she was 14, Juliet's age, and her husband is many years older than she. Calling her \\\"Lady Capulet\\\" is a\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8882791\",\n \"text\": \"the survivors, but quickly turned on Ben, the Others, later becoming close to Jack and the remaining survivors of the crash. After Jack and five others are rescued, she forms a relationship with James \\\"Sawyer\\\" Ford. The anti-heroine of the third season, Mitchell describes Juliet as being the bridge between Benjamin Linus and the other characters, as well as a \\\"little salt in the oyster of Jack and Kate.\\\" The character was conceived by the writers as the next possible love interest for Jack. Although, with the progression of the story, the direction of the character changed. Despite being described\",\n \"title\": \"Juliet Burke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1638983\",\n \"text\": \"Romeo + Juliet William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (often shortened to Romeo + Juliet) is a 1996 American romantic crime film directed, co-produced, and co-written by Baz Luhrmann, co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli, and co-written by Craig Pearce. It is an adaptation and modernization of William Shakespeare's tragedy \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet, who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her, despite being members of feuding families. Brian Dennehy, John Leguizamo, Pete Postlethwaite, Paul Sorvino, and Diane Venora star in supporting roles.\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo + Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7352665\",\n \"text\": \"Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies Dame Gwen Lucy Ffrangcon-Davies, (25 January 1891 – 27 January 1992) was a British actress and centenarian. She was born in London of a Welsh family; the name \\\"Ffrangcon\\\" originates from a valley in Snowdonia. Her parents were opera baritone David Ffrangcon-Davies (né David Thomas Davies) and Annie Francis Rayner. She made her stage debut in 1911, as a singer as well as an actress, and received encouragement in her career from Ellen Terry. In 1924, she played Juliet opposite John Gielgud as Romeo, and Gielgud was grateful to her for the rest of his life for the\",\n \"title\": \"Gwen Ffrangcon-Davies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10189375\",\n \"text\": \"to critics, took out the \\\"love at first sight\\\" moment at the Capulet feast. In the 1750s, actor and theatre director David Garrick also eliminated references to Rosaline from his performances, as many saw Romeo's quick replacement of her as immoral. However, in Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 film version of \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\", Romeo sees Rosaline (played by Paola Tedesco) first at the Capulet feast and then Juliet, of whom he becomes immediately enamoured. This scene suggests that love is short and superficial. Rosaline also appears in Renato Castellani's 1954 film version. In a brief non-Shakespearean scene, Rosaline (Dagmar Josipovitch) gives\",\n \"title\": \"Rosaline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8882793\",\n \"text\": \"father loved each other, they were not meant to be together. This statement seemed to affect Juliet's later outlook on relationships. Before coming to the island, she was a doctor and medical researcher, living in Miami near her sister Rachel (Robin Weigert). Now going by her married name of Juliet Burke, she was working for her ex-husband, Edmund Burke, (Željko Ivanek) as a fertility scientist at Miami Central University. Edmund bullied an acquiescent Juliet and flaunted his sexual conquests, but despite her docile nature, Juliet was performing unauthorized experiments on her sister. Rachel's reproductive system had been ravaged by chemotherapy,\",\n \"title\": \"Juliet Burke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1738322\",\n \"text\": \"Holidays\\\" and 1996's \\\"I Love You, I Love You Not\\\" and \\\"To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday\\\". Her first leading role on the big screen came in 1996, when she portrayed Juliet in the film \\\"Romeo + Juliet\\\", inspiring director Baz Luhrmann to call her, at age 16, \\\"the Meryl Streep of her generation.\\\" Later that year, it was reported that she turned down the female lead role in \\\"Titanic\\\". In 1997, Danes played abused wife Kelly Riker in \\\"The Rainmaker\\\", directed by Francis Ford Coppola, as well as Jenny in Oliver Stone's noir \\\"U Turn\\\". In 1998, she played\",\n \"title\": \"Claire Danes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10830874\",\n \"text\": \"she has to be \\\"ruled\\\" by her father and to accept the proposal. When she refuses to become Paris' \\\"joyful bride\\\", saying that she can \\\"never be proud of what she hates\\\", Capulet becomes furious; threatens to make her a street urchin; calls her a \\\"hilding\\\" , \\\"unworthy\\\", \\\"young baggage\\\", a \\\"disobedient wretch\\\", a \\\"green-sickness carrion\\\", and \\\"tallow-face\\\"; and says God's giving Juliet to them was a \\\"curse\\\" and he now realizes he and his wife had one child too many when Juliet was born (in the earlier poem \\\"The Tragic History of Romeus and Juliet\\\"). In addition to threatening\",\n \"title\": \"Characters in Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9850224\",\n \"text\": \"is a kind, caring, selfless and humble man who is opposed to his father's cruelty and tyranny, and shares many ideals with Juliet. Unfortunately for them, Capulet loyalists are planning a rebellion to overthrow House Montague, while Leontes is obsessed with destroying the threat of the House of Capulet permanently. As these starcrossed lovers face many challenges and adventures together, which will strengthen and deepen their true unwavering romantic love even further, an ancient secret hidden deep within Neo Verona is slowly revealed. \\\"Romeo × Juliet\\\" was broadcast in Japan on Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting from April 4, 2007 to September 26,\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo × Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"349377\",\n \"text\": \"a surrounding darkness. Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun, brighter than a torch, a jewel sparkling in the night, and a bright angel among dark clouds. Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb, he says her \\\"beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light.\\\" Juliet describes Romeo as \\\"day in night\\\" and \\\"Whiter than snow upon a raven's back.\\\" This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols—contrasting love and hate, youth and age in a metaphoric way. Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony. For example, Romeo and Juliet's love is\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4926211\",\n \"text\": \"in the United States, such as the Holocaust-themed drama \\\"Playing for Time\\\" (1980). She guest-hosted an episode of \\\"The Muppet Show\\\" during its third season in 1978. She made her Broadway debut in the 2001 revival of \\\"Design for Living\\\", which also starred Jennifer Ehle, Alan Cumming and Dominic West. In 2009, she appeared in the film \\\"I Am Love\\\". In August 2016 she appeared in a production of \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" in London, as Lady Capulet. In the early 1970s, Berenson was the companion of the French banking heir Baron David René de Rothschild, the younger son of Baron\",\n \"title\": \"Marisa Berenson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10189376\",\n \"text\": \"Romeo a mask at Capulet's celebration, and urges him to leave disguised before harm comes to him. Other filmmakers keep Rosaline off-camera in stricter accordance with Shakespeare's script. Rosaline also appears in the 2013 film adaptation of Romeo & Juliet. Robert Nathan's 1966 romantic comedy, \\\"Juliet in Mantua\\\", presents Rosaline as a fully developed character. In this sequel, in which Romeo and Juliet did \\\"not\\\" die, the pair live ten years later in exile in Mantua. After they are forgiven and return to Verona, they learn that Rosaline is now married to County Paris, and both couples must confront their\",\n \"title\": \"Rosaline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16118\",\n \"text\": \"Apollo a son named Anius. Not wanting to have the child, she entrusted the infant to Apollo and left. Apollo raised and educated the child on his own. Ourea, a daughter of Poseidon, fell in love with Apollo when he and Poseidon were serving the Trojan king Laomedon. They both united on the day the walls of Troy were built. She bore to Apollo a son, whom Apollo named Ileus, after the city of his birth, Ilion (Troy). Ileus was very dear to Apollo. Thero, daughter of Phylas, a maiden as beautiful as the moonbeams, was loved by the radiant\",\n \"title\": \"Apollo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4365203\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"kuchka\\\" for \\\"Romeo\\\" that Balakirev was asked to play it every time they met. Eventually, he learned to play the piece from memory as a result of fulfilling their requests. The Overture's love theme has been influentially used in many television series and movies such as \\\"Columbo\\\", \\\"The Jazz Singer\\\" (1927), \\\"Wayne's World\\\", \\\"Animaniacs\\\", \\\"Taz-Mania\\\", \\\"Tiny Toon Adventures\\\", \\\"Scrubs\\\", \\\"Seeing Double\\\", \\\"South Park\\\", \\\"Clueless\\\", \\\"A Christmas Story\\\", \\\"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\\\", \\\"Moonraker\\\", \\\"SpongeBob SquarePants\\\", \\\"Pushing Daisies\\\", \\\"Sesame Street\\\", \\\"El Chavo\\\", \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\", \\\"The Ren & Stimpy Show\\\", among others. Different variations of the overture's love theme were also\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4902623\",\n \"text\": \"the Professional Children's School, and then spent time at both The High School of Music & Art and the High School of Performing Arts. She also did some modelling. At age 14, Strasberg appeared on off-Broadway in \\\"Maya\\\" in 1953, which ran seven performances. Her TV debut was in \\\"Catch a Falling Star,\\\" an episode of \\\"Goodyear Playhouse\\\" directed by Delbert Mann the same year. She was in \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\" for \\\"Kraft Theatre\\\" (1954), playing Juliet, and episodes of \\\"General Electric Theater\\\" and \\\"Omnibus\\\". She had a regular role in a short lived sitcom, \\\"The Marriage\\\", playing the daughter\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Strasberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5132526\",\n \"text\": \"before even thinking of marrying his daughter, feeling that she is still too young; \\\"She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her ripe to be a bride\\\". However, in the English poem the story is based on (\\\"Romeus and Juliet\\\" by Arthur Brooke) Juliet is approaching her sixteenth birthday and Romeo is the same age whereas in the Bandello novella she is nearly eighteen with Romeo about twenty. The common English people of that age were very rarely in their teens when they married and even\",\n \"title\": \"Juliet\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4201705\",\n \"text\": \"in the final scene \\\"Enter Lord Montague and others\\\", and he is sometimes doubled with Balthasar). Part of Benvolio's role is encouraging Romeo to go to the party, where he falls in love with Juliet. A mock-Victorian revisionist version of \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\"'s final scene (with a happy ending, Romeo, Juliet, Mercutio and Paris restored to life, and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris's love, Benvolia, in disguise) forms part of the 1980 stage-play \\\"The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby\\\". He also attempts to romance Rosaline in Sharman Macdonald's \\\"After Juliet\\\". Benvolio Benvolio is a fictional character in Shakespeare's\",\n \"title\": \"Benvolio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10189371\",\n \"text\": \"their meeting would be unlikely. Rosaline thus acts as the impetus to bring the \\\"star-cross'd lovers\\\" to their deaths—she is crucial in shaping their fate (a common theme of the play). Ironically, she remains oblivious of her role. Literary critics often compare Romeo's love for Rosaline with his feelings for Juliet. Some see Romeo's supposed love for Rosaline as childish as compared with his true love for Juliet. Others argue that the apparent difference in Romeo's feelings shows Shakespeare's improving skill. Since Shakespeare is thought to have written early drafts of the play in 1591, and then picked them up\",\n \"title\": \"Rosaline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8067621\",\n \"text\": \"terms of Pietro's will, a vineyard and other property in the marchese of Veneto, which she gave to the nuns of San Zaccaria. Her two sons were Doge Pietro IV Candiano (930 - 976) and Domenigo Candiano, Bishop of Torcello. Her daughter Elena Candiano and her future husband Gerardo Guoro were the original persons upon whom the English dramatist William Shakespeare based his story \\\"Romeo and Juliet\\\". Arcielda Candiano Arcielda Candiano (fl. 927 - 959) was a Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Pietro III Candiano (r. 942 - 959). Her name is sometimes given as Richielda. She\",\n \"title\": \"Arcielda Candiano\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8698290\",\n \"text\": \"foster parents' real child, Anzelmo, she is an extremely kind person. Angeletta is also great in drawing and writing journals. It was proven through her sketchbook and diary. She is suffering from a serious heart illness for a long time. Romeo and Angeletta became very close friends. Angeletta was nicknamed by Romeo as his \\\"Angel.\\\" Romeo and the rest of the Black Brothers helped the \\\"Angel\\\" to get accepted by her grandmother. They successfully convinced the \\\"Ice Queen\\\" that Angeletta is not after the Montovani estate. Countess Montovani then took custody of her granddaughter. She brought Angeletta to Paris to\",\n \"title\": \"Romeo's Blue Skies\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the name of the girl romeo loved before juliet"}}},{"rowIdx":196,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bridget Driscoll"],"string":"[\n \"Bridget Driscoll\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"2062011","text":"Death of Henry H. Bliss The death of Henry H. Bliss (June 13, 1830 – September 14, 1899) was the first recorded case of a person being killed by a motor vehicle accident in America. On September 13, 1899, Henry Hale Bliss was disembarking from a streetcar at West 74th Street and Central Park West in New York City, when an electric-powered taxicab (Automobile No. 43) struck him and crushed his head and chest. He died from his injuries the next morning. Arthur Smith, the driver of the taxicab, was arrested and charged with manslaughter but was acquitted on the","title":"Death of Henry H. Bliss"},{"id":"3519994","text":"Linda Lee Thomas Linda Lee Thomas (November 17, 1883 – May 20, 1954) was an American socialite and the wife of musical theatre composer Cole Porter. She was born Linda Belle Lee to the prominent Lee family of Virginia. Her father was Louisville banker William Paca Lee and her mother Lily Lee (née Hill). Friends introduced her to Edward Russell Thomas, a son of Union Army general Samuel Thomas and owner of the \"New York Morning Telegraph\" (and who later became the first American to kill someone in a car accident). They married on June 29, 1901, at Newport, Rhode","title":"Linda Lee Thomas"},{"id":"2662215","text":"Death of Bridget Driscoll The death of Bridget Driscoll (17 August 1896) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed in a collision with a motor car in the United Kingdom. As 44-year-old Driscoll, with her teenage daughter May and her friend Elizabeth Murphy, crossed Dolphin Terrace in the grounds of the Crystal Palace in London, Driscoll was struck by a car belonging to the Anglo-French Motor Carriage Company that was being used to give demonstration rides. One witness described the car as travelling at \"a reckless pace, in fact, like a fire engine\". Although the car's maximum speed","title":"Death of Bridget Driscoll"},{"id":"5212953","text":"Mary Ward (scientist) Mary Ward (\"née\" King; 27 April 1827 – 31 August 1869, age ) was an Anglo-Irish naturalist, astronomer, microscopist, author, and artist. She was killed when she fell under the wheels of an experimental steam car built by her cousins. As the event occurred in 1869, she is the first person known to have been killed by a motor vehicle. She was born Mary King in present-day Ferbane, County Offaly, on 27 April 1827, the youngest child of Henry and Harriett King. She and her sisters were educated at home, as were most girls at the time.","title":"Mary Ward (scientist)"},{"id":"15025823","text":"George B. Hays, all who were selected by E.R. Thomas. E.R. Thomas sold his interest in the Consolidated National Bank in October 1907, also resigning from his positions. He was a member of the Union Club of the City of New York. He was the first American to kill someone in a car accident. From 1901 to 1912, he was married to Linda Lee Thomas. She was introduced by friends to Thomas, and married him on June 29, 1901 at Newport, Rhode Island, when she was 17. They lived a life of luxury, with houses in Palm Beach, Manhattan, and","title":"Edward Russell Thomas"},{"id":"2662217","text":"countryside. The jury returned a verdict of \"accidental death\" after an inquest lasting some six hours. The coroner, Percy Morrison, (Croydon division of Surrey) said he hoped \"such a thing would never happen again.\" The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents estimate 550,000 people had been killed on UK roads by 2010. Death of Bridget Driscoll The death of Bridget Driscoll (17 August 1896) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed in a collision with a motor car in the United Kingdom. As 44-year-old Driscoll, with her teenage daughter May and her friend Elizabeth Murphy, crossed Dolphin","title":"Death of Bridget Driscoll"},{"id":"12076204","text":"Sam Dickson Sam Dickson (died May 30, 1911) was a race car riding mechanic, and the first person to be killed in the Indianapolis 500. In the inaugural race, Dickson was the riding mechanic for Arthur Greiner who was making his only 500 appearance. On lap twelve, one of the front wheels came off of the American Simplex car Greiner was driving, causing Greiner to lose control and both men to be thrown from the car. Dickson flew into a fence twenty feet from the car. Reports state that Dickson was killed instantly, although the crowd evidently swarmed around the","title":"Sam Dickson"},{"id":"2163986","text":"rear-facing seats (except for infant car seats), and control stick steering. Automobile safety may have become an issue almost from the beginning of mechanised road vehicle development. The second steam-powered \"Fardier\" (artillery tractor), created by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1771, is reported by some to have crashed into a wall during its demonstration run. However, according to Georges Ageon, the earliest mention of this occurrence dates from 1801 and it does not feature in contemporary accounts. One of the earliest recorded automobile fatalities was Mary Ward, on August 31, 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland. In 1922, the Duesenburg Model A became the","title":"Automobile safety"},{"id":"1615831","text":"was steam-powered (Karl Benz did not invent the gasoline-powered automobile until 1886). Ward, of Parsonstown, Ireland, was thrown out of a motor vehicle and killed. Thirty years later, on September 13, 1899, Henry Bliss became North America's first motor vehicle fatality when hit while stepping off a New York City trolley. Since then, over 20 million people worldwide have died due to motor vehicle accidents. The need for a means of analyzing and mitigating the effects of motor vehicle accidents on humans was felt soon after commercial production of automobiles began in the late 1890s, and by the 1930s, when","title":"Crash test dummy"},{"id":"5658755","text":"funeral worthy of Prohibition-era Chicago and was buried in Calvary Cemetery. His widow, Leila Hogan, was heard to say, \"I am sure there will be justice. If Danny had lived, he would have gone on the one leg they left him and taken care of it himself.\" Hogan's death was especially notable because it was one of the first instances of death by a car bomb. The most likely culprits in his assassination were rival mob figures. Although the murder is still considered unsolved, recently declassified FBI files reveal that the most likely person responsible was Harry Sawyer, Hogan's underboss.","title":"Danny Hogan"},{"id":"13244548","text":"George W. Barrett George W. Barrett (February 28, 1887 – March 24, 1936), also known as \"The Diamond King\" and \"Bad George,\" was an American car thief and murderer who became the first person sentenced to death by hanging under a congressional act that made it a capital offense to kill a federal agent. Barrett was born in Kentucky, one of at least seven children of William Barrett and Nancy Jane Bowling. He had worked as a streetcar conductor in Cincinnati and was a \"career hoodlum, moonshiner, car thief and murderer\" prior to killing the federal agent. He was known","title":"George W. Barrett"},{"id":"2144591","text":"Through her father she is descended from George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV and Richard III, and from John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough, John, 1st Viscount Mordaunt, and Bernard Ward, 1st Viscount Bangor. Her great-grandmother Mary Ward was an Anglo-Irish illustrator and amateur scientist, documented as the first person in the world to die in a motor vehicle accident. Lalla Ward Lalla Ward (born Sarah Jill Ward; 28 June 1951) is an English actress and author. She is known for her role as Romana in the BBC television series \"Doctor Who\". Ward's stage name, \"Lalla\",","title":"Lalla Ward"},{"id":"20636250","text":"Death of Elaine Herzberg The death of Elaine Herzberg (August 2, 1968 – March 18, 2018) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed by a self-driving (autonomous) car, following a collision that occurred late in the evening of March 18, 2018. Herzberg was pushing a bicycle across a four-lane road in Tempe, Arizona, United States, when she was struck by an Uber taxi, which was operating in self-drive mode with a human safety backup driver sitting in the driving seat. Following the collision, Herzberg was taken to hospital where she died of her injuries. As a result of","title":"Death of Elaine Herzberg"},{"id":"6838516","text":"was involved with the Liberal Party of Canada and became a friend of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1900 representing the senatorial division of Brockville, Ontario. He served until his death in 1905. George Taylor Fulford is reported to be the first Canadian fatal automobile accident victim on record. On October 8, 1905, he was riding in a chauffeured open roadster in Newton, Massachusetts with his business partner Willis T. Hanson, of Schenectady, N.Y., when it slammed into the side of a streetcar while crossing a blind intersection. Fulford died seven days later, at","title":"George Taylor Fulford"},{"id":"18297592","text":"Death of Jason Callahan Jason Patrick Callahan (April 18, 1976 – June 26, 1995), previously known as Grateful Doe and Jason Doe, was an American man killed in a car accident on June 26, 1995, in Emporia, Greensville County, Virginia. His body remained nameless until December 9, 2015. Earlier in 2015, photographs of an unknown male surfaced on a Facebook page for the John Doe. DNA testing later confirmed Callahan to be the unidentified man. Callahan was killed in a vehicle crash, along with the driver, Michael Hager, after the Vanagon in which they were riding crashed into a pair","title":"Death of Jason Callahan"},{"id":"10452561","text":"the Nile\". On October 21, 1985, she, her boyfriend and another friend had attended classes at Pepperdine University and had stopped for drinks on the way home. Because her boyfriend had the least to drink, he told police, he was driving late that night when the car, traveling about 80 miles per hour, spun around on the rain-slick Pacific Coast Highway and struck a telephone pole just south of Coastline Drive. Thomas was a back seat passenger in the Porsche Carrera, and was killed instantly. The other friend died at the hospital later. Thomas' boyfriend was hospitalized with internal injuries","title":"Diane Thomas"},{"id":"12573546","text":"then that is not a road-traffic fatality. The definition of a road-traffic fatality can change with time in the same country. For example, fatality was defined in France as a person who dies in the six days (pre 2005) after the collision and was subsequently changed to the 30 days (post 2005) after the collision. The world's first recorded road traffic death involving a motor vehicle occurred on 31 August 1869. Irish scientist Mary Ward died when she fell out of her cousins' steam car and was run over by it. The British road engineer J. J. Leeming, compared the","title":"Traffic collision"},{"id":"3093550","text":"a rubber bodysuit to protect his damaged skin. Five months later, he died when his car crashed into a tree. The exact circumstances surrounding Jack Wicklund's death are unclear, and police never satisfactorily determined if he'd been murdered or committed suicide. On April 14, 1982, Barbara Hendrickson's husband, Don, walked over to Renae Wicklund's house, and discovered her, 9-year-old Shannah, and his wife dead, all with their throats cut. Charles Campbell, then residing at a halfway house, was arrested the following week, and charged with first-degree murder and second-degree theft (he had attempted to sell some of Renae Wicklund's jewelry","title":"Charles Rodman Campbell"},{"id":"2372027","text":"to have accidentally knocked down a brick or stone wall, either that of a Paris garden or part of the Paris Arsenal walls, in perhaps the first known automobile accident. But the incident is unrecorded in contemporary accounts, first appearing in 1804, thirty-three years after the alleged accident. Nevertheless, the story persists that Cugnot was arrested and convicted of dangerous driving, another first for him if true. Following the French Revolution, Cugnot's pension was withdrawn in 1789 and he went into exile in Brussels, where he lived in poverty. Shortly before his death, Cugnot's pension was restored by Napoleon Bonaparte","title":"Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot"},{"id":"20731696","text":"charge of leaving the scene of an accident. Heather Danielle Heyer (May 29, 1985 – August 12, 2017) was the only person killed in the attack. Heyer grew up in Ruckersville, Virginia, and graduated from William Monroe High School in Stanardsville, Virginia. She worked as a bartender and waitress. She was approached by Alfred A. Wilson, the manager of the bankruptcy division at the Miller Law Group in Charlottesville. Heyer did not have a background in law; Wilson hired her at the recommendation of a friend and said that she \"had an eye for detail\" and was \"a people person\".","title":"Charlottesville car attack"},{"id":"19416373","text":"Joseph Newton Chandler III Robert Ivan Nichols, alias Joseph Newton Chandler III (September 12, 1926 – July 23, 2002) was a formerly unidentified identity thief who committed suicide in Eastlake, Ohio, in July 2002. After his death, investigators were unable to locate his family and discovered that he had stolen the identity of an eight-year-old boy who was killed in a car crash in Texas in 1945. The lengths to which Nichols went to hide his identity led to speculation that he was a fugitive. In late 2016, U.S. Marshals Service announced that forensic genealogist Dr. Colleen Fitzpatrick of Identifinders","title":"Joseph Newton Chandler III"},{"id":"12076205","text":"body, requiring the state militia who were acting as security at the event to use their guns as clubs to clear a path for the attending doctors. Sam Dickson Sam Dickson (died May 30, 1911) was a race car riding mechanic, and the first person to be killed in the Indianapolis 500. In the inaugural race, Dickson was the riding mechanic for Arthur Greiner who was making his only 500 appearance. On lap twelve, one of the front wheels came off of the American Simplex car Greiner was driving, causing Greiner to lose control and both men to be thrown","title":"Sam Dickson"},{"id":"9636585","text":"on the steep left-hand corner at Glen Helen and occurred when Victor Surridge attempted to pass another competitor, ran wide into a ditch and struck an earth-bank. An inquest decided that the death of Victor Surridge had probably been instantaneous and represented the first death of a competitor on the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course and the first death on the Island of a person in an automotive accident. Victor Surridge Victor John Surridge (1892 – 27 June 1911) Chipping Ongar, Essex, UK was an English motor-cycle racer who raced for the Rudge team. After the works Rudge factory","title":"Victor Surridge"},{"id":"20636251","text":"the fatal incident, Uber immediately suspended testing of self-driving vehicles in Arizona, where such testing had been welcomed since August 2016. Uber also decided not to renew its permit for autonomous vehicle testing in California when it expired at the end of March 2018. A \"Washington Post\" reporter compared Herzberg's fate with that of Bridget Driscoll who, in the United Kingdom in 1896, was the first pedestrian to be killed by an automobile. Elaine was not the first person killed by a self driving car, which actually occurred nearly two years prior. Herzberg was crossing Mill Avenue (North) from west","title":"Death of Elaine Herzberg"},{"id":"7296858","text":"was between assistants, and he and Parker brought Jones along with them when they left. The next afternoon in Temple, Texas, in a botched attempt at stealing a car, Jones or Barrow shot and killed the car's owner, grocery clerk Doyle Johnson, a 27-year-old new father. Newspaper accounts reported that the fatal shots came from the passenger side of the car. According to Jones, Barrow used this report to make sure Jones didn't leave the gang. Jones was indicted for Johnson's murder by a Bell County grand jury, but was not tried. On the night of January 6, 1933 in","title":"W. D. Jones"},{"id":"1584958","text":"and Holmes were hanged from a tree in a nearby park, with the unapologetic approval of the state's governor. Coogan was reported to be present and to have held the lynching rope. In 1935, 20-year-old Coogan was the sole survivor of a car crash in eastern San Diego County that killed his father; his best friend, 19-year-old actor Junior Durkin; their ranch foreman, Charles Jones; and actor and writer Robert J. Horner. The party was returning from a day of dove hunting over the border in Mexico in early May. With his father at the wheel, the car was forced","title":"Jackie Coogan"},{"id":"9150243","text":"old at the time of his death, which implies a birthdate between May 22, 1907 and May 21, 1908. At the time of his death, his home was in Los Angeles. Some sources say that he was born in Los Angeles, but most say that he was born in Oklahoma. Stubblefield was the first driver ever killed during a qualification attempt at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway when he and Leo Whitacker (his riding mechanic) struck a wall on a time trial run; both were killed. At the time of the crash, their speed was about 116 miles per hour. Stubblefield","title":"Stubby Stubblefield"},{"id":"9256466","text":"Peter Kreis A. J. \"Peter\" Kreis (January 19, 1900 – May 25, 1934) was an American racecar driver. He and riding mechanic Robert Hahn were killed in a turn one accident while practicing for the 1934 Indianapolis 500. As he was entering the turn, a car in front of him spun, followed by Kreis' car spinning, possibly due to trying to avoid a collision. The car went over the outside wall backwards, tumbled, and hit a tree. Both men were dead when the ambulance arrived. Kreis was a wealthy contractor who would take a month off each year to drive","title":"Peter Kreis"},{"id":"20636280","text":"tolerating drunk driving starting in the late 1970s through the 1990s, and has occurred in concert with a cultural shift towards active lifestyles and multi-modal use of roadways which has even been formally adopted by the National Association of City Transportation Officials. Death of Elaine Herzberg The death of Elaine Herzberg (August 2, 1968 – March 18, 2018) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed by a self-driving (autonomous) car, following a collision that occurred late in the evening of March 18, 2018. Herzberg was pushing a bicycle across a four-lane road in Tempe, Arizona, United States, when","title":"Death of Elaine Herzberg"},{"id":"16448197","text":"1900. The Duke and Duchess were taken on motor car excursions by Charles Rolls, probably the first time that the royal couple had been in a car. This was an important event in the family's social history, confirming their elevation to the upper echelons of society. Of John Allan's three sons, the most famous was Charles, the co-founder of Rolls Royce. Charles Stewart Rolls (27 August 1877 - 12 July 1910) was a motoring and aviation pioneer. Together with Frederick Henry Royce he co-founded the Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce car manufacturing firm. He was the first Briton to be killed in a","title":"Rolls family"},{"id":"20731678","text":"in a murder-suicide when she was 16 on August 21, 1984 when Bloom's father, 42-year-old self-employed contractor Marvin killed his 37-year-old ex-wife Judy, and himself. Fields threatened his mother with violence on multiple occasions. In November 2010, she locked herself in a bathroom, afraid of her son, Fields' mother reported to the police that he had threatened to beat her, took her phone, smacked her head, and put his hands over her mouth, after she told him to stop playing video games. In February 2011, Fields' mother reported to the police at 5:20 a.m. that he had not come home;","title":"Charlottesville car attack"},{"id":"609383","text":"as she tried to avoid an oncoming car. The vehicle rolled several times after hitting two trees, throwing Lopes and three others out of the windows, and finally coming to rest in a ditch at the side of the road. Lopes died instantly of neck injuries and severe head trauma, and was the only person fatally injured in the accident. She was 30 years old. A cameraman in the front passenger seat was videotaping at the time, so the last seconds leading up to the swerve that resulted in the fatal accident were recorded on video. Her sister Reigndrop Lopes","title":"Lisa Lopes"},{"id":"15506245","text":"were marred with tragedy. Johnny Horton, who sang in the saga-song style, was killed in a car accident in 1960. A March 5, 1963, plane crash claimed the lives of Patsy Cline, Cowboy Copas and Hawkshaw Hawkins. Days later, Jack Anglin was killed in a car accident, while Texas Ruby died in a trailer fire in Texas. In July 1964, Jim Reeves lost his life while piloting a plane near Brentwood, Tennessee. Ira Louvin was killed in a car accident in 1965. Success overcame several of those tragic deaths, as both Cline and Reeves had many posthumous hits (with previously","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1960s"},{"id":"10740532","text":"the park that night with a can of gasoline and burned the vehicle containing Johnson's and Coleman's bodies. Johnson's and Coleman's bodies were found later, on the night of July 23, when firefighters were alerted to a burning vehicle. They were found lying on the back seat of the Jeep. Their bodies were burned beyond recognition, and investigators were unable to determine the race or sex of either victim. Police treated the deaths as homicides, though they had not yet determined whether the victims had been murdered. On July 24, the Marion County, Indiana coroner's office released Johnson's and Coleman's","title":"Murder of Nireah Johnson"},{"id":"14669773","text":"the initial impact were fatally scalded by the escaping steam. \"The New York Times\" dubbed the first coach the \"Death Car\". The porter of the \"Sirocco\", Oscar (O.J.) Daniels, closed a door through which steam was spewing, saving many passengers' lives but suffering severe burns. Daniels then walked up the hill to the nearby game farm to use the telephone. His attempt would be in vain, however, as phone service to the farm had been knocked out by the storm. On his way back to the scene, he collapsed and died on Hazen Road. The citizens and doctors of Hackettstown","title":"Rockport train wreck"},{"id":"5043913","text":"believed he was close to dying. Erskine ultimately survived. On November 16, 1933, her cousin, 26-year-old socialite William K. Vanderbilt III, son of William K. II and Virginia Fair Vanderbilt, was killed in a car accident; her brother, Erskine, was also in the car, but suffered minor injuries. In August 1935, he was in another accident, when the car he was driving collided with a truck, injuring three. He was tried and fined 50 dollars and also sentenced to a thirty-day suspended sentence. On account of that accident, Erskine later suffered a paralysis in 1938. On May 28, 1934, Kiki's","title":"Kiki Preston"},{"id":"17904650","text":"Chualar bus crash On September 17, 1963, a freight train collided with a bus carrying 58 migrant farmworkers on a railroad crossing outside Chualar in the Salinas Valley, California, killing 32 people and injuring 25. It is the deadliest automobile accident in United States history, according to the National Safety Council. The tragedy was a factor in the decision by Congress in 1964 to terminate the bracero program, despite its strong support among farmers. It also helped spur the Chicano civil rights movement. The workers on the bus lived at the Earl Myers Co. labor camp in Salinas, Monterey County,","title":"Chualar bus crash"},{"id":"13605669","text":"Death of Brandon McClelland Brandon \"Big Boy\" McClelland (June 27, 1984 – September 16, 2008) was an African-American man whose death sparked racial controversy in the city of Paris, Texas. On September 16, 2008, McClelland was killed when he was first hit and run over by a vehicle, then dragged beneath it. At first, police assumed he was the victim of an anonymous hit-and-run accident in which his large frame was dragged under the vehicle, perhaps as far as 70 feet. Further investigation revealed that McClelland was last seen alive with two white men, Paris, Texas, residents Shannon Finley and","title":"Death of Brandon McClelland"},{"id":"6888505","text":"Carlton, aged 26 years (née Hope; born 20 October 1952, Cardiff), died in a car crash on the M4 motorway on 27 April 1979, a year after the last of the Train robbers had completed his sentence. The accident occurred as they returned from a visit with Sian's parents in Wales. A Mercedes driven by the pregnant 28-year-old daughter of well-known hairdresser Raymond Bessone (better known as \"Mr. Teasy Weasy\") crossed a damaged section of the dividing crash barrier and hit Field's oncoming Porsche. He and Sian, along with Amber Bessone, her husband and two children, were killed instantly; however,","title":"Brian Field"},{"id":"20994370","text":"photographing birds at the Maagan Michael kibbutz in northern Israel. She was approached by a group of men who killed her and stole her car. The New York Times and other sources reported the act as part of a raid by Palestinian terrorists. She was the first of 33 people to die in the attack. Her death is attributed to Dalal Mughrabi. She was a relative of then-U.S. Senator Abraham Ribicoff, who denounced her killing as “an indefensible act of terrorism that deserves universal condemnation.” Labor reporter A. H. Raskin delivered the eulogy at her funeral. She was buried at","title":"Gail Rubin"},{"id":"15965902","text":"more expensive lace upper section to be attached to a common nightgown. Bertha Galland died in an automobile accident in White Plains, New York on November 20, 1932. At the time she was a passenger in a car with her mother and a family friend. Their driver was unable to stop in time when a car pulled out from a side street. The force of the accident was such that Galland’s car overturned striking a fire hydrant and severely injuring several people at a bus stop. Galland died on the way to hospital and her mother shortly after arriving. While","title":"Bertha Galland"},{"id":"19416383","text":"CODIS match with Phil Nichols, Robert Nichols' son, confirmed the identification. Joseph Newton Chandler III Robert Ivan Nichols, alias Joseph Newton Chandler III (September 12, 1926 – July 23, 2002) was a formerly unidentified identity thief who committed suicide in Eastlake, Ohio, in July 2002. After his death, investigators were unable to locate his family and discovered that he had stolen the identity of an eight-year-old boy who was killed in a car crash in Texas in 1945. The lengths to which Nichols went to hide his identity led to speculation that he was a fugitive. In late 2016, U.S.","title":"Joseph Newton Chandler III"},{"id":"17384208","text":"official; and beauty queen Gonca Us (Çatlı's girlfriend) were killed in the crash. Kocadağ, Çatlı, and Us died, either immediately, or soon afterwards. Bucak escaped with a broken leg and fractured skull. According to an anonymous witness in the 2007 Ergenekon investigation, everyone initially survived the crash, which was precipitated by remotely disabling the brakes of the Mercedes. A three-person team came and snapped the necks of Us and Çatlı. Bucak was rescued by his guards, who also took his bag from the boot (trunk) and called Grey Wolf Haluk Kırcı. One of the first people to visit the site","title":"Susurluk car crash"},{"id":"4572333","text":"J. G. Parry-Thomas John Godfrey Parry-Thomas (6 April 1884 – 3 March 1927) was a Welsh engineer and motor-racing driver who at one time held the land speed record. He was the first driver to be killed in pursuit of the land speed record. Parry-Thomas was born in Wrexham, Wales, the son of the curate of Rhosddu. The family moved to nearby Oswestry when he was five years old, and he was educated at Oswestry School. He went on to study engineering at The City and Guilds College in London. Parry-Thomas became chief engineer at Leyland Motors, a company whose","title":"J. G. Parry-Thomas"},{"id":"13318548","text":"the royal family were harmed. It was the first attack on the Dutch royal family in modern times. The driver, identified as 38-year-old Dutch national Karst Roeland Tates, was attended to by emergency service workers of the fire brigade and police, taken into custody and transported to the hospital for treatment. He died the day after the incident, the seventh person to succumb to injuries suffered during the attack. A 46-year-old woman died from her injuries days later, on 8 May, bringing the total number of deaths to eight. At around 11:50 am, just before an open-top bus carrying the","title":"2009 attack on the Dutch royal family"},{"id":"12550099","text":"The Carroll County Accident \"The Carroll County Accident\" is a 1968 country song written by Bob Ferguson, and recorded by Porter Wagoner that year. It was a hit for Wagoner and became one of his signature songs. \"The Carroll County Accident\" won CMA's Song of the Year in 1969. It has been covered by numerous musicians. The singer tells the story of a single-car accident that occurred just inside the county line near his hometown. The passenger, Walter Browning, an upstanding member of the community and seemingly happily married man, dies; while the driver, Mary Ellen Jones, a woman not","title":"The Carroll County Accident"},{"id":"11256261","text":"about the motoring industry. His success in the Asian racing scene in the 60s earned him an invitation to race with a European team which he politely declined. He died during the Macau Grand Prix on November 19, 1967, at the age of 35. Eyewitness accounts revealed that Laurel, after his Lotus 41 skidded out of control, tried to avoid hitting some spectators by driving the car into the sea wall. The crash caused his car to burst into flames, leaving him trapped inside. He was the first fatality of the Macau Grand Prix. Arsenio Laurel Arsenio \"Dodjie\" Laurel (December","title":"Arsenio Laurel"},{"id":"3373761","text":"wife's care and returned to teaching at the University of North Carolina that fall. Then, near dusk on October 14, 1965, while walking along U.S. highway 15-501 near Chapel Hill, N.C., where he had gone seeking medical treatment, Jarrell was struck by a car and killed. In trying to determine the cause of death, \"[Jarrell's wife] Mary, the police, the coroner, and ultimately the state of North Carolina judged his death accidental, a verdict made credible by his apparent improvements in health. . .and the odd, sidelong manner of the collision; medical professionals judged the injuries consistent with an accident","title":"Randall Jarrell"},{"id":"8022316","text":"S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer on May 7, 2016, in Williston, Florida, while the vehicle was in autopilot mode. The driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in autopilot mode. The NHTSA investigated the accident and concluded: \"A safety-related defect trend has not been identified at this time and further examination of this issue does not appear to be warranted.\" On May 8, 2018, two 18-year olds died in a fire in Fort Lauderdale, Florida that ensued after crashing a Tesla Model S into a wall. The car","title":"Tesla, Inc."},{"id":"10321777","text":"Murder of Oneal Moore He was murdered by alleged members of the Ku Klux Klan in a drive-by shooting on Wednesday, June 2, 1965, exactly one year and one day after his appointment as deputy sheriff. That evening, he was driving home from work when an individual in a pickup truck shot at Moore and his partner, Creed Rogers, another African-American deputy sheriff. Oneal lost control of the vehicle and crashed into a tree, dying instantly from a gunshot wound to the head. Rogers survived the shooting and the subsequent crash with injuries, and broadcast a description of the vehicle,","title":"Murder of Oneal Moore"},{"id":"14680260","text":"has a gun and shoots back. The girlfriend runs from the Car Woman and seeks help from a group of prostitutes. The Car Woman chases them all through a fairground and statue garden, killing them one by one. Later, a man named Robert and his girlfriend Sylvie are running from the Car Woman and take refuge in a farmhouse, where both are killed. Marc, a friend of Robert, arrives at the farmhouse to meet him along with his girlfriend. The Car Woman is waiting and shoots Robert and rams a garden fork through his girlfriend's chest. Car Woman travels to","title":"Killing Car"},{"id":"966719","text":"California rainstorm, Kovacs lost control of his Chevrolet Corvair station wagon while turning quickly, and crashed into a power pole at the corner of Beverly Glen and Santa Monica Boulevards. He was thrown halfway out the passenger side, and died almost instantly from chest and head injuries. A photographer managed to arrive moments later, and graphic images of Kovacs's dead body appeared in newspapers across the United States. An unlit cigar lay on the pavement, inches from his outstretched arm. Years later, in a documentary about Kovacs, Edie Adams described telephoning the police impatiently when she learned of the crash.","title":"Ernie Kovacs"},{"id":"714265","text":"doorway where McCloskey was found, although police claimed that he had been unconscious before the baton charge and may have been hit with a stone. He was taken to hospital and died the following day. On 11 October 1969, Constable Victor Arbuckle was shot dead by loyalists on Belfast's Shankill Road during serious rioting in protest at the recommendations of the Hunt Report. Arbuckle was the first police fatality of the Troubles. In August 1970, two young constables, Donaldson and Millar, died when an abandoned car they were examining near the strongly republican town of Crossmaglen exploded. They became the","title":"Royal Ulster Constabulary"},{"id":"14294029","text":"is so widespread that cops are most likely to cover up for one another on that issue.\" On Saturday August 4, 2001, at 9 p.m. Gray was speeding through a red light on Third Avenue under the Gowanus Expressway with his minivan when he struck pregnant Maria Herrera, 24, her son Andy, 4, and her sister Dilcia Peña, 16, while crossing a street in Sunset Park, Brooklyn. The three were killed instantly. Herrera was eight and a half months pregnant; her unborn child was delivered in an emergency Caesarean procedure but did not survive. Gray was 15 miles over the","title":"Joseph Gray (police officer)"},{"id":"8445860","text":"tragedy strikes in April 1997, when Susannah and her children were involved in a car crash driving back from an open day at the fire station. Susannah suffered minor injuries but Matthew and Emily were badly injured. Matthew died shortly after reaching hospital and Emily died the next day. Susannah was wracked with guilt as she had been the one driving and had a drink before. Susannah is grief-stricken and collapses at the children's funeral. In May 1997, Max receives news from Patricia that she is moving to Quebec and Patricia's children come to stay at No. 7 before they","title":"Susannah Morrisey"},{"id":"20730795","text":"in the back seat of the car before he got out of the car and tossed Sarina, still in her child car seat, into the street. Sarina was rescued unharmed by a motorist. Miller was convicted of murder and several other charges; he was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole. Basu's death shocked people nationwide and prompted the United States Congress to make carjacking a federal felony. In 1992, Congress, in the aftermath of a spate of violent carjackings (including the Basu case), passed the Federal Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992 (FACTA), the first federal carjacking","title":"Murder of Pam Basu"},{"id":"18281477","text":"Death of Janice Marie Young Janice Marie Young (born Janice Marie Brock and known primarily by her middle name) was a formerly unidentified American girl who was pushed into the path of a moving vehicle on June 9, 1973. A man was arrested for her murder, but the charge against him was eventually dropped, as the suspect's \"intent could not be proven.\" The victim was identified on May 20, 2015, nearly 42 years after her death, after her brother noticed similarities between the unidentified victim and the circumstances surrounding his runaway sister and the match was confirmed through DNA. In","title":"Death of Janice Marie Young"},{"id":"18889460","text":"daughters: sons Lowell Angus, Dixon Miles, and John Walter all obtained Ph.D.s in biology, while son Max Atkin obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics. Daughters Marian and Edith Rae both married biology Ph.Ds. Angus and Grace Woodbury were both killed in a head-on car collision on August 1, 1964, one mile north of Loveland, Colorado. Angus M. Woodbury Angus Munn Woodbury (July 11, 1886 – August 1, 1964) was an American zoologist and ecologist from Utah. He was professor at the University of Utah for over 20 years, and also worked for many years as a ranger-naturalist at Zion National Park.","title":"Angus M. Woodbury"},{"id":"20731668","text":"Charlottesville car attack On August 12, 2017, a car was deliberately driven into a crowd of people who had been peacefully protesting the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one and injuring 28. The driver of the car, 20-year-old James Alex Fields Jr., had driven from Ohio to attend the rally. Fields previously espoused neo-Nazi and white supremacist beliefs. He was convicted in a state court of hit and run, the first-degree murder of 32-year-old Heather Heyer, and eight counts of malicious wounding. He continues to face multiple federal hate crime charges. A memorial service and vigils were","title":"Charlottesville car attack"},{"id":"5217368","text":"Floyd Roberts Floyd Marion Roberts (February 12, 1900 - May 30, 1939) was a Championship Car racing driver from Jamestown, North Dakota. He won the 1938 Indianapolis 500 with a then-record speed of . He led for 92 laps. The following year, 1939, driving the same car, he was killed in a crash on the backstretch after hitting a wooden fence at . Roberts was the first defending champion of the race to have been killed in competition. According to reports, Roberts intended to retire following the race. He was born on February 12, 1900 in Jamestown, North Dakota. Father,","title":"Floyd Roberts"},{"id":"5212959","text":"illustrated her books and articles herself, as well as many books and papers by other scientists. Ward is known as being the first automobile fatality. William Parsons' sons had built a steam-powered car. It was thought at the time that steam transport would be developed greatly during the near future (this was true for trains, but did not in fact become true for cars due to the development of internal combustion engines). Steam cars were heavy and they did too much damage to the already uneven roads. In 1865 the Red Flag Act imposed a speed limit of four miles","title":"Mary Ward (scientist)"},{"id":"3583980","text":"has been involved in multiple automobile incidents, one of them being fatal. During a 1983 Thanksgiving family reunion near Acapulco, Mexico, Walton lost control of a rented Jeep and plunged into a ravine, shattering her leg. She was airlifted out of Mexico and underwent more than two dozen surgeries; she is said to suffer lingering pain from her injuries. In an April 1989 incident, she struck and killed 50-year-old Oleta Hardin, who had stepped onto a Fayetteville, Arkansas, road. Witnesses stated that Walton was speeding at the time of the accident, but no charges were filed. In a 1998 incident,","title":"Alice Walton"},{"id":"8465962","text":"Chappaquiddick incident The Chappaquiddick incident was a single-vehicle car accident which occurred on Chappaquiddick Island in Massachusetts on Friday, July 18, 1969. The late-night accident was caused by Senator Ted Kennedy's negligence and resulted in the death of his 28-year-old passenger Mary Jo Kopechne, who was trapped inside the vehicle. According to Kennedy's testimony, he accidentally drove his car off the one-lane bridge and into the tide-swept Poucha Pond. He swam free, left the scene, and did not report the accident to the police for ten hours; Kopechne died inside the fully submerged car. The car with Kopechne's body inside","title":"Chappaquiddick incident"},{"id":"4160215","text":"Missouri, officers, Detective William Grooms and Patrolman Grant Schroder, McAlester, Oklahoma Police Chief Otto Reed, and FBI Special Agent Ray Caffrey were killed. Nash was also killed as he was sitting in the car, shot in the head by his would-be rescuers. Two other Kansas City police officers survived by slumping forward in the backseat and feigning death. As the gunmen inspected the car, another officer responded from the station and fired at them, forcing them to flee. Miller was found dead on November 27, 1933 outside Detroit, Michigan, having been beaten and strangled. Floyd and Richetti were alleged to","title":"Pretty Boy Floyd"},{"id":"1855302","text":"Horatio Nelson Jackson Horatio Nelson Jackson (March 25, 1872 – January 14, 1955) was an American physician and automobile pioneer. In 1903, he and driving partner Sewall K. Crocker became the first people to drive an automobile across the United States. Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to American parents, Jackson graduated from the University of Vermont in 1893, became a physician, and practiced in Brattleboro and Burlington, Vermont. He was married to Bertha Richardson Wells, the daughter of William Wells, a Medal of Honor recipient and one of the richest men in Vermont as a partner in Wells, Richardson &","title":"Horatio Nelson Jackson"},{"id":"20731673","text":"to arrive, and detective Steven Young came from the police department. According to Young, Fields kept apologizing and asked if anyone was injured. When Young told him that a person had died, Fields appeared shocked and started to cry. Young said that the Dodge had holes in the rear window—made by counter-protesters after the initial impact—and heavy front-end damage; Young said that the car was \"splattered\" with blood and flesh. A pair of blue sunglasses was stuck in the spoiler on the car's trunk. Heather Heyer, a 32-year-old woman, was fatally injured in the attack, and died at the University","title":"Charlottesville car attack"},{"id":"9543185","text":"at the time of his death. Nathan died from his injuries in a car crash on December 28, 2006, when the car in which he was a passenger hit a tree broadside in Hollis, New Hampshire. He was taken to St. Joseph's Hospital in Nashua where he was pronounced dead. He was 21 years old. An episode of \"Jeopardy!\" was dedicated to his memory. Hudson, MA, native Gabriel King, a best friend of the actor, was driving when the accident occurred. King was sentenced to a year in confinement after pleading guilty to negligent homicide because of speeding. Half of","title":"Jared Nathan"},{"id":"13484796","text":"Nicolas Jacques Pelletier Nicolas Jacques Pelletier (c. 1756April 25, 1792) was a French highwayman who was the first person to be executed by means of the guillotine. Pelletier routinely associated with a group of known criminals. On the night of 14 October 1791, with several unknown accomplices, he attacked a passerby in the rue Bourbon-Villeneuve in Paris and stole his wallet and several securities. During the robbery he also killed the man, though this is disputed in later literature as possibly just having been an assault and robbery or also an assault, robbery, and rape. He was apprehended and accused","title":"Nicolas Jacques Pelletier"},{"id":"15209466","text":"mother were arrested for perjury; charges that were in due course vacated by a judge. Fontaine continued the battle with subsequent lawsuits against Whitney that would fare no better than the first. On January 21, 1928, Fontaine’s mother was killed near New Smyrna Beach, Florida, when her automobile collided with a Florida East Coast Railway passenger train. Florence Fontaine had been on her way to Miami to care of her daughter who had fallen ill. Fontaine's father died on August 19, 1939, while on a visit to her home in Margate, New Jersey. At the time Winston Fontaine was a","title":"Evan-Burrows Fontaine"},{"id":"562249","text":"On the evening of September 5, 1982, Gaynor, her husband Paul Gregory, actress Mary Martin, and Martin's manager Ben Washer were involved in a serious car accident in San Francisco. A van ran a red light at the corner of California and Franklin Streets and crashed into the Luxor taxicab in which the group was riding, knocking it into a tree. Ben Washer was killed, Mary Martin sustained two broken ribs and a broken pelvis, and Gaynor's husband suffered two broken legs. Gaynor sustained several serious injuries, including 11 broken ribs, a fractured collarbone, pelvic fractures, a punctured lung, and","title":"Janet Gaynor"},{"id":"13717232","text":"thief, the 25-year-old was suspected of transporting stolen cars across state lines. On October 11, 1925, Durkin was followed to a Chicago garage by federal Special Agent Edwin C. Shanahan. When Shanahan approached his car, he surprised Durkin, causing Durkin to shoot him in the chest. The story received instant national attention because Shanahan was the first federal agent to be killed in the line of duty . The reaction from the FBI was particularly aggressive and widely considered \"a matter of pride and personal security\" among virtually the entire agency. According to popular lore, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover","title":"Martin James Durkin"},{"id":"6122141","text":"late as 1991, López mentioned the possibility of returning to baseball in a coaching role. López was killed in an auto accident the day after his 44th birthday in Matehuala, San Luis Potosí. He was driving a car that overturned, and he was thrown from the vehicle. His wife Celia and another passenger were injured in the crash. López was buried in Tecamachalco Cemetery. He, Aurelio Rodríguez and Aurelio Monteagudo are the only three players in MLB history named Aurelio, and all three were killed in car accidents between the ages of 44 and 52. López was inducted into the","title":"Aurelio López"},{"id":"11406745","text":"Smith failed to answer Martorano's challenge satisfactorily, Martorano tracked Smith to a car on Normandy Street in Dorchester. Smith was accompanied by a nineteen-year-old woman, Elizabeth Frances \"Liz\" Dickson, and a seventeen-year-old boy, Douglas Barrett. Martorano walked up to the car and killed all three occupants with his .38-caliber snubnosed revolver. In 1979, Flemmi and Bulger learned that Martorano and several other Winter Hill members, including, James \"Gentleman Jim\" Mulvey were about to be indicted for a horse race-fixing scheme involving Fat Tony Ciulla. They warned Martorano, who quickly fled to Florida. He spent the next 16 years as a","title":"Johnny Martorano"},{"id":"13578124","text":"automobile accident in Lincoln Parish. On June 13, 1958, Jordan, then sixty-one, was traveling west in the eastbound lane on U.S. Highway 80, near Ruston, when he struck a car head-on. In the other vehicle was 31-year-old Buford Caldwell, who died an hour later at a hospital. Ronald Webb Fullilove, a 10-year-old in another vehicle, also succumbed within an hour. Several others were injured in the crash. Jordan was a great-uncle of Rodney E. Mason (1941-2012), who with his wife, the former Connie Talton (born 1948), formerly operated the Talk of the Town Beauty Salon in Minden. Mason was earlier","title":"Henderson Jordan"},{"id":"13813819","text":"Viola Liuzzo, was murdered. The subsequent trial of her accused murderers, Collie Leroy Jenkins Jr., Eugene Thomas and William Orville Eaton, resulted in a hung jury, but before a second trial could commence, the trio's lawyer, Matt H. Murphy Jr., was killed in an automobile accident. He was replaced by Hanes, who had served as a pallbearer at Murphy's funeral, insisted he would \"stick to the facts,\" a nod to the racist appeals made by Murphy in the first case. The trio was acquitted in the state court, but were found guilty in federal court on December 3, 1965, and","title":"Art Hanes"},{"id":"2375148","text":"sonnet \"Sesta de Nero\" (\"Nero's Nap\") in the newspaper \"Gazeta de Notícias\" in 1884, which received praise from Artur Azevedo. In addition to poetry, Bilac wrote publicitary texts, chronicles, schoolbooks, children's poetry and satirical works. In 1891, he was arrested at the Fortaleza da Laje in Rio de Janeiro for opposing the government of Floriano Peixoto. In 1897, Bilac lost control of his car, crashing it in a tree. He was the first person to suffer a car accident in Brazil. Bilac never married and never had children. He was engaged to Amélia de Oliveira, the sister of the poet","title":"Olavo Bilac"},{"id":"13141242","text":"1998 Eskridge car crash In 1998, Randall Eskridge, a Flight Equipment Technician in the Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 152 based out of Okinawa, caused a fatal hit-and-run crash. On October 7, 1998, while driving drunk, his car struck Yuki Uema, an 18-year-old Japanese high school student, who was riding her motorcycle home. After hitting her, Eskridge did not stop to help her. Uema was in a coma for a week and died from complications of her injuries. Uema's death followed the infamous 1995 Okinawan rape incident, where on September 4, 1995, three U.S. servicemen rented a van and kidnapped","title":"1998 Eskridge car crash"},{"id":"9149210","text":"Death of Ayrton Senna Three-time Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna died on 1 May 1994, as a result of his car crashing into a concrete barrier while he was leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Italy. The previous day, Roland Ratzenberger had died when his car crashed during qualification for the race. His and Senna's accidents were the worst of several accidents that took place that weekend and were the first fatal accidents to occur during a Formula One race meeting in twelve years. They became a turning point in","title":"Death of Ayrton Senna"},{"id":"4380812","text":"and distributors of the \"Grand Theft Auto\" series claiming the games caused a teenager to shoot and kill three members of the Alabama police force. The shooting took place in June 2003 when Devin Moore, 17 years old at the time, was taken in for questioning by police in Fayette, Alabama regarding a stolen vehicle. Moore then grabbed a pistol from one of the police officers and shot and killed him along with another officer and dispatcher before fleeing in a police car. One of Moore's attorneys, Jack Thompson, claimed it was \"Grand Theft Auto\"s graphic nature—with his constant playing","title":"Grand Theft Auto"},{"id":"16027042","text":"was allegedly struck from behind by a car driven by B.J. Others insisted he was struck by B.J.'s vehicle. He died in Los Angeles, California on October 20, 1913. The official cause of death was typhoid fever, though some believe it was the consequence of his injuries. The courts exonerated B.J. of any responsibility for his father's death. Chiropractic historian Joseph C. Keating, Jr. has described the attempted patricide of D.D. Palmer as a \"myth\" and \"absurd on its face\" and cites an eyewitness who recalled that D.D. was not struck by B.J.'s car, but rather, had stumbled. In 1870","title":"Daniel David Palmer"},{"id":"13664173","text":"down, the doors of the other car opened and the assassins jumped out with drawn guns. In the first hail of bullets the chauffeur and school-chum were shot down dead. The others tried to flee across a nearby field. Mrs. Shi was hit and fell wounded, as did her niece Shen Lijuan. Shi Yonggeng, the son, managed to run to safety. But Shi Liangcai was killed on the spot, and his body was dropped into a dry cistern. The killing caused a tremendous public outcry — the entire Municipal Council resigned in protest — and the provincial governor of Zhejiang,","title":"Shi Liangcai"},{"id":"11908892","text":"sending it crashing into a telephone pole. The driver of the Eclipse, Henry Pearson, and a passenger, Cal State Fullerton cheerleader Courtney Stewart, were pronounced dead at the scene. Adenhart and Jon Wilhite, another passenger in the Mitsubishi, were taken to University of California, Irvine Medical Center, where Adenhart died as a result of his injuries at the age of 22. Wilhite suffered internal decapitation and survived after undergoing five hours of surgery to reattach his skull to his spine six days after the crash. The minivan driver fled the scene on foot, but was later arrested and identified as","title":"Nick Adenhart"},{"id":"17616578","text":"1956. At the Pomona Sports Car Races on October 21, 1956, Eschrich, driving this car, was involved in a minor \"shunt\" with another driver. Barris' \"Cars of the Stars\" states that a Dr. McHenry, \"driving a car powered by the engine from Dean's car, was killed when his vehicle went out of control and struck a tree in the first race in which the motor had been used since Dean's mishap. Another doctor, of Burbank, was injured in the same race when his car, which contained the drivetrain from Dean's car, rolled over.\" Eschrich, interviewed a day after McHenry's fatal","title":"Death of James Dean"},{"id":"325478","text":"murdered. Among the victims were Henry Smith, a teenager lynched in 1893. 115 years later, in 2008, an African-American man, Brandon McClelland, was run over and dragged to death under a vehicle. Two white men were arrested, but the prosecutor cited lack of evidence and declined to press charges, and no serious subsequent attempt to find other perpetrators was made. This caused unrest in the Paris African-American community. Following this incident, an attempt by the United States Department of Justice Justice Community Relations Service to initiate a dialog between the races in the town ended in failure when African-American complaints","title":"Paris, Texas"},{"id":"14864603","text":"war an \"adjusted compensation\" for their service. He became friends with President Warren Harding and was considered the leading spokesman for veterans around the nation. Galbraith was killed in an automobile accident on June 9, 1921, in Indianapolis, Indiana. The vehicle in which he was riding took a turn too quickly and flipped off of the road. Galbraith was ejected from the car, struck his head on a piece of concrete that had been left by a road crew, and died instantly. His death made national news and thousands attended his funeral in Cincinnati, Ohio. During World War II a","title":"Frederic W. Galbraith"},{"id":"10518642","text":"director Clarence Brown in 1932. She was involved in a romance with wealthy New York jeweler Jules Galenzer in 1934. Burgess was charged with manslaughter following an auto accident in which she was driving. 17-year-old Louise Manfredi died in the wreck, in San Francisco, on the night of December 23, 1932. Burgess, driving alone, collided with a car driven by 18-year-old, Andrew Salz, a student at the University of California-Berkeley. Burgess' hearing was postponed and her bail was fixed at $50. She suffered from shock and was placed in a San Francisco sanitorium. Salz and Burgess each accused the other","title":"Dorothy Burgess"},{"id":"8684904","text":"evade his attackers, Griffith ran in front of a moving car driven by the son of a police officer, and was killed. His body was found on theBelt Parkway at 1:03 a.m. Griffith's death provoked strong outrage and immediate condemnation by then-Mayor of New York City Ed Koch, who referred to the case as the \"No. 1 case in the city\". Two days after the event, on December 22, three local teenagers, Jon Lester, Scott Kern, and Jason Ladone, students at John Adams High School, were arrested, and charged with second-degree murder. The driver of the car that struck Griffith,","title":"Howard Beach racial incident"},{"id":"9186159","text":"found the back seat of a flaming car early in the morning of October 23, 1935 across from 131 North Elliot Place, Brooklyn. He had been stripped of his clothes, a sack placed over his head with his hands tied with wire. A witness who first spotted the flames saw several men running away from the scene. Amberg's body was claimed by an undertaker and he was buried without any ceremony. An individual named Al Stern or Stein, 21, was considered a suspect in the killing of both Amberg brothers and at least seven others since that August. The deaths","title":"Louis Amberg"},{"id":"11009143","text":"seats. On the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. The differing needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station wagon/estate, and minivan. Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. Mary Ward became one of the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland, and Henry Bliss one of the United States' first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City. There","title":"Car"},{"id":"1954245","text":"hand crank kicked back, causing serious injury: a broken wrist, arm, or shoulder. On a winter night in 1908, the result was much worse. Byron Carter, founder of Cartercar, came across a stalled motorist on Belle Isle in the middle of the Detroit River. He gallantly offered to crank the car for the stranded driver. When she forgot to retard the spark, the crank kicked and broke Carter's jaw. Complications developed, and Carter later died of pneumonia. When Cadillac chief, Henry M. Leland, heard the news, he was distraught. Byron Carter was a friend; the car that kicked back was","title":"Charles F. Kettering"},{"id":"9547272","text":"Buckshot Jones, Dale Jarrett (the defending Daytona 500 winner), and Andy Houston. The crash began when R. Gordon turned W. Burton at the exit of turn 2. Stewart got hit by W. Burton, turned backwards against the outside wall, and was pushed airborne over R. Gordon. Stewart then flipped over twice, hooking to B. Labonte's hood, and stood on his front wheels before coasting to a stop in the infield, while W. Burton's car turned sideways and collected most of the field behind him. Earnhardt, Ron Hornaday, Jr., Ricky Rudd, Ken Schrader, and Mike Wallace were five of the few","title":"Death of Dale Earnhardt"},{"id":"2993950","text":"passed. The blast sent Blanco and his car into the air and over a five-story building. The car crashed to the ground on the opposite side of a Jesuit college, landing on the second-floor balcony. Blanco survived the blast but died shortly afterwards. His bodyguard and driver were killed outright. The \"electricians\" shouted to stunned passers-by that there had been a gas explosion, and then fled in the confusion. ETA claimed responsibility on 22 January 1974. In a collective interview justifying the attack, the ETA bombers said: The killing was not condemned and was, in some cases, even welcomed by","title":"Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco"},{"id":"7226643","text":"so the first police casualties occurred when a group of six officers stumbled upon the entire column of soldiers. Two policemen (including Rufus Daniels) were killed immediately, and one later died of wounds he had sustained. The soldiers stopped a car carrying two policemen, who were disarmed and shot. A few blocks later, an open-topped car carrying a man in an olive-drab uniform approached the column. Believing this to be the uniform of a Houston mounted policeman, the soldiers opened fire only to discover later that they had killed Captain Joseph W. Mattes of the Illinois National Guard. The killing","title":"Houston riot of 1917"},{"id":"14118124","text":"Jack Loach Jack Loach (born August 21, 1942) is a prominent British businessman. His company was accused of failing in its duty of care in regard to the death of a 17-year-old boy Mr. Jack Loach was one of the directors (together with members of his family) of S&J Loach Ltd engineering contractors who were originally the subject of a Coroner’s verdict of unlawfully killing. The 17-year-old boy driver lost control of his car on a newly laid road surface, crashed and was killed. A public outrage (mainly his family and friends.) was caused when the Coroner was ordered by","title":"Jack Loach"},{"id":"7046089","text":"scored twice. He was killed along with his wife and two friends in a car crash on the A40 near Oxford in March 1977 whilst driving home from a fund-raising charity event. The accident occurred when a speeding driver, 22-year-old Bartholomew Smith, the son of Tory MP John Smith (1923–2007) veered into Houseman's vehicle, travelling in the opposite direction. A testimonial match between the 1970 and 1977 Chelsea teams was arranged to raise money for their orphaned children, with a crowd of almost 17,000 in attendance. He was a hero in the village of Oakley in Hampshire, where he set","title":"Peter Houseman"},{"id":"4152546","text":"near the village of Duppigheim, 30-year-old Jean Bugatti was killed when he lost control of his vehicle and crashed into a tree after hitting a cyclist, who had got onto the track through a hole in a treefence. He is interred in the Bugatti family plot at the municipal cemetery in Dorlisheim. There is a monument to him at the site of his accident. Jean Bugatti Jean Bugatti (15 January 1909 – 11 August 1939) was a French automotive designer and test engineer. Born Gianoberto Maria Carlo Bugatti in Cologne, he was the eldest son of Ettore Bugatti. Soon after","title":"Jean Bugatti"},{"id":"1385810","text":"using. The precise sequence of the events that followed remains in dispute, but a preponderance of opinion placed Leopold behind the wheel of the car, while Loeb sat in the back seat with the chisel. Loeb struck Franks, sitting in front of him in the passenger seat, several times in the head with the chisel, then dragged him into the back seat, where he was gagged and soon died. With the body on the floorboard out of view, they drove to their predetermined dumping spot near Wolf Lake in Hammond, Indiana, south of Chicago. After nightfall they removed and discarded","title":"Leopold and Loeb"},{"id":"5055443","text":"previous day, but due to ribbing from her colleagues she canceled a commercial flight ticket she had purchased. Gaines survived the initial accident but bled to death while rescuers attempted to reach the accident site and remove victims for medical treatment. According to controversial claims by survivor Billy Powell, Gaines bled to death after the accident in Powell's arms from deep lacerations. Cassie and Steve Gaines were buried in Orange Park, Florida. On February 15, 1979, the mother of Steve and Cassie, also named Cassie LaRue Gaines, was killed in an automobile accident near the cemetery where Steve and Cassie","title":"Cassie Gaines"},{"id":"9256467","text":"in the 500. Peter Kreis A. J. \"Peter\" Kreis (January 19, 1900 – May 25, 1934) was an American racecar driver. He and riding mechanic Robert Hahn were killed in a turn one accident while practicing for the 1934 Indianapolis 500. As he was entering the turn, a car in front of him spun, followed by Kreis' car spinning, possibly due to trying to avoid a collision. The car went over the outside wall backwards, tumbled, and hit a tree. Both men were dead when the ambulance arrived. Kreis was a wealthy contractor who would take a month off each","title":"Peter Kreis"},{"id":"7838385","text":"him out of his shoes. As Bignotti relays it, \"I heard the car coming, and - whap - it hit him.\" The incident was easily seen by thousands of spectators, as it occurred on the pit lane at the start/finish line. Teran suffered crushed ribs and a broken skull, and although he lived through the initial impact, he died shortly afterward after being transported to Methodist Hospital. It was erroneously reported by media that Flake was at fault in the Teran collision because of driving against racing traffic; in 1973, safety trucks were permitted to drive in the opposite direction","title":"1973 Indianapolis 500"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"2062011\",\n \"text\": \"Death of Henry H. Bliss The death of Henry H. Bliss (June 13, 1830 – September 14, 1899) was the first recorded case of a person being killed by a motor vehicle accident in America. On September 13, 1899, Henry Hale Bliss was disembarking from a streetcar at West 74th Street and Central Park West in New York City, when an electric-powered taxicab (Automobile No. 43) struck him and crushed his head and chest. He died from his injuries the next morning. Arthur Smith, the driver of the taxicab, was arrested and charged with manslaughter but was acquitted on the\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Henry H. Bliss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3519994\",\n \"text\": \"Linda Lee Thomas Linda Lee Thomas (November 17, 1883 – May 20, 1954) was an American socialite and the wife of musical theatre composer Cole Porter. She was born Linda Belle Lee to the prominent Lee family of Virginia. Her father was Louisville banker William Paca Lee and her mother Lily Lee (née Hill). Friends introduced her to Edward Russell Thomas, a son of Union Army general Samuel Thomas and owner of the \\\"New York Morning Telegraph\\\" (and who later became the first American to kill someone in a car accident). They married on June 29, 1901, at Newport, Rhode\",\n \"title\": \"Linda Lee Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2662215\",\n \"text\": \"Death of Bridget Driscoll The death of Bridget Driscoll (17 August 1896) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed in a collision with a motor car in the United Kingdom. As 44-year-old Driscoll, with her teenage daughter May and her friend Elizabeth Murphy, crossed Dolphin Terrace in the grounds of the Crystal Palace in London, Driscoll was struck by a car belonging to the Anglo-French Motor Carriage Company that was being used to give demonstration rides. One witness described the car as travelling at \\\"a reckless pace, in fact, like a fire engine\\\". Although the car's maximum speed\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Bridget Driscoll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5212953\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Ward (scientist) Mary Ward (\\\"née\\\" King; 27 April 1827 – 31 August 1869, age ) was an Anglo-Irish naturalist, astronomer, microscopist, author, and artist. She was killed when she fell under the wheels of an experimental steam car built by her cousins. As the event occurred in 1869, she is the first person known to have been killed by a motor vehicle. She was born Mary King in present-day Ferbane, County Offaly, on 27 April 1827, the youngest child of Henry and Harriett King. She and her sisters were educated at home, as were most girls at the time.\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Ward (scientist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15025823\",\n \"text\": \"George B. Hays, all who were selected by E.R. Thomas. E.R. Thomas sold his interest in the Consolidated National Bank in October 1907, also resigning from his positions. He was a member of the Union Club of the City of New York. He was the first American to kill someone in a car accident. From 1901 to 1912, he was married to Linda Lee Thomas. She was introduced by friends to Thomas, and married him on June 29, 1901 at Newport, Rhode Island, when she was 17. They lived a life of luxury, with houses in Palm Beach, Manhattan, and\",\n \"title\": \"Edward Russell Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2662217\",\n \"text\": \"countryside. The jury returned a verdict of \\\"accidental death\\\" after an inquest lasting some six hours. The coroner, Percy Morrison, (Croydon division of Surrey) said he hoped \\\"such a thing would never happen again.\\\" The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents estimate 550,000 people had been killed on UK roads by 2010. Death of Bridget Driscoll The death of Bridget Driscoll (17 August 1896) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed in a collision with a motor car in the United Kingdom. As 44-year-old Driscoll, with her teenage daughter May and her friend Elizabeth Murphy, crossed Dolphin\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Bridget Driscoll\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12076204\",\n \"text\": \"Sam Dickson Sam Dickson (died May 30, 1911) was a race car riding mechanic, and the first person to be killed in the Indianapolis 500. In the inaugural race, Dickson was the riding mechanic for Arthur Greiner who was making his only 500 appearance. On lap twelve, one of the front wheels came off of the American Simplex car Greiner was driving, causing Greiner to lose control and both men to be thrown from the car. Dickson flew into a fence twenty feet from the car. Reports state that Dickson was killed instantly, although the crowd evidently swarmed around the\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Dickson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2163986\",\n \"text\": \"rear-facing seats (except for infant car seats), and control stick steering. Automobile safety may have become an issue almost from the beginning of mechanised road vehicle development. The second steam-powered \\\"Fardier\\\" (artillery tractor), created by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1771, is reported by some to have crashed into a wall during its demonstration run. However, according to Georges Ageon, the earliest mention of this occurrence dates from 1801 and it does not feature in contemporary accounts. One of the earliest recorded automobile fatalities was Mary Ward, on August 31, 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland. In 1922, the Duesenburg Model A became the\",\n \"title\": \"Automobile safety\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1615831\",\n \"text\": \"was steam-powered (Karl Benz did not invent the gasoline-powered automobile until 1886). Ward, of Parsonstown, Ireland, was thrown out of a motor vehicle and killed. Thirty years later, on September 13, 1899, Henry Bliss became North America's first motor vehicle fatality when hit while stepping off a New York City trolley. Since then, over 20 million people worldwide have died due to motor vehicle accidents. The need for a means of analyzing and mitigating the effects of motor vehicle accidents on humans was felt soon after commercial production of automobiles began in the late 1890s, and by the 1930s, when\",\n \"title\": \"Crash test dummy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5658755\",\n \"text\": \"funeral worthy of Prohibition-era Chicago and was buried in Calvary Cemetery. His widow, Leila Hogan, was heard to say, \\\"I am sure there will be justice. If Danny had lived, he would have gone on the one leg they left him and taken care of it himself.\\\" Hogan's death was especially notable because it was one of the first instances of death by a car bomb. The most likely culprits in his assassination were rival mob figures. Although the murder is still considered unsolved, recently declassified FBI files reveal that the most likely person responsible was Harry Sawyer, Hogan's underboss.\",\n \"title\": \"Danny Hogan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13244548\",\n \"text\": \"George W. Barrett George W. Barrett (February 28, 1887 – March 24, 1936), also known as \\\"The Diamond King\\\" and \\\"Bad George,\\\" was an American car thief and murderer who became the first person sentenced to death by hanging under a congressional act that made it a capital offense to kill a federal agent. Barrett was born in Kentucky, one of at least seven children of William Barrett and Nancy Jane Bowling. He had worked as a streetcar conductor in Cincinnati and was a \\\"career hoodlum, moonshiner, car thief and murderer\\\" prior to killing the federal agent. He was known\",\n \"title\": \"George W. Barrett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2144591\",\n \"text\": \"Through her father she is descended from George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV and Richard III, and from John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough, John, 1st Viscount Mordaunt, and Bernard Ward, 1st Viscount Bangor. Her great-grandmother Mary Ward was an Anglo-Irish illustrator and amateur scientist, documented as the first person in the world to die in a motor vehicle accident. Lalla Ward Lalla Ward (born Sarah Jill Ward; 28 June 1951) is an English actress and author. She is known for her role as Romana in the BBC television series \\\"Doctor Who\\\". Ward's stage name, \\\"Lalla\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Lalla Ward\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20636250\",\n \"text\": \"Death of Elaine Herzberg The death of Elaine Herzberg (August 2, 1968 – March 18, 2018) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed by a self-driving (autonomous) car, following a collision that occurred late in the evening of March 18, 2018. Herzberg was pushing a bicycle across a four-lane road in Tempe, Arizona, United States, when she was struck by an Uber taxi, which was operating in self-drive mode with a human safety backup driver sitting in the driving seat. Following the collision, Herzberg was taken to hospital where she died of her injuries. As a result of\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Elaine Herzberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6838516\",\n \"text\": \"was involved with the Liberal Party of Canada and became a friend of Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1900 representing the senatorial division of Brockville, Ontario. He served until his death in 1905. George Taylor Fulford is reported to be the first Canadian fatal automobile accident victim on record. On October 8, 1905, he was riding in a chauffeured open roadster in Newton, Massachusetts with his business partner Willis T. Hanson, of Schenectady, N.Y., when it slammed into the side of a streetcar while crossing a blind intersection. Fulford died seven days later, at\",\n \"title\": \"George Taylor Fulford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18297592\",\n \"text\": \"Death of Jason Callahan Jason Patrick Callahan (April 18, 1976 – June 26, 1995), previously known as Grateful Doe and Jason Doe, was an American man killed in a car accident on June 26, 1995, in Emporia, Greensville County, Virginia. His body remained nameless until December 9, 2015. Earlier in 2015, photographs of an unknown male surfaced on a Facebook page for the John Doe. DNA testing later confirmed Callahan to be the unidentified man. Callahan was killed in a vehicle crash, along with the driver, Michael Hager, after the Vanagon in which they were riding crashed into a pair\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Jason Callahan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10452561\",\n \"text\": \"the Nile\\\". On October 21, 1985, she, her boyfriend and another friend had attended classes at Pepperdine University and had stopped for drinks on the way home. Because her boyfriend had the least to drink, he told police, he was driving late that night when the car, traveling about 80 miles per hour, spun around on the rain-slick Pacific Coast Highway and struck a telephone pole just south of Coastline Drive. Thomas was a back seat passenger in the Porsche Carrera, and was killed instantly. The other friend died at the hospital later. Thomas' boyfriend was hospitalized with internal injuries\",\n \"title\": \"Diane Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12573546\",\n \"text\": \"then that is not a road-traffic fatality. The definition of a road-traffic fatality can change with time in the same country. For example, fatality was defined in France as a person who dies in the six days (pre 2005) after the collision and was subsequently changed to the 30 days (post 2005) after the collision. The world's first recorded road traffic death involving a motor vehicle occurred on 31 August 1869. Irish scientist Mary Ward died when she fell out of her cousins' steam car and was run over by it. The British road engineer J. J. Leeming, compared the\",\n \"title\": \"Traffic collision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3093550\",\n \"text\": \"a rubber bodysuit to protect his damaged skin. Five months later, he died when his car crashed into a tree. The exact circumstances surrounding Jack Wicklund's death are unclear, and police never satisfactorily determined if he'd been murdered or committed suicide. On April 14, 1982, Barbara Hendrickson's husband, Don, walked over to Renae Wicklund's house, and discovered her, 9-year-old Shannah, and his wife dead, all with their throats cut. Charles Campbell, then residing at a halfway house, was arrested the following week, and charged with first-degree murder and second-degree theft (he had attempted to sell some of Renae Wicklund's jewelry\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Rodman Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2372027\",\n \"text\": \"to have accidentally knocked down a brick or stone wall, either that of a Paris garden or part of the Paris Arsenal walls, in perhaps the first known automobile accident. But the incident is unrecorded in contemporary accounts, first appearing in 1804, thirty-three years after the alleged accident. Nevertheless, the story persists that Cugnot was arrested and convicted of dangerous driving, another first for him if true. Following the French Revolution, Cugnot's pension was withdrawn in 1789 and he went into exile in Brussels, where he lived in poverty. Shortly before his death, Cugnot's pension was restored by Napoleon Bonaparte\",\n \"title\": \"Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20731696\",\n \"text\": \"charge of leaving the scene of an accident. Heather Danielle Heyer (May 29, 1985 – August 12, 2017) was the only person killed in the attack. Heyer grew up in Ruckersville, Virginia, and graduated from William Monroe High School in Stanardsville, Virginia. She worked as a bartender and waitress. She was approached by Alfred A. Wilson, the manager of the bankruptcy division at the Miller Law Group in Charlottesville. Heyer did not have a background in law; Wilson hired her at the recommendation of a friend and said that she \\\"had an eye for detail\\\" and was \\\"a people person\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Charlottesville car attack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19416373\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Newton Chandler III Robert Ivan Nichols, alias Joseph Newton Chandler III (September 12, 1926 – July 23, 2002) was a formerly unidentified identity thief who committed suicide in Eastlake, Ohio, in July 2002. After his death, investigators were unable to locate his family and discovered that he had stolen the identity of an eight-year-old boy who was killed in a car crash in Texas in 1945. The lengths to which Nichols went to hide his identity led to speculation that he was a fugitive. In late 2016, U.S. Marshals Service announced that forensic genealogist Dr. Colleen Fitzpatrick of Identifinders\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Newton Chandler III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12076205\",\n \"text\": \"body, requiring the state militia who were acting as security at the event to use their guns as clubs to clear a path for the attending doctors. Sam Dickson Sam Dickson (died May 30, 1911) was a race car riding mechanic, and the first person to be killed in the Indianapolis 500. In the inaugural race, Dickson was the riding mechanic for Arthur Greiner who was making his only 500 appearance. On lap twelve, one of the front wheels came off of the American Simplex car Greiner was driving, causing Greiner to lose control and both men to be thrown\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Dickson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9636585\",\n \"text\": \"on the steep left-hand corner at Glen Helen and occurred when Victor Surridge attempted to pass another competitor, ran wide into a ditch and struck an earth-bank. An inquest decided that the death of Victor Surridge had probably been instantaneous and represented the first death of a competitor on the Isle of Man TT Mountain Course and the first death on the Island of a person in an automotive accident. Victor Surridge Victor John Surridge (1892 – 27 June 1911) Chipping Ongar, Essex, UK was an English motor-cycle racer who raced for the Rudge team. After the works Rudge factory\",\n \"title\": \"Victor Surridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20636251\",\n \"text\": \"the fatal incident, Uber immediately suspended testing of self-driving vehicles in Arizona, where such testing had been welcomed since August 2016. Uber also decided not to renew its permit for autonomous vehicle testing in California when it expired at the end of March 2018. A \\\"Washington Post\\\" reporter compared Herzberg's fate with that of Bridget Driscoll who, in the United Kingdom in 1896, was the first pedestrian to be killed by an automobile. Elaine was not the first person killed by a self driving car, which actually occurred nearly two years prior. Herzberg was crossing Mill Avenue (North) from west\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Elaine Herzberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7296858\",\n \"text\": \"was between assistants, and he and Parker brought Jones along with them when they left. The next afternoon in Temple, Texas, in a botched attempt at stealing a car, Jones or Barrow shot and killed the car's owner, grocery clerk Doyle Johnson, a 27-year-old new father. Newspaper accounts reported that the fatal shots came from the passenger side of the car. According to Jones, Barrow used this report to make sure Jones didn't leave the gang. Jones was indicted for Johnson's murder by a Bell County grand jury, but was not tried. On the night of January 6, 1933 in\",\n \"title\": \"W. D. Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1584958\",\n \"text\": \"and Holmes were hanged from a tree in a nearby park, with the unapologetic approval of the state's governor. Coogan was reported to be present and to have held the lynching rope. In 1935, 20-year-old Coogan was the sole survivor of a car crash in eastern San Diego County that killed his father; his best friend, 19-year-old actor Junior Durkin; their ranch foreman, Charles Jones; and actor and writer Robert J. Horner. The party was returning from a day of dove hunting over the border in Mexico in early May. With his father at the wheel, the car was forced\",\n \"title\": \"Jackie Coogan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9150243\",\n \"text\": \"old at the time of his death, which implies a birthdate between May 22, 1907 and May 21, 1908. At the time of his death, his home was in Los Angeles. Some sources say that he was born in Los Angeles, but most say that he was born in Oklahoma. Stubblefield was the first driver ever killed during a qualification attempt at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway when he and Leo Whitacker (his riding mechanic) struck a wall on a time trial run; both were killed. At the time of the crash, their speed was about 116 miles per hour. Stubblefield\",\n \"title\": \"Stubby Stubblefield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9256466\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Kreis A. J. \\\"Peter\\\" Kreis (January 19, 1900 – May 25, 1934) was an American racecar driver. He and riding mechanic Robert Hahn were killed in a turn one accident while practicing for the 1934 Indianapolis 500. As he was entering the turn, a car in front of him spun, followed by Kreis' car spinning, possibly due to trying to avoid a collision. The car went over the outside wall backwards, tumbled, and hit a tree. Both men were dead when the ambulance arrived. Kreis was a wealthy contractor who would take a month off each year to drive\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Kreis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20636280\",\n \"text\": \"tolerating drunk driving starting in the late 1970s through the 1990s, and has occurred in concert with a cultural shift towards active lifestyles and multi-modal use of roadways which has even been formally adopted by the National Association of City Transportation Officials. Death of Elaine Herzberg The death of Elaine Herzberg (August 2, 1968 – March 18, 2018) was the first recorded case of a pedestrian killed by a self-driving (autonomous) car, following a collision that occurred late in the evening of March 18, 2018. Herzberg was pushing a bicycle across a four-lane road in Tempe, Arizona, United States, when\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Elaine Herzberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16448197\",\n \"text\": \"1900. The Duke and Duchess were taken on motor car excursions by Charles Rolls, probably the first time that the royal couple had been in a car. This was an important event in the family's social history, confirming their elevation to the upper echelons of society. Of John Allan's three sons, the most famous was Charles, the co-founder of Rolls Royce. Charles Stewart Rolls (27 August 1877 - 12 July 1910) was a motoring and aviation pioneer. Together with Frederick Henry Royce he co-founded the Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce car manufacturing firm. He was the first Briton to be killed in a\",\n \"title\": \"Rolls family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20731678\",\n \"text\": \"in a murder-suicide when she was 16 on August 21, 1984 when Bloom's father, 42-year-old self-employed contractor Marvin killed his 37-year-old ex-wife Judy, and himself. Fields threatened his mother with violence on multiple occasions. In November 2010, she locked herself in a bathroom, afraid of her son, Fields' mother reported to the police that he had threatened to beat her, took her phone, smacked her head, and put his hands over her mouth, after she told him to stop playing video games. In February 2011, Fields' mother reported to the police at 5:20 a.m. that he had not come home;\",\n \"title\": \"Charlottesville car attack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"609383\",\n \"text\": \"as she tried to avoid an oncoming car. The vehicle rolled several times after hitting two trees, throwing Lopes and three others out of the windows, and finally coming to rest in a ditch at the side of the road. Lopes died instantly of neck injuries and severe head trauma, and was the only person fatally injured in the accident. She was 30 years old. A cameraman in the front passenger seat was videotaping at the time, so the last seconds leading up to the swerve that resulted in the fatal accident were recorded on video. Her sister Reigndrop Lopes\",\n \"title\": \"Lisa Lopes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15506245\",\n \"text\": \"were marred with tragedy. Johnny Horton, who sang in the saga-song style, was killed in a car accident in 1960. A March 5, 1963, plane crash claimed the lives of Patsy Cline, Cowboy Copas and Hawkshaw Hawkins. Days later, Jack Anglin was killed in a car accident, while Texas Ruby died in a trailer fire in Texas. In July 1964, Jim Reeves lost his life while piloting a plane near Brentwood, Tennessee. Ira Louvin was killed in a car accident in 1965. Success overcame several of those tragic deaths, as both Cline and Reeves had many posthumous hits (with previously\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1960s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10740532\",\n \"text\": \"the park that night with a can of gasoline and burned the vehicle containing Johnson's and Coleman's bodies. Johnson's and Coleman's bodies were found later, on the night of July 23, when firefighters were alerted to a burning vehicle. They were found lying on the back seat of the Jeep. Their bodies were burned beyond recognition, and investigators were unable to determine the race or sex of either victim. Police treated the deaths as homicides, though they had not yet determined whether the victims had been murdered. On July 24, the Marion County, Indiana coroner's office released Johnson's and Coleman's\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Nireah Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14669773\",\n \"text\": \"the initial impact were fatally scalded by the escaping steam. \\\"The New York Times\\\" dubbed the first coach the \\\"Death Car\\\". The porter of the \\\"Sirocco\\\", Oscar (O.J.) Daniels, closed a door through which steam was spewing, saving many passengers' lives but suffering severe burns. Daniels then walked up the hill to the nearby game farm to use the telephone. His attempt would be in vain, however, as phone service to the farm had been knocked out by the storm. On his way back to the scene, he collapsed and died on Hazen Road. The citizens and doctors of Hackettstown\",\n \"title\": \"Rockport train wreck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5043913\",\n \"text\": \"believed he was close to dying. Erskine ultimately survived. On November 16, 1933, her cousin, 26-year-old socialite William K. Vanderbilt III, son of William K. II and Virginia Fair Vanderbilt, was killed in a car accident; her brother, Erskine, was also in the car, but suffered minor injuries. In August 1935, he was in another accident, when the car he was driving collided with a truck, injuring three. He was tried and fined 50 dollars and also sentenced to a thirty-day suspended sentence. On account of that accident, Erskine later suffered a paralysis in 1938. On May 28, 1934, Kiki's\",\n \"title\": \"Kiki Preston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17904650\",\n \"text\": \"Chualar bus crash On September 17, 1963, a freight train collided with a bus carrying 58 migrant farmworkers on a railroad crossing outside Chualar in the Salinas Valley, California, killing 32 people and injuring 25. It is the deadliest automobile accident in United States history, according to the National Safety Council. The tragedy was a factor in the decision by Congress in 1964 to terminate the bracero program, despite its strong support among farmers. It also helped spur the Chicano civil rights movement. The workers on the bus lived at the Earl Myers Co. labor camp in Salinas, Monterey County,\",\n \"title\": \"Chualar bus crash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13605669\",\n \"text\": \"Death of Brandon McClelland Brandon \\\"Big Boy\\\" McClelland (June 27, 1984 – September 16, 2008) was an African-American man whose death sparked racial controversy in the city of Paris, Texas. On September 16, 2008, McClelland was killed when he was first hit and run over by a vehicle, then dragged beneath it. At first, police assumed he was the victim of an anonymous hit-and-run accident in which his large frame was dragged under the vehicle, perhaps as far as 70 feet. Further investigation revealed that McClelland was last seen alive with two white men, Paris, Texas, residents Shannon Finley and\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Brandon McClelland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6888505\",\n \"text\": \"Carlton, aged 26 years (née Hope; born 20 October 1952, Cardiff), died in a car crash on the M4 motorway on 27 April 1979, a year after the last of the Train robbers had completed his sentence. The accident occurred as they returned from a visit with Sian's parents in Wales. A Mercedes driven by the pregnant 28-year-old daughter of well-known hairdresser Raymond Bessone (better known as \\\"Mr. Teasy Weasy\\\") crossed a damaged section of the dividing crash barrier and hit Field's oncoming Porsche. He and Sian, along with Amber Bessone, her husband and two children, were killed instantly; however,\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20994370\",\n \"text\": \"photographing birds at the Maagan Michael kibbutz in northern Israel. She was approached by a group of men who killed her and stole her car. The New York Times and other sources reported the act as part of a raid by Palestinian terrorists. She was the first of 33 people to die in the attack. Her death is attributed to Dalal Mughrabi. She was a relative of then-U.S. Senator Abraham Ribicoff, who denounced her killing as “an indefensible act of terrorism that deserves universal condemnation.” Labor reporter A. H. Raskin delivered the eulogy at her funeral. She was buried at\",\n \"title\": \"Gail Rubin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15965902\",\n \"text\": \"more expensive lace upper section to be attached to a common nightgown. Bertha Galland died in an automobile accident in White Plains, New York on November 20, 1932. At the time she was a passenger in a car with her mother and a family friend. Their driver was unable to stop in time when a car pulled out from a side street. The force of the accident was such that Galland’s car overturned striking a fire hydrant and severely injuring several people at a bus stop. Galland died on the way to hospital and her mother shortly after arriving. While\",\n \"title\": \"Bertha Galland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19416383\",\n \"text\": \"CODIS match with Phil Nichols, Robert Nichols' son, confirmed the identification. Joseph Newton Chandler III Robert Ivan Nichols, alias Joseph Newton Chandler III (September 12, 1926 – July 23, 2002) was a formerly unidentified identity thief who committed suicide in Eastlake, Ohio, in July 2002. After his death, investigators were unable to locate his family and discovered that he had stolen the identity of an eight-year-old boy who was killed in a car crash in Texas in 1945. The lengths to which Nichols went to hide his identity led to speculation that he was a fugitive. In late 2016, U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Newton Chandler III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17384208\",\n \"text\": \"official; and beauty queen Gonca Us (Çatlı's girlfriend) were killed in the crash. Kocadağ, Çatlı, and Us died, either immediately, or soon afterwards. Bucak escaped with a broken leg and fractured skull. According to an anonymous witness in the 2007 Ergenekon investigation, everyone initially survived the crash, which was precipitated by remotely disabling the brakes of the Mercedes. A three-person team came and snapped the necks of Us and Çatlı. Bucak was rescued by his guards, who also took his bag from the boot (trunk) and called Grey Wolf Haluk Kırcı. One of the first people to visit the site\",\n \"title\": \"Susurluk car crash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4572333\",\n \"text\": \"J. G. Parry-Thomas John Godfrey Parry-Thomas (6 April 1884 – 3 March 1927) was a Welsh engineer and motor-racing driver who at one time held the land speed record. He was the first driver to be killed in pursuit of the land speed record. Parry-Thomas was born in Wrexham, Wales, the son of the curate of Rhosddu. The family moved to nearby Oswestry when he was five years old, and he was educated at Oswestry School. He went on to study engineering at The City and Guilds College in London. Parry-Thomas became chief engineer at Leyland Motors, a company whose\",\n \"title\": \"J. G. Parry-Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13318548\",\n \"text\": \"the royal family were harmed. It was the first attack on the Dutch royal family in modern times. The driver, identified as 38-year-old Dutch national Karst Roeland Tates, was attended to by emergency service workers of the fire brigade and police, taken into custody and transported to the hospital for treatment. He died the day after the incident, the seventh person to succumb to injuries suffered during the attack. A 46-year-old woman died from her injuries days later, on 8 May, bringing the total number of deaths to eight. At around 11:50 am, just before an open-top bus carrying the\",\n \"title\": \"2009 attack on the Dutch royal family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12550099\",\n \"text\": \"The Carroll County Accident \\\"The Carroll County Accident\\\" is a 1968 country song written by Bob Ferguson, and recorded by Porter Wagoner that year. It was a hit for Wagoner and became one of his signature songs. \\\"The Carroll County Accident\\\" won CMA's Song of the Year in 1969. It has been covered by numerous musicians. The singer tells the story of a single-car accident that occurred just inside the county line near his hometown. The passenger, Walter Browning, an upstanding member of the community and seemingly happily married man, dies; while the driver, Mary Ellen Jones, a woman not\",\n \"title\": \"The Carroll County Accident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11256261\",\n \"text\": \"about the motoring industry. His success in the Asian racing scene in the 60s earned him an invitation to race with a European team which he politely declined. He died during the Macau Grand Prix on November 19, 1967, at the age of 35. Eyewitness accounts revealed that Laurel, after his Lotus 41 skidded out of control, tried to avoid hitting some spectators by driving the car into the sea wall. The crash caused his car to burst into flames, leaving him trapped inside. He was the first fatality of the Macau Grand Prix. Arsenio Laurel Arsenio \\\"Dodjie\\\" Laurel (December\",\n \"title\": \"Arsenio Laurel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3373761\",\n \"text\": \"wife's care and returned to teaching at the University of North Carolina that fall. Then, near dusk on October 14, 1965, while walking along U.S. highway 15-501 near Chapel Hill, N.C., where he had gone seeking medical treatment, Jarrell was struck by a car and killed. In trying to determine the cause of death, \\\"[Jarrell's wife] Mary, the police, the coroner, and ultimately the state of North Carolina judged his death accidental, a verdict made credible by his apparent improvements in health. . .and the odd, sidelong manner of the collision; medical professionals judged the injuries consistent with an accident\",\n \"title\": \"Randall Jarrell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8022316\",\n \"text\": \"S driver died in a collision with a tractor-trailer on May 7, 2016, in Williston, Florida, while the vehicle was in autopilot mode. The driver is believed to be the first person to have died in a Tesla vehicle in autopilot mode. The NHTSA investigated the accident and concluded: \\\"A safety-related defect trend has not been identified at this time and further examination of this issue does not appear to be warranted.\\\" On May 8, 2018, two 18-year olds died in a fire in Fort Lauderdale, Florida that ensued after crashing a Tesla Model S into a wall. The car\",\n \"title\": \"Tesla, Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10321777\",\n \"text\": \"Murder of Oneal Moore He was murdered by alleged members of the Ku Klux Klan in a drive-by shooting on Wednesday, June 2, 1965, exactly one year and one day after his appointment as deputy sheriff. That evening, he was driving home from work when an individual in a pickup truck shot at Moore and his partner, Creed Rogers, another African-American deputy sheriff. Oneal lost control of the vehicle and crashed into a tree, dying instantly from a gunshot wound to the head. Rogers survived the shooting and the subsequent crash with injuries, and broadcast a description of the vehicle,\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Oneal Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14680260\",\n \"text\": \"has a gun and shoots back. The girlfriend runs from the Car Woman and seeks help from a group of prostitutes. The Car Woman chases them all through a fairground and statue garden, killing them one by one. Later, a man named Robert and his girlfriend Sylvie are running from the Car Woman and take refuge in a farmhouse, where both are killed. Marc, a friend of Robert, arrives at the farmhouse to meet him along with his girlfriend. The Car Woman is waiting and shoots Robert and rams a garden fork through his girlfriend's chest. Car Woman travels to\",\n \"title\": \"Killing Car\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"966719\",\n \"text\": \"California rainstorm, Kovacs lost control of his Chevrolet Corvair station wagon while turning quickly, and crashed into a power pole at the corner of Beverly Glen and Santa Monica Boulevards. He was thrown halfway out the passenger side, and died almost instantly from chest and head injuries. A photographer managed to arrive moments later, and graphic images of Kovacs's dead body appeared in newspapers across the United States. An unlit cigar lay on the pavement, inches from his outstretched arm. Years later, in a documentary about Kovacs, Edie Adams described telephoning the police impatiently when she learned of the crash.\",\n \"title\": \"Ernie Kovacs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"714265\",\n \"text\": \"doorway where McCloskey was found, although police claimed that he had been unconscious before the baton charge and may have been hit with a stone. He was taken to hospital and died the following day. On 11 October 1969, Constable Victor Arbuckle was shot dead by loyalists on Belfast's Shankill Road during serious rioting in protest at the recommendations of the Hunt Report. Arbuckle was the first police fatality of the Troubles. In August 1970, two young constables, Donaldson and Millar, died when an abandoned car they were examining near the strongly republican town of Crossmaglen exploded. They became the\",\n \"title\": \"Royal Ulster Constabulary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14294029\",\n \"text\": \"is so widespread that cops are most likely to cover up for one another on that issue.\\\" On Saturday August 4, 2001, at 9 p.m. Gray was speeding through a red light on Third Avenue under the Gowanus Expressway with his minivan when he struck pregnant Maria Herrera, 24, her son Andy, 4, and her sister Dilcia Peña, 16, while crossing a street in Sunset Park, Brooklyn. The three were killed instantly. Herrera was eight and a half months pregnant; her unborn child was delivered in an emergency Caesarean procedure but did not survive. Gray was 15 miles over the\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph Gray (police officer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8445860\",\n \"text\": \"tragedy strikes in April 1997, when Susannah and her children were involved in a car crash driving back from an open day at the fire station. Susannah suffered minor injuries but Matthew and Emily were badly injured. Matthew died shortly after reaching hospital and Emily died the next day. Susannah was wracked with guilt as she had been the one driving and had a drink before. Susannah is grief-stricken and collapses at the children's funeral. In May 1997, Max receives news from Patricia that she is moving to Quebec and Patricia's children come to stay at No. 7 before they\",\n \"title\": \"Susannah Morrisey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20730795\",\n \"text\": \"in the back seat of the car before he got out of the car and tossed Sarina, still in her child car seat, into the street. Sarina was rescued unharmed by a motorist. Miller was convicted of murder and several other charges; he was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole. Basu's death shocked people nationwide and prompted the United States Congress to make carjacking a federal felony. In 1992, Congress, in the aftermath of a spate of violent carjackings (including the Basu case), passed the Federal Anti-Car Theft Act of 1992 (FACTA), the first federal carjacking\",\n \"title\": \"Murder of Pam Basu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18281477\",\n \"text\": \"Death of Janice Marie Young Janice Marie Young (born Janice Marie Brock and known primarily by her middle name) was a formerly unidentified American girl who was pushed into the path of a moving vehicle on June 9, 1973. A man was arrested for her murder, but the charge against him was eventually dropped, as the suspect's \\\"intent could not be proven.\\\" The victim was identified on May 20, 2015, nearly 42 years after her death, after her brother noticed similarities between the unidentified victim and the circumstances surrounding his runaway sister and the match was confirmed through DNA. In\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Janice Marie Young\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18889460\",\n \"text\": \"daughters: sons Lowell Angus, Dixon Miles, and John Walter all obtained Ph.D.s in biology, while son Max Atkin obtained a Ph.D. in mathematics. Daughters Marian and Edith Rae both married biology Ph.Ds. Angus and Grace Woodbury were both killed in a head-on car collision on August 1, 1964, one mile north of Loveland, Colorado. Angus M. Woodbury Angus Munn Woodbury (July 11, 1886 – August 1, 1964) was an American zoologist and ecologist from Utah. He was professor at the University of Utah for over 20 years, and also worked for many years as a ranger-naturalist at Zion National Park.\",\n \"title\": \"Angus M. Woodbury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20731668\",\n \"text\": \"Charlottesville car attack On August 12, 2017, a car was deliberately driven into a crowd of people who had been peacefully protesting the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one and injuring 28. The driver of the car, 20-year-old James Alex Fields Jr., had driven from Ohio to attend the rally. Fields previously espoused neo-Nazi and white supremacist beliefs. He was convicted in a state court of hit and run, the first-degree murder of 32-year-old Heather Heyer, and eight counts of malicious wounding. He continues to face multiple federal hate crime charges. A memorial service and vigils were\",\n \"title\": \"Charlottesville car attack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5217368\",\n \"text\": \"Floyd Roberts Floyd Marion Roberts (February 12, 1900 - May 30, 1939) was a Championship Car racing driver from Jamestown, North Dakota. He won the 1938 Indianapolis 500 with a then-record speed of . He led for 92 laps. The following year, 1939, driving the same car, he was killed in a crash on the backstretch after hitting a wooden fence at . Roberts was the first defending champion of the race to have been killed in competition. According to reports, Roberts intended to retire following the race. He was born on February 12, 1900 in Jamestown, North Dakota. Father,\",\n \"title\": \"Floyd Roberts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5212959\",\n \"text\": \"illustrated her books and articles herself, as well as many books and papers by other scientists. Ward is known as being the first automobile fatality. William Parsons' sons had built a steam-powered car. It was thought at the time that steam transport would be developed greatly during the near future (this was true for trains, but did not in fact become true for cars due to the development of internal combustion engines). Steam cars were heavy and they did too much damage to the already uneven roads. In 1865 the Red Flag Act imposed a speed limit of four miles\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Ward (scientist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3583980\",\n \"text\": \"has been involved in multiple automobile incidents, one of them being fatal. During a 1983 Thanksgiving family reunion near Acapulco, Mexico, Walton lost control of a rented Jeep and plunged into a ravine, shattering her leg. She was airlifted out of Mexico and underwent more than two dozen surgeries; she is said to suffer lingering pain from her injuries. In an April 1989 incident, she struck and killed 50-year-old Oleta Hardin, who had stepped onto a Fayetteville, Arkansas, road. Witnesses stated that Walton was speeding at the time of the accident, but no charges were filed. In a 1998 incident,\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Walton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8465962\",\n \"text\": \"Chappaquiddick incident The Chappaquiddick incident was a single-vehicle car accident which occurred on Chappaquiddick Island in Massachusetts on Friday, July 18, 1969. The late-night accident was caused by Senator Ted Kennedy's negligence and resulted in the death of his 28-year-old passenger Mary Jo Kopechne, who was trapped inside the vehicle. According to Kennedy's testimony, he accidentally drove his car off the one-lane bridge and into the tide-swept Poucha Pond. He swam free, left the scene, and did not report the accident to the police for ten hours; Kopechne died inside the fully submerged car. The car with Kopechne's body inside\",\n \"title\": \"Chappaquiddick incident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4160215\",\n \"text\": \"Missouri, officers, Detective William Grooms and Patrolman Grant Schroder, McAlester, Oklahoma Police Chief Otto Reed, and FBI Special Agent Ray Caffrey were killed. Nash was also killed as he was sitting in the car, shot in the head by his would-be rescuers. Two other Kansas City police officers survived by slumping forward in the backseat and feigning death. As the gunmen inspected the car, another officer responded from the station and fired at them, forcing them to flee. Miller was found dead on November 27, 1933 outside Detroit, Michigan, having been beaten and strangled. Floyd and Richetti were alleged to\",\n \"title\": \"Pretty Boy Floyd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1855302\",\n \"text\": \"Horatio Nelson Jackson Horatio Nelson Jackson (March 25, 1872 – January 14, 1955) was an American physician and automobile pioneer. In 1903, he and driving partner Sewall K. Crocker became the first people to drive an automobile across the United States. Born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to American parents, Jackson graduated from the University of Vermont in 1893, became a physician, and practiced in Brattleboro and Burlington, Vermont. He was married to Bertha Richardson Wells, the daughter of William Wells, a Medal of Honor recipient and one of the richest men in Vermont as a partner in Wells, Richardson &\",\n \"title\": \"Horatio Nelson Jackson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20731673\",\n \"text\": \"to arrive, and detective Steven Young came from the police department. According to Young, Fields kept apologizing and asked if anyone was injured. When Young told him that a person had died, Fields appeared shocked and started to cry. Young said that the Dodge had holes in the rear window—made by counter-protesters after the initial impact—and heavy front-end damage; Young said that the car was \\\"splattered\\\" with blood and flesh. A pair of blue sunglasses was stuck in the spoiler on the car's trunk. Heather Heyer, a 32-year-old woman, was fatally injured in the attack, and died at the University\",\n \"title\": \"Charlottesville car attack\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9543185\",\n \"text\": \"at the time of his death. Nathan died from his injuries in a car crash on December 28, 2006, when the car in which he was a passenger hit a tree broadside in Hollis, New Hampshire. He was taken to St. Joseph's Hospital in Nashua where he was pronounced dead. He was 21 years old. An episode of \\\"Jeopardy!\\\" was dedicated to his memory. Hudson, MA, native Gabriel King, a best friend of the actor, was driving when the accident occurred. King was sentenced to a year in confinement after pleading guilty to negligent homicide because of speeding. Half of\",\n \"title\": \"Jared Nathan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13484796\",\n \"text\": \"Nicolas Jacques Pelletier Nicolas Jacques Pelletier (c. 1756April 25, 1792) was a French highwayman who was the first person to be executed by means of the guillotine. Pelletier routinely associated with a group of known criminals. On the night of 14 October 1791, with several unknown accomplices, he attacked a passerby in the rue Bourbon-Villeneuve in Paris and stole his wallet and several securities. During the robbery he also killed the man, though this is disputed in later literature as possibly just having been an assault and robbery or also an assault, robbery, and rape. He was apprehended and accused\",\n \"title\": \"Nicolas Jacques Pelletier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15209466\",\n \"text\": \"mother were arrested for perjury; charges that were in due course vacated by a judge. Fontaine continued the battle with subsequent lawsuits against Whitney that would fare no better than the first. On January 21, 1928, Fontaine’s mother was killed near New Smyrna Beach, Florida, when her automobile collided with a Florida East Coast Railway passenger train. Florence Fontaine had been on her way to Miami to care of her daughter who had fallen ill. Fontaine's father died on August 19, 1939, while on a visit to her home in Margate, New Jersey. At the time Winston Fontaine was a\",\n \"title\": \"Evan-Burrows Fontaine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"562249\",\n \"text\": \"On the evening of September 5, 1982, Gaynor, her husband Paul Gregory, actress Mary Martin, and Martin's manager Ben Washer were involved in a serious car accident in San Francisco. A van ran a red light at the corner of California and Franklin Streets and crashed into the Luxor taxicab in which the group was riding, knocking it into a tree. Ben Washer was killed, Mary Martin sustained two broken ribs and a broken pelvis, and Gaynor's husband suffered two broken legs. Gaynor sustained several serious injuries, including 11 broken ribs, a fractured collarbone, pelvic fractures, a punctured lung, and\",\n \"title\": \"Janet Gaynor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13717232\",\n \"text\": \"thief, the 25-year-old was suspected of transporting stolen cars across state lines. On October 11, 1925, Durkin was followed to a Chicago garage by federal Special Agent Edwin C. Shanahan. When Shanahan approached his car, he surprised Durkin, causing Durkin to shoot him in the chest. The story received instant national attention because Shanahan was the first federal agent to be killed in the line of duty . The reaction from the FBI was particularly aggressive and widely considered \\\"a matter of pride and personal security\\\" among virtually the entire agency. According to popular lore, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover\",\n \"title\": \"Martin James Durkin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6122141\",\n \"text\": \"late as 1991, López mentioned the possibility of returning to baseball in a coaching role. López was killed in an auto accident the day after his 44th birthday in Matehuala, San Luis Potosí. He was driving a car that overturned, and he was thrown from the vehicle. His wife Celia and another passenger were injured in the crash. López was buried in Tecamachalco Cemetery. He, Aurelio Rodríguez and Aurelio Monteagudo are the only three players in MLB history named Aurelio, and all three were killed in car accidents between the ages of 44 and 52. López was inducted into the\",\n \"title\": \"Aurelio López\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11406745\",\n \"text\": \"Smith failed to answer Martorano's challenge satisfactorily, Martorano tracked Smith to a car on Normandy Street in Dorchester. Smith was accompanied by a nineteen-year-old woman, Elizabeth Frances \\\"Liz\\\" Dickson, and a seventeen-year-old boy, Douglas Barrett. Martorano walked up to the car and killed all three occupants with his .38-caliber snubnosed revolver. In 1979, Flemmi and Bulger learned that Martorano and several other Winter Hill members, including, James \\\"Gentleman Jim\\\" Mulvey were about to be indicted for a horse race-fixing scheme involving Fat Tony Ciulla. They warned Martorano, who quickly fled to Florida. He spent the next 16 years as a\",\n \"title\": \"Johnny Martorano\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13578124\",\n \"text\": \"automobile accident in Lincoln Parish. On June 13, 1958, Jordan, then sixty-one, was traveling west in the eastbound lane on U.S. Highway 80, near Ruston, when he struck a car head-on. In the other vehicle was 31-year-old Buford Caldwell, who died an hour later at a hospital. Ronald Webb Fullilove, a 10-year-old in another vehicle, also succumbed within an hour. Several others were injured in the crash. Jordan was a great-uncle of Rodney E. Mason (1941-2012), who with his wife, the former Connie Talton (born 1948), formerly operated the Talk of the Town Beauty Salon in Minden. Mason was earlier\",\n \"title\": \"Henderson Jordan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13813819\",\n \"text\": \"Viola Liuzzo, was murdered. The subsequent trial of her accused murderers, Collie Leroy Jenkins Jr., Eugene Thomas and William Orville Eaton, resulted in a hung jury, but before a second trial could commence, the trio's lawyer, Matt H. Murphy Jr., was killed in an automobile accident. He was replaced by Hanes, who had served as a pallbearer at Murphy's funeral, insisted he would \\\"stick to the facts,\\\" a nod to the racist appeals made by Murphy in the first case. The trio was acquitted in the state court, but were found guilty in federal court on December 3, 1965, and\",\n \"title\": \"Art Hanes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2375148\",\n \"text\": \"sonnet \\\"Sesta de Nero\\\" (\\\"Nero's Nap\\\") in the newspaper \\\"Gazeta de Notícias\\\" in 1884, which received praise from Artur Azevedo. In addition to poetry, Bilac wrote publicitary texts, chronicles, schoolbooks, children's poetry and satirical works. In 1891, he was arrested at the Fortaleza da Laje in Rio de Janeiro for opposing the government of Floriano Peixoto. In 1897, Bilac lost control of his car, crashing it in a tree. He was the first person to suffer a car accident in Brazil. Bilac never married and never had children. He was engaged to Amélia de Oliveira, the sister of the poet\",\n \"title\": \"Olavo Bilac\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13141242\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Eskridge car crash In 1998, Randall Eskridge, a Flight Equipment Technician in the Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 152 based out of Okinawa, caused a fatal hit-and-run crash. On October 7, 1998, while driving drunk, his car struck Yuki Uema, an 18-year-old Japanese high school student, who was riding her motorcycle home. After hitting her, Eskridge did not stop to help her. Uema was in a coma for a week and died from complications of her injuries. Uema's death followed the infamous 1995 Okinawan rape incident, where on September 4, 1995, three U.S. servicemen rented a van and kidnapped\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Eskridge car crash\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9149210\",\n \"text\": \"Death of Ayrton Senna Three-time Formula One World Champion Ayrton Senna died on 1 May 1994, as a result of his car crashing into a concrete barrier while he was leading the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Italy. The previous day, Roland Ratzenberger had died when his car crashed during qualification for the race. His and Senna's accidents were the worst of several accidents that took place that weekend and were the first fatal accidents to occur during a Formula One race meeting in twelve years. They became a turning point in\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Ayrton Senna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4380812\",\n \"text\": \"and distributors of the \\\"Grand Theft Auto\\\" series claiming the games caused a teenager to shoot and kill three members of the Alabama police force. The shooting took place in June 2003 when Devin Moore, 17 years old at the time, was taken in for questioning by police in Fayette, Alabama regarding a stolen vehicle. Moore then grabbed a pistol from one of the police officers and shot and killed him along with another officer and dispatcher before fleeing in a police car. One of Moore's attorneys, Jack Thompson, claimed it was \\\"Grand Theft Auto\\\"s graphic nature—with his constant playing\",\n \"title\": \"Grand Theft Auto\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16027042\",\n \"text\": \"was allegedly struck from behind by a car driven by B.J. Others insisted he was struck by B.J.'s vehicle. He died in Los Angeles, California on October 20, 1913. The official cause of death was typhoid fever, though some believe it was the consequence of his injuries. The courts exonerated B.J. of any responsibility for his father's death. Chiropractic historian Joseph C. Keating, Jr. has described the attempted patricide of D.D. Palmer as a \\\"myth\\\" and \\\"absurd on its face\\\" and cites an eyewitness who recalled that D.D. was not struck by B.J.'s car, but rather, had stumbled. In 1870\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel David Palmer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13664173\",\n \"text\": \"down, the doors of the other car opened and the assassins jumped out with drawn guns. In the first hail of bullets the chauffeur and school-chum were shot down dead. The others tried to flee across a nearby field. Mrs. Shi was hit and fell wounded, as did her niece Shen Lijuan. Shi Yonggeng, the son, managed to run to safety. But Shi Liangcai was killed on the spot, and his body was dropped into a dry cistern. The killing caused a tremendous public outcry — the entire Municipal Council resigned in protest — and the provincial governor of Zhejiang,\",\n \"title\": \"Shi Liangcai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11908892\",\n \"text\": \"sending it crashing into a telephone pole. The driver of the Eclipse, Henry Pearson, and a passenger, Cal State Fullerton cheerleader Courtney Stewart, were pronounced dead at the scene. Adenhart and Jon Wilhite, another passenger in the Mitsubishi, were taken to University of California, Irvine Medical Center, where Adenhart died as a result of his injuries at the age of 22. Wilhite suffered internal decapitation and survived after undergoing five hours of surgery to reattach his skull to his spine six days after the crash. The minivan driver fled the scene on foot, but was later arrested and identified as\",\n \"title\": \"Nick Adenhart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17616578\",\n \"text\": \"1956. At the Pomona Sports Car Races on October 21, 1956, Eschrich, driving this car, was involved in a minor \\\"shunt\\\" with another driver. Barris' \\\"Cars of the Stars\\\" states that a Dr. McHenry, \\\"driving a car powered by the engine from Dean's car, was killed when his vehicle went out of control and struck a tree in the first race in which the motor had been used since Dean's mishap. Another doctor, of Burbank, was injured in the same race when his car, which contained the drivetrain from Dean's car, rolled over.\\\" Eschrich, interviewed a day after McHenry's fatal\",\n \"title\": \"Death of James Dean\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"325478\",\n \"text\": \"murdered. Among the victims were Henry Smith, a teenager lynched in 1893. 115 years later, in 2008, an African-American man, Brandon McClelland, was run over and dragged to death under a vehicle. Two white men were arrested, but the prosecutor cited lack of evidence and declined to press charges, and no serious subsequent attempt to find other perpetrators was made. This caused unrest in the Paris African-American community. Following this incident, an attempt by the United States Department of Justice Justice Community Relations Service to initiate a dialog between the races in the town ended in failure when African-American complaints\",\n \"title\": \"Paris, Texas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14864603\",\n \"text\": \"war an \\\"adjusted compensation\\\" for their service. He became friends with President Warren Harding and was considered the leading spokesman for veterans around the nation. Galbraith was killed in an automobile accident on June 9, 1921, in Indianapolis, Indiana. The vehicle in which he was riding took a turn too quickly and flipped off of the road. Galbraith was ejected from the car, struck his head on a piece of concrete that had been left by a road crew, and died instantly. His death made national news and thousands attended his funeral in Cincinnati, Ohio. During World War II a\",\n \"title\": \"Frederic W. Galbraith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10518642\",\n \"text\": \"director Clarence Brown in 1932. She was involved in a romance with wealthy New York jeweler Jules Galenzer in 1934. Burgess was charged with manslaughter following an auto accident in which she was driving. 17-year-old Louise Manfredi died in the wreck, in San Francisco, on the night of December 23, 1932. Burgess, driving alone, collided with a car driven by 18-year-old, Andrew Salz, a student at the University of California-Berkeley. Burgess' hearing was postponed and her bail was fixed at $50. She suffered from shock and was placed in a San Francisco sanitorium. Salz and Burgess each accused the other\",\n \"title\": \"Dorothy Burgess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8684904\",\n \"text\": \"evade his attackers, Griffith ran in front of a moving car driven by the son of a police officer, and was killed. His body was found on theBelt Parkway at 1:03 a.m. Griffith's death provoked strong outrage and immediate condemnation by then-Mayor of New York City Ed Koch, who referred to the case as the \\\"No. 1 case in the city\\\". Two days after the event, on December 22, three local teenagers, Jon Lester, Scott Kern, and Jason Ladone, students at John Adams High School, were arrested, and charged with second-degree murder. The driver of the car that struck Griffith,\",\n \"title\": \"Howard Beach racial incident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9186159\",\n \"text\": \"found the back seat of a flaming car early in the morning of October 23, 1935 across from 131 North Elliot Place, Brooklyn. He had been stripped of his clothes, a sack placed over his head with his hands tied with wire. A witness who first spotted the flames saw several men running away from the scene. Amberg's body was claimed by an undertaker and he was buried without any ceremony. An individual named Al Stern or Stein, 21, was considered a suspect in the killing of both Amberg brothers and at least seven others since that August. The deaths\",\n \"title\": \"Louis Amberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11009143\",\n \"text\": \"seats. On the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. The differing needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station wagon/estate, and minivan. Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. Mary Ward became one of the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland, and Henry Bliss one of the United States' first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City. There\",\n \"title\": \"Car\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1954245\",\n \"text\": \"hand crank kicked back, causing serious injury: a broken wrist, arm, or shoulder. On a winter night in 1908, the result was much worse. Byron Carter, founder of Cartercar, came across a stalled motorist on Belle Isle in the middle of the Detroit River. He gallantly offered to crank the car for the stranded driver. When she forgot to retard the spark, the crank kicked and broke Carter's jaw. Complications developed, and Carter later died of pneumonia. When Cadillac chief, Henry M. Leland, heard the news, he was distraught. Byron Carter was a friend; the car that kicked back was\",\n \"title\": \"Charles F. Kettering\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9547272\",\n \"text\": \"Buckshot Jones, Dale Jarrett (the defending Daytona 500 winner), and Andy Houston. The crash began when R. Gordon turned W. Burton at the exit of turn 2. Stewart got hit by W. Burton, turned backwards against the outside wall, and was pushed airborne over R. Gordon. Stewart then flipped over twice, hooking to B. Labonte's hood, and stood on his front wheels before coasting to a stop in the infield, while W. Burton's car turned sideways and collected most of the field behind him. Earnhardt, Ron Hornaday, Jr., Ricky Rudd, Ken Schrader, and Mike Wallace were five of the few\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Dale Earnhardt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2993950\",\n \"text\": \"passed. The blast sent Blanco and his car into the air and over a five-story building. The car crashed to the ground on the opposite side of a Jesuit college, landing on the second-floor balcony. Blanco survived the blast but died shortly afterwards. His bodyguard and driver were killed outright. The \\\"electricians\\\" shouted to stunned passers-by that there had been a gas explosion, and then fled in the confusion. ETA claimed responsibility on 22 January 1974. In a collective interview justifying the attack, the ETA bombers said: The killing was not condemned and was, in some cases, even welcomed by\",\n \"title\": \"Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7226643\",\n \"text\": \"so the first police casualties occurred when a group of six officers stumbled upon the entire column of soldiers. Two policemen (including Rufus Daniels) were killed immediately, and one later died of wounds he had sustained. The soldiers stopped a car carrying two policemen, who were disarmed and shot. A few blocks later, an open-topped car carrying a man in an olive-drab uniform approached the column. Believing this to be the uniform of a Houston mounted policeman, the soldiers opened fire only to discover later that they had killed Captain Joseph W. Mattes of the Illinois National Guard. The killing\",\n \"title\": \"Houston riot of 1917\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14118124\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Loach Jack Loach (born August 21, 1942) is a prominent British businessman. His company was accused of failing in its duty of care in regard to the death of a 17-year-old boy Mr. Jack Loach was one of the directors (together with members of his family) of S&J Loach Ltd engineering contractors who were originally the subject of a Coroner’s verdict of unlawfully killing. The 17-year-old boy driver lost control of his car on a newly laid road surface, crashed and was killed. A public outrage (mainly his family and friends.) was caused when the Coroner was ordered by\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Loach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7046089\",\n \"text\": \"scored twice. He was killed along with his wife and two friends in a car crash on the A40 near Oxford in March 1977 whilst driving home from a fund-raising charity event. The accident occurred when a speeding driver, 22-year-old Bartholomew Smith, the son of Tory MP John Smith (1923–2007) veered into Houseman's vehicle, travelling in the opposite direction. A testimonial match between the 1970 and 1977 Chelsea teams was arranged to raise money for their orphaned children, with a crowd of almost 17,000 in attendance. He was a hero in the village of Oakley in Hampshire, where he set\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Houseman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4152546\",\n \"text\": \"near the village of Duppigheim, 30-year-old Jean Bugatti was killed when he lost control of his vehicle and crashed into a tree after hitting a cyclist, who had got onto the track through a hole in a treefence. He is interred in the Bugatti family plot at the municipal cemetery in Dorlisheim. There is a monument to him at the site of his accident. Jean Bugatti Jean Bugatti (15 January 1909 – 11 August 1939) was a French automotive designer and test engineer. Born Gianoberto Maria Carlo Bugatti in Cologne, he was the eldest son of Ettore Bugatti. Soon after\",\n \"title\": \"Jean Bugatti\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1385810\",\n \"text\": \"using. The precise sequence of the events that followed remains in dispute, but a preponderance of opinion placed Leopold behind the wheel of the car, while Loeb sat in the back seat with the chisel. Loeb struck Franks, sitting in front of him in the passenger seat, several times in the head with the chisel, then dragged him into the back seat, where he was gagged and soon died. With the body on the floorboard out of view, they drove to their predetermined dumping spot near Wolf Lake in Hammond, Indiana, south of Chicago. After nightfall they removed and discarded\",\n \"title\": \"Leopold and Loeb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5055443\",\n \"text\": \"previous day, but due to ribbing from her colleagues she canceled a commercial flight ticket she had purchased. Gaines survived the initial accident but bled to death while rescuers attempted to reach the accident site and remove victims for medical treatment. According to controversial claims by survivor Billy Powell, Gaines bled to death after the accident in Powell's arms from deep lacerations. Cassie and Steve Gaines were buried in Orange Park, Florida. On February 15, 1979, the mother of Steve and Cassie, also named Cassie LaRue Gaines, was killed in an automobile accident near the cemetery where Steve and Cassie\",\n \"title\": \"Cassie Gaines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9256467\",\n \"text\": \"in the 500. Peter Kreis A. J. \\\"Peter\\\" Kreis (January 19, 1900 – May 25, 1934) was an American racecar driver. He and riding mechanic Robert Hahn were killed in a turn one accident while practicing for the 1934 Indianapolis 500. As he was entering the turn, a car in front of him spun, followed by Kreis' car spinning, possibly due to trying to avoid a collision. The car went over the outside wall backwards, tumbled, and hit a tree. Both men were dead when the ambulance arrived. Kreis was a wealthy contractor who would take a month off each\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Kreis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7838385\",\n \"text\": \"him out of his shoes. As Bignotti relays it, \\\"I heard the car coming, and - whap - it hit him.\\\" The incident was easily seen by thousands of spectators, as it occurred on the pit lane at the start/finish line. Teran suffered crushed ribs and a broken skull, and although he lived through the initial impact, he died shortly afterward after being transported to Methodist Hospital. It was erroneously reported by media that Flake was at fault in the Teran collision because of driving against racing traffic; in 1973, safety trucks were permitted to drive in the opposite direction\",\n \"title\": \"1973 Indianapolis 500\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was the first person killed in a car accident"}}},{"rowIdx":197,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Jeddah"],"string":"[\n \"Jeddah\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4742191","text":"King Abdulaziz International Airport King Abdulaziz International Airport (KAIA) () is an airport located 19 km to the north of Jeddah. Named after King Abdulaziz Al Saud and inaugurated in 1981, the airport is the busiest airport of Saudi Arabia and the third-largest airport in the kingdom. The airport is known for its Hajj terminal, which is specially built for Muslim pilgrims going to Mecca annually and can handle 80,000 passengers at the same time. It can accommodate more aircraft than any other airport in the world. It is claimed that the new phase of the airport will make it","title":"King Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"980457","text":"Saudia Saudia ( '), also known as Saudi Arabian Airlines (), is the national carrier airline of Saudi Arabia, based in Jeddah. The airline's main operational base is at King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah. King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh and King Fahd International Airport in Dammam are secondary hubs. The airline is the third largest in the Middle East in terms of revenue, behind Emirates and Qatar Airways. It operates domestic and international scheduled flights to over 85 destinations in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. Domestic and international charter flights are operated, mostly during","title":"Saudia"},{"id":"4742198","text":"at the airport. King Abdulaziz International Airport King Abdulaziz International Airport (KAIA) () is an airport located 19 km to the north of Jeddah. Named after King Abdulaziz Al Saud and inaugurated in 1981, the airport is the busiest airport of Saudi Arabia and the third-largest airport in the kingdom. The airport is known for its Hajj terminal, which is specially built for Muslim pilgrims going to Mecca annually and can handle 80,000 passengers at the same time. It can accommodate more aircraft than any other airport in the world. It is claimed that the new phase of the airport","title":"King Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"980469","text":"equipped with Wi-Fi and mobile network portability on board. Most aircraft also offer onboard specialized prayer areas and a recorded prayer is played prior to takeoff. Saudia Saudia ( '), also known as Saudi Arabian Airlines (), is the national carrier airline of Saudi Arabia, based in Jeddah. The airline's main operational base is at King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah. King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh and King Fahd International Airport in Dammam are secondary hubs. The airline is the third largest in the Middle East in terms of revenue, behind Emirates and Qatar Airways. It operates domestic and","title":"Saudia"},{"id":"6008330","text":"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport or Medina Airport is a regional airport in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Opened in 1950, it handles domestic flights, while it has scheduled international services to regional destinations such as Cairo, Doha, Dubai, Istanbul and Kuwait City. Medina Airport also handles charter international flights during the Hajj and Umrah seasons. The Pilgrims for Hajj and Umrah can enter Saudi Arabia through this airport or through Jeddah Airport only. It is the fourth busiest airport in Saudi Arabia, handling 6,572,787 passengers in 2016, including 719,638 Hajj charter and 818,092 Umrah","title":"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"9685550","text":"Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport , formerly Qassim International Airport and widely known in the air-travel industry as \"Gassim\" (from Gassim Province in which it lies), is an airport in the Mulayda district () west of Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. It primarily serves the region in addition to the neighbor provinces of Hail and Riyadh. Currently, 11 airlines serve the airport with 15 destinations in 5 countries (Saudi Arabia included). The airport was established in 1964 and is owned and operated by the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA). It was renamed to Prince","title":"Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"2648255","text":"King Khalid International Airport King Khalid International Airport ( \"\", ) is located north of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, designed by the architectural firm HOK, and Arabian Bechtel Company Limited served as the construction manager on behalf of the Saudi government. This airport consists of five passenger terminals (only three of which are in use), with eight aero-bridges each, a mosque, covered and uncovered car parking for 11,600 vehicles, an additional Royal Terminal (for the kingdom's guests, government heads, and Saudi royal family use), a central control tower (one of the world's tallest), and two parallel runways, which are each long.","title":"King Khalid International Airport"},{"id":"9685551","text":"Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport after a royal decree by King Abdullah on 5 July 2012 in memory of former Crown Prince Nayef. Prince Sultan, then crown prince and minister of defense and aviation, launched an expansion project of the royal terminal at the airport in 2003. GACA has spent more than SR300 million on expansion projects since 1964 and the airport continues to undergo further expansion as it consolidates its position as a main aviation hub in Saudi Arabia's central region. On 28 May 2005, three military helicopters parked in the airport caught fire, also damaging the buildings next","title":"Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"5517590","text":"(now shared with flynas and SaudiGulf Airlines), 44 to foreign airlines, and the rest for customs and immigration. Several sources, such as the Guinness Book of World Records mention this airport as the largest in the world, with a total area of 780 square kilometers (larger than Bahrain). The official website, however, publishes an actual utilized airport area of , or 36.75 square kilometers. It does mention a total area of , but that includes the whole property. King Fahd International Airport was the first among Saudi Arabia's international airports to adopt duty-free stores. In addition to the spaces allocated","title":"King Fahd International Airport"},{"id":"2674389","text":"the city. Dammam is served by the King Fahd International Airport, the largest airport in the world in terms of land area. The passenger terminal is about 20 km to the northwest of the city and is connected by a 6-lane highway. Some other cities of the Eastern Province also share this airport. Dammam is well connected by air with other cities in the Middle East, Asia, and Europe. The airport is a hub for SaudiGulf Airlines. The King Abdul Aziz Sea Port, located on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is the second largest and second busiest port in","title":"Dammam"},{"id":"10450758","text":"complex. Upon completion it will be the fourth largest air facility in land area (physical size). Only three other air facilities are larger than Dubai World Central: King Fahd International Airport, Damman, Saudi Arabia, which is larger than the country of Bahrain, at 780 square kilometers; Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, at 392 square kilometers; and King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, at 225 square kilometers. Due to the massive physical scale of the masterplan, others would come to claim that Dubai World Central would be the most ambitious airport project ever envisioned. The latest estimates by the","title":"Developments in Dubai"},{"id":"4742192","text":"the largest airport in the world and the busiest of all airports during the Hajj. The airport occupies an area of . Beside the airport proper, this includes a royal terminal, facilities of Prince Abdullah Air Base for the Royal Saudi Air Force, and housing for airport staff. Construction work on KAIA airport began in 1974, and was finalized in 1980. Finally, on 31 May 1981, the airport opened for service after being officially inaugurated in April 1981. Because of Jeddah's proximity to Islam's holy city of Mecca, the airport is notable for one feature in particular: The Hajj Terminal.","title":"King Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"6008336","text":"held on September 10, 2015. The airport also received the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certificate in the MENA region. The airport is named after Crown Prince Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, who is otherwise remembered for ordering the execution for adultery of his granddaughter, Princess Misha'al bint Fahd. Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport or Medina Airport is a regional airport in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Opened in 1950, it handles domestic flights, while it has scheduled international services to regional destinations such as Cairo, Doha, Dubai, Istanbul and Kuwait","title":"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"5517586","text":"airport is the third major hub for Saudia, and furthermore was a hub for the now defunct Sama Airlines. The airport is named for Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 until his death in 2005. Design started in 1976. The site master plan was created by architecture firm Yamasaki & Associates and Boeing Aerosystems International, and completed in 1977. Construction began in 1983, and the airport opened for commercial operations on 28 November 1999. The airport, in the Eastern Province of the country, is located between Qatif and Dammam, about away from Dammam. The location","title":"King Fahd International Airport"},{"id":"9685552","text":"to the hangar. There were no human casualties. Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport , formerly Qassim International Airport and widely known in the air-travel industry as \"Gassim\" (from Gassim Province in which it lies), is an airport in the Mulayda district () west of Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. It primarily serves the region in addition to the neighbor provinces of Hail and Riyadh. Currently, 11 airlines serve the airport with 15 destinations in 5 countries (Saudi Arabia included). The airport was established in 1964 and is owned and operated by the General Authority of","title":"Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"2642511","text":"Saudi Real Estate Companion that despite being home to some of the largest conglomerates in the region, namely Aramco and Sabic, the Eastern Province did fall behind the rest of the country when it came to non-oil related services. Dammam's King Fahd International Airport, the largest airport in the world in terms of land area. The passenger terminal is about 20 km to the northwest of the city and is connected by a 6-lane highway. The airport is the primary air hub of the Eastern Province. Dammam is well connected by air with other cities in the Middle East, Asia,","title":"Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"},{"id":"6554176","text":"It was planned to be the largest airport in the world in terms of freight handled, moving up to per year in 2013. The project was originally expected to be fully operational by 2017, although the 2007–2012 global financial crisis subsequently postponed the completion of the complex to 2027. Previous working names for the airport complex have included \"Jebel Ali International Airport\", \"Jebel Ali Airport City\", and \"Dubai World Central International Airport\". It has been named after the late Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the former Ruler of Dubai. The total cost of the airport has been estimated by","title":"Al Maktoum International Airport"},{"id":"2642512","text":"and Europe. Other international airports in the province are Al-Ahsa International Airport and Al Qaisumah/Hafr Al Batin Airport. The King Abdul Aziz Sea Port, located on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is the second largest and second busiest port in Saudi Arabia. It is also the largest port in the Persian Gulf. It was founded in the late 1940s. It has large equipment that allows it to receive various types of vessels. The most important equipments are 56 multi-purpose hoist, 8 container cranes, and 524 tanker containers. There are a number of berths for ships and fishing, as well","title":"Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia"},{"id":"7158940","text":"Bridge in Turkey, completed 1974) was accelerating while domestic orders were receding, according to the company's annual report of 1975. By 1980, foreign work accounted for more than 50% of Hochtief's business. A major factor was the contract for King Abdulaziz International Airport (completed 1981), the largest airport in Saudi Arabia, and the most valuable contract Hochtief had ever been involved with. The architecture of the airport is highly rated aesthetically, and it has several unusual features, including Terminal Three, used only during the Hajj, reserved for pilgrims travelling to Mecca. It has a tent-shaped fibreglass roof, contains a mosque,","title":"Hochtief"},{"id":"16358719","text":"Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport is located southeast of Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia. It was named after Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz. The planned capacity of the airport was 100,000 passengers per year, particularly both tourists and locals. The airport began operations on 31 October 2011 when the first flight from Riyadh operated by Saudia. It is the closest airport to the pre-Islamic archaeological site of Mada'in Saleh and Al Ula Heritage Village. The airport is the first one in Saudi Arabia specifically designed to serve people coming to the region for","title":"Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport"},{"id":"8679988","text":"the Dhahran, Khobar, Dammam area serves the strategically important national oil industry, led by Saudi Aramco, as well as the local population. However, car ownership in the Kingdom has soared which often leaves non-highway roads congested at peak times. Formerly one of Saudi Arabia's three major international airports, Dhahran Airport (DHA), which opened in 1946 as Dhahran Airfield, is now a Royal Saudi Air Force air-base. Today, King Fahad International Airport (DMM), which replaced Dhahran International for commercial, private and cargo, serves the entire Metropolitan Area of Dhahran, Dammam, and Khobar, the distance to the airport terminal is about 40","title":"Dhahran"},{"id":"1361586","text":"February 2016, members of the public were invited to trial the concourse in preparation for its opening. On Wednesday, 24 February 2016, Concourse D officially opened with the first British Airways flight arriving at gate D8. Terminal 2 built in 1998 has an area of and has a capacity of 10 million as of 2013, after several, decent reconstructions and a major expansion in 2012 which saw capacity double. It is used by over 50 airlines, mainly operating in the Persian Gulf region. Most flights operate to India, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. In June 2009, Terminal 2 became","title":"Dubai International Airport"},{"id":"5517585","text":"before the start of the war, as well as during redeployment from Iraq after. The General Authority of Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia finally opened the new Dammam King Fahd International Airport on 28 November 1999 to commercial traffic, and all airlines transferred their operations from Dhahran International Airport, which had been in use until then. The new Dammam airport serves most of Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and in particular the growing urban complex made up of Dammam, Dhahran, Khobar, Qatif, Ras Tanura, while its catchment area also covers Jubail with total population of about 2.5 million served. The","title":"King Fahd International Airport"},{"id":"2648256","text":"The land area allocated for this airport is among the largest (Second-largest, after King Fahd International Airport) in the world. This airport was an alternative landing site for NASA's Space Shuttle. King Khalid International Airport (KKIA) opened for operations in late 1983. Until then, what is now Riyadh Air Base served commercial flights to and from Riyadh. Increased international and local air transport requirements for Riyadh made the change necessary. Riyadh Air Base, which is much closer to the city center, is operated by the Royal Saudi Air Force. There are five main passenger terminals at the airport, four of","title":"King Khalid International Airport"},{"id":"13884452","text":"Abqaiq Airport Abqaiq Airport is a small airstrip located 10 km west to the center of Abqaiq city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies an area of about 0.35 km², surrounded by farms and desert. It is about 65 km southwest of Dammam, the Province's largest city. The closest major city, however, is Al-Mubarraz, which is located about 55km to the south. Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) owns the airfield and used to operate it for its domestic flights around the kingdom, until it was abandoned from regular use due to the completion of the King","title":"Abqaiq Airport"},{"id":"13898956","text":"Haradh Airport Haradh Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Haradh in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.1 km² next to the residential camp. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The Airport still closed and is under renovation. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters long and 30 meters wide. 10 parking/gates can","title":"Haradh Airport"},{"id":"16358720","text":"visiting purposes. Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport is located southeast of Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia. It was named after Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz. The planned capacity of the airport was 100,000 passengers per year, particularly both tourists and locals. The airport began operations on 31 October 2011 when the first flight from Riyadh operated by Saudia. It is the closest airport to the pre-Islamic archaeological site of Mada'in Saleh and Al Ula Heritage Village. The airport is the first one in Saudi Arabia specifically designed to serve people coming to the","title":"Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport"},{"id":"1679682","text":"world, handling 2.37 million tons of cargo in 2014 Emirates is the national airline of Dubai. , it operated internationally serving over 150 destinations in over 70 countries across six continents. The development of Al Maktoum International Airport (IATA: DWC) was announced in 2004. The first phase of the airport, featuring one A380 capable runway, 64 remote stands, one cargo terminal with annual capacity for 250,000 tonnes of cargo and a passenger terminal building designed to accommodate five million passengers per year, has been opened. When completed, Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum International will be the largest airport in the world","title":"Dubai"},{"id":"2648270","text":"station on the southeastern part of the airport to be linked with the terminal through the metro system. King Khalid International Airport King Khalid International Airport ( \"\", ) is located north of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, designed by the architectural firm HOK, and Arabian Bechtel Company Limited served as the construction manager on behalf of the Saudi government. This airport consists of five passenger terminals (only three of which are in use), with eight aero-bridges each, a mosque, covered and uncovered car parking for 11,600 vehicles, an additional Royal Terminal (for the kingdom's guests, government heads, and Saudi royal family","title":"King Khalid International Airport"},{"id":"18932247","text":"Pump Station 3 Airport Pump Station 3 Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Pump Station 3 in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.1 km² next to the complex. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters long and 30 meters wide. Only one parking/gate can be found","title":"Pump Station 3 Airport"},{"id":"8532662","text":"Yanbu Airport Yanbu Airport is an airport near Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. It offers both domestic and international service. The airport's full name is Prince Abdul Mohsin bin Abdulaziz Airport. The airport was upgraded in late 2009 to enable it to operate international flights with newly expanded arrival and departure lounges. The contract for the airport expansion project was signed with a national company in June 2006 at a cost of SR188 million. The airport features air bridges that link passengers directly with aircraft, a first for regional airports in the Kingdom. The airport only has 2 air-bridges, Gates 1 and","title":"Yanbu Airport"},{"id":"18932248","text":"there. Pump Station 3 Airport Pump Station 3 Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Pump Station 3 in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.1 km² next to the complex. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters long and 30 meters wide. Only one parking/gate can be","title":"Pump Station 3 Airport"},{"id":"5795931","text":"of Nejd loyal to Ibn Saud during the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Abha has many historic places such as forts and other locations, thanks to the region's cultural heritage. A coastal road connecting Jeddah and Abha was completed in 1979. A SAPTCO bus station connects Abha to other destinations within Saudi Arabia. Abha Regional Airport (, IATA: AHB[3], ICAO: OEAB) is Abha's main airport. International connections are available to Yemen (Sana'a), Egypt (Cairo), Qatar (Doha) and the UAE (Dubai, Sharjah), as well as to other destinations within Saudi Arabia. Construction of Dutch-designed Abha Airport began in mid-1975, and flights began","title":"Abha"},{"id":"1361556","text":"an area of of land. Terminal 3 is the second-largest building in the world by floor space and the largest airport terminal in the world. The airport is operated by the Dubai Airports Company and is the home base of Dubai's international airlines, Emirates and flydubai. The Emirates hub is the largest airline hub in the Middle East; Emirates handles 51% of all passenger traffic and accounts for approximately 42% of all aircraft movements at the airport. Dubai Airport is also the base for low-cost carrier flydubai which handles 13% of passenger traffic and 25% of aircraft movements at DXB.","title":"Dubai International Airport"},{"id":"1361574","text":"which over 100 international airlines operate, became Concourse C. Concourse 2 became Concourse B and Concourse 3 became Concourse A. The gates in Terminal 2 were changed and are now numbered F1 to F6. The remaining alpha-numeric sequences are being reserved for future airport facilities that are part of the Dubai Airports' $7.8 billion expansion programme, including Concourse D. Dubai's government has announced the construction of a new airport in Jebel Ali, named Dubai World Central – Al Maktoum International Airport. It is expected to be the second-largest airport in the world by physical size, though not by passenger metrics.","title":"Dubai International Airport"},{"id":"9687375","text":"Tabuk Regional Airport Tabuk Regional (Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz ) Airport () is an international and public airport in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. It was a former military airport until its renovation to become a public airport in 2011, however it still has military defenses against Israel and its neighboring countries. Despite being an international airport, it only serves a few foreign destinations. There are plans to increase the number of international destinations to other neighboring countries. The airport has a single terminal building which uses air bridges for planes to disembark and load passengers. The airport was named after","title":"Tabuk Regional Airport"},{"id":"9685483","text":"Abha Regional Airport Abha International Airport (, ) is an airport in Abha, the capital of 'Asir Province in Saudi Arabia. The airport has services to several domestic airports within the Kingdom. It also offers international flights to Aden and Sana'a in Yemen, Cairo in Egypt, Doha in Qatar, also it has non stop flights to Dubai and Sharjah in the UAE. Construction of Abha Airport was started in mid-1975 by Laing Wimpey Alireza. Hitherto domestic flights were handled at the military airport near Khamis Mushait. The airport was launched in 1977. The design was carried out by the Dutch","title":"Abha Regional Airport"},{"id":"7082664","text":"Al-Mudwah Hotel and SWISS SPIRIT located along Highway 85 as it cuts through the town. Turaif Domestic Airport is located approximately from town and has a daily flight to Riyadh. Other nearby airports are Gurayat Domestic Airport in Gurayat (Qurayyat) and Arar Domestic Airport in Arar. Turaif has desert climate with hot summers and cold winters (at least for Saudi Arabia's standards). Frost is not unheard of in the winter months. Snow may also fall at times. Turaif experienced the lowest recorded temperature in Saudi Arabia (and one of the lowest in the southern Middle East region), at -12C, beating","title":"Turaif (Saudi Arabia)"},{"id":"5990357","text":"Celsius in the summer daytime. Annual rainfall is less than 3 cm per year. Shaybah Airport, a small airport serving the oil facilities, is used exclusively by Saudi Aramco. It provides flights to Dammam and Al-Hasa. Shaybah Shaybah Oil Field is a major crude oil production oil site in Saudi Arabia, located approximately from the northern edge of the Rub' Al-Khali (\"Empty Quarter\") desert. It is about south of the border to Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, which is a straight line drawn in the desert. It is south of the eastern part of Abu Dhabi's Liwa Oasis. Oil was","title":"Shaybah"},{"id":"13898957","text":"be found there in addition to a helipad. Haradh Airport Haradh Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Haradh in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.1 km² next to the residential camp. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The Airport still closed and is under renovation. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters","title":"Haradh Airport"},{"id":"2633635","text":"Sharjah International Airport Sharjah International Airport () () is an airport located east south east of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. It is spread over an area of . Sharjah Airport is the third largest Middle East airfreight hub in cargo tonnage, according to official 2015 statistics from Airports Council International. Ground services company, Sharjah Aviation Services, handled 586,195 tonnes in 2015 – a 16.1% increase year on year. It has one passenger terminal with an area of . Sharjah International Airport is home base of the low-cost carrier Air Arabia. The headquarters of Air Arabia is in the Sharjah Freight","title":"Sharjah International Airport"},{"id":"9687379","text":"located to the right of the airport. Tabuk Regional Airport Tabuk Regional (Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz ) Airport () is an international and public airport in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. It was a former military airport until its renovation to become a public airport in 2011, however it still has military defenses against Israel and its neighboring countries. Despite being an international airport, it only serves a few foreign destinations. There are plans to increase the number of international destinations to other neighboring countries. The airport has a single terminal building which uses air bridges for planes to disembark and","title":"Tabuk Regional Airport"},{"id":"13884453","text":"Fahd International Airport in Dammam where Aramco operates its main aviation hub. There is no specific use for the airfield at the present time. There is one runway, 1,851 meters long and 34 meters wide. Two parking/gates can be found there for medium-sized airplanes. A large parking lot is located just outside the terminal Abqaiq Airport Abqaiq Airport is a small airstrip located 10 km west to the center of Abqaiq city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies an area of about 0.35 km², surrounded by farms and desert. It is about 65 km southwest of Dammam,","title":"Abqaiq Airport"},{"id":"15721644","text":"as the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. The apron is designed to handle 6 aircraft, with plans to expand this to accommodate 14 aircraft. The new airport is the fifth international airport in Upper Egypt after Luxor, Aswan, Assiut, and Abu Simbel. The airport primarily caters to domestic travel and traffic between Sohag/Upper Egypt and the Persian Gulf states including Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Sohag International Airport Sohag International Airport is an airport serving Sohag, capital of the Sohag Governorate of Egypt. The airport is south of the city. The Sohag VOR-DME (Ident: SHG) is located","title":"Sohag International Airport"},{"id":"18936654","text":"Khurais Airport Khurais Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Khurais in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.2 km² next to the residential camp. It has replaced the previous Khurais Airport (old). Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters long and 30 meters wide. 7 parking/gates can","title":"Khurais Airport"},{"id":"15215305","text":"Dust storms are a regular occurrence. A small airport (Shaybah Airport) is located in Shaybah for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco offering flights for its employees to Dammam and Al-Hasa. Shaybah oil field Shaybah Oil Field is a super-giant oil field in Saudi Arabia and is located in the northern edge of the Rub' Al-Khali/Empty Quarter desert. It is located about 10 km south of the border to Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, which is a straight line drawn in the desert. It is 40 km south of the eastern part of Liwa Oasis of Abu Dhabi. Shaybah was","title":"Shaybah oil field"},{"id":"9685572","text":"such as Emirates and Egypt Airlines offering scheduled passenger service: The Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia has confirmed and released a short trailer of the new airport that will replace the current airport. It will be named King Abdullah International Airport Jizan. According to the Centre Of Aviation's official website, the airport project, estimated at SR 2.5 billion (USD667 million), will feature a single passenger terminal with 10 aircraft gates and a VIP lounge, cargo facilities and a control tower. The airport is predicted to have the capacity to handle 2.4 million passengers p/a. The General Authority for Civil Aviation","title":"Jizan Regional Airport"},{"id":"620956","text":"hosted the FIFA U-20 World Cup in 1989, and Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium (Al-Malaz Stadium) that is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 22,500 people. The city's GPYW Indoor Stadium served as host arena for the 1997 Asian Basketball Championship, where Saudi Arabia's national basketball team reached the \"Final Four\". Riyadh's King Khalid International Airport (KKIA), located 35 kilometers north from the city centre, is the city's main airport, and serves over 17 million passengers a year. Plans are being made to expand the airport to accommodate 35 million passengers, given that the","title":"Riyadh"},{"id":"4742195","text":"vast space with incomparable elegance and beauty.\" At , the Jeddah airport Hajj Terminal is estimated to be among the world's largest air terminals after Beijing Capital International Airport, Dubai International Airport and Hong Kong International Airport. Many airlines from Muslim and non-Muslim countries have used the Hajj Terminal. Jeddah-KAIA airport serves as a major hub for Saudia who originally had the exclusive use of the South Terminal. In 2007 however, the privately owned Saudi carriers Flynas and Sama Airlines were also given permission to use it. Due to the closure of Sama Airlines, the terminal was only used by","title":"King Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"8532666","text":"international destinations are serviced by foreign airlines; domestic carriers Saudia and Flynas only serve the domestic destinations listed below. Yanbu Airport Yanbu Airport is an airport near Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. It offers both domestic and international service. The airport's full name is Prince Abdul Mohsin bin Abdulaziz Airport. The airport was upgraded in late 2009 to enable it to operate international flights with newly expanded arrival and departure lounges. The contract for the airport expansion project was signed with a national company in June 2006 at a cost of SR188 million. The airport features air bridges that link passengers directly","title":"Yanbu Airport"},{"id":"2233538","text":"Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia (, ; '), officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA; ', ), is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is the largest sovereign state in the Middle East, geographically the fifth-largest in Asia, second-largest in the Arab world after Algeria and 12th-largest in the world. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south. It is","title":"Saudi Arabia"},{"id":"6554179","text":"2015. The airport will be the largest component of Dubai World Central, with a surface area of more than . If completed as planned, the airport will have an annual cargo capacity of , and a passenger capacity of up to 260 million people per year. In the future it will handle 851 million passengers This would make it the largest airport in the world in both physical size and passenger volume. Al Maktoum International Airport intends to handle all types of aircraft. Up to four aircraft will be able to land simultaneously. The airport will include: Al Maktoum International","title":"Al Maktoum International Airport"},{"id":"7809114","text":"Peninsula and pilgrims from South East Asia, particularly India pilgrims. On December 5, 2018 Prince Khalid Al Faisal Layed the foundation stone for establishing Al Qunfudhah airport to serve the people of three regions in Saudi Arabia. the location for the airport is 25 km north side of Al Qunfudhah in Al Modhailf county. The Area of the airport is 25,000,000 m2 which contains 3 terminals ( Royal , travel and Cargo), one runway , Airport apron to accommodate five aircraft, Road network, Watch tower, Add an integrated infrastructure as well as parking and service facilities,Which will provide service to","title":"Al Qunfudhah"},{"id":"6008331","text":"charter passengers. The existing airport achieved international status in 2007. The winning consortium comprised TAV Airports of Turkey and Saudi Oger Limited and Al Rajhi Holding Group, both of Saudi Arabia. In October 2011, the consortium entered into a contract with the Civil Aviation Authority of Saudi Arabia (GACA) to build and operate the Prince Muhammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport in Al Madinah Al-Munawarah under a 25-year concession. The project reached financial close on 30 June 2012, securing a total of US$1.2 billion financing package from a club of Saudi Arabian banks. The project has been structured as a Build-Transfer-Operate","title":"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"2089418","text":"the largest airport in the world that had ever been envisioned, with a planned area of ; King Fahd International Airport in Saudi Arabia, completed in 1999, eventually surpassed its surface area. In 1989, of the were deeded back to their original owners. In the 1960s, Montreal experienced a tremendous economic boom. Massive construction projects, including the Montreal Metro and those linked with the hosting of Expo 67, brought the city international status. More and more visitors were arriving to the city, especially by airplane but not always by choice. The federal government required European airlines to make Montreal their","title":"Montréal–Mirabel International Airport"},{"id":"1361555","text":"Dubai International Airport Dubai International Airport () is the primary international airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic. It is also the third-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic, the sixth-busiest cargo airport in world, the busiest airport for Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 movements, and the airport with the highest average number of passengers per flight . In 2017, DXB handled 88 million passengers, 2.65 million tonnes of cargo and registered 409,493 aircraft movements. Dubai International is situated in the Al Garhoud district, east of Dubai and spread over","title":"Dubai International Airport"},{"id":"13884577","text":"company executives. The airport has one runway that is 2,185 meters long and 30 meters wide. Two parking/gates are available for medium-sized airplanes. Parking lot is located just outside the terminal. Udhayliyah Airport Udhayliyah Airport is a small airport located in the village of Udhayliyah, 150 km southwest of Dammam in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies a small area of 0.55 km² east of the residential camp. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company in Saudi Arabia, owns the airfield and was being operated for domestic General Aviation used by the company for logistics. However, the company realized","title":"Udhayliyah Airport"},{"id":"6008332","text":"(BTO) project so that GACA retains ownership of the airport infrastructure. The consortium, through the special purpose vehicle incorporated for the project, TIBAH Airports Development Company Limited, will be responsible for the management of the airport, including airside and landside operations. GACA will continue to act as regulator and will be responsible for air traffic control operation. The 25 year concession is the first full public private partnership (PPP) project in Saudi Arabia. The project has an initial build cost of US$1.2 billion and which may, with future investments and expansions, increase to US$1.5 billion. Whilst there are a number","title":"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"1361621","text":"2014 and a third season in 2015. Dubai International Airport Dubai International Airport () is the primary international airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic. It is also the third-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic, the sixth-busiest cargo airport in world, the busiest airport for Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 movements, and the airport with the highest average number of passengers per flight . In 2017, DXB handled 88 million passengers, 2.65 million tonnes of cargo and registered 409,493 aircraft movements. Dubai International is situated in the Al Garhoud","title":"Dubai International Airport"},{"id":"437166","text":"Five are known Emirates is the biggest national airline of the UAE and is owned by Dubai. Etihad Airways is the second-largest national airline and is owned by Abu Dhabi. Other airlines are flyDubai, Air Arabia and Royal Jet. The major ports are Khalifa Port, Zayed Port, Port of Jebel Ali, Port Rashid, Port Khalid, Port Saeed, and Container Port Khor Fakkan. Other ports include Ajman Port, Fujairah Port (a bunkering port), Das Island (tanker port), Mina' Jabal Al Dhanna, Mina Al Hemreya, Mina' Saqr, and Umm al-Qaiwain Port. The merchant marine consisted of 68 ships of 1,000 gross tonnage","title":"Transport in the United Arab Emirates"},{"id":"13881636","text":"when the company moved its aviation operations from Ras Tanura and Dhahran to Dammam. Currently the airport is solely used as heliport to provide logistics to nearby offshore rigs in the Persian Gulf. The airport has one runway that is 2,149 meters long and 30 meters wide with lights and ILS support. There are two parking/gate for medium-sized jets, and several helipads can be found in the airport. Ras Tanura Airport Ras Tanura Airport is a small airport in the western side of Ras Tanura city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.9","title":"Ras Tanura Airport"},{"id":"13904800","text":"Shaybah Airport Shaybah Airport is a small airfield located in the remote Shaybah oil complex in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport is adjacent to the employees accommodation compound. The airport was built and being operated by the Saudi Arabian Oil Company Saudi Aramco, providing vital logistic support to this remote isolated area in the desert. Using Boeing 737, the company operates regular flights to Dammam and Al-Hasa, the capital and the largest city of the province. The airport has one paved runway in addition to an old unpaved runway that is no longer used. The paved runway","title":"Shaybah Airport"},{"id":"2674369","text":"size and population in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The Dammam metropolitan area and the rest of the Eastern Province are served by the King Fahd International Airport (KFIA), the largest airport in the world in terms of land area (approximately 780 km), about 20 km to the northwest of the city. Dammam's King Abdul Aziz Sea Port is the largest on the Persian Gulf. Its import-export traffic in is second only to Jeddah Seaport in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The origins of the name \"Dammam\" are disputed. Some say that it is onomatopoeic and was given","title":"Dammam"},{"id":"9685545","text":"Dawadmi Domestic Airport Dawadmi Airport (, ), also known as Dawadmi Domestic Airport (), is an airport serving Dawadmi, a city in the Riyadh province in Saudi Arabia. The airport lies in the Najd some west of the town center of Dawadmi. The airport has a single runway in roughly NNW to SSE direction. In April 2003, the new airport in the city was inaugurated by the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring . Airlines offering scheduled passenger service:","title":"Dawadmi Domestic Airport"},{"id":"9685544","text":"Dawadmi Domestic Airport Dawadmi Airport (, ), also known as Dawadmi Domestic Airport (), is an airport serving Dawadmi, a city in the Riyadh province in Saudi Arabia. The airport lies in the Najd some west of the town center of Dawadmi. The airport has a single runway in roughly NNW to SSE direction. In April 2003, the new airport in the city was inaugurated by the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring . Airlines offering scheduled passenger service:","title":"Dawadmi Domestic Airport"},{"id":"17831351","text":"Grumman Gulfstream III, Grumman Gulfstream IV, Dassault Falcon 900, Dassault Falcon 7X and Hawker 400XP. CF34, CFM56 and soon General Electric GE90 & GE115 King Abdulaziz International Airport - Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Main line maintenance locations are: In 2013, SAEI broke ground on a 10,764,000 -square-foot (1,000,000 m2) new facility at King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, KSA. The new facility houses 12 hangars, a state of the art warehousing facility, a shop complex, and a new engine overhaul center with a 150K Lb/Thrust test cell and is expected to employ over 7500 technical & engineering staff by 2018. Saudia","title":"Saudia Aerospace Engineering Industries"},{"id":"5517597","text":"on 6 April 2015. The cargo village is over . The village offers ease of shipping and cargo services and serves as a hub for global companies, directly serving the eastern province and the rest of the kingdom. The village offers direct access to Saudi Arabia and eliminates the need to ship through neighboring countries. Currently, DHL Express, NAQEL, SMSA Express, TNT Express, and UPS are operating as anchor tenants. Additional capacity is coming on-line and will assist the airlines and companies operating in and out of the kingdom. The control tower stands high, equivalent to the height of a","title":"King Fahd International Airport"},{"id":"14356234","text":"Dubai Aviation City Corporation Dubai Aviation City Corporation “Dubai World Central (DWC)” is owned by the Government of Dubai and chaired by Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum. It is one of the strategic projects for the government as it positions Dubai to be a commercial center and international logistics hub. It is considered to be one of the most ambitious projects in the world occupying an area of 140 km in Jebel Ali. Dubai World Central contains Al Maktoum International Airport (AMIA) and which will be the world’s largest airport with 120 million passenger/year capacity and a cargo capacity","title":"Dubai Aviation City Corporation"},{"id":"9685484","text":"Consultants NACO. The site was a new construction area between the cities of Khamis Mushait and Abha and served both equally. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 13/31 with an asphalt surface measuring . Airlines offering scheduled passenger service: Abha Regional Airport Abha International Airport (, ) is an airport in Abha, the capital of 'Asir Province in Saudi Arabia. The airport has services to several domestic airports within the Kingdom. It also offers international flights to Aden and Sana'a in Yemen, Cairo in Egypt, Doha in Qatar, also it","title":"Abha Regional Airport"},{"id":"2648260","text":"taxiways and parking for visitors, tenants and staff. In addition to privately owned aircraft, this facility accommodates Saudia's special flight services group. It's also home to Alsalam Aircraft Company, Ltd. Programmed Depot Maintenance (PDM) on Royal Saudi Air Force aircraft is performed at the uniquely designed facility. Centrally located in the passenger terminal complex, between the Royal Pavilion and the mosque is the air traffic control tower standing at high. Twr Freq. 118.6E & 118.8W. GND 121.6. CD 121.8. Riyadh Dept. 120.0 Riyadh Approach 126.0 There are 19 separate floor levels in the tower, including the operations area at the","title":"King Khalid International Airport"},{"id":"13885377","text":"Jubail Airport Jubail Airport is an airfield west of Jubail City in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It is located near the industrial area, about to the shores of Dohat ad Dafi, one of the shallow bays near Jubail. The airport occupies an area of about 20 km². Originally constructed by the Royal Commission of Jubail and Yanbu as part of Jubail project, it was meant to be used for commercial aviation until it was decided to utilize the large nearby King Fahd International Airport. Thus, it was handed over to the Ministry of Defence and has been used","title":"Jubail Airport"},{"id":"9687383","text":"Ta'if Regional Airport Ta'if Regional Airport is an airport in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia. Despite its name, it also offers many international flights as well. The airport is located 30 km to the east of Taif and 70 km from Mecca. The airport is considered important in Saudi aviation history as it witnessed the first landing of Ibn Saud's plane, founder of the Kingdom. It was converted to a regional airport in 2009 when GACA allowed international airlines to operate at the airport as the city's population was increasing and to reduce pressure on the three main airports at the time.","title":"Ta'if Regional Airport"},{"id":"2700113","text":"Abu Dhabi International Airport Abu Dhabi International Airport () is an international airport in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. The airport, located east of Abu Dhabi city, is the second largest in the UAE, serving around 20 million passengers in 2014. It has three operational passenger terminals—Terminal 1 (divided into Terminals 1A and 1B), Terminal 2, Terminal 3. Abu Dhabi International Airport is spread over an area of . Its terminal spaces are dominated by Etihad Airways, which is the United Arab Emirates' national carrier and second largest in the UAE after Emirates.","title":"Abu Dhabi International Airport"},{"id":"13884576","text":"Udhayliyah Airport Udhayliyah Airport is a small airport located in the village of Udhayliyah, 150 km southwest of Dammam in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies a small area of 0.55 km² east of the residential camp. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company in Saudi Arabia, owns the airfield and was being operated for domestic General Aviation used by the company for logistics. However, the company realized the opportunity of the utilization of the nearby airport in Hofuf which resulted in the local airport in Udhayliyah to become unused at the present time except for special flights by","title":"Udhayliyah Airport"},{"id":"15947658","text":"contractor employees There is a small single strip airport near Udhailiyah (Udhayliyah Airport) operated by Saudi Aramco and not open for commercial air traffic. Saudi Aramco also utilizes the nearby airport in Hofuf which is 30 km away from Udhailiyah which now operates international flights to regional destinations such as Dubai and Doha. Full international air transportation is available at the King Fahd International Airport which is about 190 km away. Udhailiyah Udhailiyah (Arabic: العضيلية \"ʿuḍayliyyah\") is a small oil company compound in the interior of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia located in the desert southwest of the Dhahran-Dammam-Khobar","title":"Udhailiyah"},{"id":"2499437","text":"Mirabel International Airport have used this design. Hybrid layouts also exist. San Francisco International Airport and Melbourne Airport use a hybrid pier-semicircular layout and a pier layout for the rest. A common-use facility or terminal design disallows airlines to have its own proprietary check-in counters, gates and IT systems. Rather, check-in counters and gates can be flexibly reassigned as needed. With an area of over (1,713,000 m²) and capacity of over 60 million passengers, Dubai International Airport (Terminal 3) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, became the largest single Terminal building in the world when it opened on October 14, 2008.","title":"Airport terminal"},{"id":"13904801","text":"is 2,440 meters long and 27 meters wide. A space allocated to four airplanes to park at the airport. Parking lot is located just outside the terminal across the street. Shaybah Airport Shaybah Airport is a small airfield located in the remote Shaybah oil complex in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport is adjacent to the employees accommodation compound. The airport was built and being operated by the Saudi Arabian Oil Company Saudi Aramco, providing vital logistic support to this remote isolated area in the desert. Using Boeing 737, the company operates regular flights to Dammam and Al-Hasa,","title":"Shaybah Airport"},{"id":"11550208","text":"since 2015 Sharjah Tram will be second (after Dubai Tram). Air The Sharjah International Airport is the aviation hub of the city. Sharjah Airport is the third largest Middle East airfreight hub in cargo tonnage, according to official 2015 statistics from Airports Council International. Sharjah International Airport is home base of the low-cost carrier Air Arabia. It has daily flights connecting Lebanon, Jordan, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Ukraine, India, Egypt, Syria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc. Road There are two major series of highways in Sharjah, which are \"E\" and \"S\". E represents roads connecting other emirates and S for","title":"Sharjah"},{"id":"2684870","text":"a Tapline road for its pipeline stations spread along the highway northwest into Jordan. Roads link Dhahran with Saudi Aramco's other major compounds Ras Tanura and Abqaiq and with its nearest traditional Saudi community Al Khobar. The King Abdulaziz Air Base, a major Royal Saudi Air Force base lies a short distance south of the compound. The area it occupies used to house one of Saudi Arabia's three major international airports, the Dhahran Airport (DHA). Dhahran airport originally consisted of three sections: the old King Fahd Air Terminal for regular passengers, separate facilities for Aramco corporate use (Aramco formerly had","title":"Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran"},{"id":"5517601","text":"and Careem are also available. Rail In August 2016, the airport authority announced that it will connect the airport to the Dammam–Jubail railway, which is currently in its last stages of construction. King Fahd International Airport King Fahd International Airport (KFIA) () is an airport in Dammam, Saudi Arabia northwest of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The airport's basic infrastructure was complete by the end of 1990, which allowed the Allied forces engaged in the first Gulf War in early 1991 to use the field for the storage of military aircraft. KFIA was the base used by all USAF A-10s (144), as","title":"King Fahd International Airport"},{"id":"372879","text":"management organization in the country, overseeing the operations. The major ports in the country are as follows; There are an estimated 203 airports in Saudi Arabia (2003 est.). \"total:\" 61 <br>\"over 3,047 m:\" 32 <br>\"2,438 to 3,047 m:\" 13 <br>\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\" 12 <br>\"914 to 1,523 m:\" 2 <br>\"under 914 m:\" 2 (2003 est.) \"total:\" 133 <br>\"over 3047 m:\" 6 <br>\"2,438 to 3,047 m:\" 5 <br>\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\" 75 <br>\"914 to 1,523 m:\" 38 <br>\"under 914 m:\" 14 (2003 est.) 9 (2009 est.) As a result of over-reliance on road and air travel, the rail transport has not","title":"Transport in Saudi Arabia"},{"id":"9685571","text":"Jizan Regional Airport Jizan Regional Airport , is an airport serving Jizan (also spelled Gizan), the capital city of the Jizan Province in Saudi Arabia. It is also known as King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Airport (), named after King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring . The airport has one main terminal with two different sectors; one for departures and one for arrivals respectively. The airport also has another small terminal for short haul international arrivals and departures to near countries","title":"Jizan Regional Airport"},{"id":"9679466","text":"in 1970 upon 575 hectares of land. Even though the airport does not have an \"international\" status, there are occasional charter flights as well as scheduled passenger services to neighboring countries such as Iraq and Syria. Furthermore, the airport provides routine international service to Jeddah and Medina in Saudi Arabia for the annual Hajj season. Despite operating at 40-50% capacity, a total of 431,500 passengers traveled through Shahid Sadooghi Airport in 2012, making it the eleventh busiest airport in Iran in terms of passenger traffic and number of flight operations. Shahid Sadooghi Airport Yazd-Shahid Ayatollah Sadooghi Airport () is an","title":"Shahid Sadooghi Airport"},{"id":"1361567","text":"this as the city is a hub for import and export of flowers and the airport required a specialist facility since flowers need special conditions. Construction of Terminal 3 began in 2004 as the next stage of phase 2 of the development, with an estimated cost of around $4.55 billion. Completion was originally planned for 2006, but was delayed by two years. On 30 May 2008, a topping out ceremony was conducted. The terminal became operational on 14 October 2008, with Emirates Airline (EK2926) from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, being the first flight to arrive at the new terminal and EK843","title":"Dubai International Airport"},{"id":"13898239","text":"long and 30 meters wide, with lights and ILS support. There are 6 parking/gates for medium-sized airplanes, many helipads can be found in the airport. Car parking is available outside the airport gate. Ras Tanajib Airport Ras Tanajib Airport is a small airport located in the oil complex of Tanajib about northwest of Jubail in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport is 4.1 km away from the Persian Gulf and occupies an area of 3 km². The airport was built and being operated by the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) to replace the old airport in Safaniya,","title":"Ras Tanajib Airport"},{"id":"18936655","text":"be found there in addition to a helipad. Khurais Airport Khurais Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Khurais in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.2 km² next to the residential camp. It has replaced the previous Khurais Airport (old). Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters","title":"Khurais Airport"},{"id":"9687384","text":"Despite being named as a \"Regional\" airport, the airport actually has international flights destinations in half a dozen countries outside of Saudi Arabia. Ta'if Regional Airport Ta'if Regional Airport is an airport in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia. Despite its name, it also offers many international flights as well. The airport is located 30 km to the east of Taif and 70 km from Mecca. The airport is considered important in Saudi aviation history as it witnessed the first landing of Ibn Saud's plane, founder of the Kingdom. It was converted to a regional airport in 2009 when GACA allowed international airlines","title":"Ta'if Regional Airport"},{"id":"437165","text":"system is being planned for Sharjah and Ajman. The General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) started applying an advanced program in 2010 that allows the assessment of aircraft registered in foreign countries in order to ensure their safety and airworthiness. In 2011, it banned all aircraft registered in Congo DR, Swaziland, Equatorial Guinea, Sierra Leone and São Tomé and Príncipe due to their poor safety standards. Dubai International Airport was the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic in 2014. Abu Dhabi International Airport is the second-largest airport in the UAE. There are 42 airports in the UAE Heliports:","title":"Transport in the United Arab Emirates"},{"id":"13881635","text":"Ras Tanura Airport Ras Tanura Airport is a small airport in the western side of Ras Tanura city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.9 km², surrounded by residential areas and oil pipelines. It is located about north of Dammam, but is also close to other cities in the Province like Jubail, Khobar and Al-Thuqbah. The airport is owned and operated by the Saudi Arabian oil company Saudi Aramco for logistics operations. The airport was used for Aramco jets and helicopters until the completion of the nearby King Fahd International Airport in Dammam,","title":"Ras Tanura Airport"},{"id":"4742197","text":"electronic passenger guidance system and storm water drainage network. There will also be a newly constructed support services building and upgrades to the existing runway and airfield systems. The three stages, according to GACA—the General Authority of Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia, will be marked by staged capacity increase to 30 million, 60 million and 80 million passengers per year. The new airport will be accessed by the Haramain high-speed rail project network. Prince Majed Street will connect to the Al-Laith Highway, forming a fast north-south transit route. The General Authority of Civil Aviation has the GACA Hangar (Building 364)","title":"King Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"372863","text":"production. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco operates the world's largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. Its yearly production is , and it managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia, including 284.8 trillion standard cubic feet (scf) of natural gas reserves. Saudi Aramco owns the Ghawar Field, the world's largest oil field, and the Shaybah Field, another one of the world's largest oil fields. The Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation SABIC was established by a royal decree in 1976 to produce chemicals, polymers, and fertilizers. In 2008, SABIC was Asia's largest (in terms of","title":"Economy of Saudi Arabia"},{"id":"13885303","text":"Abu Ali Airport Abu Ali Airport is a small airstrip in the Island of Abu Ali, part of Jubail area in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It is located about north of the city and about from the shores of the Persian Gulf, occupying a small land area of about 0.5 km². The airstrip is owned and was operated by Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia. It was used for the employees traveling between the island and other airports. However, during the last decade it has been idle for the reason that employees no longer need","title":"Abu Ali Airport"},{"id":"9003294","text":"pilot training. OERY has two crossing runways. 19-01 is the alpha and 15-30 is the bravo. It is home to the Civil Defense fleet as well. Riyadh Air Base Riyadh Air Base (, Arabic: قاعدة الرياض الجوية) formerly Riyadh International Airport until 1982 is an airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Originally used for commercial flights by Saudi Arabia Airlines, the airport witnessed the destruction of Saudia Flight 163 on the night of August 19 1980. The Lockheed L-1011-200 was attempting to return when it burst into flames on the tarmac. In 1982, King Khalid International Airport was opened which lead","title":"Riyadh Air Base"},{"id":"4747082","text":"Flynas Flynas (), stylized \"flynas\", formerly Nas Air, is a domestic and international low-cost airline based in Saudi Arabia, the country first budget airline. The company's head office is located Riyadh. Saudi Arabian Airlines was the only airline in the country until , when budget carriers Nas Air and Sama Airlines got their licenses from the government. Nas Air was founded in . Operations started in February that year. In late 2007, Nas Air firmed up an order for the acquisition of 20 aircraft of the Airbus A320 family. The company changed its name from \"Nasair\" to \"Flynas\" in .","title":"Flynas"},{"id":"13898508","text":"Ras Mishab Airport Ras Mishab Airport is a small military airfield in the naval complex of Ras Mishab on the Persian Gulf about northwest of Jubail in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies an area of around and is from the shore. The airfield has one runway, long and wide, with lights and ILS support. Several zones allocated near the runway for aircraft parking. The naval facility was used during the 1990 Gulf war by the US Armed Forces. A Royal Saudi Air Force C-130 Hercules crashed during approach to the airport during the same war. The plane","title":"Ras Mishab Airport"},{"id":"4742196","text":"Saudia and Flynas. The terminal is now also used by Flyadeal, Garuda Indonesia, Kenya Airways, and Korean Air. The North Terminal at Jeddah airport is used by all other foreign airlines. The new King Abdulaziz International Airport three-stage development started in 2006, and is currently scheduled for an official opening on 1 January 2019 . The project is designed to increase the airport's yearly capacity from 13 million to 80 million passengers. The expansion includes brand-new passenger terminal building, a 136 meter air traffic control (ATC) tower(the world's largest atc tower), airfield hard-standing and paved areas, lighting, fuel network systems,","title":"King Abdulaziz International Airport"},{"id":"6554174","text":"Al Maktoum International Airport Al Maktoum International Airport is an international airport in Jebel Ali, southwest of Dubai, United Arab Emirates that opened on 27 June 2010. It is the main part of Dubai World Central, a planned residential, commercial and logistics complex. The airport will contain transport modes, logistics and value-added services, including manufacturing and assembly, in a single free economic zone. It will cover an area of . The airport has a projected annual capacity of of freight and between 160 million and 260 million passengers. As of December 2014, only a handful of airlines operate passenger services","title":"Al Maktoum International Airport"},{"id":"9003293","text":"Riyadh Air Base Riyadh Air Base (, Arabic: قاعدة الرياض الجوية) formerly Riyadh International Airport until 1982 is an airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Originally used for commercial flights by Saudi Arabia Airlines, the airport witnessed the destruction of Saudia Flight 163 on the night of August 19 1980. The Lockheed L-1011-200 was attempting to return when it burst into flames on the tarmac. In 1982, King Khalid International Airport was opened which lead to this airport becoming a Military base for the Royal Saudi Air Force. K. Faisal Academy is on the air base and uses Pilatus PC-9's for","title":"Riyadh Air Base"},{"id":"1676873","text":"movements were recorded in 2009. It handled 6,634,570 passengers in 2011. As of 2012 it has 34 international carriers and 13 cargo airlines. In 2008, Sharjah International Airport announced it would invest AED662m (US$180m) to renovate the airport's buildings, build a new terminal and increase car parking. The project is slated for completion in 2015, by which time the airport aims to be handling eight million passengers annually. Sharjah International Airport is the main base of Air Arabia, the Middle East's largest low-cost carrier. It was the Middle East's first budget airline when launched by the Ruler of Sharjah in","title":"Emirate of Sharjah"},{"id":"3744947","text":"King Abdulaziz Air Base King Abdulaziz Air Base , formerly Dhahran International Airport and Dhahran Airfield is a Royal Saudi Air Force Air Base located in Dhahran in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It's the first airport ever built in Saudi Arabian soil. It was operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) from 1945 until 1962. After use by the USAF, Dhahran Airfield became Dhahran International Airport, as well as the co-located King Abdulaziz Air Base of the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF). The military relationship that exists today between the United States and Saudi Arabia was highly","title":"King Abdulaziz Air Base"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4742191\",\n \"text\": \"King Abdulaziz International Airport King Abdulaziz International Airport (KAIA) () is an airport located 19 km to the north of Jeddah. Named after King Abdulaziz Al Saud and inaugurated in 1981, the airport is the busiest airport of Saudi Arabia and the third-largest airport in the kingdom. The airport is known for its Hajj terminal, which is specially built for Muslim pilgrims going to Mecca annually and can handle 80,000 passengers at the same time. It can accommodate more aircraft than any other airport in the world. It is claimed that the new phase of the airport will make it\",\n \"title\": \"King Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"980457\",\n \"text\": \"Saudia Saudia ( '), also known as Saudi Arabian Airlines (), is the national carrier airline of Saudi Arabia, based in Jeddah. The airline's main operational base is at King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah. King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh and King Fahd International Airport in Dammam are secondary hubs. The airline is the third largest in the Middle East in terms of revenue, behind Emirates and Qatar Airways. It operates domestic and international scheduled flights to over 85 destinations in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. Domestic and international charter flights are operated, mostly during\",\n \"title\": \"Saudia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4742198\",\n \"text\": \"at the airport. King Abdulaziz International Airport King Abdulaziz International Airport (KAIA) () is an airport located 19 km to the north of Jeddah. Named after King Abdulaziz Al Saud and inaugurated in 1981, the airport is the busiest airport of Saudi Arabia and the third-largest airport in the kingdom. The airport is known for its Hajj terminal, which is specially built for Muslim pilgrims going to Mecca annually and can handle 80,000 passengers at the same time. It can accommodate more aircraft than any other airport in the world. It is claimed that the new phase of the airport\",\n \"title\": \"King Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"980469\",\n \"text\": \"equipped with Wi-Fi and mobile network portability on board. Most aircraft also offer onboard specialized prayer areas and a recorded prayer is played prior to takeoff. Saudia Saudia ( '), also known as Saudi Arabian Airlines (), is the national carrier airline of Saudi Arabia, based in Jeddah. The airline's main operational base is at King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah. King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh and King Fahd International Airport in Dammam are secondary hubs. The airline is the third largest in the Middle East in terms of revenue, behind Emirates and Qatar Airways. It operates domestic and\",\n \"title\": \"Saudia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6008330\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport or Medina Airport is a regional airport in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Opened in 1950, it handles domestic flights, while it has scheduled international services to regional destinations such as Cairo, Doha, Dubai, Istanbul and Kuwait City. Medina Airport also handles charter international flights during the Hajj and Umrah seasons. The Pilgrims for Hajj and Umrah can enter Saudi Arabia through this airport or through Jeddah Airport only. It is the fourth busiest airport in Saudi Arabia, handling 6,572,787 passengers in 2016, including 719,638 Hajj charter and 818,092 Umrah\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685550\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport , formerly Qassim International Airport and widely known in the air-travel industry as \\\"Gassim\\\" (from Gassim Province in which it lies), is an airport in the Mulayda district () west of Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. It primarily serves the region in addition to the neighbor provinces of Hail and Riyadh. Currently, 11 airlines serve the airport with 15 destinations in 5 countries (Saudi Arabia included). The airport was established in 1964 and is owned and operated by the General Authority of Civil Aviation (GACA). It was renamed to Prince\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2648255\",\n \"text\": \"King Khalid International Airport King Khalid International Airport ( \\\"\\\", ) is located north of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, designed by the architectural firm HOK, and Arabian Bechtel Company Limited served as the construction manager on behalf of the Saudi government. This airport consists of five passenger terminals (only three of which are in use), with eight aero-bridges each, a mosque, covered and uncovered car parking for 11,600 vehicles, an additional Royal Terminal (for the kingdom's guests, government heads, and Saudi royal family use), a central control tower (one of the world's tallest), and two parallel runways, which are each long.\",\n \"title\": \"King Khalid International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685551\",\n \"text\": \"Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport after a royal decree by King Abdullah on 5 July 2012 in memory of former Crown Prince Nayef. Prince Sultan, then crown prince and minister of defense and aviation, launched an expansion project of the royal terminal at the airport in 2003. GACA has spent more than SR300 million on expansion projects since 1964 and the airport continues to undergo further expansion as it consolidates its position as a main aviation hub in Saudi Arabia's central region. On 28 May 2005, three military helicopters parked in the airport caught fire, also damaging the buildings next\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5517590\",\n \"text\": \"(now shared with flynas and SaudiGulf Airlines), 44 to foreign airlines, and the rest for customs and immigration. Several sources, such as the Guinness Book of World Records mention this airport as the largest in the world, with a total area of 780 square kilometers (larger than Bahrain). The official website, however, publishes an actual utilized airport area of , or 36.75 square kilometers. It does mention a total area of , but that includes the whole property. King Fahd International Airport was the first among Saudi Arabia's international airports to adopt duty-free stores. In addition to the spaces allocated\",\n \"title\": \"King Fahd International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2674389\",\n \"text\": \"the city. Dammam is served by the King Fahd International Airport, the largest airport in the world in terms of land area. The passenger terminal is about 20 km to the northwest of the city and is connected by a 6-lane highway. Some other cities of the Eastern Province also share this airport. Dammam is well connected by air with other cities in the Middle East, Asia, and Europe. The airport is a hub for SaudiGulf Airlines. The King Abdul Aziz Sea Port, located on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is the second largest and second busiest port in\",\n \"title\": \"Dammam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10450758\",\n \"text\": \"complex. Upon completion it will be the fourth largest air facility in land area (physical size). Only three other air facilities are larger than Dubai World Central: King Fahd International Airport, Damman, Saudi Arabia, which is larger than the country of Bahrain, at 780 square kilometers; Montréal-Mirabel International Airport, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, at 392 square kilometers; and King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, at 225 square kilometers. Due to the massive physical scale of the masterplan, others would come to claim that Dubai World Central would be the most ambitious airport project ever envisioned. The latest estimates by the\",\n \"title\": \"Developments in Dubai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4742192\",\n \"text\": \"the largest airport in the world and the busiest of all airports during the Hajj. The airport occupies an area of . Beside the airport proper, this includes a royal terminal, facilities of Prince Abdullah Air Base for the Royal Saudi Air Force, and housing for airport staff. Construction work on KAIA airport began in 1974, and was finalized in 1980. Finally, on 31 May 1981, the airport opened for service after being officially inaugurated in April 1981. Because of Jeddah's proximity to Islam's holy city of Mecca, the airport is notable for one feature in particular: The Hajj Terminal.\",\n \"title\": \"King Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6008336\",\n \"text\": \"held on September 10, 2015. The airport also received the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certificate in the MENA region. The airport is named after Crown Prince Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, who is otherwise remembered for ordering the execution for adultery of his granddaughter, Princess Misha'al bint Fahd. Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport or Medina Airport is a regional airport in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Opened in 1950, it handles domestic flights, while it has scheduled international services to regional destinations such as Cairo, Doha, Dubai, Istanbul and Kuwait\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5517586\",\n \"text\": \"airport is the third major hub for Saudia, and furthermore was a hub for the now defunct Sama Airlines. The airport is named for Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, King of Saudi Arabia from 1982 until his death in 2005. Design started in 1976. The site master plan was created by architecture firm Yamasaki & Associates and Boeing Aerosystems International, and completed in 1977. Construction began in 1983, and the airport opened for commercial operations on 28 November 1999. The airport, in the Eastern Province of the country, is located between Qatif and Dammam, about away from Dammam. The location\",\n \"title\": \"King Fahd International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685552\",\n \"text\": \"to the hangar. There were no human casualties. Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport , formerly Qassim International Airport and widely known in the air-travel industry as \\\"Gassim\\\" (from Gassim Province in which it lies), is an airport in the Mulayda district () west of Buraydah, Saudi Arabia. It primarily serves the region in addition to the neighbor provinces of Hail and Riyadh. Currently, 11 airlines serve the airport with 15 destinations in 5 countries (Saudi Arabia included). The airport was established in 1964 and is owned and operated by the General Authority of\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2642511\",\n \"text\": \"Saudi Real Estate Companion that despite being home to some of the largest conglomerates in the region, namely Aramco and Sabic, the Eastern Province did fall behind the rest of the country when it came to non-oil related services. Dammam's King Fahd International Airport, the largest airport in the world in terms of land area. The passenger terminal is about 20 km to the northwest of the city and is connected by a 6-lane highway. The airport is the primary air hub of the Eastern Province. Dammam is well connected by air with other cities in the Middle East, Asia,\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6554176\",\n \"text\": \"It was planned to be the largest airport in the world in terms of freight handled, moving up to per year in 2013. The project was originally expected to be fully operational by 2017, although the 2007–2012 global financial crisis subsequently postponed the completion of the complex to 2027. Previous working names for the airport complex have included \\\"Jebel Ali International Airport\\\", \\\"Jebel Ali Airport City\\\", and \\\"Dubai World Central International Airport\\\". It has been named after the late Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the former Ruler of Dubai. The total cost of the airport has been estimated by\",\n \"title\": \"Al Maktoum International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2642512\",\n \"text\": \"and Europe. Other international airports in the province are Al-Ahsa International Airport and Al Qaisumah/Hafr Al Batin Airport. The King Abdul Aziz Sea Port, located on the coast of the Persian Gulf, is the second largest and second busiest port in Saudi Arabia. It is also the largest port in the Persian Gulf. It was founded in the late 1940s. It has large equipment that allows it to receive various types of vessels. The most important equipments are 56 multi-purpose hoist, 8 container cranes, and 524 tanker containers. There are a number of berths for ships and fishing, as well\",\n \"title\": \"Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7158940\",\n \"text\": \"Bridge in Turkey, completed 1974) was accelerating while domestic orders were receding, according to the company's annual report of 1975. By 1980, foreign work accounted for more than 50% of Hochtief's business. A major factor was the contract for King Abdulaziz International Airport (completed 1981), the largest airport in Saudi Arabia, and the most valuable contract Hochtief had ever been involved with. The architecture of the airport is highly rated aesthetically, and it has several unusual features, including Terminal Three, used only during the Hajj, reserved for pilgrims travelling to Mecca. It has a tent-shaped fibreglass roof, contains a mosque,\",\n \"title\": \"Hochtief\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16358719\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport is located southeast of Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia. It was named after Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz. The planned capacity of the airport was 100,000 passengers per year, particularly both tourists and locals. The airport began operations on 31 October 2011 when the first flight from Riyadh operated by Saudia. It is the closest airport to the pre-Islamic archaeological site of Mada'in Saleh and Al Ula Heritage Village. The airport is the first one in Saudi Arabia specifically designed to serve people coming to the region for\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8679988\",\n \"text\": \"the Dhahran, Khobar, Dammam area serves the strategically important national oil industry, led by Saudi Aramco, as well as the local population. However, car ownership in the Kingdom has soared which often leaves non-highway roads congested at peak times. Formerly one of Saudi Arabia's three major international airports, Dhahran Airport (DHA), which opened in 1946 as Dhahran Airfield, is now a Royal Saudi Air Force air-base. Today, King Fahad International Airport (DMM), which replaced Dhahran International for commercial, private and cargo, serves the entire Metropolitan Area of Dhahran, Dammam, and Khobar, the distance to the airport terminal is about 40\",\n \"title\": \"Dhahran\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361586\",\n \"text\": \"February 2016, members of the public were invited to trial the concourse in preparation for its opening. On Wednesday, 24 February 2016, Concourse D officially opened with the first British Airways flight arriving at gate D8. Terminal 2 built in 1998 has an area of and has a capacity of 10 million as of 2013, after several, decent reconstructions and a major expansion in 2012 which saw capacity double. It is used by over 50 airlines, mainly operating in the Persian Gulf region. Most flights operate to India, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. In June 2009, Terminal 2 became\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5517585\",\n \"text\": \"before the start of the war, as well as during redeployment from Iraq after. The General Authority of Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia finally opened the new Dammam King Fahd International Airport on 28 November 1999 to commercial traffic, and all airlines transferred their operations from Dhahran International Airport, which had been in use until then. The new Dammam airport serves most of Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and in particular the growing urban complex made up of Dammam, Dhahran, Khobar, Qatif, Ras Tanura, while its catchment area also covers Jubail with total population of about 2.5 million served. The\",\n \"title\": \"King Fahd International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2648256\",\n \"text\": \"The land area allocated for this airport is among the largest (Second-largest, after King Fahd International Airport) in the world. This airport was an alternative landing site for NASA's Space Shuttle. King Khalid International Airport (KKIA) opened for operations in late 1983. Until then, what is now Riyadh Air Base served commercial flights to and from Riyadh. Increased international and local air transport requirements for Riyadh made the change necessary. Riyadh Air Base, which is much closer to the city center, is operated by the Royal Saudi Air Force. There are five main passenger terminals at the airport, four of\",\n \"title\": \"King Khalid International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13884452\",\n \"text\": \"Abqaiq Airport Abqaiq Airport is a small airstrip located 10 km west to the center of Abqaiq city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies an area of about 0.35 km², surrounded by farms and desert. It is about 65 km southwest of Dammam, the Province's largest city. The closest major city, however, is Al-Mubarraz, which is located about 55km to the south. Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) owns the airfield and used to operate it for its domestic flights around the kingdom, until it was abandoned from regular use due to the completion of the King\",\n \"title\": \"Abqaiq Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13898956\",\n \"text\": \"Haradh Airport Haradh Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Haradh in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.1 km² next to the residential camp. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The Airport still closed and is under renovation. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters long and 30 meters wide. 10 parking/gates can\",\n \"title\": \"Haradh Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16358720\",\n \"text\": \"visiting purposes. Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport is located southeast of Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia. It was named after Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz. The planned capacity of the airport was 100,000 passengers per year, particularly both tourists and locals. The airport began operations on 31 October 2011 when the first flight from Riyadh operated by Saudia. It is the closest airport to the pre-Islamic archaeological site of Mada'in Saleh and Al Ula Heritage Village. The airport is the first one in Saudi Arabia specifically designed to serve people coming to the\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1679682\",\n \"text\": \"world, handling 2.37 million tons of cargo in 2014 Emirates is the national airline of Dubai. , it operated internationally serving over 150 destinations in over 70 countries across six continents. The development of Al Maktoum International Airport (IATA: DWC) was announced in 2004. The first phase of the airport, featuring one A380 capable runway, 64 remote stands, one cargo terminal with annual capacity for 250,000 tonnes of cargo and a passenger terminal building designed to accommodate five million passengers per year, has been opened. When completed, Dubai World Central-Al Maktoum International will be the largest airport in the world\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2648270\",\n \"text\": \"station on the southeastern part of the airport to be linked with the terminal through the metro system. King Khalid International Airport King Khalid International Airport ( \\\"\\\", ) is located north of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, designed by the architectural firm HOK, and Arabian Bechtel Company Limited served as the construction manager on behalf of the Saudi government. This airport consists of five passenger terminals (only three of which are in use), with eight aero-bridges each, a mosque, covered and uncovered car parking for 11,600 vehicles, an additional Royal Terminal (for the kingdom's guests, government heads, and Saudi royal family\",\n \"title\": \"King Khalid International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18932247\",\n \"text\": \"Pump Station 3 Airport Pump Station 3 Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Pump Station 3 in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.1 km² next to the complex. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters long and 30 meters wide. Only one parking/gate can be found\",\n \"title\": \"Pump Station 3 Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8532662\",\n \"text\": \"Yanbu Airport Yanbu Airport is an airport near Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. It offers both domestic and international service. The airport's full name is Prince Abdul Mohsin bin Abdulaziz Airport. The airport was upgraded in late 2009 to enable it to operate international flights with newly expanded arrival and departure lounges. The contract for the airport expansion project was signed with a national company in June 2006 at a cost of SR188 million. The airport features air bridges that link passengers directly with aircraft, a first for regional airports in the Kingdom. The airport only has 2 air-bridges, Gates 1 and\",\n \"title\": \"Yanbu Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18932248\",\n \"text\": \"there. Pump Station 3 Airport Pump Station 3 Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Pump Station 3 in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.1 km² next to the complex. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters long and 30 meters wide. Only one parking/gate can be\",\n \"title\": \"Pump Station 3 Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5795931\",\n \"text\": \"of Nejd loyal to Ibn Saud during the Unification of Saudi Arabia. Abha has many historic places such as forts and other locations, thanks to the region's cultural heritage. A coastal road connecting Jeddah and Abha was completed in 1979. A SAPTCO bus station connects Abha to other destinations within Saudi Arabia. Abha Regional Airport (, IATA: AHB[3], ICAO: OEAB) is Abha's main airport. International connections are available to Yemen (Sana'a), Egypt (Cairo), Qatar (Doha) and the UAE (Dubai, Sharjah), as well as to other destinations within Saudi Arabia. Construction of Dutch-designed Abha Airport began in mid-1975, and flights began\",\n \"title\": \"Abha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361556\",\n \"text\": \"an area of of land. Terminal 3 is the second-largest building in the world by floor space and the largest airport terminal in the world. The airport is operated by the Dubai Airports Company and is the home base of Dubai's international airlines, Emirates and flydubai. The Emirates hub is the largest airline hub in the Middle East; Emirates handles 51% of all passenger traffic and accounts for approximately 42% of all aircraft movements at the airport. Dubai Airport is also the base for low-cost carrier flydubai which handles 13% of passenger traffic and 25% of aircraft movements at DXB.\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361574\",\n \"text\": \"which over 100 international airlines operate, became Concourse C. Concourse 2 became Concourse B and Concourse 3 became Concourse A. The gates in Terminal 2 were changed and are now numbered F1 to F6. The remaining alpha-numeric sequences are being reserved for future airport facilities that are part of the Dubai Airports' $7.8 billion expansion programme, including Concourse D. Dubai's government has announced the construction of a new airport in Jebel Ali, named Dubai World Central – Al Maktoum International Airport. It is expected to be the second-largest airport in the world by physical size, though not by passenger metrics.\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9687375\",\n \"text\": \"Tabuk Regional Airport Tabuk Regional (Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz ) Airport () is an international and public airport in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. It was a former military airport until its renovation to become a public airport in 2011, however it still has military defenses against Israel and its neighboring countries. Despite being an international airport, it only serves a few foreign destinations. There are plans to increase the number of international destinations to other neighboring countries. The airport has a single terminal building which uses air bridges for planes to disembark and load passengers. The airport was named after\",\n \"title\": \"Tabuk Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685483\",\n \"text\": \"Abha Regional Airport Abha International Airport (, ) is an airport in Abha, the capital of 'Asir Province in Saudi Arabia. The airport has services to several domestic airports within the Kingdom. It also offers international flights to Aden and Sana'a in Yemen, Cairo in Egypt, Doha in Qatar, also it has non stop flights to Dubai and Sharjah in the UAE. Construction of Abha Airport was started in mid-1975 by Laing Wimpey Alireza. Hitherto domestic flights were handled at the military airport near Khamis Mushait. The airport was launched in 1977. The design was carried out by the Dutch\",\n \"title\": \"Abha Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7082664\",\n \"text\": \"Al-Mudwah Hotel and SWISS SPIRIT located along Highway 85 as it cuts through the town. Turaif Domestic Airport is located approximately from town and has a daily flight to Riyadh. Other nearby airports are Gurayat Domestic Airport in Gurayat (Qurayyat) and Arar Domestic Airport in Arar. Turaif has desert climate with hot summers and cold winters (at least for Saudi Arabia's standards). Frost is not unheard of in the winter months. Snow may also fall at times. Turaif experienced the lowest recorded temperature in Saudi Arabia (and one of the lowest in the southern Middle East region), at -12C, beating\",\n \"title\": \"Turaif (Saudi Arabia)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5990357\",\n \"text\": \"Celsius in the summer daytime. Annual rainfall is less than 3 cm per year. Shaybah Airport, a small airport serving the oil facilities, is used exclusively by Saudi Aramco. It provides flights to Dammam and Al-Hasa. Shaybah Shaybah Oil Field is a major crude oil production oil site in Saudi Arabia, located approximately from the northern edge of the Rub' Al-Khali (\\\"Empty Quarter\\\") desert. It is about south of the border to Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, which is a straight line drawn in the desert. It is south of the eastern part of Abu Dhabi's Liwa Oasis. Oil was\",\n \"title\": \"Shaybah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13898957\",\n \"text\": \"be found there in addition to a helipad. Haradh Airport Haradh Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Haradh in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.1 km² next to the residential camp. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The Airport still closed and is under renovation. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters\",\n \"title\": \"Haradh Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2633635\",\n \"text\": \"Sharjah International Airport Sharjah International Airport () () is an airport located east south east of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. It is spread over an area of . Sharjah Airport is the third largest Middle East airfreight hub in cargo tonnage, according to official 2015 statistics from Airports Council International. Ground services company, Sharjah Aviation Services, handled 586,195 tonnes in 2015 – a 16.1% increase year on year. It has one passenger terminal with an area of . Sharjah International Airport is home base of the low-cost carrier Air Arabia. The headquarters of Air Arabia is in the Sharjah Freight\",\n \"title\": \"Sharjah International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9687379\",\n \"text\": \"located to the right of the airport. Tabuk Regional Airport Tabuk Regional (Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz ) Airport () is an international and public airport in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. It was a former military airport until its renovation to become a public airport in 2011, however it still has military defenses against Israel and its neighboring countries. Despite being an international airport, it only serves a few foreign destinations. There are plans to increase the number of international destinations to other neighboring countries. The airport has a single terminal building which uses air bridges for planes to disembark and\",\n \"title\": \"Tabuk Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13884453\",\n \"text\": \"Fahd International Airport in Dammam where Aramco operates its main aviation hub. There is no specific use for the airfield at the present time. There is one runway, 1,851 meters long and 34 meters wide. Two parking/gates can be found there for medium-sized airplanes. A large parking lot is located just outside the terminal Abqaiq Airport Abqaiq Airport is a small airstrip located 10 km west to the center of Abqaiq city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies an area of about 0.35 km², surrounded by farms and desert. It is about 65 km southwest of Dammam,\",\n \"title\": \"Abqaiq Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15721644\",\n \"text\": \"as the Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. The apron is designed to handle 6 aircraft, with plans to expand this to accommodate 14 aircraft. The new airport is the fifth international airport in Upper Egypt after Luxor, Aswan, Assiut, and Abu Simbel. The airport primarily caters to domestic travel and traffic between Sohag/Upper Egypt and the Persian Gulf states including Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Sohag International Airport Sohag International Airport is an airport serving Sohag, capital of the Sohag Governorate of Egypt. The airport is south of the city. The Sohag VOR-DME (Ident: SHG) is located\",\n \"title\": \"Sohag International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18936654\",\n \"text\": \"Khurais Airport Khurais Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Khurais in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.2 km² next to the residential camp. It has replaced the previous Khurais Airport (old). Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters long and 30 meters wide. 7 parking/gates can\",\n \"title\": \"Khurais Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15215305\",\n \"text\": \"Dust storms are a regular occurrence. A small airport (Shaybah Airport) is located in Shaybah for the exclusive use of Saudi Aramco offering flights for its employees to Dammam and Al-Hasa. Shaybah oil field Shaybah Oil Field is a super-giant oil field in Saudi Arabia and is located in the northern edge of the Rub' Al-Khali/Empty Quarter desert. It is located about 10 km south of the border to Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, which is a straight line drawn in the desert. It is 40 km south of the eastern part of Liwa Oasis of Abu Dhabi. Shaybah was\",\n \"title\": \"Shaybah oil field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685572\",\n \"text\": \"such as Emirates and Egypt Airlines offering scheduled passenger service: The Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia has confirmed and released a short trailer of the new airport that will replace the current airport. It will be named King Abdullah International Airport Jizan. According to the Centre Of Aviation's official website, the airport project, estimated at SR 2.5 billion (USD667 million), will feature a single passenger terminal with 10 aircraft gates and a VIP lounge, cargo facilities and a control tower. The airport is predicted to have the capacity to handle 2.4 million passengers p/a. The General Authority for Civil Aviation\",\n \"title\": \"Jizan Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"620956\",\n \"text\": \"hosted the FIFA U-20 World Cup in 1989, and Prince Faisal bin Fahd Stadium (Al-Malaz Stadium) that is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 22,500 people. The city's GPYW Indoor Stadium served as host arena for the 1997 Asian Basketball Championship, where Saudi Arabia's national basketball team reached the \\\"Final Four\\\". Riyadh's King Khalid International Airport (KKIA), located 35 kilometers north from the city centre, is the city's main airport, and serves over 17 million passengers a year. Plans are being made to expand the airport to accommodate 35 million passengers, given that the\",\n \"title\": \"Riyadh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4742195\",\n \"text\": \"vast space with incomparable elegance and beauty.\\\" At , the Jeddah airport Hajj Terminal is estimated to be among the world's largest air terminals after Beijing Capital International Airport, Dubai International Airport and Hong Kong International Airport. Many airlines from Muslim and non-Muslim countries have used the Hajj Terminal. Jeddah-KAIA airport serves as a major hub for Saudia who originally had the exclusive use of the South Terminal. In 2007 however, the privately owned Saudi carriers Flynas and Sama Airlines were also given permission to use it. Due to the closure of Sama Airlines, the terminal was only used by\",\n \"title\": \"King Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8532666\",\n \"text\": \"international destinations are serviced by foreign airlines; domestic carriers Saudia and Flynas only serve the domestic destinations listed below. Yanbu Airport Yanbu Airport is an airport near Yanbu, Saudi Arabia. It offers both domestic and international service. The airport's full name is Prince Abdul Mohsin bin Abdulaziz Airport. The airport was upgraded in late 2009 to enable it to operate international flights with newly expanded arrival and departure lounges. The contract for the airport expansion project was signed with a national company in June 2006 at a cost of SR188 million. The airport features air bridges that link passengers directly\",\n \"title\": \"Yanbu Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2233538\",\n \"text\": \"Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia (, ; '), officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA; ', ), is a country in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula. With a land area of approximately , Saudi Arabia is the largest sovereign state in the Middle East, geographically the fifth-largest in Asia, second-largest in the Arab world after Algeria and 12th-largest in the world. Saudi Arabia is bordered by Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast and Yemen to the south. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Saudi Arabia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6554179\",\n \"text\": \"2015. The airport will be the largest component of Dubai World Central, with a surface area of more than . If completed as planned, the airport will have an annual cargo capacity of , and a passenger capacity of up to 260 million people per year. In the future it will handle 851 million passengers This would make it the largest airport in the world in both physical size and passenger volume. Al Maktoum International Airport intends to handle all types of aircraft. Up to four aircraft will be able to land simultaneously. The airport will include: Al Maktoum International\",\n \"title\": \"Al Maktoum International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7809114\",\n \"text\": \"Peninsula and pilgrims from South East Asia, particularly India pilgrims. On December 5, 2018 Prince Khalid Al Faisal Layed the foundation stone for establishing Al Qunfudhah airport to serve the people of three regions in Saudi Arabia. the location for the airport is 25 km north side of Al Qunfudhah in Al Modhailf county. The Area of the airport is 25,000,000 m2 which contains 3 terminals ( Royal , travel and Cargo), one runway , Airport apron to accommodate five aircraft, Road network, Watch tower, Add an integrated infrastructure as well as parking and service facilities,Which will provide service to\",\n \"title\": \"Al Qunfudhah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6008331\",\n \"text\": \"charter passengers. The existing airport achieved international status in 2007. The winning consortium comprised TAV Airports of Turkey and Saudi Oger Limited and Al Rajhi Holding Group, both of Saudi Arabia. In October 2011, the consortium entered into a contract with the Civil Aviation Authority of Saudi Arabia (GACA) to build and operate the Prince Muhammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport in Al Madinah Al-Munawarah under a 25-year concession. The project reached financial close on 30 June 2012, securing a total of US$1.2 billion financing package from a club of Saudi Arabian banks. The project has been structured as a Build-Transfer-Operate\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2089418\",\n \"text\": \"the largest airport in the world that had ever been envisioned, with a planned area of ; King Fahd International Airport in Saudi Arabia, completed in 1999, eventually surpassed its surface area. In 1989, of the were deeded back to their original owners. In the 1960s, Montreal experienced a tremendous economic boom. Massive construction projects, including the Montreal Metro and those linked with the hosting of Expo 67, brought the city international status. More and more visitors were arriving to the city, especially by airplane but not always by choice. The federal government required European airlines to make Montreal their\",\n \"title\": \"Montréal–Mirabel International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361555\",\n \"text\": \"Dubai International Airport Dubai International Airport () is the primary international airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic. It is also the third-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic, the sixth-busiest cargo airport in world, the busiest airport for Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 movements, and the airport with the highest average number of passengers per flight . In 2017, DXB handled 88 million passengers, 2.65 million tonnes of cargo and registered 409,493 aircraft movements. Dubai International is situated in the Al Garhoud district, east of Dubai and spread over\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13884577\",\n \"text\": \"company executives. The airport has one runway that is 2,185 meters long and 30 meters wide. Two parking/gates are available for medium-sized airplanes. Parking lot is located just outside the terminal. Udhayliyah Airport Udhayliyah Airport is a small airport located in the village of Udhayliyah, 150 km southwest of Dammam in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies a small area of 0.55 km² east of the residential camp. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company in Saudi Arabia, owns the airfield and was being operated for domestic General Aviation used by the company for logistics. However, the company realized\",\n \"title\": \"Udhayliyah Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6008332\",\n \"text\": \"(BTO) project so that GACA retains ownership of the airport infrastructure. The consortium, through the special purpose vehicle incorporated for the project, TIBAH Airports Development Company Limited, will be responsible for the management of the airport, including airside and landside operations. GACA will continue to act as regulator and will be responsible for air traffic control operation. The 25 year concession is the first full public private partnership (PPP) project in Saudi Arabia. The project has an initial build cost of US$1.2 billion and which may, with future investments and expansions, increase to US$1.5 billion. Whilst there are a number\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361621\",\n \"text\": \"2014 and a third season in 2015. Dubai International Airport Dubai International Airport () is the primary international airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the world's busiest airport by international passenger traffic. It is also the third-busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic, the sixth-busiest cargo airport in world, the busiest airport for Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 movements, and the airport with the highest average number of passengers per flight . In 2017, DXB handled 88 million passengers, 2.65 million tonnes of cargo and registered 409,493 aircraft movements. Dubai International is situated in the Al Garhoud\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437166\",\n \"text\": \"Five are known Emirates is the biggest national airline of the UAE and is owned by Dubai. Etihad Airways is the second-largest national airline and is owned by Abu Dhabi. Other airlines are flyDubai, Air Arabia and Royal Jet. The major ports are Khalifa Port, Zayed Port, Port of Jebel Ali, Port Rashid, Port Khalid, Port Saeed, and Container Port Khor Fakkan. Other ports include Ajman Port, Fujairah Port (a bunkering port), Das Island (tanker port), Mina' Jabal Al Dhanna, Mina Al Hemreya, Mina' Saqr, and Umm al-Qaiwain Port. The merchant marine consisted of 68 ships of 1,000 gross tonnage\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in the United Arab Emirates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13881636\",\n \"text\": \"when the company moved its aviation operations from Ras Tanura and Dhahran to Dammam. Currently the airport is solely used as heliport to provide logistics to nearby offshore rigs in the Persian Gulf. The airport has one runway that is 2,149 meters long and 30 meters wide with lights and ILS support. There are two parking/gate for medium-sized jets, and several helipads can be found in the airport. Ras Tanura Airport Ras Tanura Airport is a small airport in the western side of Ras Tanura city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.9\",\n \"title\": \"Ras Tanura Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13904800\",\n \"text\": \"Shaybah Airport Shaybah Airport is a small airfield located in the remote Shaybah oil complex in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport is adjacent to the employees accommodation compound. The airport was built and being operated by the Saudi Arabian Oil Company Saudi Aramco, providing vital logistic support to this remote isolated area in the desert. Using Boeing 737, the company operates regular flights to Dammam and Al-Hasa, the capital and the largest city of the province. The airport has one paved runway in addition to an old unpaved runway that is no longer used. The paved runway\",\n \"title\": \"Shaybah Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2674369\",\n \"text\": \"size and population in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The Dammam metropolitan area and the rest of the Eastern Province are served by the King Fahd International Airport (KFIA), the largest airport in the world in terms of land area (approximately 780 km), about 20 km to the northwest of the city. Dammam's King Abdul Aziz Sea Port is the largest on the Persian Gulf. Its import-export traffic in is second only to Jeddah Seaport in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). The origins of the name \\\"Dammam\\\" are disputed. Some say that it is onomatopoeic and was given\",\n \"title\": \"Dammam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685545\",\n \"text\": \"Dawadmi Domestic Airport Dawadmi Airport (, ), also known as Dawadmi Domestic Airport (), is an airport serving Dawadmi, a city in the Riyadh province in Saudi Arabia. The airport lies in the Najd some west of the town center of Dawadmi. The airport has a single runway in roughly NNW to SSE direction. In April 2003, the new airport in the city was inaugurated by the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring . Airlines offering scheduled passenger service:\",\n \"title\": \"Dawadmi Domestic Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685544\",\n \"text\": \"Dawadmi Domestic Airport Dawadmi Airport (, ), also known as Dawadmi Domestic Airport (), is an airport serving Dawadmi, a city in the Riyadh province in Saudi Arabia. The airport lies in the Najd some west of the town center of Dawadmi. The airport has a single runway in roughly NNW to SSE direction. In April 2003, the new airport in the city was inaugurated by the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring . Airlines offering scheduled passenger service:\",\n \"title\": \"Dawadmi Domestic Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17831351\",\n \"text\": \"Grumman Gulfstream III, Grumman Gulfstream IV, Dassault Falcon 900, Dassault Falcon 7X and Hawker 400XP. CF34, CFM56 and soon General Electric GE90 & GE115 King Abdulaziz International Airport - Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Main line maintenance locations are: In 2013, SAEI broke ground on a 10,764,000 -square-foot (1,000,000 m2) new facility at King Abdulaziz International Airport in Jeddah, KSA. The new facility houses 12 hangars, a state of the art warehousing facility, a shop complex, and a new engine overhaul center with a 150K Lb/Thrust test cell and is expected to employ over 7500 technical & engineering staff by 2018. Saudia\",\n \"title\": \"Saudia Aerospace Engineering Industries\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5517597\",\n \"text\": \"on 6 April 2015. The cargo village is over . The village offers ease of shipping and cargo services and serves as a hub for global companies, directly serving the eastern province and the rest of the kingdom. The village offers direct access to Saudi Arabia and eliminates the need to ship through neighboring countries. Currently, DHL Express, NAQEL, SMSA Express, TNT Express, and UPS are operating as anchor tenants. Additional capacity is coming on-line and will assist the airlines and companies operating in and out of the kingdom. The control tower stands high, equivalent to the height of a\",\n \"title\": \"King Fahd International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14356234\",\n \"text\": \"Dubai Aviation City Corporation Dubai Aviation City Corporation “Dubai World Central (DWC)” is owned by the Government of Dubai and chaired by Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum. It is one of the strategic projects for the government as it positions Dubai to be a commercial center and international logistics hub. It is considered to be one of the most ambitious projects in the world occupying an area of 140 km in Jebel Ali. Dubai World Central contains Al Maktoum International Airport (AMIA) and which will be the world’s largest airport with 120 million passenger/year capacity and a cargo capacity\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai Aviation City Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685484\",\n \"text\": \"Consultants NACO. The site was a new construction area between the cities of Khamis Mushait and Abha and served both equally. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 13/31 with an asphalt surface measuring . Airlines offering scheduled passenger service: Abha Regional Airport Abha International Airport (, ) is an airport in Abha, the capital of 'Asir Province in Saudi Arabia. The airport has services to several domestic airports within the Kingdom. It also offers international flights to Aden and Sana'a in Yemen, Cairo in Egypt, Doha in Qatar, also it\",\n \"title\": \"Abha Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2648260\",\n \"text\": \"taxiways and parking for visitors, tenants and staff. In addition to privately owned aircraft, this facility accommodates Saudia's special flight services group. It's also home to Alsalam Aircraft Company, Ltd. Programmed Depot Maintenance (PDM) on Royal Saudi Air Force aircraft is performed at the uniquely designed facility. Centrally located in the passenger terminal complex, between the Royal Pavilion and the mosque is the air traffic control tower standing at high. Twr Freq. 118.6E & 118.8W. GND 121.6. CD 121.8. Riyadh Dept. 120.0 Riyadh Approach 126.0 There are 19 separate floor levels in the tower, including the operations area at the\",\n \"title\": \"King Khalid International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13885377\",\n \"text\": \"Jubail Airport Jubail Airport is an airfield west of Jubail City in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It is located near the industrial area, about to the shores of Dohat ad Dafi, one of the shallow bays near Jubail. The airport occupies an area of about 20 km². Originally constructed by the Royal Commission of Jubail and Yanbu as part of Jubail project, it was meant to be used for commercial aviation until it was decided to utilize the large nearby King Fahd International Airport. Thus, it was handed over to the Ministry of Defence and has been used\",\n \"title\": \"Jubail Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9687383\",\n \"text\": \"Ta'if Regional Airport Ta'if Regional Airport is an airport in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia. Despite its name, it also offers many international flights as well. The airport is located 30 km to the east of Taif and 70 km from Mecca. The airport is considered important in Saudi aviation history as it witnessed the first landing of Ibn Saud's plane, founder of the Kingdom. It was converted to a regional airport in 2009 when GACA allowed international airlines to operate at the airport as the city's population was increasing and to reduce pressure on the three main airports at the time.\",\n \"title\": \"Ta'if Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2700113\",\n \"text\": \"Abu Dhabi International Airport Abu Dhabi International Airport () is an international airport in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. The airport, located east of Abu Dhabi city, is the second largest in the UAE, serving around 20 million passengers in 2014. It has three operational passenger terminals—Terminal 1 (divided into Terminals 1A and 1B), Terminal 2, Terminal 3. Abu Dhabi International Airport is spread over an area of . Its terminal spaces are dominated by Etihad Airways, which is the United Arab Emirates' national carrier and second largest in the UAE after Emirates.\",\n \"title\": \"Abu Dhabi International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13884576\",\n \"text\": \"Udhayliyah Airport Udhayliyah Airport is a small airport located in the village of Udhayliyah, 150 km southwest of Dammam in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies a small area of 0.55 km² east of the residential camp. Saudi Aramco, the national oil company in Saudi Arabia, owns the airfield and was being operated for domestic General Aviation used by the company for logistics. However, the company realized the opportunity of the utilization of the nearby airport in Hofuf which resulted in the local airport in Udhayliyah to become unused at the present time except for special flights by\",\n \"title\": \"Udhayliyah Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15947658\",\n \"text\": \"contractor employees There is a small single strip airport near Udhailiyah (Udhayliyah Airport) operated by Saudi Aramco and not open for commercial air traffic. Saudi Aramco also utilizes the nearby airport in Hofuf which is 30 km away from Udhailiyah which now operates international flights to regional destinations such as Dubai and Doha. Full international air transportation is available at the King Fahd International Airport which is about 190 km away. Udhailiyah Udhailiyah (Arabic: العضيلية \\\"ʿuḍayliyyah\\\") is a small oil company compound in the interior of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia located in the desert southwest of the Dhahran-Dammam-Khobar\",\n \"title\": \"Udhailiyah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2499437\",\n \"text\": \"Mirabel International Airport have used this design. Hybrid layouts also exist. San Francisco International Airport and Melbourne Airport use a hybrid pier-semicircular layout and a pier layout for the rest. A common-use facility or terminal design disallows airlines to have its own proprietary check-in counters, gates and IT systems. Rather, check-in counters and gates can be flexibly reassigned as needed. With an area of over (1,713,000 m²) and capacity of over 60 million passengers, Dubai International Airport (Terminal 3) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, became the largest single Terminal building in the world when it opened on October 14, 2008.\",\n \"title\": \"Airport terminal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13904801\",\n \"text\": \"is 2,440 meters long and 27 meters wide. A space allocated to four airplanes to park at the airport. Parking lot is located just outside the terminal across the street. Shaybah Airport Shaybah Airport is a small airfield located in the remote Shaybah oil complex in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport is adjacent to the employees accommodation compound. The airport was built and being operated by the Saudi Arabian Oil Company Saudi Aramco, providing vital logistic support to this remote isolated area in the desert. Using Boeing 737, the company operates regular flights to Dammam and Al-Hasa,\",\n \"title\": \"Shaybah Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11550208\",\n \"text\": \"since 2015 Sharjah Tram will be second (after Dubai Tram). Air The Sharjah International Airport is the aviation hub of the city. Sharjah Airport is the third largest Middle East airfreight hub in cargo tonnage, according to official 2015 statistics from Airports Council International. Sharjah International Airport is home base of the low-cost carrier Air Arabia. It has daily flights connecting Lebanon, Jordan, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Ukraine, India, Egypt, Syria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc. Road There are two major series of highways in Sharjah, which are \\\"E\\\" and \\\"S\\\". E represents roads connecting other emirates and S for\",\n \"title\": \"Sharjah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2684870\",\n \"text\": \"a Tapline road for its pipeline stations spread along the highway northwest into Jordan. Roads link Dhahran with Saudi Aramco's other major compounds Ras Tanura and Abqaiq and with its nearest traditional Saudi community Al Khobar. The King Abdulaziz Air Base, a major Royal Saudi Air Force base lies a short distance south of the compound. The area it occupies used to house one of Saudi Arabia's three major international airports, the Dhahran Airport (DHA). Dhahran airport originally consisted of three sections: the old King Fahd Air Terminal for regular passengers, separate facilities for Aramco corporate use (Aramco formerly had\",\n \"title\": \"Saudi Aramco Residential Camp in Dhahran\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5517601\",\n \"text\": \"and Careem are also available. Rail In August 2016, the airport authority announced that it will connect the airport to the Dammam–Jubail railway, which is currently in its last stages of construction. King Fahd International Airport King Fahd International Airport (KFIA) () is an airport in Dammam, Saudi Arabia northwest of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The airport's basic infrastructure was complete by the end of 1990, which allowed the Allied forces engaged in the first Gulf War in early 1991 to use the field for the storage of military aircraft. KFIA was the base used by all USAF A-10s (144), as\",\n \"title\": \"King Fahd International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"372879\",\n \"text\": \"management organization in the country, overseeing the operations. The major ports in the country are as follows; There are an estimated 203 airports in Saudi Arabia (2003 est.). \\\"total:\\\" 61 <br>\\\"over 3,047 m:\\\" 32 <br>\\\"2,438 to 3,047 m:\\\" 13 <br>\\\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\\\" 12 <br>\\\"914 to 1,523 m:\\\" 2 <br>\\\"under 914 m:\\\" 2 (2003 est.) \\\"total:\\\" 133 <br>\\\"over 3047 m:\\\" 6 <br>\\\"2,438 to 3,047 m:\\\" 5 <br>\\\"1,524 to 2,437 m:\\\" 75 <br>\\\"914 to 1,523 m:\\\" 38 <br>\\\"under 914 m:\\\" 14 (2003 est.) 9 (2009 est.) As a result of over-reliance on road and air travel, the rail transport has not\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in Saudi Arabia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9685571\",\n \"text\": \"Jizan Regional Airport Jizan Regional Airport , is an airport serving Jizan (also spelled Gizan), the capital city of the Jizan Province in Saudi Arabia. It is also known as King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Airport (), named after King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz. The airport resides at an elevation of above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with an asphalt surface measuring . The airport has one main terminal with two different sectors; one for departures and one for arrivals respectively. The airport also has another small terminal for short haul international arrivals and departures to near countries\",\n \"title\": \"Jizan Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9679466\",\n \"text\": \"in 1970 upon 575 hectares of land. Even though the airport does not have an \\\"international\\\" status, there are occasional charter flights as well as scheduled passenger services to neighboring countries such as Iraq and Syria. Furthermore, the airport provides routine international service to Jeddah and Medina in Saudi Arabia for the annual Hajj season. Despite operating at 40-50% capacity, a total of 431,500 passengers traveled through Shahid Sadooghi Airport in 2012, making it the eleventh busiest airport in Iran in terms of passenger traffic and number of flight operations. Shahid Sadooghi Airport Yazd-Shahid Ayatollah Sadooghi Airport () is an\",\n \"title\": \"Shahid Sadooghi Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1361567\",\n \"text\": \"this as the city is a hub for import and export of flowers and the airport required a specialist facility since flowers need special conditions. Construction of Terminal 3 began in 2004 as the next stage of phase 2 of the development, with an estimated cost of around $4.55 billion. Completion was originally planned for 2006, but was delayed by two years. On 30 May 2008, a topping out ceremony was conducted. The terminal became operational on 14 October 2008, with Emirates Airline (EK2926) from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, being the first flight to arrive at the new terminal and EK843\",\n \"title\": \"Dubai International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13898239\",\n \"text\": \"long and 30 meters wide, with lights and ILS support. There are 6 parking/gates for medium-sized airplanes, many helipads can be found in the airport. Car parking is available outside the airport gate. Ras Tanajib Airport Ras Tanajib Airport is a small airport located in the oil complex of Tanajib about northwest of Jubail in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport is 4.1 km away from the Persian Gulf and occupies an area of 3 km². The airport was built and being operated by the Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco) to replace the old airport in Safaniya,\",\n \"title\": \"Ras Tanajib Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18936655\",\n \"text\": \"be found there in addition to a helipad. Khurais Airport Khurais Airport is a small airport in the oil complex of Khurais in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.2 km² next to the residential camp. It has replaced the previous Khurais Airport (old). Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia, owns and operate the airport providing logistic support to the remote oil complex. Using Boeing 737 and Dash 8 aircraft, the company operates scheduled flights to Dammam for the headquarters in Dhahran. The airport is equipped with one runway, 2,430 meters\",\n \"title\": \"Khurais Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9687384\",\n \"text\": \"Despite being named as a \\\"Regional\\\" airport, the airport actually has international flights destinations in half a dozen countries outside of Saudi Arabia. Ta'if Regional Airport Ta'if Regional Airport is an airport in Ta'if, Saudi Arabia. Despite its name, it also offers many international flights as well. The airport is located 30 km to the east of Taif and 70 km from Mecca. The airport is considered important in Saudi aviation history as it witnessed the first landing of Ibn Saud's plane, founder of the Kingdom. It was converted to a regional airport in 2009 when GACA allowed international airlines\",\n \"title\": \"Ta'if Regional Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"437165\",\n \"text\": \"system is being planned for Sharjah and Ajman. The General Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) started applying an advanced program in 2010 that allows the assessment of aircraft registered in foreign countries in order to ensure their safety and airworthiness. In 2011, it banned all aircraft registered in Congo DR, Swaziland, Equatorial Guinea, Sierra Leone and São Tomé and Príncipe due to their poor safety standards. Dubai International Airport was the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic in 2014. Abu Dhabi International Airport is the second-largest airport in the UAE. There are 42 airports in the UAE Heliports:\",\n \"title\": \"Transport in the United Arab Emirates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13881635\",\n \"text\": \"Ras Tanura Airport Ras Tanura Airport is a small airport in the western side of Ras Tanura city in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The airport occupies an area of 1.9 km², surrounded by residential areas and oil pipelines. It is located about north of Dammam, but is also close to other cities in the Province like Jubail, Khobar and Al-Thuqbah. The airport is owned and operated by the Saudi Arabian oil company Saudi Aramco for logistics operations. The airport was used for Aramco jets and helicopters until the completion of the nearby King Fahd International Airport in Dammam,\",\n \"title\": \"Ras Tanura Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4742197\",\n \"text\": \"electronic passenger guidance system and storm water drainage network. There will also be a newly constructed support services building and upgrades to the existing runway and airfield systems. The three stages, according to GACA—the General Authority of Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia, will be marked by staged capacity increase to 30 million, 60 million and 80 million passengers per year. The new airport will be accessed by the Haramain high-speed rail project network. Prince Majed Street will connect to the Al-Laith Highway, forming a fast north-south transit route. The General Authority of Civil Aviation has the GACA Hangar (Building 364)\",\n \"title\": \"King Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"372863\",\n \"text\": \"production. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Saudi Aramco operates the world's largest single hydrocarbon network, the Master Gas System. Its yearly production is , and it managed over 100 oil and gas fields in Saudi Arabia, including 284.8 trillion standard cubic feet (scf) of natural gas reserves. Saudi Aramco owns the Ghawar Field, the world's largest oil field, and the Shaybah Field, another one of the world's largest oil fields. The Saudi Arabian Basic Industries Corporation SABIC was established by a royal decree in 1976 to produce chemicals, polymers, and fertilizers. In 2008, SABIC was Asia's largest (in terms of\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of Saudi Arabia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13885303\",\n \"text\": \"Abu Ali Airport Abu Ali Airport is a small airstrip in the Island of Abu Ali, part of Jubail area in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It is located about north of the city and about from the shores of the Persian Gulf, occupying a small land area of about 0.5 km². The airstrip is owned and was operated by Saudi Aramco, the national oil company of Saudi Arabia. It was used for the employees traveling between the island and other airports. However, during the last decade it has been idle for the reason that employees no longer need\",\n \"title\": \"Abu Ali Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9003294\",\n \"text\": \"pilot training. OERY has two crossing runways. 19-01 is the alpha and 15-30 is the bravo. It is home to the Civil Defense fleet as well. Riyadh Air Base Riyadh Air Base (, Arabic: قاعدة الرياض الجوية) formerly Riyadh International Airport until 1982 is an airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Originally used for commercial flights by Saudi Arabia Airlines, the airport witnessed the destruction of Saudia Flight 163 on the night of August 19 1980. The Lockheed L-1011-200 was attempting to return when it burst into flames on the tarmac. In 1982, King Khalid International Airport was opened which lead\",\n \"title\": \"Riyadh Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4747082\",\n \"text\": \"Flynas Flynas (), stylized \\\"flynas\\\", formerly Nas Air, is a domestic and international low-cost airline based in Saudi Arabia, the country first budget airline. The company's head office is located Riyadh. Saudi Arabian Airlines was the only airline in the country until , when budget carriers Nas Air and Sama Airlines got their licenses from the government. Nas Air was founded in . Operations started in February that year. In late 2007, Nas Air firmed up an order for the acquisition of 20 aircraft of the Airbus A320 family. The company changed its name from \\\"Nasair\\\" to \\\"Flynas\\\" in .\",\n \"title\": \"Flynas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13898508\",\n \"text\": \"Ras Mishab Airport Ras Mishab Airport is a small military airfield in the naval complex of Ras Mishab on the Persian Gulf about northwest of Jubail in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It occupies an area of around and is from the shore. The airfield has one runway, long and wide, with lights and ILS support. Several zones allocated near the runway for aircraft parking. The naval facility was used during the 1990 Gulf war by the US Armed Forces. A Royal Saudi Air Force C-130 Hercules crashed during approach to the airport during the same war. The plane\",\n \"title\": \"Ras Mishab Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4742196\",\n \"text\": \"Saudia and Flynas. The terminal is now also used by Flyadeal, Garuda Indonesia, Kenya Airways, and Korean Air. The North Terminal at Jeddah airport is used by all other foreign airlines. The new King Abdulaziz International Airport three-stage development started in 2006, and is currently scheduled for an official opening on 1 January 2019 . The project is designed to increase the airport's yearly capacity from 13 million to 80 million passengers. The expansion includes brand-new passenger terminal building, a 136 meter air traffic control (ATC) tower(the world's largest atc tower), airfield hard-standing and paved areas, lighting, fuel network systems,\",\n \"title\": \"King Abdulaziz International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6554174\",\n \"text\": \"Al Maktoum International Airport Al Maktoum International Airport is an international airport in Jebel Ali, southwest of Dubai, United Arab Emirates that opened on 27 June 2010. It is the main part of Dubai World Central, a planned residential, commercial and logistics complex. The airport will contain transport modes, logistics and value-added services, including manufacturing and assembly, in a single free economic zone. It will cover an area of . The airport has a projected annual capacity of of freight and between 160 million and 260 million passengers. As of December 2014, only a handful of airlines operate passenger services\",\n \"title\": \"Al Maktoum International Airport\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9003293\",\n \"text\": \"Riyadh Air Base Riyadh Air Base (, Arabic: قاعدة الرياض الجوية) formerly Riyadh International Airport until 1982 is an airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Originally used for commercial flights by Saudi Arabia Airlines, the airport witnessed the destruction of Saudia Flight 163 on the night of August 19 1980. The Lockheed L-1011-200 was attempting to return when it burst into flames on the tarmac. In 1982, King Khalid International Airport was opened which lead to this airport becoming a Military base for the Royal Saudi Air Force. K. Faisal Academy is on the air base and uses Pilatus PC-9's for\",\n \"title\": \"Riyadh Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1676873\",\n \"text\": \"movements were recorded in 2009. It handled 6,634,570 passengers in 2011. As of 2012 it has 34 international carriers and 13 cargo airlines. In 2008, Sharjah International Airport announced it would invest AED662m (US$180m) to renovate the airport's buildings, build a new terminal and increase car parking. The project is slated for completion in 2015, by which time the airport aims to be handling eight million passengers annually. Sharjah International Airport is the main base of Air Arabia, the Middle East's largest low-cost carrier. It was the Middle East's first budget airline when launched by the Ruler of Sharjah in\",\n \"title\": \"Emirate of Sharjah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3744947\",\n \"text\": \"King Abdulaziz Air Base King Abdulaziz Air Base , formerly Dhahran International Airport and Dhahran Airfield is a Royal Saudi Air Force Air Base located in Dhahran in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. It's the first airport ever built in Saudi Arabian soil. It was operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) from 1945 until 1962. After use by the USAF, Dhahran Airfield became Dhahran International Airport, as well as the co-located King Abdulaziz Air Base of the Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF). The military relationship that exists today between the United States and Saudi Arabia was highly\",\n \"title\": \"King Abdulaziz Air Base\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which is the biggest airport in saudi arabia"}}},{"rowIdx":198,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["keyword"],"string":"[\n \"keyword\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"208471","text":"Java (programming language) Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers \"write once, run anywhere\" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. , Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. Java was","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208472","text":"originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208474","text":"at least Windows computers). James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called \"Oak\" after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name \"Green\" and was finally renamed \"Java\", from Java coffee. Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996. It promised","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208476","text":"in server environments, while \"J2ME\" featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was renamed \"J2SE\". In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new \"J2\" versions as \"Java EE\", \"Java ME\", and \"Java SE\", respectively. In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a \"de facto\" standard, controlled through the Java Community Process. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208503","text":"which is intended for software developers and includes development tools such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger. OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL. The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL. As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation. The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be \"compatible\". This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208475","text":"\"Write Once, Run Anywhere\" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run \"Java applets\" within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. With the advent of \"Java 2\" (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. \"J2EE\" included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208477","text":"of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software, (FOSS), under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright. Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an \"evangelist\". Following Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"605958","text":"where codice_32 and codice_1 are reserved words — they have no meaning in Java but they also cannot be used as identifiers. By reserving the terms, they can be implemented in future versions of Java, if desired, without breaking older Java source code. For example, there was a proposal in 1999 to add C++-like codice_32 to the language, which was possible using the codice_32 word, since it was reserved but currently unused; however, this proposal was rejected – notably because even though adding the feature would not break any existing programs, using it in the standard library (notably in collections)","title":"Reserved word"},{"id":"208500","text":"runtime type errors (codice_31's) from occurring, it would be type safe. In 2016, the type system of Java was proven unsound. Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics, speed, the handling of unsigned numbers, the implementation of floating-point arithmetic, and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot. The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Sun Microsystems in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208502","text":"implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun. The Oracle implementation is available for Microsoft Windows (still works for XP, while only later versions are currently officially supported), macOS, Linux, and Solaris. Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organization, the Oracle implementation is the de facto standard. The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK),","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208479","text":"the Java language: , both Java 8 and 11 are officially supported. Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates: Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are: The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes, and exceptions. Refer to the separate platforms for a description of the packages available. Sun also provided an edition called PersonalJava that has been superseded","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"605957","text":"can be implemented as predefineds, which can be overridden, thus not breaking existing programs. Reasons for flexibility include allowing compiler vendors to extend the specification by including non-standard features, different standard dialects of language to extend it, or future versions of the language to include additional features. For example, a procedural language may anticipate adding object-oriented capabilities in a future version or some dialect, at which point one might add keywords like codice_30 or codice_31. To accommodate this possibility, the current specification may make these reserved words, even if they are not currently used. A notable example is in Java,","title":"Reserved word"},{"id":"208490","text":"developers to access documentation within the IDE. The traditional \"Hello, world!\" program can be written in Java as: Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix codice_6, for example, codice_7. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named codice_8. Only then can it be executed, or \"launched\". The Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple classes with other than public access modifier and any number of public inner classes. When the source file contains multiple classes, make one class \"public\"","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"535740","text":"Java Platform, Standard Edition Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). The platform uses Java programming language and is part of the Java software-platform family. Java SE defines a range of general-purpose APIs—such as Java APIs for the Java Class Library—and also includes the Java Language Specification and the Java Virtual Machine Specification. One of the most well-known implementations of Java SE is Oracle Corporation's Java Development Kit (JDK). The platform was known","title":"Java Platform, Standard Edition"},{"id":"208501","text":"APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy. The class library contains features such as: Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems, used by many Java developers. It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are codice_4 and codice_3, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are set off with the delimiters codice_2 and codice_3. Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java SE platform, following their acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010. This","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"10263092","text":"Java stack (Virtual Machine, Compiler, and other tools required for any Java implementation). Java Class Library The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java applications can call at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions common to modern operating systems. JCL serves three purposes within the Java Platform: Java Class Library (JCL) is almost entirely written in Java, except for the parts that","title":"Java Class Library"},{"id":"7568229","text":"Java (software platform) Java is a set of computer software and specifications developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems, which was later acquired by the Oracle Corporation, that provides a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. Java applets, which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages. It's still possible to run Java","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"6018443","text":"Java Modeling Language The Java Modeling Language (JML) is a specification language for Java programs, using Hoare style pre- and postconditions and invariants, that follows the design by contract paradigm. Specifications are written as Java annotation comments to the source files, which hence can be compiled with any Java compiler. Various verification tools, such as a runtime assertion checker and the Extended Static Checker (ESC/Java) aid development. JML is a behavioural interface specification language for Java modules. JML provides semantics to formally describe the behavior of a Java module, preventing ambiguity with regard to the module designers' intentions. JML inherits","title":"Java Modeling Language"},{"id":"208504","text":"the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and had added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001, won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun. As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows. Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications. The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed. Oracle supplies","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208473","text":"developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets). The latest version is Java 11, released on September 25, 2018, which follows Java 10 after only six months, being in line with the new release schedule. Java 8 is still supported but there will be no more security updates for Java 9. Versions earlier than Java 8 are supported by companies on a commercial basis; e.g. by Oracle back to Java 6 (while they still \"highly recommend that you uninstall\" pre-Java 8 from","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"124318","text":"JavaScript JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. It is a language which is also characterized as dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based and multi-paradigm. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of the World Wide Web. JavaScript enables interactive web pages and thus is an essential part of web applications. The vast majority of websites use it, and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it. As a multi-paradigm language, JavaScript supports event-driven, functional, and imperative (including object-oriented and prototype-based) programming","title":"JavaScript"},{"id":"605959","text":"\"would\" break compatibility. JavaScript also contains a number of reserved words without special functionality; the exact list varies by version and mode. Languages differ significantly in how frequently they introduce new reserved words or keywords and how they name them, with some languages being very conservative and introducing new keywords rarely or never, to avoid breaking existing programs, while other languages introduce new keywords more freely, requiring existing programs to change existing identifiers that conflict. A case study is given by new keywords in C11 compared with C++11, both from 2011 – recall that in C and C++, identifiers that","title":"Reserved word"},{"id":"4849632","text":"Javac javac (pronounced \"java-see\") is the primary Java compiler included in the Java Development Kit (JDK) from Oracle Corporation. Martin Odersky implemented the GJ compiler, and his implementation became the basis for javac. The compiler accepts source code conforming to the Java language specification (JLS) and produces Java bytecode conforming to the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS). codice_1 is itself written in Java. The compiler can also be invoked programmatically. On 13 November 2006, Sun's HotSpot Java virtual machine (JVM) and Java Development Kit (JDK) were made available under the GPL license. Since version 0.95, GNU Classpath, a free implementation","title":"Javac"},{"id":"124336","text":"code. The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations, unless explicitly specified otherwise. All modern Web browsers support JavaScript with built-in interpreters. JavaScript supports much of the structured programming syntax from C (e.g., if statements, while loops, switch statements, do while loops, etc.). One partial exception is scoping: JavaScript originally had only function scoping with var. ECMAScript 2015 added keywords let and const for block scoping, meaning JavaScript now has both function and block scoping. Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between expressions and statements. One syntactic difference from C is automatic semicolon insertion, which allows the semicolons","title":"JavaScript"},{"id":"208478","text":"in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the \"steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency\". This did not prevent Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK (see Google section below). Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers. On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle. In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java runtime environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin. There were five primary goals in the creation of","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208482","text":"Java bytecode into the platform's machine language. Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++. However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1, the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000. With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the java.util.concurrent package, including lock free implementations of","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"535728","text":"Java Platform, Micro Edition Java Platform, Micro Edition or Java ME is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for embedded and mobile devices (micro-controllers, sensors, gateways, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, TV set-top boxes, printers). Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition or J2ME. The platform uses the object-oriented Java programming language. It is part of the Java software-platform family. Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems, acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010; the platform replaced a similar technology, PersonalJava. Originally developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 68, the different","title":"Java Platform, Micro Edition"},{"id":"7568240","text":"languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase \"platform\", although the Java programming language was listed as a core part of the Java platform before Java 7. The language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit. However, an effort was made with the Java 7 specification to more clearly treat the Java language and the Java virtual machine as separate entities, so that they are no longer considered a single unit. Third parties have produced many compilers or interpreters that target the JVM. Some of these are for existing languages, while others are for extensions to","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"208493","text":"designated static are instance methods and require a specific instance of a class to operate. The keyword codice_15 indicates that the main method does not return any value to the caller. If a Java program is to exit with an error code, it must call System.exit() explicitly. The method name \"codice_16\" is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBeans do not use or need a codice_17 method. A Java","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"10263087","text":"Java Class Library The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java applications can call at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions common to modern operating systems. JCL serves three purposes within the Java Platform: Java Class Library (JCL) is almost entirely written in Java, except for the parts that need direct access to the hardware and operating system (such as for I/O,","title":"Java Class Library"},{"id":"7568254","text":"(JAXP), and Java Web Start. \"J2SE 5.0\" (September 30, 2004) – Codename \"Tiger\". It was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. Developed under JSR 176, Tiger added several significant new language features including the for-each loop, generics, autoboxing and var-args. \"Java SE 6\" (December 11, 2006) – Codename \"Mustang\". It was bundled with a database manager and facilitates the use of scripting languages with the JVM (such as JavaScript using Mozilla's Rhino engine). As of this version, Sun replaced the name \"J2SE\" with \"Java SE\" and dropped the \".0\" from the version number. Other","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"124335","text":"goal of specifying a common standard library mainly for JavaScript development outside the browser. With the rise of single-page applications and JavaScript-heavy sites, it is increasingly being used as a compile target for source-to-source compilers from both dynamic languages and static languages. \"JavaScript\" is a trademark of Oracle Corporation in the United States. It is used under license for technology invented and implemented by Netscape Communications and current entities such as the Mozilla Foundation. The terms \"Vanilla JavaScript\" and \"Vanilla JS\" refer to JavaScript not extended by any frameworks or additional libraries. Scripts written in Vanilla JS are plain JavaScript","title":"JavaScript"},{"id":"605948","text":"either a keyword or an identifier, without depending on context; thus keywords are usually a subset of reserved words. However, reserved words need not be keywords – for example, in Java, codice_1 is a reserved word, but has no meaning and does not appear in any production rules in the grammar. This is usually done for forward compatibility, so a reserved word may become a keyword in a future version without breaking existing programs. Conversely, keywords need not be reserved words, with their role understood from context, or they may be distinguished in another manner, such as by stropping. For","title":"Reserved word"},{"id":"124366","text":"features are now often mentioned with their initial definition in the ECMA-262 editions. The following table of explicitly versioned JavaScript versions is based on information from multiple sources. JSON, or JavaScript Object Notation, is a general-purpose data interchange format that is defined as a subset of JavaScript's object literal syntax. Like much of JavaScript (regexps and anonymous functions as 1st class elements, closures, flexible classes, 'use strict'), JSON, except for replacing Perl's key-value operator '=>' by an RFC 822 inspired ':', is syntactically pure Perl. jQuery is a popular JavaScript library designed to simplify DOM-oriented client-side HTML scripting along with","title":"JavaScript"},{"id":"359215","text":"HotJava Views suite. However, since then Java has been more successful on the server side of the Internet. The platform consists of three major parts: the Java programming language, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and several Java Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). The design of the Java platform is controlled by the vendor and user community through the Java Community Process (JCP). Java is an object-oriented programming language. Since its introduction in late 1995, it became one of the world's most popular programming languages. Java programs are compiled to byte code, which can be executed by any JVM, regardless of the","title":"Sun Microsystems"},{"id":"7568260","text":"Sun Microsystems sued Microsoft for adding Windows-specific classes to the bundled Java runtime environment, and for making the new classes available through Visual J++. Apple no longer includes a Java runtime with OS X as of version 10.7, but the system prompts the user to download and install it the first time an application requiring the JRE is launched. Many Linux distributions include the OpenJDK runtime as the default virtual machine, negating the need to download the proprietary Oracle JRE. Some Java applications are in fairly widespread desktop use, including the NetBeans and Eclipse integrated development environments, and file sharing","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"18373850","text":"however, and it was dropped from the draft. Java does not have type qualifiers, and conspicuously omitted codice_3: a 1999 proposal to add it was rejected, notably because adding it after the fact and then changing the standard library to use it consistently would have broken compatibility. However, Java initially left open the possibility of implementing codice_3, noticeable in that codice_3 is a reserved word, though it is not actually used as a keyword. Instead, Java has the object-oriented keyword codice_54, which is used to qualify attributes (and thence also for local variables) as constant, but not to qualify types.","title":"Type qualifier"},{"id":"7568242","text":"called Visual J# (formerly named J++) that is incompatible with the Java specification, and the associated class library mostly dates to the old JDK 1.1 version of the language. For these reasons, it is more of a transitional language to switch from Java to the .NET platform than it is a first class .NET language. Visual J# was discontinued with the release of Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. The existing version shipping with Visual Studio 2005 will be supported until 2015 as per the product life-cycle strategy. The \"Java Development Kit\" (\"JDK\") is a Sun product aimed at Java developers. Since","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"11814218","text":"Oak (programming language) Oak is a discontinued programming language created by James Gosling in 1991, initially for Sun Microsystems' set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java. The name \"Oak\" was used by Gosling after an oak tree that stood outside his office. In 1991, Sun Microsystems was attempting to develop a new technology for programming next generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to be a major new opportunity. The team originally considered using C++, but rejected the idea for several reasons (see Java history). Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ but soon abandoned that in","title":"Oak (programming language)"},{"id":"536369","text":"general purpose facilities. Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to minimize implementation dependencies. It relies on a Java virtual machine to be secure and highly portable. It is bundled with an extensive library designed to provide a full abstraction of the underlying platform. Java is a statically typed object-oriented language that uses a syntax similar to (but incompatible with) C++. It includes a documentation system called Javadoc. The different goals in the development of C++ and Java resulted in different principles and design trade-offs between the languages. The differences are as follows: Both C++","title":"Comparison of Java and C++"},{"id":"7568253","text":"and Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time. \"J2SE 1.3\" (May 8, 2000) – Codename \"Kestrel\". Notable changes included the bundling of the HotSpot JVM (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the J2SE 1.2 JVM), JavaSound, Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) and Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA). \"J2SE 1.4\" (February 6, 2002) – Codename \"Merlin\". This became the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included regular expressions modeled after Perl, exception chaining, an integrated XML parser and XSLT processor","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"605963","text":"as a user-defined name. The meaning of keywords — and, indeed, the meaning of the notion of \"keyword\" — differs widely from language to language. Concretely, in ALGOL 68, keywords are stropped (in the strict language, written in bold) and are not reserved words – the unstropped word can be used as an ordinary identifier. The \"Java Language Specification\" uses the term \"keyword\". The ISO 9899 standard for the C programming language uses the term \"keyword\". In many languages, such as C and similar environments like C++, a \"keyword\" is a reserved word which identifies a syntactic form. Words used","title":"Reserved word"},{"id":"18859040","text":"Golo (programming language) Golo is computer software, a programming language for the Java virtual machine (JVM). It is simple, with dynamic, weak typing. It was created in 2012 as part of the research activities of the DynaMid group of the Centre of Innovation in Telecommunications and Integration of service (CITI) Laboratory at Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (INSA). It is distributed as free and open-source software under the Eclipse Public License 1.0. It has been built as a showcase on how to build a language runtime with codice_1. Golo is largely interoperable with the programming language Java and","title":"Golo (programming language)"},{"id":"208481","text":"machine for standalone Java applications, or in a web browser for Java applets. Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking. The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables. Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile bytecodes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage. Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine for it, which translates the","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"6994791","text":"as if they were local variables. with (document) { The semantics are similar to the with statement of Pascal. Because the availability of with statements hinders program performance and is believed to reduce code clarity (since any given variable could actually be a property from an enclosing ), this statement is not allowed in \"strict mode\". JavaScript supports nested labels in most implementations. Loops or blocks can be labelled for the break statement, and loops for continue. Although goto is a reserved word, goto is not implemented in JavaScript. loop1: for (var a = 0; a < 10; a++) {","title":"JavaScript syntax"},{"id":"208487","text":"to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security. As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons. Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. By default, HotSpot uses the parallel scavenge garbage collector. However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the heap. For 90%","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"7568233","text":"written in the Java programming language. A Java platform will include an execution engine (called a virtual machine), a compiler and a set of libraries; there may also be additional servers and alternative libraries that depend on the requirements. Java is not specific to any processor or operating system as Java platforms have been implemented for a wide variety of hardware and operating systems with a view to enable Java programs to run identically on all of them. Different platforms target different classes of device and application domains: The Java platform consists of several programs, each of which provides a","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"208488","text":"of applications in Java, the Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS) garbage collector is sufficient. Oracle aims to replace CMS with the Garbage-First collector (G1). The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (\"i.e.\" integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the method). Unlike","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"7568230","text":"in web browsers after most of them having dropped support for Java's VM. Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine (JVM); byte code compilers are also available for other languages, including Ada, JavaScript, Python, and Ruby. In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including Clojure, Groovy, and Scala. Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++, but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C. Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"7568257","text":"due to the end of Java 7's lifecycle it is the recommended version for XP users. Previously, only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for Windows XP SP3. It refers to JDK8, the developing platform for Java that also includes a fully functioning Java Runtime Environment. Java 8 is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Vista SP2 and Windows 7 SP1, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and higher (and some other OSes). \"Java SE 9\" and \"10\" had higher system requirements, i.e. Windows 7 or Server 2012 (and web browser minimum certified is upped to Internet Explorer 11","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"4781156","text":"have codice_1 – it instead has codice_138, which can be applied to local \"variable\" declarations and applies to the \"identifier,\" not the type. It has a different object-oriented use for object members, which is the origin of the name. The Java language specification regards codice_1 as a reserved keyword – i.e., one that cannot be used as variable identifier – but assigns no semantics to it: it is a \"reserved word\" (it cannot be used in identifiers) but not a \"keyword\" (it has no special meaning). It is thought that the reservation of the keyword occurred to allow for an","title":"Const (computer programming)"},{"id":"11814220","text":"Oak Technology. Java 1.0 was finally shipped in 1996. Oak was the basis for what Java 1.0 became later, but there were also some differences: Several concepts were planned in the Oak specification but remained not implemented in the original language because of time constraints: Other concepts were different from, or improved later, for Java: And finally some concepts were later scraped out: Oak (programming language) Oak is a discontinued programming language created by James Gosling in 1991, initially for Sun Microsystems' set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java. The name \"Oak\" was used by Gosling after","title":"Oak (programming language)"},{"id":"7568243","text":"the introduction of Java, it has been by far the most widely used Java software development kit (SDK). It contains a Java compiler, a full copy of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and many other important development tools. The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in December 1990, providing an alternative to the C++/C programming languages. Engineer Patrick Naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the state of Sun's C++ and C application programming interfaces (APIs) and tools, as well as with the way the NeWS project was handled by the organization. Naughton informed Scott","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"309224","text":"proprietary rights to some aspects of the Java programming language, and Microsoft's C# programming language, which has open implementations of most parts of the system, also has Common Language Runtime (CLR) as a closed environment. Many proprietary languages are widely used, in spite of their proprietary nature; examples include MATLAB, VBScript, and Wolfram Language. Some languages may make the transition from closed to open; for example, Erlang was originally an Ericsson's internal programming language. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computing field. Software is commonly built with 5 programming languages or more. Programming languages differ","title":"Programming language"},{"id":"208496","text":"class and provides many methods for printing data to standard out, including which also appends a new line to the passed string. The string \"Hello World!\" is automatically converted to a String object by the compiler. Java applets were programs that were embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a web browser. The Java applet API is now deprecated since Java 9 in 2017. Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"5266096","text":"Java Web Start In computing, Java Web Start (also known as JavaWS, javaws or JAWS) is a framework developed by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle) that allows users to start application software for the Java Platform directly from the Internet using a web browser. Some key benefits of this technology include seamless version updating for globally distributed applications and greater control of memory allocation to the Java virtual machine. Java Web Start has been deprecated by Oracle and will be removed in Java SE 11. IcedTea-Web provides an independent open source implementation of Java Web Start. Unlike Java applets, Web Start","title":"Java Web Start"},{"id":"13020477","text":"uncommon to characterise Java as a scripting language because of its lengthy syntax and rules about which classes exist in which files, and it is not directly possible to execute Java interactively, because source files can only contain definitions that must be invoked externally by a host application or application launcher. public class HelloWorld { This piece of code intended to print \"Hello World\" does nothing as \"main()\" is \"not declared\" in HelloWorld class. In contrast, Python allows definition of some functions in a single file, or to avoid functions altogether and use imperative programming style, or even use it","title":"Scripting language"},{"id":"535763","text":"It provides a mechanism to register ORB hooks through which ORB services intercept the normal flow of execution of the ORB. Several critical security vulnerabilities have been reported, the most recent in January 2013. Security alerts from Oracle announce critical security-related patches to Java SE. Java Platform, Standard Edition Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). The platform uses Java programming language and is part of the Java software-platform family. Java SE defines","title":"Java Platform, Standard Edition"},{"id":"208492","text":"may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers include the keywords codice_12 and codice_13. The keyword codice_14 in front of a method indicates a static method, which is associated only with the class and not with any specific instance of that class. Only static methods can be invoked without a reference to an object. Static methods cannot access any class members that are not also static. Methods that are not","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208495","text":"but it allows an alternative syntax for creating and passing the array. The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command line or as an attribute in a JAR) and starting its codice_24 method. Stand-alone programs must declare this method explicitly. The codice_25 parameter is an array of objects containing any arguments passed to the class. The parameters to codice_16 are often passed by means of a command line. Printing is part of a Java standard library: The ' class defines a public static field called '. The codice_27 object is an instance of the","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"17054344","text":"operand stack (but are counted as two units in the depth of the stack). Each bytecode is composed of one byte that represents the opcode, along with zero or more bytes for operands. Of the 256 possible byte-long opcodes, , 202 are in use (~79%), 51 are reserved for future use (~20%), and 3 instructions (~1%) are permanently reserved for JVM implementations to use. Two of these (codice_1 and codice_2) are to provide traps for implementation-specific software and hardware, respectively. The third is used for debuggers to implement breakpoints. Instructions fall into a number of broad groups: There are also","title":"Java bytecode"},{"id":"7568262","text":"diversity of mobile phone manufacturers has led to a need for new unified standards so programs can run on phones from different suppliers MIDP. The first standard was MIDP 1, which assumed a small screen size, no access to audio, and a 32 KB program limit. The more recent MIDP 2 allows access to audio, and up to 64 KB for the program size. With handset designs improving more rapidly than the standards, some manufacturers relax some limitations in the standards, for example, maximum program size. Google's Android operating system uses the Java language, but not its class libraries, therefore","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"9071452","text":"security updates for Oracle customers ended in April 2015. This version introduced a new versioning system for the Java language, although the old versioning system continued to be used for developer libraries: This correspondence continued through later releases (Java 6 = JDK 1.6, Java 7 = JDK 1.7, and so on). Codename Mustang. As of the version released on December 11, 2006, Sun replaced the name \"J2SE\" with Java SE and dropped the \".0\" from the version number. Internal numbering for developers remains 1.6.0. This version was developed under JSR 270. During the development phase, new builds including enhancements and","title":"Java version history"},{"id":"10201509","text":"JavaFX Script JavaFX Script was a scripting language designed by Sun Microsystems, forming part of the JavaFX family of technologies on the Java Platform. JavaFX targeted the Rich Internet Application domain (competing with Adobe Flex and Microsoft Silverlight), specializing in rapid development of visually rich applications for the desktop and mobile markets. JavaFX Script works with integrated development environments such as NetBeans, Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA. JavaFX is released under the GNU General Public License, via the Sun sponsored OpenJFX project. JavaFX Script used to be called F3 for Form Follows Function. F3 was primarily developed by Chris Oliver, who","title":"JavaFX Script"},{"id":"7568235","text":"specification. The heart of the Java platform is the concept of a \"virtual machine\" that executes Java bytecode programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under. However, new versions, such as for Java 10 (and earlier), have made small changes, meaning the bytecode is in general only forward compatible. There is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within the \"Java Virtual Machine\", or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during execution. The use of bytecode","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"6994807","text":"statements, as an extension to the ECMAScript standard. They follow a syntax similar to that used in Java: In a browser, the event is more commonly used to trap exceptions. onerror = function (errorValue, url, lineNr) {...; return true;}; Evaluates expression string parameter, which can include assignment statements. Variables local to functions can be referenced by the expression. (function foo() { })(); // shows val 9. JavaScript syntax The syntax of JavaScript is the set of rules that define a correctly structured JavaScript program. The examples below make use of the log function of the console object present in most","title":"JavaScript syntax"},{"id":"535743","text":"devices such as cell phones, PDAs and set-top boxes. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and Java Development Kit (JDK) are the actual files downloaded and installed on a computer to run or develop Java programs, respectively. The Java package contains fundamental classes and interfaces closely tied to the language and runtime system. This includes the root classes that form the class hierarchy, types tied to the language definition, basic exceptions, math functions, threading, security functions, as well as some information on the underlying native system. This package contains 22 of 32 codice_1 classes provided in JDK 6. The main classes","title":"Java Platform, Standard Edition"},{"id":"605946","text":"The terms \"reserved word\" and \"keyword\" are often used interchangeably – one may say that a reserved word is \"reserved for use as a keyword\" – and formal use varies from language to language; for this article we distinguish as above. In general reserved words and keywords need not coincide, but in most modern languages keywords are a subset of reserved words, as this makes parsing easier, since keywords cannot be confused with identifiers. In some languages, like C or Python, reserved words and keywords coincide, while in other languages, like Java, all keywords are reserved words, but some reserved","title":"Reserved word"},{"id":"124373","text":"binary format, which can be produced by a compiler toolchain such as LLVM, to execute in the browser at near native speed. WebAssembly allows programming languages such as C, C++, C# and Java to be used as well as JavaScript to author client-side code for the World Wide Web. JavaScript JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. It is a language which is also characterized as dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based and multi-paradigm. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of the World Wide Web.","title":"JavaScript"},{"id":"7568232","text":"users upgrade to Java SE 9.0.4, which is the final security update released in March 2018. Since then Java 9 is no longer supported, so Oracle advises its users to \"immediately transition\" to Java 10. Oracle (and others) has announced that using older (than Java 8) versions of their JVM implementation presents serious risks due to unresolved security issues. Java 6 and 7 had their last non-public security update in April 2018 (July and October forthcoming). Extended support for Java 6 will end in December 2018. The Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"124371","text":"other environments. A common misconception is that JavaScript is similar or closely related to Java. It is true that both have a C-like syntax (the C language being their most immediate common ancestor language). They also are both typically sandboxed (when used inside a browser), and JavaScript was designed with Java's syntax and standard library in mind. In particular, all Java keywords were reserved in original JavaScript, JavaScript's standard library follows Java's naming conventions, and JavaScript's and objects are based on classes from Java 1.0, but the similarities end there. Java and JavaScript both first appeared in 1995, but Java","title":"JavaScript"},{"id":"605968","text":"numbers of reserved words. For example, Java (and other C derivatives) has a rather sparse complement of reserved words—approximately 50 – whereas COBOL has approximately 400. At the other end of the spectrum, pure Prolog and PL/I have none at all. The number of reserved words in a language has little to do with how “powerful” a language is. COBOL was designed in the 1950s as a business language and was made to be self-documenting using English-like structural elements such as verbs, clauses, sentences, sections and divisions. C, on the other hand, was written to be very terse (syntactically) and","title":"Reserved word"},{"id":"208480","text":"by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings. One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate runtime support. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"4849596","text":"compilation. A standard on how to interact with Java compilers programmatically was specified in JSR 199. As of 2012, the following are major Java compilers: Java compiler A Java compiler is a compiler for the programming language Java. The most common form of output from a Java compiler is Java class files containing platform-neutral Java bytecode, but there are also compilers that gives optimized native machine code for a particular hardware/operating system combination. Most Java-to-bytecode compilers, Jikes being a well known exception, do virtually no optimization, leaving this until run time to be done by the JRE. The Java virtual","title":"Java compiler"},{"id":"13949673","text":"it under the GNU General Public License (GPL), thus making it free software. This happened in large part on 8 May 2007, when Sun contributed the source code to the OpenJDK. The JDK has as its primary components a collection of programming tools, including: Experimental tools may not be available in future versions of the JDK. The JDK also comes with a complete Java Runtime Environment, usually called a \"private\" runtime, due to the fact that it is separated from the \"regular\" JRE and has extra contents. It consists of a Java Virtual Machine and all of the class libraries","title":"Java Development Kit"},{"id":"3930197","text":"available since J2SE 1.4. These types of statements are used to make assertions in the source code, which can be turned on and off during execution for specific classes or packages. To declare an assertion the codice_102 keyword is used followed by a conditional expression. If it evaluates to codice_105 when the statement is executed, an exception is thrown. This statement can include a colon followed by another expression, which will act as the exception's detail message. Primitive types in Java include integer types, floating-point numbers, UTF-16 code units and a boolean type. There are no unsigned types in Java","title":"Java syntax"},{"id":"208506","text":"for low-memory devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Depending on the Android version, the bytecode is either interpreted by the Dalvik virtual machine or compiled into native code by the Android Runtime. Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony). The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"9071459","text":"features confirmed. Among these features were: JDK 11 was released on September 25, 2018 and the version is currently open for bug fixes. Among others, Java 11 includes a number of new features, such as: There is speculation of introducing objects without identity (value types), as well as moving towards 64-bit addressable arrays to support large data sets. The officially supported Java platform, first developed at Sun and now stewarded by Oracle, is Java SE. Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, which is a free and open source project with an open development model. Other Java implementations exist, however—in","title":"Java version history"},{"id":"208489","text":"C++, Java does not support operator overloading or multiple inheritance for \"classes\", though multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces. Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (codice_1), a multiple line style opened with codice_2 and closed with codice_3, and the Javadoc commenting style opened with codice_4 and closed with codice_3. The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"7218747","text":"at creating an online encyclopedia covering all aspects of the Java platform. The Javapedia project is openly inspired by Wikipedia. The prominent differences between \"Wikipedia\" and \"Javapedia\" include feature restrictions (for example, editing is open to registered users only), software used (TWiki), links (CamelCase is used), and content licensing (Creative Commons 1.0 Attribution license). Java.net java.net was a Java technology related community website. It also offered a web-based source code repository for Java projects. It was shut down in April 2017. java.net was announced by Sun Microsystems during JavaOne 2003. In January 2010, Oracle announced that it will migrate java.net","title":"Java.net"},{"id":"208497","text":"generate responses (typically HTML pages) to requests (typically HTTP requests) from clients. The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded by two standard Java technologies for web services: JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters codice_28 and codice_29. A JSP is compiled to a Java \"servlet\", a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After that, the generated servlet creates the response. Swing is a graphical user interface","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"208507","text":"jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices. District Judge William Haskell Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs cannot be copyrighted, but this was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in May 2014. On May 26, 2016, the district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the copyright infringement of the Java API in Android constitutes fair use. Java (programming language) Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"20277210","text":"Java packager The Java Packager tool is a tool included in the JDK which allows to package Java applications from the command line. It is an alternative to using other packaging tools like Apache Ant. Note that the Java Packager does not automatically produce a Jar file. Many other formats are available, including native executable formats for the platform. The Java Packager tool will evolve for JDK 9, making it aware of modules, allowing for example to package a module and all the modules it depends on. For example, the following command will create a \"outputJar.jar\" file with the content","title":"Java packager"},{"id":"7568256","text":"file I/O library and support for new network protocols such as SCTP. Java 7 Update 76 was released in January 2015, with expiration date April 14, 2015. In June 2016, after the last public update of Java 7, \"remotely exploitable\" security bugs in Java 6, 7, and 8 were announced. \"Java SE 8\" (March 18, 2014) Notable changes include language-level support for lambda expressions (closures) and default methods, the Project Nashorn JavaScript runtime, a new Date and Time API inspired by Joda Time, and the removal of PermGen. This version is not officially supported on the Windows XP platform. However,","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"518147","text":"line break has an escape sequence of . JavaScript uses the \\ (backslash) as an escape character for: Note that the codice_9 and codice_15 escapes are not allowed in JSON strings. The ASCII \"escape\" character (octal: codice_19, hexadecimal: codice_20, or codice_21, or, in decimal, codice_22) is used in many output devices to start a series of characters called a control sequence or escape sequence. Typically, the escape character was sent first in such a sequence to alert the device that the following characters were to be interpreted as a control sequence rather than as plain characters, then one or more","title":"Escape character"},{"id":"9071449","text":"(Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition). This was a very significant release of Java as it tripled the size of the Java platform to 1520 classes in 59 packages. Major additions included: Codename Kestrel. The most notable changes in the May 8, 2000 release were: Codename Merlin. The February 6, 2002 release was the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included: Public support and security updates for Java 1.4 ended in October 2008. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in February 2013. Codename Tiger. The release on September 30,","title":"Java version history"},{"id":"124333","text":"formed around them, with libraries such as Prototype, jQuery, Dojo Toolkit, MooTools, and others being released. In July 2008, the disparate parties on either side came together in Oslo. This led to the eventual agreement in early 2009 to rename ECMAScript 3.1 to ECMAScript 5 and drive the language forward using an agenda that is known as Harmony. ECMAScript 5 was finally released in December 2009. In June 2011, ECMAScript 5.1 was released to fully align with the third edition of the ISO/IEC 16262 international standard. ECMAScript 2015 was released in June 2015. ECMAScript 2016 was released in June 2016.","title":"JavaScript"},{"id":"535742","text":"proposed and final specifications for the Java platform called Java Specification Requests (JSR). JSR 59 was the umbrella specification for J2SE 1.4 and JSR 176 specified J2SE 5.0 (Tiger). Java SE 6 (Mustang) was released under JSR 270. Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is a related specification that includes all the classes in Java SE, plus a number that are more useful to programs that run on servers as opposed to workstations. Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) is a related specification intended to provide a certified collection of Java APIs for the development of software for small, resource-constrained","title":"Java Platform, Standard Edition"},{"id":"5349118","text":"into a Java class file by a Java compiler; the class file is post-processed by tools specific to the Java Card platform. However, many Java language features are not supported by Java Card (in particular types char, double, float and long; the codice_1 qualifier; enums; arrays of more than one dimension; finalization; object cloning; threads). Further, some common features of Java are not provided at runtime by many actual smart cards (in particular type codice_2, which is the default type of a Java expression; and garbage collection of objects). Java Card bytecode run by the Java Card Virtual Machine is","title":"Java Card"},{"id":"7568249","text":"Wide Web. They felt that with the advent of graphical web browsers like Mosaic the Internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable TV. As a prototype, Naughton wrote a small browser, WebRunner (named after the movie \"Blade Runner\"), renamed HotJava in 1995. In 1994, Sun renamed the Oak language to \"Java\" after a trademark search revealed that Oak Technology used the name \"Oak\". Although Java 1.0a became available for download in 1994, the first public release of Java, Java 1.0a2 with the HotJava browser, came on May 23, 1995, announced by Gage","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"9071448","text":"non-commercial use. For Java 11, long-term support will not be provided by Oracle; instead, the broader OpenJDK community, as AdoptOpenJDK, is expected to perform the work. The first version was released on January 23, 1996. The first stable version, JDK 1.0.2, is called Java 1. Major additions in the release on February 19, 1997 included: Codename Playground. The release on December 8, 1998 and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded retrospectively Java 2 and the version name \"J2SE\" (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME","title":"Java version history"},{"id":"10949785","text":"JavaHelp JavaHelp is both an application and a format for online help files that can be displayed by the JavaHelp browser. It is written in Java, and is mainly used in Java applications. It can be used for any application and it does require the overhead of the JRE to load. The file format is XML. The GUI uses a tri-pane layout, with a toolbar and menu at the top, navigation pane on the left, and content viewer on the right. The navigation pane includes searching, indexing, and a table of contents. JavaHelp application used to come with the GNU","title":"JavaHelp"},{"id":"3930178","text":"unsigned integer types are omitted to simplify the language and to avoid possible programming mistakes. The Java syntax has been gradually extended in the course of the eleven major JDK releases support capabilities such as generic programming and function literals (called lambda expressions in Java). An identifier is the name of an element in the code. There are certain standard naming conventions to follow when selecting names for elements. Identifiers in Java are case-sensitive. An identifier can contain: An identifier cannot: Integer literals are of codice_1 type by default unless codice_2 type is specified by appending codice_3 or codice_4 suffix","title":"Java syntax"},{"id":"6994733","text":"prior to the newline). Some authorities advise supplying statement-terminating semicolons explicitly, because it may lessen unintended effects of the automatic semicolon insertion. There are two issues: five tokens can either begin a statement or be the extension of a complete statement; and five restricted productions, where line breaks are not allowed in certain positions, potentially yielding incorrect parsing. The five problematic tokens are the open parenthesis \"(\", open bracket \"[\", slash \"/\", plus \"+\", and minus \"-\". Of these, open parenthesis is common in the immediately-invoked function expression pattern, and open bracket occurs sometimes, while others are quite rare. The","title":"JavaScript syntax"},{"id":"9071450","text":"2004 was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. The number was changed to \"better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE\". This version was developed under JSR 176. J2SE 5.0 entered its end-of-public-updates period on April 8, 2008; updates are no longer available to the public as of November 3, 2009. Updates were available to paid Oracle customers until May 2015. Tiger added a number of significant new language features: There were also the following improvements to the standard libraries: Java 5 is the last release of Java to","title":"Java version history"},{"id":"7568239","text":"implementations of each platform. The codice_1 and codice_2 libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code, then provide a standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks. Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects, the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components, either by emulation to provide a substitute, or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature. The word \"Java\", alone, usually refers to Java programming language that was designed for use with the Java platform. Programming","title":"Java (software platform)"},{"id":"3285224","text":"long. Other integral types appearing in the high-level language, such as boolean, byte, and short must be represented as an integer constant. Class names in Java, when fully qualified, are traditionally dot-separated, such as \"java.lang.Object\". However within the low-level Class reference constants, an internal form appears which uses slashes instead, such as \"java/lang/Object\". The Unicode strings, despite the moniker \"UTF-8 string\", are not actually encoded according to the Unicode standard, although it is similar. There are two differences (see UTF-8 for a complete discussion). The first is that the code point U+0000 is encoded as the two-byte sequence codice_2 (in","title":"Java class file"},{"id":"3995210","text":"package, , provide comprehensive support for file I/O and for accessing the file system. A zip file system provider is also available in JDK 7. Non-blocking I/O (Java) java.nio (NIO stands for Non-blocking I/O) is a collection of Java programming language APIs that offer features for intensive I/O operations. It was introduced with the J2SE 1.4 release of Java by Sun Microsystems to complement an existing standard I/O. NIO was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 51. An extension to NIO that offers a new file system API, called NIO.2, was released with Java SE 7 (\"Dolphin\"). The","title":"Non-blocking I/O (Java)"},{"id":"208483","text":"the ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6. Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are microcontrollers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine, and some ARM based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM. Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are","title":"Java (programming language)"},{"id":"5266100","text":"operations. Sun introduced version 1.0 of Web Start in March 2001, while 64-bit Windows support was added only in Java 6 (later than 64-bit Java was first available). Since J2SE 1.4 Web Start comes as a default part of Java Runtime Environment (JRE) called codice_3, computer administrators no longer have to install it separately. Programmers often speak of the Java Network Launching Protocol (JNLP) interchangeably with the term \"Web Start\". The JNLP protocol, defined with an XML schema, specifies how to launch Java Web Start applications. JNLP consists of a set of rules defining how exactly to implement the launching","title":"Java Web Start"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"208471\",\n \"text\": \"Java (programming language) Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers \\\"write once, run anywhere\\\" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. , Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. Java was\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208472\",\n \"text\": \"originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them. The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were originally released by Sun under proprietary licenses. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208474\",\n \"text\": \"at least Windows computers). James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but it was too advanced for the digital cable television industry at the time. The language was initially called \\\"Oak\\\" after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office. Later the project went by the name \\\"Green\\\" and was finally renamed \\\"Java\\\", from Java coffee. Gosling designed Java with a C/C++-style syntax that system and application programmers would find familiar. Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1996. It promised\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208476\",\n \"text\": \"in server environments, while \\\"J2ME\\\" featured APIs optimized for mobile applications. The desktop version was renamed \\\"J2SE\\\". In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new \\\"J2\\\" versions as \\\"Java EE\\\", \\\"Java ME\\\", and \\\"Java SE\\\", respectively. In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a \\\"de facto\\\" standard, controlled through the Java Community Process. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208503\",\n \"text\": \"which is intended for software developers and includes development tools such as the Java compiler, Javadoc, Jar, and a debugger. OpenJDK is another notable Java SE implementation that is licensed under the GNU GPL. The implementation started when Sun began releasing the Java source code under the GPL. As of Java SE 7, OpenJDK is the official Java reference implementation. The goal of Java is to make all implementations of Java compatible. Historically, Sun's trademark license for usage of the Java brand insists that all implementations be \\\"compatible\\\". This resulted in a legal dispute with Microsoft after Sun claimed that\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208475\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Write Once, Run Anywhere\\\" (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run \\\"Java applets\\\" within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. The Java 1.0 compiler was re-written in Java by Arthur van Hoff to comply strictly with the Java 1.0 language specification. With the advent of \\\"Java 2\\\" (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998 – 1999), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. \\\"J2EE\\\" included technologies and APIs for enterprise applications typically run\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208477\",\n \"text\": \"of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. On November 13, 2006, Sun released much of its Java virtual machine (JVM) as free and open-source software, (FOSS), under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On May 8, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of its JVM's core code available under free software/open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright. Sun's vice-president Rich Green said that Sun's ideal role with regard to Java was as an \\\"evangelist\\\". Following Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605958\",\n \"text\": \"where codice_32 and codice_1 are reserved words — they have no meaning in Java but they also cannot be used as identifiers. By reserving the terms, they can be implemented in future versions of Java, if desired, without breaking older Java source code. For example, there was a proposal in 1999 to add C++-like codice_32 to the language, which was possible using the codice_32 word, since it was reserved but currently unused; however, this proposal was rejected – notably because even though adding the feature would not break any existing programs, using it in the standard library (notably in collections)\",\n \"title\": \"Reserved word\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208500\",\n \"text\": \"runtime type errors (codice_31's) from occurring, it would be type safe. In 2016, the type system of Java was proven unsound. Criticisms directed at Java include the implementation of generics, speed, the handling of unsigned numbers, the implementation of floating-point arithmetic, and a history of security vulnerabilities in the primary Java VM implementation HotSpot. The Java Class Library is the standard library, developed to support application development in Java. It is controlled by Sun Microsystems in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program. Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208502\",\n \"text\": \"implementation is based on the original implementation of Java by Sun. The Oracle implementation is available for Microsoft Windows (still works for XP, while only later versions are currently officially supported), macOS, Linux, and Solaris. Because Java lacks any formal standardization recognized by Ecma International, ISO/IEC, ANSI, or other third-party standards organization, the Oracle implementation is the de facto standard. The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK),\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208479\",\n \"text\": \"the Java language: , both Java 8 and 11 are officially supported. Major release versions of Java, along with their release dates: Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are: The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes, and exceptions. Refer to the separate platforms for a description of the packages available. Sun also provided an edition called PersonalJava that has been superseded\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605957\",\n \"text\": \"can be implemented as predefineds, which can be overridden, thus not breaking existing programs. Reasons for flexibility include allowing compiler vendors to extend the specification by including non-standard features, different standard dialects of language to extend it, or future versions of the language to include additional features. For example, a procedural language may anticipate adding object-oriented capabilities in a future version or some dialect, at which point one might add keywords like codice_30 or codice_31. To accommodate this possibility, the current specification may make these reserved words, even if they are not currently used. A notable example is in Java,\",\n \"title\": \"Reserved word\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208490\",\n \"text\": \"developers to access documentation within the IDE. The traditional \\\"Hello, world!\\\" program can be written in Java as: Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix codice_6, for example, codice_7. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named codice_8. Only then can it be executed, or \\\"launched\\\". The Java source file may only contain one public class, but it can contain multiple classes with other than public access modifier and any number of public inner classes. When the source file contains multiple classes, make one class \\\"public\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"535740\",\n \"text\": \"Java Platform, Standard Edition Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). The platform uses Java programming language and is part of the Java software-platform family. Java SE defines a range of general-purpose APIs—such as Java APIs for the Java Class Library—and also includes the Java Language Specification and the Java Virtual Machine Specification. One of the most well-known implementations of Java SE is Oracle Corporation's Java Development Kit (JDK). The platform was known\",\n \"title\": \"Java Platform, Standard Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208501\",\n \"text\": \"APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy. The class library contains features such as: Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems, used by many Java developers. It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, i.e. the delimiters are codice_4 and codice_3, whereas the normal multi-line comments in Java are set off with the delimiters codice_2 and codice_3. Oracle Corporation is the current owner of the official implementation of the Java SE platform, following their acquisition of Sun Microsystems on January 27, 2010. This\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10263092\",\n \"text\": \"Java stack (Virtual Machine, Compiler, and other tools required for any Java implementation). Java Class Library The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java applications can call at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions common to modern operating systems. JCL serves three purposes within the Java Platform: Java Class Library (JCL) is almost entirely written in Java, except for the parts that\",\n \"title\": \"Java Class Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568229\",\n \"text\": \"Java (software platform) Java is a set of computer software and specifications developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems, which was later acquired by the Oracle Corporation, that provides a system for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers. Java applets, which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages. It's still possible to run Java\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6018443\",\n \"text\": \"Java Modeling Language The Java Modeling Language (JML) is a specification language for Java programs, using Hoare style pre- and postconditions and invariants, that follows the design by contract paradigm. Specifications are written as Java annotation comments to the source files, which hence can be compiled with any Java compiler. Various verification tools, such as a runtime assertion checker and the Extended Static Checker (ESC/Java) aid development. JML is a behavioural interface specification language for Java modules. JML provides semantics to formally describe the behavior of a Java module, preventing ambiguity with regard to the module designers' intentions. JML inherits\",\n \"title\": \"Java Modeling Language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208504\",\n \"text\": \"the Microsoft implementation did not support RMI or JNI and had added platform-specific features of their own. Sun sued in 1997, and, in 2001, won a settlement of US$20 million, as well as a court order enforcing the terms of the license from Sun. As a result, Microsoft no longer ships Java with Windows. Platform-independent Java is essential to Java EE, and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation. This environment enables portable server-side applications. The Java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed. Oracle supplies\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208473\",\n \"text\": \"developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java (bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets). The latest version is Java 11, released on September 25, 2018, which follows Java 10 after only six months, being in line with the new release schedule. Java 8 is still supported but there will be no more security updates for Java 9. Versions earlier than Java 8 are supported by companies on a commercial basis; e.g. by Oracle back to Java 6 (while they still \\\"highly recommend that you uninstall\\\" pre-Java 8 from\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"124318\",\n \"text\": \"JavaScript JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. It is a language which is also characterized as dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based and multi-paradigm. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of the World Wide Web. JavaScript enables interactive web pages and thus is an essential part of web applications. The vast majority of websites use it, and all major web browsers have a dedicated JavaScript engine to execute it. As a multi-paradigm language, JavaScript supports event-driven, functional, and imperative (including object-oriented and prototype-based) programming\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605959\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"would\\\" break compatibility. JavaScript also contains a number of reserved words without special functionality; the exact list varies by version and mode. Languages differ significantly in how frequently they introduce new reserved words or keywords and how they name them, with some languages being very conservative and introducing new keywords rarely or never, to avoid breaking existing programs, while other languages introduce new keywords more freely, requiring existing programs to change existing identifiers that conflict. A case study is given by new keywords in C11 compared with C++11, both from 2011 – recall that in C and C++, identifiers that\",\n \"title\": \"Reserved word\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4849632\",\n \"text\": \"Javac javac (pronounced \\\"java-see\\\") is the primary Java compiler included in the Java Development Kit (JDK) from Oracle Corporation. Martin Odersky implemented the GJ compiler, and his implementation became the basis for javac. The compiler accepts source code conforming to the Java language specification (JLS) and produces Java bytecode conforming to the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS). codice_1 is itself written in Java. The compiler can also be invoked programmatically. On 13 November 2006, Sun's HotSpot Java virtual machine (JVM) and Java Development Kit (JDK) were made available under the GPL license. Since version 0.95, GNU Classpath, a free implementation\",\n \"title\": \"Javac\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"124336\",\n \"text\": \"code. The following features are common to all conforming ECMAScript implementations, unless explicitly specified otherwise. All modern Web browsers support JavaScript with built-in interpreters. JavaScript supports much of the structured programming syntax from C (e.g., if statements, while loops, switch statements, do while loops, etc.). One partial exception is scoping: JavaScript originally had only function scoping with var. ECMAScript 2015 added keywords let and const for block scoping, meaning JavaScript now has both function and block scoping. Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between expressions and statements. One syntactic difference from C is automatic semicolon insertion, which allows the semicolons\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208478\",\n \"text\": \"in 2009–10, Oracle has described itself as the \\\"steward of Java technology with a relentless commitment to fostering a community of participation and transparency\\\". This did not prevent Oracle from filing a lawsuit against Google shortly after that for using Java inside the Android SDK (see Google section below). Java software runs on everything from laptops to data centers, game consoles to scientific supercomputers. On April 2, 2010, James Gosling resigned from Oracle. In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java runtime environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plugin. There were five primary goals in the creation of\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208482\",\n \"text\": \"Java bytecode into the platform's machine language. Programs written in Java have a reputation for being slower and requiring more memory than those written in C++. However, Java programs' execution speed improved significantly with the introduction of just-in-time compilation in 1997/1998 for Java 1.1, the addition of language features supporting better code analysis (such as inner classes, the StringBuilder class, optional assertions, etc.), and optimizations in the Java virtual machine, such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000. With Java 1.5, the performance was improved with the addition of the java.util.concurrent package, including lock free implementations of\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"535728\",\n \"text\": \"Java Platform, Micro Edition Java Platform, Micro Edition or Java ME is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for embedded and mobile devices (micro-controllers, sensors, gateways, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, TV set-top boxes, printers). Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition or J2ME. The platform uses the object-oriented Java programming language. It is part of the Java software-platform family. Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems, acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010; the platform replaced a similar technology, PersonalJava. Originally developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 68, the different\",\n \"title\": \"Java Platform, Micro Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568240\",\n \"text\": \"languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase \\\"platform\\\", although the Java programming language was listed as a core part of the Java platform before Java 7. The language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit. However, an effort was made with the Java 7 specification to more clearly treat the Java language and the Java virtual machine as separate entities, so that they are no longer considered a single unit. Third parties have produced many compilers or interpreters that target the JVM. Some of these are for existing languages, while others are for extensions to\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208493\",\n \"text\": \"designated static are instance methods and require a specific instance of a class to operate. The keyword codice_15 indicates that the main method does not return any value to the caller. If a Java program is to exit with an error code, it must call System.exit() explicitly. The method name \\\"codice_16\\\" is not a keyword in the Java language. It is simply the name of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBeans do not use or need a codice_17 method. A Java\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10263087\",\n \"text\": \"Java Class Library The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java applications can call at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions common to modern operating systems. JCL serves three purposes within the Java Platform: Java Class Library (JCL) is almost entirely written in Java, except for the parts that need direct access to the hardware and operating system (such as for I/O,\",\n \"title\": \"Java Class Library\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568254\",\n \"text\": \"(JAXP), and Java Web Start. \\\"J2SE 5.0\\\" (September 30, 2004) – Codename \\\"Tiger\\\". It was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. Developed under JSR 176, Tiger added several significant new language features including the for-each loop, generics, autoboxing and var-args. \\\"Java SE 6\\\" (December 11, 2006) – Codename \\\"Mustang\\\". It was bundled with a database manager and facilitates the use of scripting languages with the JVM (such as JavaScript using Mozilla's Rhino engine). As of this version, Sun replaced the name \\\"J2SE\\\" with \\\"Java SE\\\" and dropped the \\\".0\\\" from the version number. Other\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"124335\",\n \"text\": \"goal of specifying a common standard library mainly for JavaScript development outside the browser. With the rise of single-page applications and JavaScript-heavy sites, it is increasingly being used as a compile target for source-to-source compilers from both dynamic languages and static languages. \\\"JavaScript\\\" is a trademark of Oracle Corporation in the United States. It is used under license for technology invented and implemented by Netscape Communications and current entities such as the Mozilla Foundation. The terms \\\"Vanilla JavaScript\\\" and \\\"Vanilla JS\\\" refer to JavaScript not extended by any frameworks or additional libraries. Scripts written in Vanilla JS are plain JavaScript\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605948\",\n \"text\": \"either a keyword or an identifier, without depending on context; thus keywords are usually a subset of reserved words. However, reserved words need not be keywords – for example, in Java, codice_1 is a reserved word, but has no meaning and does not appear in any production rules in the grammar. This is usually done for forward compatibility, so a reserved word may become a keyword in a future version without breaking existing programs. Conversely, keywords need not be reserved words, with their role understood from context, or they may be distinguished in another manner, such as by stropping. For\",\n \"title\": \"Reserved word\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"124366\",\n \"text\": \"features are now often mentioned with their initial definition in the ECMA-262 editions. The following table of explicitly versioned JavaScript versions is based on information from multiple sources. JSON, or JavaScript Object Notation, is a general-purpose data interchange format that is defined as a subset of JavaScript's object literal syntax. Like much of JavaScript (regexps and anonymous functions as 1st class elements, closures, flexible classes, 'use strict'), JSON, except for replacing Perl's key-value operator '=>' by an RFC 822 inspired ':', is syntactically pure Perl. jQuery is a popular JavaScript library designed to simplify DOM-oriented client-side HTML scripting along with\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"359215\",\n \"text\": \"HotJava Views suite. However, since then Java has been more successful on the server side of the Internet. The platform consists of three major parts: the Java programming language, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and several Java Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). The design of the Java platform is controlled by the vendor and user community through the Java Community Process (JCP). Java is an object-oriented programming language. Since its introduction in late 1995, it became one of the world's most popular programming languages. Java programs are compiled to byte code, which can be executed by any JVM, regardless of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sun Microsystems\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568260\",\n \"text\": \"Sun Microsystems sued Microsoft for adding Windows-specific classes to the bundled Java runtime environment, and for making the new classes available through Visual J++. Apple no longer includes a Java runtime with OS X as of version 10.7, but the system prompts the user to download and install it the first time an application requiring the JRE is launched. Many Linux distributions include the OpenJDK runtime as the default virtual machine, negating the need to download the proprietary Oracle JRE. Some Java applications are in fairly widespread desktop use, including the NetBeans and Eclipse integrated development environments, and file sharing\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18373850\",\n \"text\": \"however, and it was dropped from the draft. Java does not have type qualifiers, and conspicuously omitted codice_3: a 1999 proposal to add it was rejected, notably because adding it after the fact and then changing the standard library to use it consistently would have broken compatibility. However, Java initially left open the possibility of implementing codice_3, noticeable in that codice_3 is a reserved word, though it is not actually used as a keyword. Instead, Java has the object-oriented keyword codice_54, which is used to qualify attributes (and thence also for local variables) as constant, but not to qualify types.\",\n \"title\": \"Type qualifier\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568242\",\n \"text\": \"called Visual J# (formerly named J++) that is incompatible with the Java specification, and the associated class library mostly dates to the old JDK 1.1 version of the language. For these reasons, it is more of a transitional language to switch from Java to the .NET platform than it is a first class .NET language. Visual J# was discontinued with the release of Microsoft Visual Studio 2008. The existing version shipping with Visual Studio 2005 will be supported until 2015 as per the product life-cycle strategy. The \\\"Java Development Kit\\\" (\\\"JDK\\\") is a Sun product aimed at Java developers. Since\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11814218\",\n \"text\": \"Oak (programming language) Oak is a discontinued programming language created by James Gosling in 1991, initially for Sun Microsystems' set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java. The name \\\"Oak\\\" was used by Gosling after an oak tree that stood outside his office. In 1991, Sun Microsystems was attempting to develop a new technology for programming next generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to be a major new opportunity. The team originally considered using C++, but rejected the idea for several reasons (see Java history). Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ but soon abandoned that in\",\n \"title\": \"Oak (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"536369\",\n \"text\": \"general purpose facilities. Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to minimize implementation dependencies. It relies on a Java virtual machine to be secure and highly portable. It is bundled with an extensive library designed to provide a full abstraction of the underlying platform. Java is a statically typed object-oriented language that uses a syntax similar to (but incompatible with) C++. It includes a documentation system called Javadoc. The different goals in the development of C++ and Java resulted in different principles and design trade-offs between the languages. The differences are as follows: Both C++\",\n \"title\": \"Comparison of Java and C++\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568253\",\n \"text\": \"and Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time. \\\"J2SE 1.3\\\" (May 8, 2000) – Codename \\\"Kestrel\\\". Notable changes included the bundling of the HotSpot JVM (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the J2SE 1.2 JVM), JavaSound, Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) and Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA). \\\"J2SE 1.4\\\" (February 6, 2002) – Codename \\\"Merlin\\\". This became the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included regular expressions modeled after Perl, exception chaining, an integrated XML parser and XSLT processor\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605963\",\n \"text\": \"as a user-defined name. The meaning of keywords — and, indeed, the meaning of the notion of \\\"keyword\\\" — differs widely from language to language. Concretely, in ALGOL 68, keywords are stropped (in the strict language, written in bold) and are not reserved words – the unstropped word can be used as an ordinary identifier. The \\\"Java Language Specification\\\" uses the term \\\"keyword\\\". The ISO 9899 standard for the C programming language uses the term \\\"keyword\\\". In many languages, such as C and similar environments like C++, a \\\"keyword\\\" is a reserved word which identifies a syntactic form. Words used\",\n \"title\": \"Reserved word\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18859040\",\n \"text\": \"Golo (programming language) Golo is computer software, a programming language for the Java virtual machine (JVM). It is simple, with dynamic, weak typing. It was created in 2012 as part of the research activities of the DynaMid group of the Centre of Innovation in Telecommunications and Integration of service (CITI) Laboratory at Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (INSA). It is distributed as free and open-source software under the Eclipse Public License 1.0. It has been built as a showcase on how to build a language runtime with codice_1. Golo is largely interoperable with the programming language Java and\",\n \"title\": \"Golo (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208481\",\n \"text\": \"machine for standalone Java applications, or in a web browser for Java applets. Standard libraries provide a generic way to access host-specific features such as graphics, threading, and networking. The use of universal bytecode makes porting simple. However, the overhead of interpreting bytecode into machine instructions made interpreted programs almost always run more slowly than native executables. Just-in-time (JIT) compilers that compile bytecodes to machine code during runtime were introduced from an early stage. Java itself is platform-independent and is adapted to the particular platform it is to run on by a Java virtual machine for it, which translates the\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6994791\",\n \"text\": \"as if they were local variables. with (document) { The semantics are similar to the with statement of Pascal. Because the availability of with statements hinders program performance and is believed to reduce code clarity (since any given variable could actually be a property from an enclosing ), this statement is not allowed in \\\"strict mode\\\". JavaScript supports nested labels in most implementations. Loops or blocks can be labelled for the break statement, and loops for continue. Although goto is a reserved word, goto is not implemented in JavaScript. loop1: for (var a = 0; a < 10; a++) {\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript syntax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208487\",\n \"text\": \"to relocate referenced objects and ensures type safety and security. As in C++ and some other object-oriented languages, variables of Java's primitive data types are either stored directly in fields (for objects) or on the stack (for methods) rather than on the heap, as is commonly true for non-primitive data types (but see escape analysis). This was a conscious decision by Java's designers for performance reasons. Java contains multiple types of garbage collectors. By default, HotSpot uses the parallel scavenge garbage collector. However, there are also several other garbage collectors that can be used to manage the heap. For 90%\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568233\",\n \"text\": \"written in the Java programming language. A Java platform will include an execution engine (called a virtual machine), a compiler and a set of libraries; there may also be additional servers and alternative libraries that depend on the requirements. Java is not specific to any processor or operating system as Java platforms have been implemented for a wide variety of hardware and operating systems with a view to enable Java programs to run identically on all of them. Different platforms target different classes of device and application domains: The Java platform consists of several programs, each of which provides a\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208488\",\n \"text\": \"of applications in Java, the Concurrent Mark-Sweep (CMS) garbage collector is sufficient. Oracle aims to replace CMS with the Garbage-First collector (G1). The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object-oriented language. All code is written inside classes, and every data item is an object, with the exception of the primitive data types, (\\\"i.e.\\\" integers, floating-point numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not objects for performance reasons. Java reuses some popular aspects of C++ (such as the method). Unlike\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568230\",\n \"text\": \"in web browsers after most of them having dropped support for Java's VM. Writing in the Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine (JVM); byte code compilers are also available for other languages, including Ada, JavaScript, Python, and Ruby. In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including Clojure, Groovy, and Scala. Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++, but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C. Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has a\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568257\",\n \"text\": \"due to the end of Java 7's lifecycle it is the recommended version for XP users. Previously, only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for Windows XP SP3. It refers to JDK8, the developing platform for Java that also includes a fully functioning Java Runtime Environment. Java 8 is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Vista SP2 and Windows 7 SP1, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and higher (and some other OSes). \\\"Java SE 9\\\" and \\\"10\\\" had higher system requirements, i.e. Windows 7 or Server 2012 (and web browser minimum certified is upped to Internet Explorer 11\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4781156\",\n \"text\": \"have codice_1 – it instead has codice_138, which can be applied to local \\\"variable\\\" declarations and applies to the \\\"identifier,\\\" not the type. It has a different object-oriented use for object members, which is the origin of the name. The Java language specification regards codice_1 as a reserved keyword – i.e., one that cannot be used as variable identifier – but assigns no semantics to it: it is a \\\"reserved word\\\" (it cannot be used in identifiers) but not a \\\"keyword\\\" (it has no special meaning). It is thought that the reservation of the keyword occurred to allow for an\",\n \"title\": \"Const (computer programming)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11814220\",\n \"text\": \"Oak Technology. Java 1.0 was finally shipped in 1996. Oak was the basis for what Java 1.0 became later, but there were also some differences: Several concepts were planned in the Oak specification but remained not implemented in the original language because of time constraints: Other concepts were different from, or improved later, for Java: And finally some concepts were later scraped out: Oak (programming language) Oak is a discontinued programming language created by James Gosling in 1991, initially for Sun Microsystems' set-top box project. The language later evolved to become Java. The name \\\"Oak\\\" was used by Gosling after\",\n \"title\": \"Oak (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568243\",\n \"text\": \"the introduction of Java, it has been by far the most widely used Java software development kit (SDK). It contains a Java compiler, a full copy of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), and many other important development tools. The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in December 1990, providing an alternative to the C++/C programming languages. Engineer Patrick Naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the state of Sun's C++ and C application programming interfaces (APIs) and tools, as well as with the way the NeWS project was handled by the organization. Naughton informed Scott\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"309224\",\n \"text\": \"proprietary rights to some aspects of the Java programming language, and Microsoft's C# programming language, which has open implementations of most parts of the system, also has Common Language Runtime (CLR) as a closed environment. Many proprietary languages are widely used, in spite of their proprietary nature; examples include MATLAB, VBScript, and Wolfram Language. Some languages may make the transition from closed to open; for example, Erlang was originally an Ericsson's internal programming language. Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computing field. Software is commonly built with 5 programming languages or more. Programming languages differ\",\n \"title\": \"Programming language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208496\",\n \"text\": \"class and provides many methods for printing data to standard out, including which also appends a new line to the passed string. The string \\\"Hello World!\\\" is automatically converted to a String object by the compiler. Java applets were programs that were embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a web browser. The Java applet API is now deprecated since Java 9 in 2017. Java servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5266096\",\n \"text\": \"Java Web Start In computing, Java Web Start (also known as JavaWS, javaws or JAWS) is a framework developed by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle) that allows users to start application software for the Java Platform directly from the Internet using a web browser. Some key benefits of this technology include seamless version updating for globally distributed applications and greater control of memory allocation to the Java virtual machine. Java Web Start has been deprecated by Oracle and will be removed in Java SE 11. IcedTea-Web provides an independent open source implementation of Java Web Start. Unlike Java applets, Web Start\",\n \"title\": \"Java Web Start\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13020477\",\n \"text\": \"uncommon to characterise Java as a scripting language because of its lengthy syntax and rules about which classes exist in which files, and it is not directly possible to execute Java interactively, because source files can only contain definitions that must be invoked externally by a host application or application launcher. public class HelloWorld { This piece of code intended to print \\\"Hello World\\\" does nothing as \\\"main()\\\" is \\\"not declared\\\" in HelloWorld class. In contrast, Python allows definition of some functions in a single file, or to avoid functions altogether and use imperative programming style, or even use it\",\n \"title\": \"Scripting language\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"535763\",\n \"text\": \"It provides a mechanism to register ORB hooks through which ORB services intercept the normal flow of execution of the ORB. Several critical security vulnerabilities have been reported, the most recent in January 2013. Security alerts from Oracle announce critical security-related patches to Java SE. Java Platform, Standard Edition Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). The platform uses Java programming language and is part of the Java software-platform family. Java SE defines\",\n \"title\": \"Java Platform, Standard Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208492\",\n \"text\": \"may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers include the keywords codice_12 and codice_13. The keyword codice_14 in front of a method indicates a static method, which is associated only with the class and not with any specific instance of that class. Only static methods can be invoked without a reference to an object. Static methods cannot access any class members that are not also static. Methods that are not\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208495\",\n \"text\": \"but it allows an alternative syntax for creating and passing the array. The Java launcher launches Java by loading a given class (specified on the command line or as an attribute in a JAR) and starting its codice_24 method. Stand-alone programs must declare this method explicitly. The codice_25 parameter is an array of objects containing any arguments passed to the class. The parameters to codice_16 are often passed by means of a command line. Printing is part of a Java standard library: The ' class defines a public static field called '. The codice_27 object is an instance of the\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17054344\",\n \"text\": \"operand stack (but are counted as two units in the depth of the stack). Each bytecode is composed of one byte that represents the opcode, along with zero or more bytes for operands. Of the 256 possible byte-long opcodes, , 202 are in use (~79%), 51 are reserved for future use (~20%), and 3 instructions (~1%) are permanently reserved for JVM implementations to use. Two of these (codice_1 and codice_2) are to provide traps for implementation-specific software and hardware, respectively. The third is used for debuggers to implement breakpoints. Instructions fall into a number of broad groups: There are also\",\n \"title\": \"Java bytecode\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568262\",\n \"text\": \"diversity of mobile phone manufacturers has led to a need for new unified standards so programs can run on phones from different suppliers MIDP. The first standard was MIDP 1, which assumed a small screen size, no access to audio, and a 32 KB program limit. The more recent MIDP 2 allows access to audio, and up to 64 KB for the program size. With handset designs improving more rapidly than the standards, some manufacturers relax some limitations in the standards, for example, maximum program size. Google's Android operating system uses the Java language, but not its class libraries, therefore\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9071452\",\n \"text\": \"security updates for Oracle customers ended in April 2015. This version introduced a new versioning system for the Java language, although the old versioning system continued to be used for developer libraries: This correspondence continued through later releases (Java 6 = JDK 1.6, Java 7 = JDK 1.7, and so on). Codename Mustang. As of the version released on December 11, 2006, Sun replaced the name \\\"J2SE\\\" with Java SE and dropped the \\\".0\\\" from the version number. Internal numbering for developers remains 1.6.0. This version was developed under JSR 270. During the development phase, new builds including enhancements and\",\n \"title\": \"Java version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10201509\",\n \"text\": \"JavaFX Script JavaFX Script was a scripting language designed by Sun Microsystems, forming part of the JavaFX family of technologies on the Java Platform. JavaFX targeted the Rich Internet Application domain (competing with Adobe Flex and Microsoft Silverlight), specializing in rapid development of visually rich applications for the desktop and mobile markets. JavaFX Script works with integrated development environments such as NetBeans, Eclipse and IntelliJ IDEA. JavaFX is released under the GNU General Public License, via the Sun sponsored OpenJFX project. JavaFX Script used to be called F3 for Form Follows Function. F3 was primarily developed by Chris Oliver, who\",\n \"title\": \"JavaFX Script\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568235\",\n \"text\": \"specification. The heart of the Java platform is the concept of a \\\"virtual machine\\\" that executes Java bytecode programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under. However, new versions, such as for Java 10 (and earlier), have made small changes, meaning the bytecode is in general only forward compatible. There is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within the \\\"Java Virtual Machine\\\", or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during execution. The use of bytecode\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6994807\",\n \"text\": \"statements, as an extension to the ECMAScript standard. They follow a syntax similar to that used in Java: In a browser, the event is more commonly used to trap exceptions. onerror = function (errorValue, url, lineNr) {...; return true;}; Evaluates expression string parameter, which can include assignment statements. Variables local to functions can be referenced by the expression. (function foo() { })(); // shows val 9. JavaScript syntax The syntax of JavaScript is the set of rules that define a correctly structured JavaScript program. The examples below make use of the log function of the console object present in most\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript syntax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"535743\",\n \"text\": \"devices such as cell phones, PDAs and set-top boxes. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and Java Development Kit (JDK) are the actual files downloaded and installed on a computer to run or develop Java programs, respectively. The Java package contains fundamental classes and interfaces closely tied to the language and runtime system. This includes the root classes that form the class hierarchy, types tied to the language definition, basic exceptions, math functions, threading, security functions, as well as some information on the underlying native system. This package contains 22 of 32 codice_1 classes provided in JDK 6. The main classes\",\n \"title\": \"Java Platform, Standard Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605946\",\n \"text\": \"The terms \\\"reserved word\\\" and \\\"keyword\\\" are often used interchangeably – one may say that a reserved word is \\\"reserved for use as a keyword\\\" – and formal use varies from language to language; for this article we distinguish as above. In general reserved words and keywords need not coincide, but in most modern languages keywords are a subset of reserved words, as this makes parsing easier, since keywords cannot be confused with identifiers. In some languages, like C or Python, reserved words and keywords coincide, while in other languages, like Java, all keywords are reserved words, but some reserved\",\n \"title\": \"Reserved word\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"124373\",\n \"text\": \"binary format, which can be produced by a compiler toolchain such as LLVM, to execute in the browser at near native speed. WebAssembly allows programming languages such as C, C++, C# and Java to be used as well as JavaScript to author client-side code for the World Wide Web. JavaScript JavaScript (), often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. It is a language which is also characterized as dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based and multi-paradigm. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of the World Wide Web.\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568232\",\n \"text\": \"users upgrade to Java SE 9.0.4, which is the final security update released in March 2018. Since then Java 9 is no longer supported, so Oracle advises its users to \\\"immediately transition\\\" to Java 10. Oracle (and others) has announced that using older (than Java 8) versions of their JVM implementation presents serious risks due to unresolved security issues. Java 6 and 7 had their last non-public security update in April 2018 (July and October forthcoming). Extended support for Java 6 will end in December 2018. The Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"124371\",\n \"text\": \"other environments. A common misconception is that JavaScript is similar or closely related to Java. It is true that both have a C-like syntax (the C language being their most immediate common ancestor language). They also are both typically sandboxed (when used inside a browser), and JavaScript was designed with Java's syntax and standard library in mind. In particular, all Java keywords were reserved in original JavaScript, JavaScript's standard library follows Java's naming conventions, and JavaScript's and objects are based on classes from Java 1.0, but the similarities end there. Java and JavaScript both first appeared in 1995, but Java\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605968\",\n \"text\": \"numbers of reserved words. For example, Java (and other C derivatives) has a rather sparse complement of reserved words—approximately 50 – whereas COBOL has approximately 400. At the other end of the spectrum, pure Prolog and PL/I have none at all. The number of reserved words in a language has little to do with how “powerful” a language is. COBOL was designed in the 1950s as a business language and was made to be self-documenting using English-like structural elements such as verbs, clauses, sentences, sections and divisions. C, on the other hand, was written to be very terse (syntactically) and\",\n \"title\": \"Reserved word\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208480\",\n \"text\": \"by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings. One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate runtime support. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of directly to architecture-specific machine code. Java bytecode instructions are analogous to machine code, but they are intended to be executed by a virtual machine (VM) written specifically for the host hardware. End users commonly use a Java Runtime Environment (JRE) installed on their own\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4849596\",\n \"text\": \"compilation. A standard on how to interact with Java compilers programmatically was specified in JSR 199. As of 2012, the following are major Java compilers: Java compiler A Java compiler is a compiler for the programming language Java. The most common form of output from a Java compiler is Java class files containing platform-neutral Java bytecode, but there are also compilers that gives optimized native machine code for a particular hardware/operating system combination. Most Java-to-bytecode compilers, Jikes being a well known exception, do virtually no optimization, leaving this until run time to be done by the JRE. The Java virtual\",\n \"title\": \"Java compiler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13949673\",\n \"text\": \"it under the GNU General Public License (GPL), thus making it free software. This happened in large part on 8 May 2007, when Sun contributed the source code to the OpenJDK. The JDK has as its primary components a collection of programming tools, including: Experimental tools may not be available in future versions of the JDK. The JDK also comes with a complete Java Runtime Environment, usually called a \\\"private\\\" runtime, due to the fact that it is separated from the \\\"regular\\\" JRE and has extra contents. It consists of a Java Virtual Machine and all of the class libraries\",\n \"title\": \"Java Development Kit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930197\",\n \"text\": \"available since J2SE 1.4. These types of statements are used to make assertions in the source code, which can be turned on and off during execution for specific classes or packages. To declare an assertion the codice_102 keyword is used followed by a conditional expression. If it evaluates to codice_105 when the statement is executed, an exception is thrown. This statement can include a colon followed by another expression, which will act as the exception's detail message. Primitive types in Java include integer types, floating-point numbers, UTF-16 code units and a boolean type. There are no unsigned types in Java\",\n \"title\": \"Java syntax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208506\",\n \"text\": \"for low-memory devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Depending on the Android version, the bytecode is either interpreted by the Dalvik virtual machine or compiled into native code by the Android Runtime. Android does not provide the full Java SE standard library, although the Android SDK does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it. It supports Java 6 and some Java 7 features, offering an implementation compatible with the standard library (Apache Harmony). The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9071459\",\n \"text\": \"features confirmed. Among these features were: JDK 11 was released on September 25, 2018 and the version is currently open for bug fixes. Among others, Java 11 includes a number of new features, such as: There is speculation of introducing objects without identity (value types), as well as moving towards 64-bit addressable arrays to support large data sets. The officially supported Java platform, first developed at Sun and now stewarded by Oracle, is Java SE. Releases are based on the OpenJDK project, which is a free and open source project with an open development model. Other Java implementations exist, however—in\",\n \"title\": \"Java version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208489\",\n \"text\": \"C++, Java does not support operator overloading or multiple inheritance for \\\"classes\\\", though multiple inheritance is supported for interfaces. Java uses comments similar to those of C++. There are three different styles of comments: a single line style marked with two slashes (codice_1), a multiple line style opened with codice_2 and closed with codice_3, and the Javadoc commenting style opened with codice_4 and closed with codice_3. The Javadoc style of commenting allows the user to run the Javadoc executable to create documentation for the program and can be read by some integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse to allow\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7218747\",\n \"text\": \"at creating an online encyclopedia covering all aspects of the Java platform. The Javapedia project is openly inspired by Wikipedia. The prominent differences between \\\"Wikipedia\\\" and \\\"Javapedia\\\" include feature restrictions (for example, editing is open to registered users only), software used (TWiki), links (CamelCase is used), and content licensing (Creative Commons 1.0 Attribution license). Java.net java.net was a Java technology related community website. It also offered a web-based source code repository for Java projects. It was shut down in April 2017. java.net was announced by Sun Microsystems during JavaOne 2003. In January 2010, Oracle announced that it will migrate java.net\",\n \"title\": \"Java.net\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208497\",\n \"text\": \"generate responses (typically HTML pages) to requests (typically HTTP requests) from clients. The Java servlet API has to some extent been superseded by two standard Java technologies for web services: JavaServer Pages (JSP) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters codice_28 and codice_29. A JSP is compiled to a Java \\\"servlet\\\", a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed. After that, the generated servlet creates the response. Swing is a graphical user interface\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208507\",\n \"text\": \"jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices. District Judge William Haskell Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs cannot be copyrighted, but this was reversed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in May 2014. On May 26, 2016, the district court decided in favor of Google, ruling the copyright infringement of the Java API in Android constitutes fair use. Java (programming language) Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20277210\",\n \"text\": \"Java packager The Java Packager tool is a tool included in the JDK which allows to package Java applications from the command line. It is an alternative to using other packaging tools like Apache Ant. Note that the Java Packager does not automatically produce a Jar file. Many other formats are available, including native executable formats for the platform. The Java Packager tool will evolve for JDK 9, making it aware of modules, allowing for example to package a module and all the modules it depends on. For example, the following command will create a \\\"outputJar.jar\\\" file with the content\",\n \"title\": \"Java packager\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568256\",\n \"text\": \"file I/O library and support for new network protocols such as SCTP. Java 7 Update 76 was released in January 2015, with expiration date April 14, 2015. In June 2016, after the last public update of Java 7, \\\"remotely exploitable\\\" security bugs in Java 6, 7, and 8 were announced. \\\"Java SE 8\\\" (March 18, 2014) Notable changes include language-level support for lambda expressions (closures) and default methods, the Project Nashorn JavaScript runtime, a new Date and Time API inspired by Joda Time, and the removal of PermGen. This version is not officially supported on the Windows XP platform. However,\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"518147\",\n \"text\": \"line break has an escape sequence of . JavaScript uses the \\\\ (backslash) as an escape character for: Note that the codice_9 and codice_15 escapes are not allowed in JSON strings. The ASCII \\\"escape\\\" character (octal: codice_19, hexadecimal: codice_20, or codice_21, or, in decimal, codice_22) is used in many output devices to start a series of characters called a control sequence or escape sequence. Typically, the escape character was sent first in such a sequence to alert the device that the following characters were to be interpreted as a control sequence rather than as plain characters, then one or more\",\n \"title\": \"Escape character\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9071449\",\n \"text\": \"(Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition). This was a very significant release of Java as it tripled the size of the Java platform to 1520 classes in 59 packages. Major additions included: Codename Kestrel. The most notable changes in the May 8, 2000 release were: Codename Merlin. The February 6, 2002 release was the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included: Public support and security updates for Java 1.4 ended in October 2008. Paid security updates for Oracle customers ended in February 2013. Codename Tiger. The release on September 30,\",\n \"title\": \"Java version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"124333\",\n \"text\": \"formed around them, with libraries such as Prototype, jQuery, Dojo Toolkit, MooTools, and others being released. In July 2008, the disparate parties on either side came together in Oslo. This led to the eventual agreement in early 2009 to rename ECMAScript 3.1 to ECMAScript 5 and drive the language forward using an agenda that is known as Harmony. ECMAScript 5 was finally released in December 2009. In June 2011, ECMAScript 5.1 was released to fully align with the third edition of the ISO/IEC 16262 international standard. ECMAScript 2015 was released in June 2015. ECMAScript 2016 was released in June 2016.\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"535742\",\n \"text\": \"proposed and final specifications for the Java platform called Java Specification Requests (JSR). JSR 59 was the umbrella specification for J2SE 1.4 and JSR 176 specified J2SE 5.0 (Tiger). Java SE 6 (Mustang) was released under JSR 270. Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is a related specification that includes all the classes in Java SE, plus a number that are more useful to programs that run on servers as opposed to workstations. Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) is a related specification intended to provide a certified collection of Java APIs for the development of software for small, resource-constrained\",\n \"title\": \"Java Platform, Standard Edition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5349118\",\n \"text\": \"into a Java class file by a Java compiler; the class file is post-processed by tools specific to the Java Card platform. However, many Java language features are not supported by Java Card (in particular types char, double, float and long; the codice_1 qualifier; enums; arrays of more than one dimension; finalization; object cloning; threads). Further, some common features of Java are not provided at runtime by many actual smart cards (in particular type codice_2, which is the default type of a Java expression; and garbage collection of objects). Java Card bytecode run by the Java Card Virtual Machine is\",\n \"title\": \"Java Card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568249\",\n \"text\": \"Wide Web. They felt that with the advent of graphical web browsers like Mosaic the Internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable TV. As a prototype, Naughton wrote a small browser, WebRunner (named after the movie \\\"Blade Runner\\\"), renamed HotJava in 1995. In 1994, Sun renamed the Oak language to \\\"Java\\\" after a trademark search revealed that Oak Technology used the name \\\"Oak\\\". Although Java 1.0a became available for download in 1994, the first public release of Java, Java 1.0a2 with the HotJava browser, came on May 23, 1995, announced by Gage\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9071448\",\n \"text\": \"non-commercial use. For Java 11, long-term support will not be provided by Oracle; instead, the broader OpenJDK community, as AdoptOpenJDK, is expected to perform the work. The first version was released on January 23, 1996. The first stable version, JDK 1.0.2, is called Java 1. Major additions in the release on February 19, 1997 included: Codename Playground. The release on December 8, 1998 and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded retrospectively Java 2 and the version name \\\"J2SE\\\" (Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition) and J2ME\",\n \"title\": \"Java version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10949785\",\n \"text\": \"JavaHelp JavaHelp is both an application and a format for online help files that can be displayed by the JavaHelp browser. It is written in Java, and is mainly used in Java applications. It can be used for any application and it does require the overhead of the JRE to load. The file format is XML. The GUI uses a tri-pane layout, with a toolbar and menu at the top, navigation pane on the left, and content viewer on the right. The navigation pane includes searching, indexing, and a table of contents. JavaHelp application used to come with the GNU\",\n \"title\": \"JavaHelp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3930178\",\n \"text\": \"unsigned integer types are omitted to simplify the language and to avoid possible programming mistakes. The Java syntax has been gradually extended in the course of the eleven major JDK releases support capabilities such as generic programming and function literals (called lambda expressions in Java). An identifier is the name of an element in the code. There are certain standard naming conventions to follow when selecting names for elements. Identifiers in Java are case-sensitive. An identifier can contain: An identifier cannot: Integer literals are of codice_1 type by default unless codice_2 type is specified by appending codice_3 or codice_4 suffix\",\n \"title\": \"Java syntax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6994733\",\n \"text\": \"prior to the newline). Some authorities advise supplying statement-terminating semicolons explicitly, because it may lessen unintended effects of the automatic semicolon insertion. There are two issues: five tokens can either begin a statement or be the extension of a complete statement; and five restricted productions, where line breaks are not allowed in certain positions, potentially yielding incorrect parsing. The five problematic tokens are the open parenthesis \\\"(\\\", open bracket \\\"[\\\", slash \\\"/\\\", plus \\\"+\\\", and minus \\\"-\\\". Of these, open parenthesis is common in the immediately-invoked function expression pattern, and open bracket occurs sometimes, while others are quite rare. The\",\n \"title\": \"JavaScript syntax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9071450\",\n \"text\": \"2004 was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. The number was changed to \\\"better reflect the level of maturity, stability, scalability and security of the J2SE\\\". This version was developed under JSR 176. J2SE 5.0 entered its end-of-public-updates period on April 8, 2008; updates are no longer available to the public as of November 3, 2009. Updates were available to paid Oracle customers until May 2015. Tiger added a number of significant new language features: There were also the following improvements to the standard libraries: Java 5 is the last release of Java to\",\n \"title\": \"Java version history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7568239\",\n \"text\": \"implementations of each platform. The codice_1 and codice_2 libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code, then provide a standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks. Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects, the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components, either by emulation to provide a substitute, or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature. The word \\\"Java\\\", alone, usually refers to Java programming language that was designed for use with the Java platform. Programming\",\n \"title\": \"Java (software platform)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3285224\",\n \"text\": \"long. Other integral types appearing in the high-level language, such as boolean, byte, and short must be represented as an integer constant. Class names in Java, when fully qualified, are traditionally dot-separated, such as \\\"java.lang.Object\\\". However within the low-level Class reference constants, an internal form appears which uses slashes instead, such as \\\"java/lang/Object\\\". The Unicode strings, despite the moniker \\\"UTF-8 string\\\", are not actually encoded according to the Unicode standard, although it is similar. There are two differences (see UTF-8 for a complete discussion). The first is that the code point U+0000 is encoded as the two-byte sequence codice_2 (in\",\n \"title\": \"Java class file\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3995210\",\n \"text\": \"package, , provide comprehensive support for file I/O and for accessing the file system. A zip file system provider is also available in JDK 7. Non-blocking I/O (Java) java.nio (NIO stands for Non-blocking I/O) is a collection of Java programming language APIs that offer features for intensive I/O operations. It was introduced with the J2SE 1.4 release of Java by Sun Microsystems to complement an existing standard I/O. NIO was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 51. An extension to NIO that offers a new file system API, called NIO.2, was released with Java SE 7 (\\\"Dolphin\\\"). The\",\n \"title\": \"Non-blocking I/O (Java)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"208483\",\n \"text\": \"the ConcurrentMaps and other multi-core collections, and it was improved further with Java 1.6. Some platforms offer direct hardware support for Java; there are microcontrollers that can run Java bytecode in hardware instead of a software Java virtual machine, and some ARM based processors could have hardware support for executing Java bytecode through their Jazelle option, though support has mostly been dropped in current implementations of ARM. Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are\",\n \"title\": \"Java (programming language)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5266100\",\n \"text\": \"operations. Sun introduced version 1.0 of Web Start in March 2001, while 64-bit Windows support was added only in Java 6 (later than 64-bit Java was first available). Since J2SE 1.4 Web Start comes as a default part of Java Runtime Environment (JRE) called codice_3, computer administrators no longer have to install it separately. Programmers often speak of the Java Network Launching Protocol (JNLP) interchangeably with the term \\\"Web Start\\\". The JNLP protocol, defined with an XML schema, specifies how to launch Java Web Start applications. JNLP consists of a set of rules defining how exactly to implement the launching\",\n \"title\": \"Java Web Start\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"which is the reserved word in java programming language"}}},{"rowIdx":199,"cells":{"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu"],"string":"[\n \"fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu\"\n]","isConversational":false},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"156427","text":"Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10- to 20-year period","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156461","text":"full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone. Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu. Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty. The Giza pyramid complex, which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall, the Wall of the Crow. Mark","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156430","text":"the pyramid for nobles. Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as \"Cheops\") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid. It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall (), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is . Each base side was 440 cubits, long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156437","text":"were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 5 palms to give the required dimensions. Visibly, all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today. In AD 1303, a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones, which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo. Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo, not far from","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156464","text":"after his death. A worker's cemetery used at least between Khufu's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990. There are three boat-shaped pits around the pyramid, of a size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled. In May 1954, the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el-Mallakh discovered a fourth pit, a long, narrow rectangle, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons. Inside were 1,224 pieces of","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"6020601","text":"as grave sites and also as a way to make their names last forever. The size and simple design show the high skill level of Egyptian design and engineering on a large scale. The Great Pyramid of Giza, which was probably completed c. 2580 BC, is the oldest of the Giza pyramids and the largest pyramid in the world, and is the only surviving monument of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The pyramid of Khafre is believed to have been completed around 2532 BC, at the end of Khafre's reign. Khafre ambitiously placed his pyramid next to his","title":"Ancient Egyptian architecture"},{"id":"156436","text":"Traditionally, ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges, which were then soaked with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, causing the rock to crack. Once they were cut, they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid. It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid. At completion, the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white \"casing stones\"—slant-faced, but flat-topped, blocks of highly polished white limestone. These","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156428","text":"concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"12054217","text":"Resort 25 km Hurghada. The civilization of Ancient Egypt left many monuments and temples that have become attractions for modern-day visitors to Egypt. These include: Pyramids: there are more than 70 pyramids along the Nile, with the three pyramids of Giza being the best-known. The Sphinx, a lion-bodied guard, stands beside pyramids in Giza. The pyramids were built more than 4,000 years ago in the eras of Kings Cheops, Kefren and Mykerinos. These three kings' bodies were buried within the pyramids. The pyramid of Cheops is the largest at 145 metres in height, and is referred to as the Great","title":"Tourism in Egypt"},{"id":"5237097","text":"the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces carefully so that the blocks fit together. During construction, the outer surface of the stone was smooth limestone; excess stone has eroded as time has passed. The pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been constructed to house the remains of the deceased Pharaohs who ruled over Ancient Egypt. A portion of the Pharaoh's spirit called his \"ka\" was believed to remain with his corpse. Proper care of the remains was necessary in order for the \"former Pharaoh to perform his new duties as king of the dead.\" It's theorized the","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"5237088","text":"Giza pyramid complex The Giza pyramid complex is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It includes the three Great Pyramids (Khufu/Cheops, Khafre/Chephren and Menkaure/Mykerinos)), the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex. It is located in the Western Desert, approximately 9 km (5 mi) west of the Nile river at the old town of Giza, and about 13 km (8 mi) southwest of Cairo city centre. The pyramids, which have historically been common as emblems of ancient Egypt in the Western imagination, were popularised in Hellenistic times, when the","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"156463","text":"of this new discovery, as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived, Lehner suggested the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries. In the early 1970s, the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau. This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which he identified with an artisans' settlement. Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"5237105","text":"the 6th dynasty. Tombs from the time of Menkaure include the mastabas of the royal chamberlain Khaemnefert, the King's son Khufudjedef was master of the royal largesse, and an official named Niankhre. The Central Field contains several burials of royal family members. The tombs range in date from the end of the 4th dynasty to the 5th dynasty or even later. Tombs dating from the Saite and later period were found near the causeway of Khafre and the Great Sphinx. These tombs include the tomb of a commander of the army named Ahmose and his mother Queen Nakhtubasterau, who was","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"156435","text":"choice alone, with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building. In 2013, rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza. The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the \"King's\" chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan, more than away.","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"326154","text":"in 2575–2150 BC. Ancient Egyptian pyramids were in most cases placed west of the river Nile because the divine pharaoh's soul was meant to join with the sun during its descent before continuing with the sun in its eternal round. As of 2008, some 135 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. It was the tallest building in the world until Lincoln Cathedral was finished in 1311 AD. The base is over in area. While pyramids are associated with Egypt, the nation of","title":"Pyramid"},{"id":"326155","text":"Sudan has 220 extant pyramids, the most numerous in the world. The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is the only one to survive into modern times. The Ancient Egyptians covered the faces of pyramids with polished white limestone, containing great quantities of fossilized seashells. Many of the facing stones have fallen or have been removed and used for construction in Cairo. Most pyramids are located near Cairo, with only one royal pyramid being located south of Cairo, at the Abydos temple complex. The pyramid at Abydos, Egypt were commissioned by","title":"Pyramid"},{"id":"5237098","text":"pyramid not only served as a tomb for the Pharaoh, but also as a storage pit for various items he would need in the afterlife. \"The people of Ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world. The embalmed body of the King was entombed underneath or within the pyramid to protect it and allow his transformation and ascension to the afterlife.\" The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids were astronomically oriented to the north-south and east-west within a small fraction of a degree. Among recent attempts to explain such","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"3512321","text":"monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry. The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built. The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence. By the time of the Early Dynastic Period, those with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas. The second historically-documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a","title":"Egyptian pyramids"},{"id":"1287237","text":"BC. Three of these tombs, in the form of giant pyramids, are what is now the famed Three Pyramids of Giza. As ancient Egypt passed under several conquests under the Persians, Greeks, Romans and Byzantines, so did the area in what is now Giza. A Byzantine village named Teresa, located south of Giza, existed before the Muslim conquest of the region. Native Egyptians called the area Tiperses (also \"Tiperses Nbabylon\" (which most likely refers to Babylon Fortress but may as well refer to Babylon in Mesopotamia) \"Tipersoi, Perso\"), which may correspond to Persians (as the name may be literally translated","title":"Giza"},{"id":"156429","text":"dragging and lifting them into place. There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The main part of the Giza complex is a set of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller \"satellite\" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156462","text":"Lehner has discovered a worker's town outside of the wall, otherwise known as \"The Lost City\", dated by pottery styles, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC). In the early 21st century, Mark Lehner and his team made several discoveries, including what appears to have been a thriving port, suggesting the town and associated living quarters, which consisted of barracks called \"galleries\", may not have been for the pyramid workers after all but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port. In light","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156459","text":"a complex of several buildings including small pyramids. The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured north to south and east to west, has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving. There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. The basalt blocks show \"clear evidence\" of having been cut with some kind of saw","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"5237089","text":"Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is by far the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. The Pyramids of Giza consist of the Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu and constructed ), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren) a few hundred meters to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinos) a few hundred meters farther south-west. The Great Sphinx lies on the east side of the complex. Current consensus","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"156468","text":"BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies. Edwards notes that the pyramid had \"almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus\" and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored. He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides. Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156457","text":"visible in several places. This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period. Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead. Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al-Ma'mun's workmen using a battering ram. The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"5237094","text":"and this structure was added onto by later rulers. Khentkaus I was buried in Giza. Her tomb is known as LG 100 and G 8400 and is located in the Central Field, near the valley temple of Menkaure. The pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus includes: her pyramid, a boat pit, a valley temple and a pyramid town. Most construction theories are based on the idea that the pyramids were built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. The disagreements center on the method by which the stones were conveyed and placed and how","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"11766934","text":"Glasgow Necropolis. The Giza Necropolis of ancient Egypt is one of the oldest and probably the most well-known necropolis in the world since the Great Pyramid of Giza was included in the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Aside from the pyramids which were reserved for the burial of Pharaohs the Egyptian necropoleis included mastabas, a typical royal tomb of the early Dynastic period. Naqsh-e Rustam is an ancient necropolis located about northwest of Persepolis, in Fars Province, Iran. The oldest relief at Naqsh-i Rustam dates to . Though it is severely damaged, it depicts a faint image of a","title":"Necropolis"},{"id":"7183669","text":"Khufu ship The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC. The ship now is preserved in the Giza Solar boat museum. The ship was almost certainly built for Khufu (King Cheops), the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Like other buried Ancient Egyptian ships, it was apparently part of the extensive grave goods intended for use in the afterlife, and contained no bodies, unlike northern European ship burials.","title":"Khufu ship"},{"id":"11029101","text":"Buried Pyramid The Buried Pyramid (also called the Pyramid of Sekhemkhet) is an unfinished step pyramid constructed ca. 2645 BC for Sekhemkhet Djoserty. This pharaoh was the second of the Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, which reigned over Egypt circa 2686–2613 BC and is usually placed at the beginning of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Many historians believe that the third dynasty played an important role in the transition from Early Dynastic Period of Egypt to the Age of the Pyramids. The pyramid may be visited, but the public is not allowed access to the base and substructures. Sekhemkhet Djoserty","title":"Buried Pyramid"},{"id":"156438","text":"Giza. These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures. Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones, which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site. Nevertheless, a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day \"in situ\" around the base of the Great Pyramid, and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries. Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156454","text":"of them follows a dog-leg course through the masonry, indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them. They were long believed by Egyptologists to be \"air shafts\" for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king's spirit to the heavens. The King's Chamber is entirely faced with granite. Above the roof, which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons, are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers. The first four, like the King's Chamber, have flat roofs","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"1831048","text":"layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion","title":"Great Sphinx of Giza"},{"id":"13812720","text":"Khufukhaf I Khufukhaf I (also read as Khaefkhufu I) was an ancient Egyptian prince and vizier of the 4th dynasty. Khufukhaf was a son of Pharaoh Khufu, half-brother of pharaoh Djedefre and full brother of pharaoh Khafra and prince Minkhaf. His mother might have been Queen Henutsen; the latter's pyramid is next to his mastaba tomb. His wife was named Nefertkau II and she was buried with him in Giza. He served as vizier, possibly towards the end of Khufu's reign or during his brother Khafra's reign. Khufukhaf had a double mastaba in Giza (tomb G 7130-7140) in the east","title":"Khufukhaf I"},{"id":"11161427","text":"Great Pyramid Monument The Great Pyramid Monument is a German proposal for a mausoleum, patterned after the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The concept of constructing a modern pyramid was originally proposed by German writer Ingo Niermann. He suggested a memorial be erected in the former East Germany, to serve as a democratic tomb for people from any ethnic, ethical and religious group. If developed correctly it could also become a tourist attraction, and a beginning point for intercultural dialog. The Great Pyramid is envisioned as the world's largest monument, potentially serving every human being as a grave or","title":"Great Pyramid Monument"},{"id":"3512332","text":"the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence. This site, halfway between Giza and Abusir, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it","title":"Egyptian pyramids"},{"id":"9943346","text":"with its architectural monuments, which include the pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx—among the largest and most famous buildings in the world. The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids—huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest constructions by humans. Pyramids functioned as tombs for pharaohs. In Ancient Egypt, a pyramid was referred to as \"mer\", literally \"place of ascendance.\" The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. The base is over in area. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the","title":"Ancient Egyptian technology"},{"id":"1822304","text":"Khufu Khufu (, full name Khnum Khufu (), known to the Greeks as Cheops, was an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, in the first half of the Old Kingdom period (26th century BC). Khufu succeeded his father Sneferu as the second king of the 4th Dynasty. He is generally accepted as having commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but many other aspects of his reign are poorly documented. The only completely preserved portrait of the king is a three-inch high ivory figurine found in","title":"Khufu"},{"id":"12475870","text":"the wonders. Legends circulated to further complement the superlatives of the wonders. Of Antipater's wonders, the only one that has survived to the present day is the Great Pyramid of Giza. Its brilliant white stone facing had survived intact until around 1300 AD, when local communities removed most of the stonework for building materials. The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been proven, although theories abound. Records and archaeology confirm the existence of the other five wonders. The Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were destroyed by fire, while the Lighthouse of Alexandria, Colossus, and tomb of","title":"Seven Wonders of the Ancient World"},{"id":"156440","text":"a level bed, which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly. Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques. Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged, lifted, or even rolled into place. The Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby workers' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers. Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy, consisting of two \"gangs\" of 100,000 men, divided into five \"zaa\" or \"phyle\" of 20,000 men each,","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156443","text":"of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it. After , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional to the lower Chamber, which appears not to have been finished. There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber. Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber, but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid. The \"Queen's Chamber\" is exactly halfway between the","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"1287232","text":"as the location of the Giza Plateau: the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures, including the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples. Giza has always been a focal point in Egypt's history due to its location close to Memphis, the ancient Pharaonic capital of the Old Kingdom. Its St. George cathedral is the episcopal see of the Coptic Catholic Eparchy of Giza. The \"city\" of Giza is the capital of the Giza Governorate,","title":"Giza"},{"id":"5575259","text":"Hemiunu Hemiunu (fl. 2570 BC) is believed to be the architect of the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. As vizier, Hemiunu was one of the most important members of the court and responsible for all the royal works. His tomb lies close to Khufu's pyramid. Hemiunu was a son of Prince Nefermaat and his wife Itet, a grandson of Sneferu and relative of Khufu, the Old Kingdom pharaoh. Hemiunu had three sisters and many brothers. In his tomb he is described as a hereditary prince, count, sealer of the king of Lower Egypt (\"jrj-pat HAtj-a xtmw-bjtj\") and on a statue","title":"Hemiunu"},{"id":"15326303","text":"carrying out inspections of his estate and holding symbols of his office. Seneb was buried in a \"mastaba\" - a flat-roofed brick tomb – located in the West Field of the Giza Necropolis near modern Cairo, where a large complex of ancient Egyptian royal tombs and mortuary structures was built, including the Great Pyramid. It was rediscovered by the German archaeologist Hermann Junker in 1926. The tomb is situated close to that of another dwarf, Perniankhu, a high-ranking royal courtier who may have been Seneb's father. Its date was long uncertain but is now firmly attributed to the reign of","title":"Seneb"},{"id":"5231005","text":"Pyramid of Menkaure The Pyramid of Menkaure is the smallest of the three main Pyramids of Giza, located on the Giza Plateau in the southwestern outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It is thought to have been built to serve as the tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Menkaure. Menkaure's pyramid had an original height of 65.5 meters (215 feet) and was the smallest of the three major pyramids at the Giza Necropolis. It now stands at 61 m (204 ft) tall with a base of 108.5 m. Its angle of incline is approximately 51°20′25″. It was constructed of limestone and","title":"Pyramid of Menkaure"},{"id":"156466","text":"smaller, pyramid-building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom. However, as authors Brier and Hobbs claim, \"all the pyramids were robbed\" by the New Kingdom, when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley, now known as the Valley of the Kings, began. Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself \"is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom\", before the Arab caliph Abdullah al-Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820. I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo's mention that the pyramid \"a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out, which","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156465","text":"wood, the longest long, the shortest . These were entrusted to a boat builder, Haj Ahmed Yusuf, who worked out how the pieces fit together. The entire process, including conservation and straightening of the warped wood, took fourteen years. The result is a cedar-wood boat long, its timbers held together by ropes, which is currently housed in a special boat-shaped, air-conditioned museum beside the pyramid. During construction of this museum, which stands above the boat pit, a second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat. Although succeeding pyramids were","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"178929","text":"History of Egypt The history of Egypt has been long and wealthy, due to the flow of the Nile River with its fertile banks and delta, as well as the accomplishments of Egypt's native inhabitants and outside influence. Much of Egypt's ancient history was a mystery until the secrets of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and help of the Rosetta Stone. Among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one still standing. The Library of Alexandria was the only one of its kind for centuries. Human settlement in Egypt","title":"History of Egypt"},{"id":"156445","text":"who believed a shaft similar to those in the King's Chamber must also exist. He was proved right, but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen's Chamber, their purpose is unknown. At the end of one of his shafts, Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite (a type of rock) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose. Both objects are currently in the British Museum. The shafts in the Queen's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed, \"Upuaut 2\". After a","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"16065953","text":"Khuenre Khuenre (Khuenra) was a Prince of ancient Egypt of the 4th dynasty, named after the Sun god Ra. He was a son of Pharaoh Menkaure and his sister, Queen Khamerernebty II. He was a grandson of Khafra and Khamerernebty I and great-grandson of Khufu, king who built the Great Pyramid of Giza. He was a secretary and \"sole companion of his father\". He was the eldest son of his parents, but he was not Menkaure’s successor. This was Shepseskaf. Khuenre is buried in Menkaure’s cemetery (MQ 1). He is depicted as a young boy standing in front of his","title":"Khuenre"},{"id":"5237106","text":"the wife of Pharaoh Amasis II. The South Field includes some mastabas dating from the 2nd dynasty and 3rd dynasty. One of these early dynastic tombs is referred to as the Covington tomb. Other tombs date from the late Old Kingdom (5th and 6th dynasty). The south section of the field contains several tombs dating from the Saite period and later. In 1990, tombs belonging to the pyramid workers were discovered alongside the pyramids with an additional burial site found nearby in 2009. Although not mummified, they had been buried in mud-brick tombs with beer and bread to support them","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"15077947","text":"ka statue, which would have been located in the Valley temple of Khafre, was only one part of an extremely intricate system used in Egyptian funerary rituals. Located at the Pyramids of Gizeh, the necropolis included the Valley Temple of Khafre, a mortuary temple, the Great Sphinx, and a causeway leading to the pyramid of Khafre. The Great Pyramids of Gizeh (Pyramids of Giza), located on the outskirts of present-day Cairo, are three enormous pyramids for three Egyptian pharaohs with multiple smaller ones, housing the mummies of the royal family and nobles. From largest to smallest, the pyramids of Khufu,","title":"Khafre Enthroned"},{"id":"319134","text":"throughout the Mediterranean region and in the Kingdom of Kush. Apart from a writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. Papyrus was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the fourth millennium BCE. The earliest archaeological evidence of papyrus was excavated in 2012 and 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the Red Sea coast. These documents date from c. 2560–2550 BCE (end of the reign of Khufu). The papyrus rolls describe the last years of building the Great Pyramid of Giza.","title":"Papyrus"},{"id":"5521147","text":"not buried in the pyramids but outside of them. He also found the skull of a Nubian female (who he thought was a king) which is in the collection of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard. Reisner believed that Kerma was originally the base of an Egyptian governor and that these Egyptian rulers evolved into the independent monarchs of Kerma. He also created a list of Egyptian viceroys of Kush. He found the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, the mother of King Khufu (Cheops in Greek) who built the Great Pyramid at Giza. During this time he","title":"George Andrew Reisner"},{"id":"156442","text":"estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years. The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north, vertically above ground level and east of the centre line of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage 0 high and wide, which goes down at an angle of 26° 31'23\" through the masonry","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"5049715","text":"severely deteriorated. During the course of excavations of the Great Pyramid over 400 human burials have been uncovered. Most of these burials date to the Postclassic Period, showing that the Great Pyramid was an important centre of worship well after its use as a temple was discontinued. These burials include a number of human sacrifices, as demonstrated by mangled body parts and skulls from decapitated victims. The remains of eight individuals were found under the slab flooring of the Courtyard of Altars. These included the remains of a number of children that were deposited in ceramic pots. These children were","title":"Great Pyramid of Cholula"},{"id":"156449","text":"like the teeth of a ratchet. The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery, rather than resting on the block beneath it, in order to prevent cumulative pressure. At the upper end of the Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers. The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837–1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring, who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder. The floor of the Grand Gallery consists","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"3512320","text":"Egyptian pyramids The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt. As of November 2008, sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids. Most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser, which was built 2630–2610 BC during the Third Dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest","title":"Egyptian pyramids"},{"id":"156453","text":"construction spaces previously identified. The \"King's Chamber\" is 20 Egyptian Royal cubits or from east to west and 10 cubits or north to south. It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres (19 feet 2 inch) above the floor. above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls (one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid). The purpose of these shafts is not clear: they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies, yet one","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"3988338","text":"Giovanni Battista Belzoni Giovanni Battista Belzoni (; 5 November 1778 – 3 December 1823), sometimes known as The Great Belzoni, was a prolific Italian explorer and pioneer archaeologist of Egyptian antiquities. He is known for his removal to England of the seven ton bust of Ramesses II, the clearing of sand from the entrance of the great temple at Abu Simbel, the discovery and documentation of the tomb of Seti I (still sometimes known as \"Belzoni's Tomb\"), and the first to penetrate into the second pyramid of Giza. Belzoni was born in Padua. His father was a barber who sired","title":"Giovanni Battista Belzoni"},{"id":"5237100","text":"number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that \"the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time.\" Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which Mark Lehner and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"5237090","text":"among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of Khafre. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as \"queens\" pyramids, causeways and valley pyramids. Khufu’s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, now buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and nummulitic limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. The valley temple was connected to a causeway which was largely destroyed when the village was constructed. The causeway led to the Mortuary Temple of Khufu. From this temple the basalt pavement is the","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"15077948","text":"Khafre, and Menkaure are the most famous and dedicated to each god, respectively. Khafre's pyramid and tomb were designed as an eternal home for his mummy, where the serdab (chamber room) in the Valley Temple was meant to keep his ka statue. Unlike previous pyramids, such as the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser designed by the first known architect Imhotep, the Great Pyramids of Gizeh were not based upon the mastaba structure, a rectangular structure. The new, smoothly inclined surface of the tomb derives from a rectangular base, which is aligned by the four cardinal directions of the compass. The four","title":"Khafre Enthroned"},{"id":"16065954","text":"seated mother on south wall. Khuenre Khuenre (Khuenra) was a Prince of ancient Egypt of the 4th dynasty, named after the Sun god Ra. He was a son of Pharaoh Menkaure and his sister, Queen Khamerernebty II. He was a grandson of Khafra and Khamerernebty I and great-grandson of Khufu, king who built the Great Pyramid of Giza. He was a secretary and \"sole companion of his father\". He was the eldest son of his parents, but he was not Menkaure’s successor. This was Shepseskaf. Khuenre is buried in Menkaure’s cemetery (MQ 1). He is depicted as a young boy","title":"Khuenre"},{"id":"16432982","text":"effort. Occasionally they dragged a wounded comrade. On the third day, Neville comes up with a plan' to escape. He has Miriam and Alphonse dress him as a mummy. Miriam runs to the Bedouins and tells them that they woke up the mummy. When Neville points at a person Eddie shoots them. The Bedouins run off. After they return to Cairo, Alphonse returns to Germany while Neville returns to England and Eddie becomes a native. Ten years later, Jenny Benet, a recently orphaned American girl who lived on the Wild West has been sent to live with her Uncle Neville","title":"The Buried Pyramid"},{"id":"5237109","text":"to as the king's resthouse. During the 19th dynasty, Seti I added to the temple of Hauron-Haremakhet, and his son Ramesses II erected a stela in the chapel before the Sphinx and usurped the resthouse of Tutankhamun. During the 21st dynasty, the Temple of Isis Mistress-of-the-Pyramids was reconstructed. During the 26th dynasty, a stela made in this time mentions Khufu and his Queen Henutsen. Giza pyramid complex The Giza pyramid complex is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It includes the three Great Pyramids (Khufu/Cheops, Khafre/Chephren and Menkaure/Mykerinos)), the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries,","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"5190822","text":"Pyramid of Khafre The Pyramid of Khafre or of Chephren (, ) is the second-tallest and second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza and the tomb of the Fourth-Dynasty pharaoh Khafre (Chefren), who ruled from to 2532 BC. The pyramid has a base length of 215.5 m (706 ft) and rises up to a height of The pyramid is made of limestone blocks weighing more than 2 tons each. The slope of the pyramid rises at a 53° 13' angle, steeper than its neighbor, the Pyramid of Khufu, which has an angle of 51°50'24\". The pyramid sits on bedrock","title":"Pyramid of Khafre"},{"id":"13812589","text":"did not come with a boat pit, as it was the case for the pyramids G1-a and G1-b. G1-c was later identified as an unfinished pyramid which was constructed in a hurry. Henutsen Henutsen is the name of an Ancient Egyptian queen consort who lived and ruled during the 4th dynasty of the Old Kingdom Period. She was the second or third wife of pharaoh Khufu and most possibly buried at Giza. Little is known about Henutsen's life. Some scholars believe, that she was the daughter of pharaoh Sneferu, but this is not commonly accepted. Henutsen is not known to","title":"Henutsen"},{"id":"13811087","text":"of Anubis, Kawab.\" Several centuries after Kawab died, Prince Khaemweset, son of Ramesses II, restored Kawab's statue in the temple of Memphis. The film adaptation of David Macaulay's 1975 book \"Pyramid\" depicts Kawab as being killed by an ambush near the border between Egypt and Nubia. Kawab Kawab is the name of an ancient Egyptian prince of the 4th Dynasty. He was the eldest son of King Khufu and Queen Meritites I. Kawab served as vizier and was buried in the double mastaba G 7110 - 7120 in the east field which is part of the Giza Necropolis. Kawab was","title":"Kawab"},{"id":"16095314","text":"Pyramid G1-a G1-a is one of the subsidiary pyramids of the Giza East Field of the Giza Necropolis, located immediately to the eastern side of the Great Pyramid of Giza. It was built during the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. The tomb is the northernmost of the three pyramids of the queens and has a base of wide and originally a height of ; the pyramid has lost two-thirds of its original height. In the west wall of the burial chamber a small niche was dug in which were found fragments of basalt. It is also known as the Pyramid of","title":"Pyramid G1-a"},{"id":"1287235","text":"the river from modern day Cairo. The Giza Plateau is also home to Egyptian monuments such as the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First Dynasty, as well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second Dynasty. The Great Pyramid of Giza at one time was advocated (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference point used for determining a base longitude. Giza experiences a hot desert climate like arid climate (Köppen: BWh). Its climate is similar to Cairo, owing to its proximity. Wind storms can be frequent across Egypt in spring, bringing Saharan dust into the city","title":"Giza"},{"id":"3512343","text":"is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place. The pyramid of Senusret II at el-Lahun is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill. Piye, the king of Kush who became the first ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries. Taharqa, a Kushite ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built his pyramid at Nuri. It was the largest","title":"Egyptian pyramids"},{"id":"19329065","text":"composed of an international team of scientists from Egypt, France, Canada, and Japan, has started utilizing muography and thermography imaging to survey the Giza pyramid complex. In 2017, scientists involved in the project discovered a large cavity, named ScanPyramids Big Void, above the Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The 3rd largest pyramid in the world, the Pyramid of the Sun, situated near Mexico City in the ancient city of Teotihuacan was surveyed with muography. One of the motivations of the team was to discover if inaccessible chambers inside the Pyramid might hold the tomb of a Teotihuacan","title":"Muography"},{"id":"326153","text":"be plated with gold, silver, or electrum and would also be highly reflective. After 2700 BC, the ancient Egyptians began building pyramids, until around 1700 BC. The first pyramid was erected during the Third Dynasty by the Pharaoh Djoser and his architect Imhotep. This step pyramid consisted of six stacked mastabas. The largest Egyptian pyramids are those at the Giza pyramid complex. The Egyptian sun god Ra, considered the father of all pharaohs, was said to have created himself from a pyramid-shaped mound of earth before creating all other gods. The age of the pyramids reached its zenith at Giza","title":"Pyramid"},{"id":"5237107","text":"in the afterlife. The tombs' proximity to the pyramids and the manner of burial supports the theory that they were paid laborers who took great pride in their work and were not slaves, as was previously thought. Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. Most of the workers appear to have come from poor families. Specialists such as architects, masons, metalworkers and carpenters, were permanently employed by the king to fill positions that required the most skill. During the New Kingdom, Giza was still","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"15526424","text":"Tomb of Akhethetep The Tomb of Akhethetep (), also Tomb or Mastaba of Akhethotep, is a tomb complex that was built and completed at different times in Saqqarah, Giza, Egypt. It is the tomb of Akhethotep, a royal official, located near the western part of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara. Akhethotep and his son Ptahhotep Tjefi, grandson of Ptahhotep, were senior court officials during the rules of Djedkare (2414-2375 BC) and Unas (Wenis), towards the end of the 5th dynasty (2494 to 2345 BC). The tomb was discovered in 1903 by Georges Aaron Bénédite and two female colleagues, Miss Petrie","title":"Tomb of Akhethetep"},{"id":"13810982","text":"Meritites I Meritites I was an ancient Egyptian queen of the 4th dynasty. Her name means \"Beloved of her Father\". Several of her titles are known from a stela found at Giza. She was buried in the middle Queen’s Pyramid in Giza (\"Pyramid G 1b\"). Meritites was a daughter of King Sneferu and his consort of unknown name. Meritites married her (half?-)brother, King Khufu. With Khufu, she was the mother of the Crown Prince Kawab, and possibly Djedefre. Both Queen Hetepheres II and Pharaoh Khafra have been suggested as children of Meretites I and Khufu as well, and it is","title":"Meritites I"},{"id":"156458","text":"the Ascending Passage. It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage, which alerted them to the need to turn left. Unable to remove these stones, however, the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point, but access is usually forbidden. The Great Pyramid is surrounded by","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"1831056","text":"it may seem rash to dispute the point\". In 1857, Auguste Mariette, founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, unearthed the much later Inventory Stela (estimated Dynasty XXVI, c. 678–525 BC), which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the Stela are considered good evidence, this passage is widely dismissed as Late Period historical revisionism, a purposeful fake, created by the local priests with the attempt to certify the contemporary Isis temple an ancient history it never had. Such an act became common when religious institutions such as temples, shrines and priest's","title":"Great Sphinx of Giza"},{"id":"7919106","text":"diversity of African cultures. The region's oldest known beads were made from \"Nassarius\" shells and worn as personal ornaments 72,000 years ago. The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was the world's tallest structure for 4,000 years, until the completion of Lincoln Cathedral around the year 1300. The stone ruins of Great Zimbabwe are also noteworthy for their architecture, as are the monolithic churches at Lalibela, Ethiopia, such as the Church of Saint George. Egypt has long been a cultural focus of the Arab world, while remembrance of the rhythms of sub-Saharan Africa, in particular West Africa, was transmitted through","title":"Africa"},{"id":"156451","text":"to restrain them from sliding down the passage. This, in turn, has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended, to completely fill the Ascending Passage. At the top of the Grand Gallery, there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately in height and width, in which can be detected four slots, three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises. Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now-vanished doors. In 2017, scientists from the ScanPyramids project discovered a","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"156467","text":"being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations\". Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo's door was added. He adds: \"If this highly speculative surmise be correct, it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones\", in order to explain why al-Ma'mun could not find the entrance. He also discusses a story told by Herodotus. Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"5237096","text":"limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo. To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"156455","text":"formed by the floor of the chamber above, but the final chamber has a pointed roof. Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber. From lower to upper, the chambers are known as \"Davison's Chamber\", \"Wellington's Chamber\", \"Nelson's Chamber\", \"Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber\", and \"Campbell's Chamber\". It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber. As the chambers were not intended to be","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"5460335","text":"Pyramidology Pyramidology (or pyramidism) refers to various religious or pseudoscientific speculations regarding pyramids, most often the Giza pyramid complex and the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. Some \"pyramidologists\" also concern themselves with the monumental structures of pre-Columbian America (such as Teotihuacan, the Mesoamerican Maya civilization, and the Inca of the South American Andes), and the temples of Southeast Asia. Some pyramidologists claim that the Great Pyramid of Giza has encoded within it predictions for the exodus of Moses from Egypt, the crucifixion of Jesus, the start of World War I, the founding of modern-day Israel in 1948, and future","title":"Pyramidology"},{"id":"3512344","text":"in the area (North Sudan). The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location. Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. Papyri discovered at the Egyptian desert near the Red Sea, in 2013 by archaeologist Pierre Tallet, revealed the journal of Merer, an official of Egypt involved in transporting limestone along the Nile River. These papyri reveal processes in the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the tomb of the Pharaoh","title":"Egyptian pyramids"},{"id":"1831047","text":"Great Sphinx of Giza The Great Sphinx of Giza (, , ; literally: Father of Dread), commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human. Facing directly from West to East, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre. Cut from the bedrock, the original shape of the Sphinx has been restored with","title":"Great Sphinx of Giza"},{"id":"156444","text":"north and south faces of the pyramid and measures north to south, east to west, and has a pointed roof with an apex above the floor. At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche high. The original depth of the niche was , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters. In the north and south walls of the Queen's Chamber there are shafts, which, unlike those in the King's Chamber that immediately slope upwards (see below), are horizontal for around before sloping upwards. The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer, Waynman Dixon,","title":"Great Pyramid of Giza"},{"id":"6541007","text":"Greeks, many years after the event, believed that the pyramids must have been built by slave labor. Archaeologists now believe that the Great Pyramid of Giza (at least) was built by tens of thousands of skilled workers who camped near the pyramids and worked for a salary or as a form of tax payment (levy) until the construction was completed, pointing to workers' cemeteries discovered in 1990 by archaeologists Zahi Hawass and Mark Lehner. For the Middle Kingdom Pyramid of Amenemhat II, there is evidence from the annal stone of the king that foreigners from Canaan were used. Pseudoscientific theories","title":"Egyptian pyramid construction techniques"},{"id":"5237101","text":"located to the southeast of the Khafre and Menkaure complexes. Among the discoveries at the workers' village are communal sleeping quarters, bakeries, breweries, and kitchens (with evidence showing that bread, beef, and fish were staples of the diet), a hospital and a cemetery (where some of the skeletons were found with signs of trauma associated with accidents on a building site). The workers' town appears to date from the middle 4th dynasty (2520–2472 BC), after the accepted time of Khufu and completion of the Great Pyramid. According to Lehner and the AERA team; Without carbon dating, using only pottery shards,","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"8955549","text":"grouped together in a plot of land, called a \"cemetery\" or \"graveyard\". Burials can be arranged by a funeral home, mortuary, undertaker or by a religious body such as a church or the community's burial society, a charitable or voluntary body charged with these duties. The preserved or unpreserved body may then be interred in a grave, crypt, sepulchre, or ossuary, a mound or barrow, or a monumental surface structure such as a mausoleum (exemplified by the Taj Mahal) or a pyramid (as exemplified by the Great Pyramid of Giza). In some cases, a part of the remains may be","title":"Death and culture"},{"id":"1831065","text":"when the young Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) gathered a team and, after much effort, managed to dig out the front paws, between which he placed a granite slab, known as the Dream Stele, inscribed with the following excerpt: Later, Ramesses II the Great (1279–1213 BC) may have undertaken a second excavation. Mark Lehner, an Egyptologist who has excavated and mapped the Giza plateau, originally asserted that there had been a far earlier renovation during the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2184 BC), although he has subsequently recanted this viewpoint. In AD 1817 the first modern archaeological dig, supervised by the","title":"Great Sphinx of Giza"},{"id":"19223505","text":"Mastaba of Kaninisut The Mastaba of Kaninisut (or Ka-ni-nisut [\"Ka-nj-nswt\"]), or Mastaba G 2155, is an ancient Egyptian mastaba tomb, located at Giza in the West field of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The cult chamber of the mastaba is now on display in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna with inventory number 8006. Kaninisut was a high state official in the Fourth dynasty or early Fifth dynasty in the Old Kingdom (c. 2500 BC), as demonstrated by the location and size of his tomb and his numerous honorific titles. The cult chamber of Kaninisut was built of the best quality","title":"Mastaba of Kaninisut"},{"id":"16432981","text":"Pyramid along with Alphonse's assistant, Derek, and three camel wranglers named Ali, his son, Ishmael, and his daughter, Miriam. Eddie hears something that sounds more like a wolf pack than jackals. Neville orders the group to get the camels ready and get out of the canyon because it's like a box. Miriam leads them to a place that is a necropolis to the old kings and a place her father and brother don't trust. Alphonse is clipped by a ricochet from a bullet fired from a Bedouin's rifle. The Bedouins made an occasional charge but were driven back without much","title":"The Buried Pyramid"},{"id":"1831062","text":"of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramids and the Nile directly corresponds with Leo, Orion and the Milky Way respectively. Sometimes cited as an example of pseudoarchaeology, the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship. The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall, and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafra. The hypothesis is championed by René Schwaller de Lubicz (1887–1961), who lived and studied Egyptology for 12 years in Egypt, and by Robert M. Schoch,","title":"Great Sphinx of Giza"},{"id":"13810986","text":"scenes. Relief fragments from a false-door and walls were recovered during excavations. The title of queen was preserved in a fragment now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (27.1321). Further fragments include parts of an offering list, men bringing offerings and animals, and a boat being paddled. Meritites I Meritites I was an ancient Egyptian queen of the 4th dynasty. Her name means \"Beloved of her Father\". Several of her titles are known from a stela found at Giza. She was buried in the middle Queen’s Pyramid in Giza (\"Pyramid G 1b\"). Meritites was a daughter of King Sneferu","title":"Meritites I"},{"id":"5237104","text":"G 2200, G 2500, G 3000, G 4000, and G 6000. Three other cemeteries are named after their excavators: Junker Cemetery West, Junker Cemetery East and Steindorff Cemetery. The East Field is located to the east of Khufu's pyramid and contains cemetery G 7000. This cemetery was a burial place for some of the family members of Khufu. The cemetery also includes mastabas from tenants and priests of the pyramids dated to the 5th dynasty and 6th dynasty. This cemetery dates from the time of Menkaure (Junker) or earlier (Reisner), and contains several stone-built mastabas dating from as late as","title":"Giza pyramid complex"},{"id":"15982714","text":"Memphite Necropolis The Memphite Necropolis is an ancient Egyptian necropolis located in the city of Memphis, Lower Egypt. It includes the sites of Giza, Saqqara and Dahshur. Most of the pyramids of the Old Kingdom were built here, along with many mastabas and other tombs. Saqqara is the site of the first Egyptian pyramid, the Pyramid of Djoser. The size of the necropolis is 2.5 by 6 kilometres, located about 30 kilometres south of Cairo. Burials in the necropolis include the Apis bulls, falcons, ibises, baboons, and boats. The tomb of Nakht-Min at the Abusir-Memphite Necropolis (\"Kahled Daoud\") [ Egypt","title":"Memphite Necropolis"},{"id":"3512330","text":"size as the Pyramid of Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt. Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying, which began in Roman times, has left little apart from about 15 courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation. Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the \"Great Pyramid\" and the \"Pyramid of Cheops\"); the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre","title":"Egyptian pyramids"},{"id":"5049716","text":"(thought to have been) messengers to Tlaloc (the god of rain) due to the drought occurring at this site. The disarticulated remains of at least 46 individuals were found in the area of an altar in the centre of a plaza at the southwest corner of the pyramid. These remains included individuals of all ages and both sexes. The pyramid remains important to modern Cholula as a religious site, an archeological site and a tourist attraction. The site receives about 220,000 visitors each year on average. Just before the arrival of the Spanish, the pyramid was considered sacred to a","title":"Great Pyramid of Cholula"},{"id":"3512326","text":"that they were designed as a type of \"resurrection machine.\" The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods. All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west","title":"Egyptian pyramids"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"156427\",\n \"text\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10- to 20-year period\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156461\",\n \"text\": \"full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone. Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu. Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty. The Giza pyramid complex, which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall, the Wall of the Crow. Mark\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156430\",\n \"text\": \"the pyramid for nobles. Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenized as \\\"Cheops\\\") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid. It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall (), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is . Each base side was 440 cubits, long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156437\",\n \"text\": \"were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 5 palms to give the required dimensions. Visibly, all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today. In AD 1303, a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones, which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo. Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo, not far from\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156464\",\n \"text\": \"after his death. A worker's cemetery used at least between Khufu's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990. There are three boat-shaped pits around the pyramid, of a size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled. In May 1954, the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el-Mallakh discovered a fourth pit, a long, narrow rectangle, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons. Inside were 1,224 pieces of\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6020601\",\n \"text\": \"as grave sites and also as a way to make their names last forever. The size and simple design show the high skill level of Egyptian design and engineering on a large scale. The Great Pyramid of Giza, which was probably completed c. 2580 BC, is the oldest of the Giza pyramids and the largest pyramid in the world, and is the only surviving monument of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The pyramid of Khafre is believed to have been completed around 2532 BC, at the end of Khafre's reign. Khafre ambitiously placed his pyramid next to his\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Egyptian architecture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156436\",\n \"text\": \"Traditionally, ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges, which were then soaked with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, causing the rock to crack. Once they were cut, they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid. It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid. At completion, the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white \\\"casing stones\\\"—slant-faced, but flat-topped, blocks of highly polished white limestone. These\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156428\",\n \"text\": \"concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12054217\",\n \"text\": \"Resort 25 km Hurghada. The civilization of Ancient Egypt left many monuments and temples that have become attractions for modern-day visitors to Egypt. These include: Pyramids: there are more than 70 pyramids along the Nile, with the three pyramids of Giza being the best-known. The Sphinx, a lion-bodied guard, stands beside pyramids in Giza. The pyramids were built more than 4,000 years ago in the eras of Kings Cheops, Kefren and Mykerinos. These three kings' bodies were buried within the pyramids. The pyramid of Cheops is the largest at 145 metres in height, and is referred to as the Great\",\n \"title\": \"Tourism in Egypt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237097\",\n \"text\": \"the pyramid wall and trimmed the surfaces carefully so that the blocks fit together. During construction, the outer surface of the stone was smooth limestone; excess stone has eroded as time has passed. The pyramids of Giza and others are thought to have been constructed to house the remains of the deceased Pharaohs who ruled over Ancient Egypt. A portion of the Pharaoh's spirit called his \\\"ka\\\" was believed to remain with his corpse. Proper care of the remains was necessary in order for the \\\"former Pharaoh to perform his new duties as king of the dead.\\\" It's theorized the\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237088\",\n \"text\": \"Giza pyramid complex The Giza pyramid complex is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It includes the three Great Pyramids (Khufu/Cheops, Khafre/Chephren and Menkaure/Mykerinos)), the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries, a workers' village and an industrial complex. It is located in the Western Desert, approximately 9 km (5 mi) west of the Nile river at the old town of Giza, and about 13 km (8 mi) southwest of Cairo city centre. The pyramids, which have historically been common as emblems of ancient Egypt in the Western imagination, were popularised in Hellenistic times, when the\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156463\",\n \"text\": \"of this new discovery, as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived, Lehner suggested the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries. In the early 1970s, the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau. This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which he identified with an artisans' settlement. Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237105\",\n \"text\": \"the 6th dynasty. Tombs from the time of Menkaure include the mastabas of the royal chamberlain Khaemnefert, the King's son Khufudjedef was master of the royal largesse, and an official named Niankhre. The Central Field contains several burials of royal family members. The tombs range in date from the end of the 4th dynasty to the 5th dynasty or even later. Tombs dating from the Saite and later period were found near the causeway of Khafre and the Great Sphinx. These tombs include the tomb of a commander of the army named Ahmose and his mother Queen Nakhtubasterau, who was\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156435\",\n \"text\": \"choice alone, with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building. In 2013, rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza. The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the \\\"King's\\\" chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan, more than away.\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"326154\",\n \"text\": \"in 2575–2150 BC. Ancient Egyptian pyramids were in most cases placed west of the river Nile because the divine pharaoh's soul was meant to join with the sun during its descent before continuing with the sun in its eternal round. As of 2008, some 135 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. It was the tallest building in the world until Lincoln Cathedral was finished in 1311 AD. The base is over in area. While pyramids are associated with Egypt, the nation of\",\n \"title\": \"Pyramid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"326155\",\n \"text\": \"Sudan has 220 extant pyramids, the most numerous in the world. The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is the only one to survive into modern times. The Ancient Egyptians covered the faces of pyramids with polished white limestone, containing great quantities of fossilized seashells. Many of the facing stones have fallen or have been removed and used for construction in Cairo. Most pyramids are located near Cairo, with only one royal pyramid being located south of Cairo, at the Abydos temple complex. The pyramid at Abydos, Egypt were commissioned by\",\n \"title\": \"Pyramid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237098\",\n \"text\": \"pyramid not only served as a tomb for the Pharaoh, but also as a storage pit for various items he would need in the afterlife. \\\"The people of Ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world. The embalmed body of the King was entombed underneath or within the pyramid to protect it and allow his transformation and ascension to the afterlife.\\\" The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids were astronomically oriented to the north-south and east-west within a small fraction of a degree. Among recent attempts to explain such\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3512321\",\n \"text\": \"monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry. The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built. The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence. By the time of the Early Dynastic Period, those with sufficient means were buried in bench-like structures known as mastabas. The second historically-documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a\",\n \"title\": \"Egyptian pyramids\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1287237\",\n \"text\": \"BC. Three of these tombs, in the form of giant pyramids, are what is now the famed Three Pyramids of Giza. As ancient Egypt passed under several conquests under the Persians, Greeks, Romans and Byzantines, so did the area in what is now Giza. A Byzantine village named Teresa, located south of Giza, existed before the Muslim conquest of the region. Native Egyptians called the area Tiperses (also \\\"Tiperses Nbabylon\\\" (which most likely refers to Babylon Fortress but may as well refer to Babylon in Mesopotamia) \\\"Tipersoi, Perso\\\"), which may correspond to Persians (as the name may be literally translated\",\n \"title\": \"Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156429\",\n \"text\": \"dragging and lifting them into place. There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The main part of the Giza complex is a set of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller \\\"satellite\\\" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156462\",\n \"text\": \"Lehner has discovered a worker's town outside of the wall, otherwise known as \\\"The Lost City\\\", dated by pottery styles, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC). In the early 21st century, Mark Lehner and his team made several discoveries, including what appears to have been a thriving port, suggesting the town and associated living quarters, which consisted of barracks called \\\"galleries\\\", may not have been for the pyramid workers after all but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port. In light\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156459\",\n \"text\": \"a complex of several buildings including small pyramids. The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured north to south and east to west, has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving. There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. The basalt blocks show \\\"clear evidence\\\" of having been cut with some kind of saw\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237089\",\n \"text\": \"Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is by far the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. The Pyramids of Giza consist of the Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu and constructed ), the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Chephren) a few hundred meters to the south-west, and the relatively modest-sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinos) a few hundred meters farther south-west. The Great Sphinx lies on the east side of the complex. Current consensus\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156468\",\n \"text\": \"BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies. Edwards notes that the pyramid had \\\"almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus\\\" and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored. He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides. Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156457\",\n \"text\": \"visible in several places. This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period. Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead. Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al-Ma'mun's workmen using a battering ram. The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237094\",\n \"text\": \"and this structure was added onto by later rulers. Khentkaus I was buried in Giza. Her tomb is known as LG 100 and G 8400 and is located in the Central Field, near the valley temple of Menkaure. The pyramid complex of Queen Khentkaus includes: her pyramid, a boat pit, a valley temple and a pyramid town. Most construction theories are based on the idea that the pyramids were built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. The disagreements center on the method by which the stones were conveyed and placed and how\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11766934\",\n \"text\": \"Glasgow Necropolis. The Giza Necropolis of ancient Egypt is one of the oldest and probably the most well-known necropolis in the world since the Great Pyramid of Giza was included in the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Aside from the pyramids which were reserved for the burial of Pharaohs the Egyptian necropoleis included mastabas, a typical royal tomb of the early Dynastic period. Naqsh-e Rustam is an ancient necropolis located about northwest of Persepolis, in Fars Province, Iran. The oldest relief at Naqsh-i Rustam dates to . Though it is severely damaged, it depicts a faint image of a\",\n \"title\": \"Necropolis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7183669\",\n \"text\": \"Khufu ship The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC. The ship now is preserved in the Giza Solar boat museum. The ship was almost certainly built for Khufu (King Cheops), the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Like other buried Ancient Egyptian ships, it was apparently part of the extensive grave goods intended for use in the afterlife, and contained no bodies, unlike northern European ship burials.\",\n \"title\": \"Khufu ship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11029101\",\n \"text\": \"Buried Pyramid The Buried Pyramid (also called the Pyramid of Sekhemkhet) is an unfinished step pyramid constructed ca. 2645 BC for Sekhemkhet Djoserty. This pharaoh was the second of the Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, which reigned over Egypt circa 2686–2613 BC and is usually placed at the beginning of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Many historians believe that the third dynasty played an important role in the transition from Early Dynastic Period of Egypt to the Age of the Pyramids. The pyramid may be visited, but the public is not allowed access to the base and substructures. Sekhemkhet Djoserty\",\n \"title\": \"Buried Pyramid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156438\",\n \"text\": \"Giza. These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures. Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones, which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site. Nevertheless, a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day \\\"in situ\\\" around the base of the Great Pyramid, and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries. Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156454\",\n \"text\": \"of them follows a dog-leg course through the masonry, indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them. They were long believed by Egyptologists to be \\\"air shafts\\\" for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king's spirit to the heavens. The King's Chamber is entirely faced with granite. Above the roof, which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons, are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers. The first four, like the King's Chamber, have flat roofs\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1831048\",\n \"text\": \"layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion\",\n \"title\": \"Great Sphinx of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812720\",\n \"text\": \"Khufukhaf I Khufukhaf I (also read as Khaefkhufu I) was an ancient Egyptian prince and vizier of the 4th dynasty. Khufukhaf was a son of Pharaoh Khufu, half-brother of pharaoh Djedefre and full brother of pharaoh Khafra and prince Minkhaf. His mother might have been Queen Henutsen; the latter's pyramid is next to his mastaba tomb. His wife was named Nefertkau II and she was buried with him in Giza. He served as vizier, possibly towards the end of Khufu's reign or during his brother Khafra's reign. Khufukhaf had a double mastaba in Giza (tomb G 7130-7140) in the east\",\n \"title\": \"Khufukhaf I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11161427\",\n \"text\": \"Great Pyramid Monument The Great Pyramid Monument is a German proposal for a mausoleum, patterned after the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. The concept of constructing a modern pyramid was originally proposed by German writer Ingo Niermann. He suggested a memorial be erected in the former East Germany, to serve as a democratic tomb for people from any ethnic, ethical and religious group. If developed correctly it could also become a tourist attraction, and a beginning point for intercultural dialog. The Great Pyramid is envisioned as the world's largest monument, potentially serving every human being as a grave or\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid Monument\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3512332\",\n \"text\": \"the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence. This site, halfway between Giza and Abusir, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it\",\n \"title\": \"Egyptian pyramids\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9943346\",\n \"text\": \"with its architectural monuments, which include the pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx—among the largest and most famous buildings in the world. The most famous pyramids are the Egyptian pyramids—huge structures built of brick or stone, some of which are among the largest constructions by humans. Pyramids functioned as tombs for pharaohs. In Ancient Egypt, a pyramid was referred to as \\\"mer\\\", literally \\\"place of ascendance.\\\" The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest in Egypt and one of the largest in the world. The base is over in area. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the\",\n \"title\": \"Ancient Egyptian technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1822304\",\n \"text\": \"Khufu Khufu (, full name Khnum Khufu (), known to the Greeks as Cheops, was an ancient Egyptian monarch who was the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, in the first half of the Old Kingdom period (26th century BC). Khufu succeeded his father Sneferu as the second king of the 4th Dynasty. He is generally accepted as having commissioned the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, but many other aspects of his reign are poorly documented. The only completely preserved portrait of the king is a three-inch high ivory figurine found in\",\n \"title\": \"Khufu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12475870\",\n \"text\": \"the wonders. Legends circulated to further complement the superlatives of the wonders. Of Antipater's wonders, the only one that has survived to the present day is the Great Pyramid of Giza. Its brilliant white stone facing had survived intact until around 1300 AD, when local communities removed most of the stonework for building materials. The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been proven, although theories abound. Records and archaeology confirm the existence of the other five wonders. The Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were destroyed by fire, while the Lighthouse of Alexandria, Colossus, and tomb of\",\n \"title\": \"Seven Wonders of the Ancient World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156440\",\n \"text\": \"a level bed, which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly. Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques. Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged, lifted, or even rolled into place. The Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby workers' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers. Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy, consisting of two \\\"gangs\\\" of 100,000 men, divided into five \\\"zaa\\\" or \\\"phyle\\\" of 20,000 men each,\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156443\",\n \"text\": \"of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it. After , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional to the lower Chamber, which appears not to have been finished. There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber. Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber, but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid. The \\\"Queen's Chamber\\\" is exactly halfway between the\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1287232\",\n \"text\": \"as the location of the Giza Plateau: the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures, including the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples. Giza has always been a focal point in Egypt's history due to its location close to Memphis, the ancient Pharaonic capital of the Old Kingdom. Its St. George cathedral is the episcopal see of the Coptic Catholic Eparchy of Giza. The \\\"city\\\" of Giza is the capital of the Giza Governorate,\",\n \"title\": \"Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5575259\",\n \"text\": \"Hemiunu Hemiunu (fl. 2570 BC) is believed to be the architect of the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt. As vizier, Hemiunu was one of the most important members of the court and responsible for all the royal works. His tomb lies close to Khufu's pyramid. Hemiunu was a son of Prince Nefermaat and his wife Itet, a grandson of Sneferu and relative of Khufu, the Old Kingdom pharaoh. Hemiunu had three sisters and many brothers. In his tomb he is described as a hereditary prince, count, sealer of the king of Lower Egypt (\\\"jrj-pat HAtj-a xtmw-bjtj\\\") and on a statue\",\n \"title\": \"Hemiunu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15326303\",\n \"text\": \"carrying out inspections of his estate and holding symbols of his office. Seneb was buried in a \\\"mastaba\\\" - a flat-roofed brick tomb – located in the West Field of the Giza Necropolis near modern Cairo, where a large complex of ancient Egyptian royal tombs and mortuary structures was built, including the Great Pyramid. It was rediscovered by the German archaeologist Hermann Junker in 1926. The tomb is situated close to that of another dwarf, Perniankhu, a high-ranking royal courtier who may have been Seneb's father. Its date was long uncertain but is now firmly attributed to the reign of\",\n \"title\": \"Seneb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5231005\",\n \"text\": \"Pyramid of Menkaure The Pyramid of Menkaure is the smallest of the three main Pyramids of Giza, located on the Giza Plateau in the southwestern outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It is thought to have been built to serve as the tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Menkaure. Menkaure's pyramid had an original height of 65.5 meters (215 feet) and was the smallest of the three major pyramids at the Giza Necropolis. It now stands at 61 m (204 ft) tall with a base of 108.5 m. Its angle of incline is approximately 51°20′25″. It was constructed of limestone and\",\n \"title\": \"Pyramid of Menkaure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156466\",\n \"text\": \"smaller, pyramid-building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom. However, as authors Brier and Hobbs claim, \\\"all the pyramids were robbed\\\" by the New Kingdom, when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley, now known as the Valley of the Kings, began. Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself \\\"is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom\\\", before the Arab caliph Abdullah al-Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820. I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo's mention that the pyramid \\\"a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out, which\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156465\",\n \"text\": \"wood, the longest long, the shortest . These were entrusted to a boat builder, Haj Ahmed Yusuf, who worked out how the pieces fit together. The entire process, including conservation and straightening of the warped wood, took fourteen years. The result is a cedar-wood boat long, its timbers held together by ropes, which is currently housed in a special boat-shaped, air-conditioned museum beside the pyramid. During construction of this museum, which stands above the boat pit, a second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat. Although succeeding pyramids were\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"178929\",\n \"text\": \"History of Egypt The history of Egypt has been long and wealthy, due to the flow of the Nile River with its fertile banks and delta, as well as the accomplishments of Egypt's native inhabitants and outside influence. Much of Egypt's ancient history was a mystery until the secrets of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and help of the Rosetta Stone. Among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, the Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one still standing. The Library of Alexandria was the only one of its kind for centuries. Human settlement in Egypt\",\n \"title\": \"History of Egypt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156445\",\n \"text\": \"who believed a shaft similar to those in the King's Chamber must also exist. He was proved right, but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen's Chamber, their purpose is unknown. At the end of one of his shafts, Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite (a type of rock) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose. Both objects are currently in the British Museum. The shafts in the Queen's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed, \\\"Upuaut 2\\\". After a\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16065953\",\n \"text\": \"Khuenre Khuenre (Khuenra) was a Prince of ancient Egypt of the 4th dynasty, named after the Sun god Ra. He was a son of Pharaoh Menkaure and his sister, Queen Khamerernebty II. He was a grandson of Khafra and Khamerernebty I and great-grandson of Khufu, king who built the Great Pyramid of Giza. He was a secretary and \\\"sole companion of his father\\\". He was the eldest son of his parents, but he was not Menkaure’s successor. This was Shepseskaf. Khuenre is buried in Menkaure’s cemetery (MQ 1). He is depicted as a young boy standing in front of his\",\n \"title\": \"Khuenre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237106\",\n \"text\": \"the wife of Pharaoh Amasis II. The South Field includes some mastabas dating from the 2nd dynasty and 3rd dynasty. One of these early dynastic tombs is referred to as the Covington tomb. Other tombs date from the late Old Kingdom (5th and 6th dynasty). The south section of the field contains several tombs dating from the Saite period and later. In 1990, tombs belonging to the pyramid workers were discovered alongside the pyramids with an additional burial site found nearby in 2009. Although not mummified, they had been buried in mud-brick tombs with beer and bread to support them\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15077947\",\n \"text\": \"ka statue, which would have been located in the Valley temple of Khafre, was only one part of an extremely intricate system used in Egyptian funerary rituals. Located at the Pyramids of Gizeh, the necropolis included the Valley Temple of Khafre, a mortuary temple, the Great Sphinx, and a causeway leading to the pyramid of Khafre. The Great Pyramids of Gizeh (Pyramids of Giza), located on the outskirts of present-day Cairo, are three enormous pyramids for three Egyptian pharaohs with multiple smaller ones, housing the mummies of the royal family and nobles. From largest to smallest, the pyramids of Khufu,\",\n \"title\": \"Khafre Enthroned\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"319134\",\n \"text\": \"throughout the Mediterranean region and in the Kingdom of Kush. Apart from a writing material, ancient Egyptians employed papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. Papyrus was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the fourth millennium BCE. The earliest archaeological evidence of papyrus was excavated in 2012 and 2013 at Wadi al-Jarf, an ancient Egyptian harbor located on the Red Sea coast. These documents date from c. 2560–2550 BCE (end of the reign of Khufu). The papyrus rolls describe the last years of building the Great Pyramid of Giza.\",\n \"title\": \"Papyrus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5521147\",\n \"text\": \"not buried in the pyramids but outside of them. He also found the skull of a Nubian female (who he thought was a king) which is in the collection of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard. Reisner believed that Kerma was originally the base of an Egyptian governor and that these Egyptian rulers evolved into the independent monarchs of Kerma. He also created a list of Egyptian viceroys of Kush. He found the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, the mother of King Khufu (Cheops in Greek) who built the Great Pyramid at Giza. During this time he\",\n \"title\": \"George Andrew Reisner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156442\",\n \"text\": \"estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years. The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north, vertically above ground level and east of the centre line of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage 0 high and wide, which goes down at an angle of 26° 31'23\\\" through the masonry\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5049715\",\n \"text\": \"severely deteriorated. During the course of excavations of the Great Pyramid over 400 human burials have been uncovered. Most of these burials date to the Postclassic Period, showing that the Great Pyramid was an important centre of worship well after its use as a temple was discontinued. These burials include a number of human sacrifices, as demonstrated by mangled body parts and skulls from decapitated victims. The remains of eight individuals were found under the slab flooring of the Courtyard of Altars. These included the remains of a number of children that were deposited in ceramic pots. These children were\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Cholula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156449\",\n \"text\": \"like the teeth of a ratchet. The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery, rather than resting on the block beneath it, in order to prevent cumulative pressure. At the upper end of the Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers. The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837–1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring, who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder. The floor of the Grand Gallery consists\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3512320\",\n \"text\": \"Egyptian pyramids The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt. As of November 2008, sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids. Most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods. The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser, which was built 2630–2610 BC during the Third Dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest\",\n \"title\": \"Egyptian pyramids\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156453\",\n \"text\": \"construction spaces previously identified. The \\\"King's Chamber\\\" is 20 Egyptian Royal cubits or from east to west and 10 cubits or north to south. It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres (19 feet 2 inch) above the floor. above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls (one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid). The purpose of these shafts is not clear: they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies, yet one\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3988338\",\n \"text\": \"Giovanni Battista Belzoni Giovanni Battista Belzoni (; 5 November 1778 – 3 December 1823), sometimes known as The Great Belzoni, was a prolific Italian explorer and pioneer archaeologist of Egyptian antiquities. He is known for his removal to England of the seven ton bust of Ramesses II, the clearing of sand from the entrance of the great temple at Abu Simbel, the discovery and documentation of the tomb of Seti I (still sometimes known as \\\"Belzoni's Tomb\\\"), and the first to penetrate into the second pyramid of Giza. Belzoni was born in Padua. His father was a barber who sired\",\n \"title\": \"Giovanni Battista Belzoni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237100\",\n \"text\": \"number of workers needed for a building project of this magnitude. When Greek historian Herodotus visited Giza in 450 BC, he was told by Egyptian priests that \\\"the Great Pyramid had taken 400,000 men 20 years to build, working in three-month shifts 100,000 men at a time.\\\" Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. The Giza pyramid complex is surrounded by a large stone wall, outside which Mark Lehner and his team discovered a town where the pyramid workers were housed. The village is\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237090\",\n \"text\": \"among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of Khafre. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as \\\"queens\\\" pyramids, causeways and valley pyramids. Khufu’s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, now buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and nummulitic limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. The valley temple was connected to a causeway which was largely destroyed when the village was constructed. The causeway led to the Mortuary Temple of Khufu. From this temple the basalt pavement is the\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15077948\",\n \"text\": \"Khafre, and Menkaure are the most famous and dedicated to each god, respectively. Khafre's pyramid and tomb were designed as an eternal home for his mummy, where the serdab (chamber room) in the Valley Temple was meant to keep his ka statue. Unlike previous pyramids, such as the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser designed by the first known architect Imhotep, the Great Pyramids of Gizeh were not based upon the mastaba structure, a rectangular structure. The new, smoothly inclined surface of the tomb derives from a rectangular base, which is aligned by the four cardinal directions of the compass. The four\",\n \"title\": \"Khafre Enthroned\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16065954\",\n \"text\": \"seated mother on south wall. Khuenre Khuenre (Khuenra) was a Prince of ancient Egypt of the 4th dynasty, named after the Sun god Ra. He was a son of Pharaoh Menkaure and his sister, Queen Khamerernebty II. He was a grandson of Khafra and Khamerernebty I and great-grandson of Khufu, king who built the Great Pyramid of Giza. He was a secretary and \\\"sole companion of his father\\\". He was the eldest son of his parents, but he was not Menkaure’s successor. This was Shepseskaf. Khuenre is buried in Menkaure’s cemetery (MQ 1). He is depicted as a young boy\",\n \"title\": \"Khuenre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16432982\",\n \"text\": \"effort. Occasionally they dragged a wounded comrade. On the third day, Neville comes up with a plan' to escape. He has Miriam and Alphonse dress him as a mummy. Miriam runs to the Bedouins and tells them that they woke up the mummy. When Neville points at a person Eddie shoots them. The Bedouins run off. After they return to Cairo, Alphonse returns to Germany while Neville returns to England and Eddie becomes a native. Ten years later, Jenny Benet, a recently orphaned American girl who lived on the Wild West has been sent to live with her Uncle Neville\",\n \"title\": \"The Buried Pyramid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237109\",\n \"text\": \"to as the king's resthouse. During the 19th dynasty, Seti I added to the temple of Hauron-Haremakhet, and his son Ramesses II erected a stela in the chapel before the Sphinx and usurped the resthouse of Tutankhamun. During the 21st dynasty, the Temple of Isis Mistress-of-the-Pyramids was reconstructed. During the 26th dynasty, a stela made in this time mentions Khufu and his Queen Henutsen. Giza pyramid complex The Giza pyramid complex is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt. It includes the three Great Pyramids (Khufu/Cheops, Khafre/Chephren and Menkaure/Mykerinos)), the Great Sphinx, several cemeteries,\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5190822\",\n \"text\": \"Pyramid of Khafre The Pyramid of Khafre or of Chephren (, ) is the second-tallest and second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza and the tomb of the Fourth-Dynasty pharaoh Khafre (Chefren), who ruled from to 2532 BC. The pyramid has a base length of 215.5 m (706 ft) and rises up to a height of The pyramid is made of limestone blocks weighing more than 2 tons each. The slope of the pyramid rises at a 53° 13' angle, steeper than its neighbor, the Pyramid of Khufu, which has an angle of 51°50'24\\\". The pyramid sits on bedrock\",\n \"title\": \"Pyramid of Khafre\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812589\",\n \"text\": \"did not come with a boat pit, as it was the case for the pyramids G1-a and G1-b. G1-c was later identified as an unfinished pyramid which was constructed in a hurry. Henutsen Henutsen is the name of an Ancient Egyptian queen consort who lived and ruled during the 4th dynasty of the Old Kingdom Period. She was the second or third wife of pharaoh Khufu and most possibly buried at Giza. Little is known about Henutsen's life. Some scholars believe, that she was the daughter of pharaoh Sneferu, but this is not commonly accepted. Henutsen is not known to\",\n \"title\": \"Henutsen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13811087\",\n \"text\": \"of Anubis, Kawab.\\\" Several centuries after Kawab died, Prince Khaemweset, son of Ramesses II, restored Kawab's statue in the temple of Memphis. The film adaptation of David Macaulay's 1975 book \\\"Pyramid\\\" depicts Kawab as being killed by an ambush near the border between Egypt and Nubia. Kawab Kawab is the name of an ancient Egyptian prince of the 4th Dynasty. He was the eldest son of King Khufu and Queen Meritites I. Kawab served as vizier and was buried in the double mastaba G 7110 - 7120 in the east field which is part of the Giza Necropolis. Kawab was\",\n \"title\": \"Kawab\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16095314\",\n \"text\": \"Pyramid G1-a G1-a is one of the subsidiary pyramids of the Giza East Field of the Giza Necropolis, located immediately to the eastern side of the Great Pyramid of Giza. It was built during the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. The tomb is the northernmost of the three pyramids of the queens and has a base of wide and originally a height of ; the pyramid has lost two-thirds of its original height. In the west wall of the burial chamber a small niche was dug in which were found fragments of basalt. It is also known as the Pyramid of\",\n \"title\": \"Pyramid G1-a\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1287235\",\n \"text\": \"the river from modern day Cairo. The Giza Plateau is also home to Egyptian monuments such as the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First Dynasty, as well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second Dynasty. The Great Pyramid of Giza at one time was advocated (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference point used for determining a base longitude. Giza experiences a hot desert climate like arid climate (Köppen: BWh). Its climate is similar to Cairo, owing to its proximity. Wind storms can be frequent across Egypt in spring, bringing Saharan dust into the city\",\n \"title\": \"Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3512343\",\n \"text\": \"is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place. The pyramid of Senusret II at el-Lahun is the southernmost royal-tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12-meter-high natural limestone hill. Piye, the king of Kush who became the first ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, built a pyramid at El-Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries. Taharqa, a Kushite ruler of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, built his pyramid at Nuri. It was the largest\",\n \"title\": \"Egyptian pyramids\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19329065\",\n \"text\": \"composed of an international team of scientists from Egypt, France, Canada, and Japan, has started utilizing muography and thermography imaging to survey the Giza pyramid complex. In 2017, scientists involved in the project discovered a large cavity, named ScanPyramids Big Void, above the Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The 3rd largest pyramid in the world, the Pyramid of the Sun, situated near Mexico City in the ancient city of Teotihuacan was surveyed with muography. One of the motivations of the team was to discover if inaccessible chambers inside the Pyramid might hold the tomb of a Teotihuacan\",\n \"title\": \"Muography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"326153\",\n \"text\": \"be plated with gold, silver, or electrum and would also be highly reflective. After 2700 BC, the ancient Egyptians began building pyramids, until around 1700 BC. The first pyramid was erected during the Third Dynasty by the Pharaoh Djoser and his architect Imhotep. This step pyramid consisted of six stacked mastabas. The largest Egyptian pyramids are those at the Giza pyramid complex. The Egyptian sun god Ra, considered the father of all pharaohs, was said to have created himself from a pyramid-shaped mound of earth before creating all other gods. The age of the pyramids reached its zenith at Giza\",\n \"title\": \"Pyramid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237107\",\n \"text\": \"in the afterlife. The tombs' proximity to the pyramids and the manner of burial supports the theory that they were paid laborers who took great pride in their work and were not slaves, as was previously thought. Evidence from the tombs indicates that a workforce of 10,000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build a pyramid. Most of the workers appear to have come from poor families. Specialists such as architects, masons, metalworkers and carpenters, were permanently employed by the king to fill positions that required the most skill. During the New Kingdom, Giza was still\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15526424\",\n \"text\": \"Tomb of Akhethetep The Tomb of Akhethetep (), also Tomb or Mastaba of Akhethotep, is a tomb complex that was built and completed at different times in Saqqarah, Giza, Egypt. It is the tomb of Akhethotep, a royal official, located near the western part of the Step Pyramid in Saqqara. Akhethotep and his son Ptahhotep Tjefi, grandson of Ptahhotep, were senior court officials during the rules of Djedkare (2414-2375 BC) and Unas (Wenis), towards the end of the 5th dynasty (2494 to 2345 BC). The tomb was discovered in 1903 by Georges Aaron Bénédite and two female colleagues, Miss Petrie\",\n \"title\": \"Tomb of Akhethetep\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13810982\",\n \"text\": \"Meritites I Meritites I was an ancient Egyptian queen of the 4th dynasty. Her name means \\\"Beloved of her Father\\\". Several of her titles are known from a stela found at Giza. She was buried in the middle Queen’s Pyramid in Giza (\\\"Pyramid G 1b\\\"). Meritites was a daughter of King Sneferu and his consort of unknown name. Meritites married her (half?-)brother, King Khufu. With Khufu, she was the mother of the Crown Prince Kawab, and possibly Djedefre. Both Queen Hetepheres II and Pharaoh Khafra have been suggested as children of Meretites I and Khufu as well, and it is\",\n \"title\": \"Meritites I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156458\",\n \"text\": \"the Ascending Passage. It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage, which alerted them to the need to turn left. Unable to remove these stones, however, the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point, but access is usually forbidden. The Great Pyramid is surrounded by\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1831056\",\n \"text\": \"it may seem rash to dispute the point\\\". In 1857, Auguste Mariette, founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, unearthed the much later Inventory Stela (estimated Dynasty XXVI, c. 678–525 BC), which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the Stela are considered good evidence, this passage is widely dismissed as Late Period historical revisionism, a purposeful fake, created by the local priests with the attempt to certify the contemporary Isis temple an ancient history it never had. Such an act became common when religious institutions such as temples, shrines and priest's\",\n \"title\": \"Great Sphinx of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7919106\",\n \"text\": \"diversity of African cultures. The region's oldest known beads were made from \\\"Nassarius\\\" shells and worn as personal ornaments 72,000 years ago. The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt was the world's tallest structure for 4,000 years, until the completion of Lincoln Cathedral around the year 1300. The stone ruins of Great Zimbabwe are also noteworthy for their architecture, as are the monolithic churches at Lalibela, Ethiopia, such as the Church of Saint George. Egypt has long been a cultural focus of the Arab world, while remembrance of the rhythms of sub-Saharan Africa, in particular West Africa, was transmitted through\",\n \"title\": \"Africa\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156451\",\n \"text\": \"to restrain them from sliding down the passage. This, in turn, has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended, to completely fill the Ascending Passage. At the top of the Grand Gallery, there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately in height and width, in which can be detected four slots, three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises. Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now-vanished doors. In 2017, scientists from the ScanPyramids project discovered a\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156467\",\n \"text\": \"being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations\\\". Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo's door was added. He adds: \\\"If this highly speculative surmise be correct, it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones\\\", in order to explain why al-Ma'mun could not find the entrance. He also discusses a story told by Herodotus. Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237096\",\n \"text\": \"limestone that was quarried across the Nile. These exterior blocks had to be carefully cut, transported by river barge to Giza, and dragged up ramps to the construction site. Only a few exterior blocks remain in place at the bottom of the Great Pyramid. During the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), people may have taken the rest away for building projects in the city of Cairo. To ensure that the pyramid remained symmetrical, the exterior casing stones all had to be equal in height and width. Workers might have marked all the blocks to indicate the angle of\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156455\",\n \"text\": \"formed by the floor of the chamber above, but the final chamber has a pointed roof. Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber. From lower to upper, the chambers are known as \\\"Davison's Chamber\\\", \\\"Wellington's Chamber\\\", \\\"Nelson's Chamber\\\", \\\"Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber\\\", and \\\"Campbell's Chamber\\\". It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber. As the chambers were not intended to be\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5460335\",\n \"text\": \"Pyramidology Pyramidology (or pyramidism) refers to various religious or pseudoscientific speculations regarding pyramids, most often the Giza pyramid complex and the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt. Some \\\"pyramidologists\\\" also concern themselves with the monumental structures of pre-Columbian America (such as Teotihuacan, the Mesoamerican Maya civilization, and the Inca of the South American Andes), and the temples of Southeast Asia. Some pyramidologists claim that the Great Pyramid of Giza has encoded within it predictions for the exodus of Moses from Egypt, the crucifixion of Jesus, the start of World War I, the founding of modern-day Israel in 1948, and future\",\n \"title\": \"Pyramidology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3512344\",\n \"text\": \"in the area (North Sudan). The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location. Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. Papyri discovered at the Egyptian desert near the Red Sea, in 2013 by archaeologist Pierre Tallet, revealed the journal of Merer, an official of Egypt involved in transporting limestone along the Nile River. These papyri reveal processes in the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza, the tomb of the Pharaoh\",\n \"title\": \"Egyptian pyramids\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1831047\",\n \"text\": \"Great Sphinx of Giza The Great Sphinx of Giza (, , ; literally: Father of Dread), commonly referred to as the Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining sphinx, a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human. Facing directly from West to East, it stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is generally believed to represent the Pharaoh Khafre. Cut from the bedrock, the original shape of the Sphinx has been restored with\",\n \"title\": \"Great Sphinx of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"156444\",\n \"text\": \"north and south faces of the pyramid and measures north to south, east to west, and has a pointed roof with an apex above the floor. At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche high. The original depth of the niche was , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters. In the north and south walls of the Queen's Chamber there are shafts, which, unlike those in the King's Chamber that immediately slope upwards (see below), are horizontal for around before sloping upwards. The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer, Waynman Dixon,\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6541007\",\n \"text\": \"Greeks, many years after the event, believed that the pyramids must have been built by slave labor. Archaeologists now believe that the Great Pyramid of Giza (at least) was built by tens of thousands of skilled workers who camped near the pyramids and worked for a salary or as a form of tax payment (levy) until the construction was completed, pointing to workers' cemeteries discovered in 1990 by archaeologists Zahi Hawass and Mark Lehner. For the Middle Kingdom Pyramid of Amenemhat II, there is evidence from the annal stone of the king that foreigners from Canaan were used. Pseudoscientific theories\",\n \"title\": \"Egyptian pyramid construction techniques\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237101\",\n \"text\": \"located to the southeast of the Khafre and Menkaure complexes. Among the discoveries at the workers' village are communal sleeping quarters, bakeries, breweries, and kitchens (with evidence showing that bread, beef, and fish were staples of the diet), a hospital and a cemetery (where some of the skeletons were found with signs of trauma associated with accidents on a building site). The workers' town appears to date from the middle 4th dynasty (2520–2472 BC), after the accepted time of Khufu and completion of the Great Pyramid. According to Lehner and the AERA team; Without carbon dating, using only pottery shards,\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8955549\",\n \"text\": \"grouped together in a plot of land, called a \\\"cemetery\\\" or \\\"graveyard\\\". Burials can be arranged by a funeral home, mortuary, undertaker or by a religious body such as a church or the community's burial society, a charitable or voluntary body charged with these duties. The preserved or unpreserved body may then be interred in a grave, crypt, sepulchre, or ossuary, a mound or barrow, or a monumental surface structure such as a mausoleum (exemplified by the Taj Mahal) or a pyramid (as exemplified by the Great Pyramid of Giza). In some cases, a part of the remains may be\",\n \"title\": \"Death and culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1831065\",\n \"text\": \"when the young Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) gathered a team and, after much effort, managed to dig out the front paws, between which he placed a granite slab, known as the Dream Stele, inscribed with the following excerpt: Later, Ramesses II the Great (1279–1213 BC) may have undertaken a second excavation. Mark Lehner, an Egyptologist who has excavated and mapped the Giza plateau, originally asserted that there had been a far earlier renovation during the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2184 BC), although he has subsequently recanted this viewpoint. In AD 1817 the first modern archaeological dig, supervised by the\",\n \"title\": \"Great Sphinx of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19223505\",\n \"text\": \"Mastaba of Kaninisut The Mastaba of Kaninisut (or Ka-ni-nisut [\\\"Ka-nj-nswt\\\"]), or Mastaba G 2155, is an ancient Egyptian mastaba tomb, located at Giza in the West field of the Great Pyramid of Giza. The cult chamber of the mastaba is now on display in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna with inventory number 8006. Kaninisut was a high state official in the Fourth dynasty or early Fifth dynasty in the Old Kingdom (c. 2500 BC), as demonstrated by the location and size of his tomb and his numerous honorific titles. The cult chamber of Kaninisut was built of the best quality\",\n \"title\": \"Mastaba of Kaninisut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16432981\",\n \"text\": \"Pyramid along with Alphonse's assistant, Derek, and three camel wranglers named Ali, his son, Ishmael, and his daughter, Miriam. Eddie hears something that sounds more like a wolf pack than jackals. Neville orders the group to get the camels ready and get out of the canyon because it's like a box. Miriam leads them to a place that is a necropolis to the old kings and a place her father and brother don't trust. Alphonse is clipped by a ricochet from a bullet fired from a Bedouin's rifle. The Bedouins made an occasional charge but were driven back without much\",\n \"title\": \"The Buried Pyramid\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1831062\",\n \"text\": \"of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramids and the Nile directly corresponds with Leo, Orion and the Milky Way respectively. Sometimes cited as an example of pseudoarchaeology, the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship. The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall, and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafra. The hypothesis is championed by René Schwaller de Lubicz (1887–1961), who lived and studied Egyptology for 12 years in Egypt, and by Robert M. Schoch,\",\n \"title\": \"Great Sphinx of Giza\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13810986\",\n \"text\": \"scenes. Relief fragments from a false-door and walls were recovered during excavations. The title of queen was preserved in a fragment now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (27.1321). Further fragments include parts of an offering list, men bringing offerings and animals, and a boat being paddled. Meritites I Meritites I was an ancient Egyptian queen of the 4th dynasty. Her name means \\\"Beloved of her Father\\\". Several of her titles are known from a stela found at Giza. She was buried in the middle Queen’s Pyramid in Giza (\\\"Pyramid G 1b\\\"). Meritites was a daughter of King Sneferu\",\n \"title\": \"Meritites I\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5237104\",\n \"text\": \"G 2200, G 2500, G 3000, G 4000, and G 6000. Three other cemeteries are named after their excavators: Junker Cemetery West, Junker Cemetery East and Steindorff Cemetery. The East Field is located to the east of Khufu's pyramid and contains cemetery G 7000. This cemetery was a burial place for some of the family members of Khufu. The cemetery also includes mastabas from tenants and priests of the pyramids dated to the 5th dynasty and 6th dynasty. This cemetery dates from the time of Menkaure (Junker) or earlier (Reisner), and contains several stone-built mastabas dating from as late as\",\n \"title\": \"Giza pyramid complex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15982714\",\n \"text\": \"Memphite Necropolis The Memphite Necropolis is an ancient Egyptian necropolis located in the city of Memphis, Lower Egypt. It includes the sites of Giza, Saqqara and Dahshur. Most of the pyramids of the Old Kingdom were built here, along with many mastabas and other tombs. Saqqara is the site of the first Egyptian pyramid, the Pyramid of Djoser. The size of the necropolis is 2.5 by 6 kilometres, located about 30 kilometres south of Cairo. Burials in the necropolis include the Apis bulls, falcons, ibises, baboons, and boats. The tomb of Nakht-Min at the Abusir-Memphite Necropolis (\\\"Kahled Daoud\\\") [ Egypt\",\n \"title\": \"Memphite Necropolis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3512330\",\n \"text\": \"size as the Pyramid of Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half-dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt. Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying, which began in Roman times, has left little apart from about 15 courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation. Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the \\\"Great Pyramid\\\" and the \\\"Pyramid of Cheops\\\"); the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre\",\n \"title\": \"Egyptian pyramids\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5049716\",\n \"text\": \"(thought to have been) messengers to Tlaloc (the god of rain) due to the drought occurring at this site. The disarticulated remains of at least 46 individuals were found in the area of an altar in the centre of a plaza at the southwest corner of the pyramid. These remains included individuals of all ages and both sexes. The pyramid remains important to modern Cholula as a religious site, an archeological site and a tourist attraction. The site receives about 220,000 visitors each year on average. Just before the arrival of the Spanish, the pyramid was considered sacred to a\",\n \"title\": \"Great Pyramid of Cholula\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3512326\",\n \"text\": \"that they were designed as a type of \\\"resurrection machine.\\\" The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh's soul directly into the abode of the gods. All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west\",\n \"title\": \"Egyptian pyramids\"\n }\n]","isConversational":false},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"who was entombed in the great pyramid of giza"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":1,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":8757,"offset":100,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc3MzQwNTIwMSwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL3hmYWN0L25xLWRwciIsImV4cCI6MTc3MzQwODgwMSwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.m9D0c3gWiJer6i4tFZrqGLXGewEbBwRKYDrAfWCXRvyl1TaTHUsujI2LToyLMDAh_A_dZVKwd5-dCMyOjqkRAw","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"validation","numRows":8757,"numBytesParquet":315501001}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
answers list | ctxs list | question stringlengths 26 100 |
|---|---|---|
[
"Tamaki"
] | [
{
"id": "19077275",
"text": "Ouran High School Host Club (film) Following the events of the TV series, Haruhi Fujioka, a brilliant student from a middle-class family, continues to attend the prestigious Ouran High School and work in its Host Club, composed of six handsome boys: the hyperactive Tamaki Suou, ... | who does haruhi end up with in ouran highschool host club |
[
"June 5, 2017"
] | [
{
"id": "19017846",
"text": "which was announced on March 21, 2016, and released on March 31 that same year. On June 5, 2017, a second generation of iPad Pro was announced, which features A10X Fusion processors, with basic storage of 64 GB, and optional 512 GB. Upgraded displays include a new 10.5-inch vers... | when did ipad pro 2nd generation come out |
[
"6"
] | [
{
"id": "4429399",
"text": "cynical outlook on life, while Jeremy is an irresponsible juvenile slacker and talentless unemployed musician who lives in Mark's spare room. Stylistically, the show utilises point of view shots—giving the programme its title—with the thoughts of main characters Mark and Jeremy a... | how many episodes in peep show series 9 |
[
"Faber College"
] | [
{
"id": "823126",
"text": "Animal House National Lampoon's Animal House is a 1978 American comedy film directed by John Landis and written by Harold Ramis, Douglas Kenney and Chris Miller. It stars John Belushi, Tim Matheson, John Vernon, Verna Bloom, Thomas Hulce, Stephen Furst, and Donald Sutherland. The ... | what is the name of the college in the classic movie animal house |
[
"Sandra Day O'Connor"
] | [
{
"id": "6360573",
"text": "Court justices were males until 1981, when Ronald Reagan fulfilled his 1980 campaign promise to place a woman on the Court, which he did with the appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor. O'Connor was later joined on the Court by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, appointed by Bill Clinton in 1993. ... | who was the first woman appointed to the supreme court |
[
"Tina Charles"
] | [
{
"id": "14062092",
"text": "I Love \"I Love\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Tom T. Hall. It was released in October 1973 as the only single from the album, \"For the People in the Last Hard Town\". The song would be Hall's most successful single and was his fourth number o... | who sang the song i love to love |
[
"2017–18"
] | [
{
"id": "19515288",
"text": "was not considered an official member of the team that night. Waived during the season Traded during the season 2016–17 Dallas Mavericks season The 2016–17 Dallas Mavericks season was the 37th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA). For the first ti... | when was the last time the mavericks missed the playoffs |
[
"Westminster Central Hall"
] | [
{
"id": "5302151",
"text": "New Year. The special also features pre-recorded segments featuring performances by popular musicians; since the 2017–18 edition, these concert segments (branded since the 2014-15 edition as the \"\"Billboard\" Hollywood Party\") have been presented from a studio in Los Angeles b... | where is the new years eve concert held |
[
"1929"
] | [
{
"id": "10109252",
"text": "the 1980s. Initially started as a small group, it grew to become one of the country's largest animal welfare organizations, running active animal welfare, animal rights and humane education programmes. It was registered as a society under the Societies Act in 1964. The AWBI gran... | who controlled blue cross when it was formed |
[
"Gene Autry"
] | [
{
"id": "9560210",
"text": "Back in the Saddle Again \"Back in the Saddle Again\" was the signature song of American cowboy entertainer Gene Autry. It was co-written by Autry with Ray Whitley and first released in 1939. The song was associated with Autry throughout his career and was used as the name of Aut... | who sings i'm back in the saddle again |
[
"a right triangle"
] | [
{
"id": "825478",
"text": "with lengths in the ratio 3:4:5. These can be laid out to form a triangle, which will have a right angle opposite its longest side. This method is useful for laying out gardens and fields, where the dimensions are large, and great accuracy is not needed. The chains can be used rep... | which type of triangle must have perpendicular lines |
[
"Count Karl Robert Nesselrode"
] | [
{
"id": "551534",
"text": "having created relatively long-term stability and peaceful conditions in most of Europe. In a technical sense, the \"Congress of Vienna\" was not properly a congress: it never met in plenary session, and most of the discussions occurred in informal, face-to-face sessions among the... | who represented russia at the congress of vienna |
[
"animal products"
] | [
{
"id": "6614135",
"text": "absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depen... | the most readily absorbed form of iron in the diet is |
[
"Melora Hardin"
] | [
{
"id": "10743515",
"text": "Hannah Montana: The Movie Hannah Montana: The Movie is a 2009 American teen comedy-drama film based on the Disney Channel television series of the same name. The second theatrical film based on a Disney Channel Original Series, after \"The Lizzie McGuire Movie\" (2003), it was d... | who plays lorelai in hannah montana the movie |
[
"the evaporation of seawater"
] | [
{
"id": "1767921",
"text": "Sea salt Sea salt is salt that is produced by the evaporation of seawater. It is used as a seasoning in foods, cooking, and cosmetics. It is also called bay salt, solar salt, or salt. Like mined rock salt, production of sea salt has been dated to prehistoric times. There is no sc... | where does salt come from in the sea |
[
"December 15, 1791"
] | [
{
"id": "17714920",
"text": "10 April 1969 . It was introduced by Chavan, and like the previous bill, sought to amend article 275 and insert new articles 244A and 371B in the Constitution. The Bill was considered and passed in the original form by the Lok Sabha on 15 April 1969, and the Rajya Sabha on 30 Ap... | when did the second amendment go into effect |
[
"Washington"
] | [
{
"id": "10313718",
"text": "Minimum wage in the United States The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a range of state and local laws. Employers generally have to pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal, state, and local law. Since July 24, 2009, the federal gove... | who has the highest minimum wage in the usa |
[
"Yuyutsu"
] | [
{
"id": "5576709",
"text": "18th day, only twelve major warriors survived the war—the five Pandavas, Krishna, Satyaki, Ashwatthama, Kripacharya, Yuyutsu, Vrishaketu, and Kritvarma. Yudhishthira was crowned king of Hastinapur. After ruling for 36 years, he renounced the throne, passing the title on to Arjuna... | who is the only kaurava who survived the kurukshetra war |
[
"River Thames",
"River Lea"
] | [
{
"id": "17067550",
"text": "Water supply and sanitation in London Water supply and sanitation in London is provided by 32 private companies. The regional water strategy for London is produced by the Greater London Authority. Much of the water supply and sewerage system was constructed during the Victorian ... | where does tap water in london come from |
[
"US$1.843 billion"
] | [
{
"id": "1609442",
"text": "an electric motor is to be attached to the main reduction gear to turn the drive shaft to propel the ship at speeds under , such as during ballistic missile defense or maritime security operations. Use of the HED for half the time could extend time on station by 2.5 days before r... | how much does an arleigh burke destroyer cost |
[
"August 14, 2017"
] | [
{
"id": "20021693",
"text": "The film's campaign promotes the climax of the \"Fairy Tail\" manga series, which concluded its run on July 26, 2017. The film was released in Japan on May 6, 2017, with an international release in select theaters scheduled the same month. Madman Entertainment announced plans to... | when does fairy tail dragon cry come out in canada |
[
"Australia"
] | [
{
"id": "4825486",
"text": "partnership when they made 128 for the first wicket against Surrey at Broadhalfpenny Down in September 1769. W. G. Grace was the first batsman to score 100 career centuries in first-class cricket, reaching the milestone in 1895. His career total of 124 centuries was subsequently ... | who has the most hundreds in test cricket |
[
"Kayleigh Harris"
] | [
{
"id": "16526119",
"text": "2013, ABC Family announced that \"Baby Daddy\" was renewed for a third season, two months before the second season premiered. The third season premiered on January 15, 2014. \"Baby Daddy\" was renewed for a fourth season on March 17, 2014. It premiered on October 22, 2014, with ... | who plays emma in baby daddy season 6 |
[
"Milton",
"Gulf Breeze"
] | [
{
"id": "810074",
"text": "Santa Rosa County, Florida Santa Rosa County is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2017 estimates, the population was 174,272. The county seat is Milton, which lies in the geographic center of the county. The largest communities are Na... | what cities are in santa rosa county florida |
[
"Petrarch"
] | [
{
"id": "16114536",
"text": "Lovato Lovati Lovato Lovati (1241–1309) was an Italian scholar, poet, notary, judge and humanist from the Italian Renaissance. Arguable among historians, Lovati is considered the \"father of Humanism.\" His literary Padua circle included Rolando de Piazzola, Geremia da Montagnon... | who is known as the father of humanism |
[
"Tyler Marcel Williams"
] | [
{
"id": "19952122",
"text": "Ronnie, and Woody McClain as Bobby Brown. In addition, Dante Hoagland, Caleb McLaughlin, Myles Truitt, Jahi Winston, and Tyler Marcel Williams would portray younger versions of Michael, Ricky, Ronnie, Ralph and Bobby respectively. In May 2016, La La Anthony, Yvette Nicole Brown,... | who played young bobby brown in new edition |
[
"Constance Towers"
] | [
{
"id": "8230387",
"text": "Helena Cassadine Helena Cassadine is a fictional character on the American soap opera \"General Hospital\", famously originated by film actress Elizabeth Taylor in November 1981. The character later is known to be portrayed by Constance Towers. After a brief stint by Dimitra Arli... | who plays helena cassa dine on general hospital |
[
"("
] | [
{
"id": "3802663",
"text": "Girlfriends (2000 TV series) Girlfriends is an American sitcom that premiered on September 11, 2000, on UPN and aired on UPN's successor network, The CW, before being cancelled in 2008. The final episode aired on February 11, 2008. When \"Girlfriends\" returned in fall 2007 for i... | how many episodes in the itv series girlfriends |
[
"Dave Johnson"
] | [
{
"id": "7342660",
"text": "Dave Johnson (announcer) Dave Johnson is an American announcer and sportscaster, best known for his work in horse racing with ABC and NBC Sports and at various race tracks in New York and New Jersey. His signature line — \"And \"down\" the stretch they come!\" — is instantly reco... | who said and down the stretch they come |
[
"the lungs"
] | [
{
"id": "2763028",
"text": "Pulmonary artery A pulmonary artery is an artery in the pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. The largest pulmonary artery is the \"main pulmonary artery.\" or \"pulmonary trunk\" from the heart, and the smallest ones... | where does the pulmonary artery take blood to |
[
"1689"
] | [
{
"id": "9215782",
"text": "Springs, MI (February 1992). She promoted the Great Controversy theme, as outlined in her book. It has been disputed by some whether she taught one could feel assurance of salvation. Jerry Moon argues that she did. But most Adventists do not believe in the doctrine of 'Once Saved... | where did the doctrine of once saved always saved come from |
[
"2004"
] | [
{
"id": "7485551",
"text": "the title song. The music and soundtrack of the film was by R. D. Burman, with lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri. The opening lines of the hit song, \"Chura Liya Hai Tumne\" have slight resemblances to the English song, \"If It's Tuesday, This Must Be Belgium\" from the soundtrack of ... | what year was huun huur tu's album altai sayan tandy-uula released |
[
"1660s to 1730s"
] | [
{
"id": "1321814",
"text": "Piracy in the Caribbean ]The era of piracy in the Caribbean began in the 1500s and phased out in the 1830s after the navies of the nations of Western Europe and North America with colonies in the Caribbean began combating pirates. The period during which pirates were most success... | when did piracy hit its apex in the caribbean |
[
"12 to 14 days"
] | [
{
"id": "2298278",
"text": "the female while she incubates. After 28 to 35 days of incubation (averaging about three days longer in the Caribbean as does fledgling as compared to North American red-tails), the eggs hatch over 2 to 4 days. Like most raptorial birds, the nestlings are altricial and nidicolous... | how long do finch eggs take to hatch |
[
"The south lawn"
] | [
{
"id": "455110",
"text": "changes were an internal matter. The story was picked up by industry trade journals. In 2013, President Barack Obama had a set of solar panels installed on the roof of the White House, making it the first time solar power would be used for the president's living quarters. The pres... | where does the president's helicopter land at the white house |
[
"Mariana Trench"
] | [
{
"id": "5607299",
"text": "Deep ocean water Deep ocean water (DOW) is the name for cold, salty water found deep below the surface of Earth's oceans. Ocean water differs in temperature and salinity. Warm surface water is generally saltier than the cooler deep or polar waters; in polar regions, the upper lay... | what is the deepest depth in the oceans |
[
"the northern army"
] | [
{
"id": "18255217",
"text": "War for the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves. A sequel to \"Rise of the Planet of the Apes\" (2011) and \"Dawn of the Planet of the Apes\" (2014), it is the th... | who wins the war for planet of the apes |
[
"27/05/2018"
] | [
{
"id": "7826261",
"text": "22 May 2006 in a show presented by Ant & Dec. Dermot O'Leary took over as main presenter in 2010. The event returned on 7 September 2008, won by England for a second time and again on 6 June 2010, won by the Rest of the World after a penalty shoot-out. England beat the RoW a thir... | when did england last lose three in a row |
[
"Jerry Seinfeld"
] | [
{
"id": "18656992",
"text": "the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 digital copies in the United States. The Matrimony (song) \"The Matrimony\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Wale. It was released on March 2, 2015, as the... | who is talking at the beginning of wale matrimony |
[
"October 27, 2018"
] | [
{
"id": "3369189",
"text": "An hour after each episode aired in Japan, American website Crunchyroll provided English subtitled simulcasts in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The series started airing on Animax Asia and Animax India on April 24... | when did the last episode of hunter x hunter air |
[
"Strasbourg"
] | [
{
"id": "603350",
"text": "La Marseillaise \"La Marseillaise\" () is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled \"Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin\" (\"War So... | where did the french national anthem come from |
[
"an upper semi-circular arch",
"a lower horseshoe arch"
] | [
{
"id": "12632979",
"text": "major work, the Great Mosque of Córdoba. This style of horseshoe arch then spread all over the Caliphate and adjacent areas, and was adopted by the successor Muslim emirates of the peninsula, the taifas, as well as by the Almoravid dynasty, Almohad Caliphate, and the Nasrid King... | what is the style of arch found at the great mosque at cordoba |
[
"Bob Hoskins",
"Eddie Marsan",
"Ian McShane",
"Nick Frost",
"Johnny Harris",
"Brian Gleeson",
"Ray Winstone",
"Toby Jones"
] | [
{
"id": "16562475",
"text": "with Emily Blunt. It was later announced that Cedric Nicolas-Troyan would take over as the new director for the film. Nick Frost will return as Dwarf Nion and Jessica Chastain will star. On March 18, 2015, Rob Brydon, Alexandra Roach and Sheridan Smith were added to the cast as ... | dwarfs in snow white and the huntsman movie |
[
"1205–1279"
] | [
{
"id": "251391",
"text": "Indonesian Java island and from Japan to Palestine (Gaza). They simultaneously became Padishahs of Persia, Emperors of China, and Great Khans of Mongolia, and one became Sultan of Egypt (Al-Adil Kitbugha). The Mongolic peoples of the Golden Horde established themselves to govern R... | when did the mongols ruled china bill and ted |
[
"24 February 2018"
] | [
{
"id": "15360053",
"text": "Programme, alongside the presenters winning the award for Entertainment Performance in 2014 and 2015 respectively. Since its thirteenth series in 2016, the show has aired its series finale outside of the UK. In 2017, \"Saturday Night Takeaway\" became the first UK show to be air... | when does ant and dec saturday night takeaway 2018 start |
[
"Pete Seeger"
] | [
{
"id": "9327299",
"text": "Where Have All the Flowers Gone? \"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?\" is a modern folk-style song. The melody and the first three verses were written by Pete Seeger in 1955 and published in \"Sing Out!\" magazine. Additional verses were added in May 1960 by Joe Hickerson, who tur... | who sings the song where have all the flowers gone |
[
"2003"
] | [
{
"id": "4199285",
"text": "Tobacco packaging warning messages Tobacco package warning messages are warning messages that appear on the packaging of cigarettes and other tobacco products concerning their health effects. They have been implemented in an effort to enhance the public's awareness of the harmful... | when did they put warnings on cigarette packs |
[
"no regulation"
] | [
{
"id": "6479501",
"text": "and the move from a 20-year commitment to a requirement to provide free care in perpetuity. Still, it was not until 1979 that compliance levels were defined. Hill–Burton Act The Hospital Survey and Construction Act (or the Hill–Burton Act) is a U.S. federal law passed in 1946, du... | one problem with the free care requirement under hill-burton was that it |
[
"Collingwood",
"North Melbourne",
"Essendon",
"Richmond",
"Hawthorn"
] | [
{
"id": "7577405",
"text": "44 different grounds used, with 16 used during the 2017 season. The largest capacity ground in use is the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), which has a capacity of over 100,000 people, and hosts the Grand Final each year. The MCG is shared by four teams as a home ground, while the ... | what afl teams home ground is the mcg |
[
"Anthony Kennedy"
] | [
{
"id": "433260",
"text": "of a chief justice, currently John Roberts, and eight associate justices. Among the current members of the Court, Clarence Thomas is the longest-serving justice, with a tenure of days () as of ; the most recent justice to join the court is Brett Kavanaugh, whose tenure began on Oc... | who is currently the longest serving supreme court justice |
[
"Article I, Section 2"
] | [
{
"id": "2581514",
"text": "United States Census The United States Census is a decennial census mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution, which states: \"Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States ... according to their respective Numbers ... . T... | where does it talk about the census in the constitution |
[
"2018"
] | [
{
"id": "2456597",
"text": "one of 4 countries to use this method, along with China, Thailand, and Vietnam. There were no executions in the United States between 1967 and 1977. In 1972, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down capital punishment statutes in \"Furman v. Georgia\", reducing all death sentences pend... | when was the last time the death penalty was used in the us |
[
"Karyn Parsons–Rockwell"
] | [
{
"id": "4652210",
"text": "Karyn Parsons Karyn Parsons (born October 8, 1966) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for her role as Hilary Banks on the NBC sitcom \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\" from 1990 to 1996. Parsons also starred in the 1995 film \"Major Payne\" opposite Damon Wayans.... | who played hillary on the fresh prince of bel-air |
[
"Freak the Freak Out"
] | [
{
"id": "10966604",
"text": "working on the talent part.\" Nickelodeon Productions and the Columbia/Epic Label Group of Sony Music Entertainment agreed to co-produce the series as part of a partnership to develop talent and release their music. Jerry Trainor, Perez Hilton, Josh Peck, Ke$ha, Nathan Kress, Dr... | what episode in victorious is give it up |
[
"Mrs. Voorhees"
] | [
{
"id": "1451660",
"text": "years later, in June 1979, camp counselor Annie Phillips is given a lift halfway to the reopened Camp Crystal Lake by a truck driver named Enos, despite being warned by an elderly man that the camp has a \"death curse\". While driving, Enos warns her about the camp, informing her... | who did the killing in the first friday the 13th movie |
[
"1845"
] | [
{
"id": "183518",
"text": "into what is now Honolulu Harbor. More foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu. He an... | when did honolulu become the capital of hawaii |
[
"Monster's Legacy"
] | [
{
"id": "16203091",
"text": "the casting of Mike Tyson seems inappropriate to some SVU fans. While in no way excusing his past actions, it's worth noting MT was convicted over twenty years ago, and served his time. In recent years he has found sobriety, and started a foundation to meet the comprehensive nee... | what episode of law and order svu is mike tyson in |
[
"21 months for Army",
"and Marine Corps",
"23 months for Navy",
"24 months for Air Force"
] | [
{
"id": "14668716",
"text": "to the Military Service Act. Men must enlist by the time they turn 28 (Korean age). The length of compulsory military service in South Korea varies based on military branch. Active duty soldiers serve 21 months in the Army or Marine Corps, 23 months in the Navy, and 24 months in... | how long do south korean males have to serve in the military |
[
"1908"
] | [
{
"id": "575162",
"text": "in turn lobbied for the Antiquities Act of 1906 which gave Roosevelt the power to create national monuments. Once the act was passed, Roosevelt immediately added adjacent national forest lands and redesignated the preserve a U.S. National Monument on January 11, 1908. Opponents su... | when did the grand canyon became a national monument |
[
"Christopher Columbus"
] | [
{
"id": "3891395",
"text": "Guanahani Guanahani is an island in the Bahamas that was the first land in the New World sighted and visited by Christopher Columbus' first voyage, on October 12, 1492. It is not known precisely which island it was, and several theories have been put forth by historians. \"Guanah... | who discovered some islands in the bahamas in 1492 |
[
"1934",
"1990"
] | [
{
"id": "7584318",
"text": "the first World Cup coincided with the centennial anniversary of the first Constitution of Uruguay. For that reason, the main stadium built in Montevideo for the World Cup was named Estadio Centenario. Bids: Sweden decided to withdraw before the vote, allowing the only remaining ... | when did italy host the fifa world cup |
[
"82"
] | [
{
"id": "11546452",
"text": "and the Cleveland Indians (losing both). Home teams are 19–20 in game sevens. The League Championship Series were originally decided best of five from 1969 until 1984. Since 1985 when both were expanded to best of seven contests, 17 series (7 American, 10 National) have reached ... | how many hockey games are in a season |
[
"May 15, 2017"
] | [
{
"id": "20170561",
"text": "99 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on the week of June 17, 2017, and peaked at number 50 following the release of \"Astroworld\". The single was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streaming equivalent units of... | when did butterfly effect come out travis scott |
[
"on June 29, 2018"
] | [
{
"id": "20579871",
"text": "Uncle Drew Uncle Drew is a 2018 American sports comedy film directed by Charles Stone III and written by Jay Longino. It stars Kyrie Irving as the title character from his Pepsi Max advertisements that began airing in 2012, along with former NBA players Shaquille O'Neal, Chris W... | when did the movie uncle drew come out |
[
"April 30, 1916"
] | [
{
"id": "11677013",
"text": "effort to conserve fuel, Germany began observing DST on May 1, 1916. The rest of Europe soon followed. The plan was not adopted in the United States until the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918, which confirmed the existing standard time zone system and set summer DST to begin ... | when did they start using daylight savings time |
[
"Electroencephalography (EEG)"
] | [
{
"id": "12994867",
"text": "Electroencephalography Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes are sometimes used such as in electr... | which technique measures the electrical activity of brain cells directly |
[
"Schwann cells"
] | [
{
"id": "1428133",
"text": "Neurilemma Neurilemma (also known as neurolemma, sheath of Schwann, or Schwann's sheath) is the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells (also called neurilemmocytes) that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the perip... | the part of peripheral nerve tissue that forms the myelin sheath is the |
[
"American"
] | [
{
"id": "18488378",
"text": "final player of each roster. The online balloting was conducted from July 2 through July 6. The winners of the All-Star Final Vote were Mike Moustakas of the American League's Kansas City Royals and Justin Turner of the National League's Los Angeles Dodgers. The game was mostly ... | who won last year's baseball all star game |
[
"Joseph Peter Spano"
] | [
{
"id": "8025991",
"text": "Joe Spano Joseph Peter Spano (born July 7, 1946) is an American actor who was originally best known for his role as Lt. Henry Goldblume on \"Hill Street Blues\". Spano is now best known for his work on \"NCIS\" as FBI Special Agent Tobias C. Fornell. Joe Spano was a member of the... | who is the actor that plays tobias on ncis |
[
"Prince Henry",
"Charles, Prince of Wales",
"Prince George"
] | [
{
"id": "3544754",
"text": "Catholics are eligible. Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the eldest child of the Du... | who are the heirs to the british throne |
[
"heat energy",
"mechanical waves",
"Sound"
] | [
{
"id": "521189",
"text": "Transmission medium A transmission medium is a material substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) that can propagate energy waves. For example, the transmission medium for sounds is usually a gas, but solids and liquids may also act as a transmission medium for sound. The absence ... | which type of wave requires a medium for transmission |
[
"Jimmy Matthews"
] | [
{
"id": "2454028",
"text": "two ways of compiling the three-in-three sequence (i.e. wickets 1,2 and 3 or wickets 2,3 and 4). However, the four successive wickets taken by Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka in 2007 are recorded as a single hat-trick in the official records. Hat-tricks are rare, and as such are trea... | who is the only bowler who take hattrick in both innings of test match |
[
"hydrogen",
"traces of methane",
"carbon monoxide"
] | [
{
"id": "9122630",
"text": "synthesis, methanol production, olefins (ethylene and propylene), and similar chemical or fuel feedstocks. In most cases, the first step involves gasification, which step generally is the most expensive and involves the greatest technical risk. Biomass is more difficult to feed i... | land conversion through burning of biomass releases which gas |
[
"internal energy"
] | [
{
"id": "2201270",
"text": "the reference state to the given state. It is the energy needed to create the given state of the system from the reference state. From a non-relativistic microscopic point of view, it may be divided into microscopic potential energy, , and microscopic kinetic energy, , components... | the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all particles in the system is called the |
[
"Confederate States of America",
"United States"
] | [
{
"id": "4960028",
"text": "Springfield Model 1861 The Springfield Model 1861 was a Minié-type rifled musket shoulder-arm used by the United States Army and Marine Corps during the American Civil War. Commonly referred to as the \"Springfield\" (after its original place of production, Springfield, Massachus... | who used the springfield rifle in the civil war |
[
"June 23, 2018"
] | [
{
"id": "18433090",
"text": "My Hero Academia The manga was adapted into an anime television series by Bones. Its first season aired in Japan from April 3 to June 26, 2016, followed by a second season from April 1 to September 30, 2017, then a third season from April 7 to September 29, 2018, and an animated... | when does season 3 episode 12 of my hero academia come out |
[
"Venkaiah Naidu)"
] | [
{
"id": "1774451",
"text": "sittings of the Houses of Parliament of India are rare, and in the history of the Republic, only three such joint-sessions have been held; the latest one for the passage of the 2002 Prevention of Terrorism Act. The Vice President of India (currently, Venkaiah Naidu) is the \"ex-o... | who is the chair person of rajya sabha |
[
"Cedar Falls, Iowa"
] | [
{
"id": "716743",
"text": "University of Northern Iowa The University of Northern Iowa (UNI) is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa. UNI offers more than 90 majors across the colleges of Business Administration, Education, Humanities, Arts, and Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences and graduate coll... | where is the university of northern iowa located |
[
"Martin Short"
] | [
{
"id": "6553750",
"text": "The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause is a 2006 American Christmas fantasy comedy adventure film directed by Michael Lembeck. It is the third and final film in the \"Santa Clause\" film series following \"The Santa Clause\" and \"The Santa Cl... | who played jack frost in the santa clause movie |
[
"six volumes"
] | [
{
"id": "929832",
"text": "the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three-disc DVD box set entitled \"\"Darkwing Duck\": Volume 1\" on August 29, 2006. It included 25 episodes, plus the two-part pilot \"Darkly Dawns the Duck\", as opposed to the uncut ... | how many volumes of darkwing duck are there |
[
"Ross Geller"
] | [
{
"id": "13755850",
"text": "he no longer wants to live in New York after seeing how happy she was without him. Finn takes off and goes back to Lima where Rachel confronts him, and says that even though she loves him, she can no longer stay in their relationship. She and Brody begin to see each other, and s... | who does rachel end up with in friends |
[
"Ed Sheeran"
] | [
{
"id": "13920825",
"text": "Mama's Song \"Mama's Song\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Carrie Underwood, co-written by her along with Kara DioGuardi, Marti Frederiksen, and Luke Laird. It was released in November 2010 as the fourth and final single from her third studio album, \"Play O... | who wrote my mama don't like you |
[
"Six"
] | [
{
"id": "15973686",
"text": "behind \"Bloodborne\" taking the top spot. A fourth game titled \"\" was released in Japan for the PS4, Vita, and Windows on October 27, 2016 and worldwide on November 8, 2016 for the PS4 and Vita. A social network game called \"Sword Art Online: End World\" was released for Jap... | how many sword art online games are there |
[
"Germany"
] | [
{
"id": "7594828",
"text": "borrowing heavily from Wall Street. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916, but allowed a great increase in US government lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German r... | who did the us lend money to in ww1 |
[
"31"
] | [
{
"id": "2456615",
"text": "table of the 20 states and the date that the state abolished the death penalty. From 1976 to July 1, 2018, there were 1,477 executions, of which 1,302 were by lethal injection, 158 by electrocution, 11 by gas inhalation, 3 by hanging, and 3 by firing squad. The South had the grea... | how many states in the us have the death penalty 2018 |
[
"National Football League"
] | [
{
"id": "9651866",
"text": "the NFL, MLB and the NBA rank as the top three most lucrative sports leagues in the world, with the Premier League of English soccer and the NHL ranked at fourth and fifth place. The major sports leagues have their games televised on the big four U.S. broadcast TV networks—ABC, C... | what brings in more money nba or nfl |
[
"Denver Broncos"
] | [
{
"id": "3200108",
"text": "Super Bowl XL Super Bowl XL was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2005 season. Th... | who did seattle beat in the super bowl |
[
"The Six Grandfathers"
] | [
{
"id": "1557909",
"text": "to an accuracy of three millimeters. The site was digitally recorded in 2009 using a terrestrial laser scanning method as part of the international Scottish Ten project, providing a high resolution record to aid the conservation of the site. This data was made publicly accessible... | what is the american indian name for mount rushmore |
[
"1989"
] | [
{
"id": "20110828",
"text": "NCAA Basketball Tournament Most Outstanding Player. The Michigan Wolverines last won the NCAA Tournament in 1989. Their most recent appearance in the championship game was in 2013. At one point unranked in the AP Poll, Michigan won their final 14 games before the title game to e... | when was the last time university of michigan won the ncaa men's basketball tournament |
[
"Kathy Steinberg"
] | [
{
"id": "3279999",
"text": "other. But Sally does get angry at her at times, for example when Eudora shows feelings towards Sally's crush, Linus. Sally is notoriously defensive of Linus, instantly jealous of and hostile toward any other girl who shows any sort of affection toward him. Sally is shown to be b... | who was the voice of sally in a charlie brown christmas |
[
"seven"
] | [
{
"id": "18938998",
"text": "Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes. Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television sch... | how many episodes are going to be in game of thrones season 7 |
[
"Wicked Witch of the West"
] | [
{
"id": "3655711",
"text": "Wicked Witch of the West The Wicked Witch of the West is a fictional character created by American author L. Frank Baum as the most significant antagonist in his classic children's novel \"The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\" (1900). In Baum's subsequent \"Oz\" novels, it is the Nome Kin... | name of bad witch on wizard of oz |
[
"The Five Du-Tones"
] | [
{
"id": "7596785",
"text": "Shake a Tail Feather \"Shake a Tail Feather\" (Otha Hayes, Verlie Rice, and Andre Williams) is a song originally recorded in 1963 by the Chicago-based group The Five Du-Tones. (This version was featured on the soundtrack of the 1988 film \"Hairspray\"). A 1967 version by James & ... | who sang the original shake your tail feather |
[
"the New England Patriots"
] | [
{
"id": "375992",
"text": "conference champions to determine the NFL's league champion. Currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 27 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six. The New England P... | what team has the most super bowls in the nfl |
[
"Bill Nighy"
] | [
{
"id": "6603908",
"text": "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) Davy Jones is a fictional character in the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film \"\" and returns in the third film \"\". He is the captain of the \"Flying Dutchman\" (based on the gh... | who plays davy jones in pirates of the caribbean |
[
"Rosaline"
] | [
{
"id": "9850223",
"text": "Romeo × Juliet On the floating island of Neo Verona, Leontes Montague and his men lead a bloody coup and murder all the members of ruling House Capulet. Only Lord Capulet's young daughter, Juliet, is able to escape. Fourteen years later, Leontes rules the land with an iron fist a... | what is the name of the girl romeo loved before juliet |
[
"Bridget Driscoll"
] | [
{
"id": "2062011",
"text": "Death of Henry H. Bliss The death of Henry H. Bliss (June 13, 1830 – September 14, 1899) was the first recorded case of a person being killed by a motor vehicle accident in America. On September 13, 1899, Henry Hale Bliss was disembarking from a streetcar at West 74th Street and ... | who was the first person killed in a car accident |
[
"Jeddah"
] | [
{
"id": "4742191",
"text": "King Abdulaziz International Airport King Abdulaziz International Airport (KAIA) () is an airport located 19 km to the north of Jeddah. Named after King Abdulaziz Al Saud and inaugurated in 1981, the airport is the busiest airport of Saudi Arabia and the third-largest airport in ... | which is the biggest airport in saudi arabia |
[
"keyword"
] | [
{
"id": "208471",
"text": "Java (programming language) Java is a general-purpose computer-programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers \"write once, run an... | which is the reserved word in java programming language |
[
"fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu"
] | [
{
"id": "156427",
"text": "Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient Worl... | who was entombed in the great pyramid of giza |
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